爱伦·坡侦探和悬疑小说中线索布置与创作习惯
poe线序定义
poe线序定义Poe线序是指美国著名作家爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)的一种写作风格和结构。
这种线序在坡的作品中广泛运用,使得他的作品极富悬疑、恐怖和独特的魅力。
本文将围绕Poe线序展开讨论,探讨其特点和影响。
一、Poe线序的定义和特点Poe线序是指在作品中用线索和暗示来引导读者思考和推理,从而营造出一种紧张、悬疑的氛围。
它的特点主要包括以下几点:1.1 线索隐藏Poe线序的一个重要特点是线索的隐藏。
作者通过巧妙地安排情节和描写,将一些重要的线索深埋在作品中,读者需要仔细阅读和推理才能发现。
这种线索的隐藏增加了读者的参与度,也让故事更加扣人心弦。
1.2 暗示和联想Poe线序善于使用暗示和联想,激发读者的想象力。
他通过详细的描写和富有意境的语言,让读者在阅读过程中产生各种联想和推理,进一步增加了故事的神秘感和吸引力。
1.3 悬疑和留白Poe线序常常在作品中设置悬疑和留白,让读者对故事走向和结局产生猜测。
作者通过刻意隐藏信息和模糊描述,增加了读者的求解欲望,引发他们对故事的思考和探索。
二、Poe线序的影响和意义Poe线序的运用对于现代文学和影视作品有着深远的影响和意义。
2.1 对推理小说的影响Poe被誉为推理小说的奠基人,他的作品中的Poe线序为后来的推理小说提供了重要的参考和借鉴。
他善于运用线索和暗示,引导读者进行推理和解谜,开创了推理小说的先河。
2.2 对恐怖文学的影响Poe的作品中融入了大量的恐怖元素,而这些恐怖元素往往通过Poe 线序的手法进行呈现。
他通过线索的隐藏和悬疑的营造,创造了一种独特的恐怖氛围,激发了后来恐怖文学的创作灵感。
2.3 对后世作家的影响Poe的作品和线序对后世作家产生了深远的影响。
许多作家受到他的启发,继承和发扬了Poe线序的写作风格,创造出了一大批优秀的悬疑、恐怖作品,为文学界做出了巨大贡献。
三、Poe线序的经典案例分析为了更好地理解Poe线序的运用和效果,我们来看一个经典案例:《黑猫》。
爱伦_坡小说中的悬念和象征
2006年3月黑龙江教育学院学报Mar.2006第25卷第2期Journal of Heilongjiang C ollege of Education V ol.25N o.2爱伦·坡小说中的悬念和象征于 薇(东北财经大学津桥商学院,辽宁大连116600)摘 要:艾德加·爱伦·坡的小说风格奇特恐怖,充满了神秘感。
坡巧妙地运用悬念和象征,将大量的心理描写和内心独白放置在作品中完成神秘感的构建,揭露人性丑恶的本质,形成新一代的恐怖小说风格。
关键词:神秘感;象征;悬念 中图分类号:I7121064 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-7836(2006)02-0107-03 收稿日期:2005-07-12作者简介:于薇(1971-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,东北财经大学津桥商学院英语教师,从事英美文学、教学法研究。
引言艾德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan P oe 1809-1849),美国著名小说家、诗人、批评家。
他小说中的神秘感、恐怖感历来受到广大读者的重视,《英国百科全书》中称坡是:“美国哥特式小说和整个侦探小说的创造者,他把神秘和恐怖的文学发展到了一种前所未有的程度。
他的神秘故事和侦探小说,以及恐怖故事中的冥界气氛,在美国文学中是无与伦比的。
”坡自己也说他要“把滑稽上升为怪诞,把害怕涂上恐怖色彩,把机智夸大成嘲讽,把奇特变成怪异和神秘”。
爱伦·坡一生共创作了70篇小说(其中《灯塔》未完成),除《阿瑟·戈登·皮姆的故事》是一部长达12万字的中篇以外,其余全部为短篇小说。
大致分为恐怖小说、科幻小说和推理小说三类。
坡一向注重对心灵恐怖的唤起和对读者自身想象力的挖掘,运用象征和悬念手法引导读者走入神秘的深渊。
一、象征坡的小说被称为“象征主义戏剧”,通过典型的气氛与情节描写,具有强烈的戏剧效果。
西方评论界一向认为“象征手法跟现实主义一样是在读者明了作者的象征作用以后,才有可能揭示其真正的含义”。
“爱伦·坡模式”下的西方侦探小说解读
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埃德加·爱伦·坡写作风格是怎样的?有着怎样的创作特点
埃德加·爱伦·坡写作风格是怎样的?有着怎样的创作特点本文导读:爱伦·坡的恐怖小说带有浪漫主义的特色。
纵观爱伦·坡的恐怖小说创作,其故事主题大都“揭示了人类意识及潜意识中的阴暗面”,这一点显然迥异于同时代的其他浪漫主义作家。
爱伦·坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征,试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿”。
他借助想象奇特、恐怖怪异的故事情节,通过夸张、隐喻和象征等修辞手段表现人性的危机,激起读者浓厚阅读兴趣的同时,震撼心灵,发人深省。
爱伦·坡的创作原则是其“效果说”理论,他选择“死亡”作为其文学创作的主题是由他的这个创作原则决定的。
坡认为,无论是创作诗歌还是小说,作家必须讲究效果的统一,必须时刻想到预定的结局,要使每一个情节变得必不可少。
他在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》中曾经这样阐述自己的创作原则:“聪明的艺术家不是将自己的思想纳入他的情节,而是事先精心策划,想出某种独特的、与众不同的效果,然后再杜撰出这样一些情节——他把这些情节联结起来,而他所做的一切都将最大限度地有利于实现在预先构思的效果”。
使“每一事件,每一描写细节,甚至一字一句都收到一定的统一效果,一个预想的效果,印象主义的效果”。
他强调作品对读者所能唤起的情绪和产生的效果。
在“创作的哲学”中,他认为,故事的首要目的是要在情感上扣住读者的心弦,产生最激动人心的效果。
死亡主题是通过谨严紧凑的结构和作品的简洁而表现的。
爱伦坡的作品形式精美,技巧圆熟。
爱伦坡在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》里,强调了作品的简洁和统一效果。
在写作中,他还平萍理留情节和结构的高度简洁,小说中通常只有两个,最多三个人物,也没有离题的枝节和无关的装饰品。
在他看来,一位技巧高明的文学家在写作之前,必须成竹在胸,深思熟虑,为实现预期效果而选择和组织情节,并且不应该有一个词的意向直接或间接与预先的构思无关。
浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现
浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现1. 引言1.1 爱伦·坡及其作品简介爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)是19世纪美国文学史上最重要的作家之一,也是世界文学史上的杰出代表之一。
他以其独特的文学风格和深刻的心理描写闻名于世,被誉为"恐怖文学之父"和"侦探小说之父"。
爱伦·坡的作品涵盖了恐怖、奇幻、侦探等多种题材,其中最著名的作品包括《黑猫》、《红死病的面具》、《沉默的院子》等。
他的作品具有浓厚的哥特式风格,充满了神秘、恐怖和死亡的元素,展现了作者对人性的深刻剖析和对世界的悲观看法。
爱伦·坡的作品深受读者的喜爱,不仅在当时广受好评,而且至今仍然具有极高的阅读价值和影响力。
通过对他的作品进行深入研究,可以更好地理解他独特的创作风格和对人生、死亡、爱情等主题的思考。
2. 正文2.1 哥特式创作手法概述哥特式创作手法是爱伦·坡作品中的一个重要特色,它在他的小说和诗歌中得到了充分的体现。
哥特式创作手法的特点包括对恐怖和压抑情感的描绘,对阴暗与死亡的探索,以及对人性的深刻反思。
爱伦·坡在他的作品中善于营造恐怖氛围,通过细腻的描写和巧妙的构思,让读者感受到一种深沉的不安和恐惧。
他经常运用极端的情节和怪诞的情境,将人们带入到一种扭曲的现实中,让人感到毛骨悚然。
在人物塑造方面,爱伦·坡善于描绘那些病态和扭曲的人物形象,通过这些人物的内心世界和行为举止,反映出人性的黑暗面和扭曲的欲望。
他的人物往往充满了神秘和不可预测性,让人无法揣摩其真实的内心世界。
在情节设计中,爱伦·坡常常采用错综复杂的布局和不断升级的冲突,使读者陷入到一种离奇而扭曲的境地中。
他善于运用悬念和煽情手法,让读者一步步走向恐怖的深渊。
爱伦·坡作品中的哥特式创作手法体现在各个方面,从情节到人物,再到意象和符号的运用,都表现出他对恐怖和死亡的不懈探索,以及对人性的深刻剖析。
爱伦·坡开创的五种推理小说模式
爱伦·坡开创的五种推理小说模式《爱伦·坡短篇小说集》这部短篇小说集并不厚,但完全可以比喻成一颗孕育了整个森林的种子。
其中收录了《莫格街谋杀案》、《玛丽·罗杰疑案》、《金甲虫》、《你就是杀人凶手》和《失窃的信》这五篇侦探小说,爱伦·坡的这五篇侦探推理小说从谋篇到布局都具有独创性,五篇小说开创了五种推理小说模式,即密室杀人模式、安乐椅探案模式、破译密码模式、不可能真凶模式和心理盲区模式。
因而爱伦·坡当之无愧的被誉为“侦探小说的鼻祖”。
一、密室杀人模式《莫格街谋杀案》是世界推理小说史上的开山之作,不同凡响的是其不可能犯罪中的“密室谋杀”。
《莫格街谋杀案》讲述的是侦探杜宾破获了一起母女两人在密室中被杀的命案。
母女二人双双被害,母亲死在院子里,喉部被割断;女儿死在反锁的房间里,尸体被倒塞在狭窄的烟囱管里。
文中死去的母女身处一间少有人至的阁楼密室中,房门紧锁且有人把守,两扇窗子也牢牢地被钉死在窗框上,而狭窄的烟道就连一只猫都难以通过,密室现场十分诡异离奇。
凶手似乎无法逃离现场,可是他不仅杀了人,还顺利地逃出了密闭的房间,这到底是怎么回事?凶手究竟是如何行凶的呢?凶手又是如何逃走的呢?此后,众多侦探小说作家尝试这样的主题,而无数侦探小说读者也对此兴趣盎然,因而密室杀人几乎成了推理小说最具号召力的卖点。
自爱伦·坡的《莫格街谋杀案》起,以“密室杀人”为代表的不可能犯罪模式成了“推理小说创作王冠上的宝石”。
每个推理小说的创作者都以能创作出一篇完美的不可能犯罪作品为终身理想。
随着推理小说进程不断发展,密室杀人的要求变得越来越苛刻。
早期的秘密通道在出现不久之后即被“有良知”的作家弃之不用,而在门锁和窗栓上做手脚也很少再被用到长篇密室中(或者不作为主要的诡计)。
甚至密室的密封程度也变得越来越高,其空间则越来越狭小,然而密室推理是比试作家诡计本领的最佳舞台,因而最具挑战性的目标也往往是挑战者们乐此不疲的征服对象。
EdgarAllanPOE爱伦坡的写作艺术特色
山西师范大学现代文理学院本科毕业论文爱伦﹒坡恐怖小说的写作艺术特色姓名:王丽霞系别:外语专业:英语班级:1103学号:**********指导老师:***答辩日期:成绩:内容摘要:爱伦坡的恐怖小说因深刻的颓废之美,怪异,忧郁而闻名。
本文通过分析埃德加·爱伦·坡最具代表性的恐怖小说,可以探知作者的心灵式恐怖。
埃德加·爱伦·坡的小说明显继承了传统哥特文学。
随着对哥特式文学独创性的继承,创作出属于他的独一无二的恐怖小说。
同时,在他恐怖小说中呈现出的写作特色包括象征手法,渲染手法,第一人称叙事角度。
运用心理分析法分析神秘,隐晦的象征手法,理解其具体意义和它是如何激发读者的想象力,使读者在想象中体验恐惧的魅力。
对色彩,环境的渲染使得恐怖故事具有阴暗,恐怖的画面感。
第一人称的叙事角度,使得故事变得更加逼真,贴近读者,让读者直面血淋淋的场景。
这些手法的应用,顺利解决了恐怖小说创作中推进情节和制造恐怖感的难题。
对爱伦·坡恐怖小说写作特色的分析会帮助读者更好地理解他的书和思想。
关键词:爱伦坡恐怖小说写作艺术特色AbstractEdgar Allan Poe‟s horrible fictions are well-known for a profound beauty of decadence, grotesque and gloom. In this paper, through analyzing the most representative American writer Edgar Allan Poe‟s horror fictions, we can touch the writer‟s uncanny world. Edgar Allan P oe‟s fiction s obviously inherit from the traditional Gothic literature. Poe, with his ingenious inheritance from Gothicism, created a unique style for his horrible tales. At the same time, his writing characteristics including symbolism, rendering technique and the first person visual angel are presented in most of his horrible stories. Using the psychological analysis to analyze the mysterious and obscure symbolism, to understand its specific meaning, and how to arouse the readers' imagination, which makes readers experience the glamour of the fear. Rendering of the colors, environment makes the horror stories with dark, terror sense of pictures. First-person narrative point of view makes the story become more realistic and close to the reader confronted the bloody scene. Application of these techniques successfully solved the problem of advancing the plot and producing terror feelings in the creation of horror fiction. Analyzing Poe ‟ s writing artistic features will certainly help people to understand his book and thoughts.Key words :Edgar Allan Poe horror fictions writing artistic characteristicsContentI. Introduction (1)II. Gothic Features (2)A. The Definition of the Term “Gothic” (2)a. The character‟s horror actions……………………………………….3.b. The scene settings (3)c. The theme of death (3)B. The Creation of the Gothic Literature……………………………….5. III. SymbolismA. The Definition of Symbolism (5)a. Scene images (6)b. Color images (6)c. Animals images (7)B. Analysis Symbol From Psychology (7)a. From Sigmund Freud‟s Theory………………………………………....7.b. From Aristotle‟s Theory (9)IV. Rendering T echniqueA. The Specific Application of Rendering Technique (9)V.Writing From First PersonA.The specific Application of First Person (10)VI. Conclusion (11)Work citedThe Writing Artistic Characteristics In Edgar Allan Poe’s Horror FictionsI. Introduction.Not a passion is more direct touch the soul of human than fear. We can deeply realize the frightened soul, and totally immerse in terror tales which created by Poe. Dangerous actually does not exist, but Edgar Allan Poe used his gifted imagination and narrative skills to show them with specific subtle details. With the degree of terror upgrading, the panics make readers immersive.Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) is one of the most outstanding writers in American three prominent terror novelists. He is the American 19th century author of fiction, poet, literary critic, journalist, editor. His poetry and fictions have been attracted extensive attention from all over the world, especially his horror fictions, with its mystery, terror attracts more and more researchers‟ interest. In his tales, he created an integrated mysterious and terrible atmosphere, and achieved thrilling effect. He is good at using fantasy to express his awake and wise, and a meditation of life. As the notable English writer George Bernard Shaw once said, the United States has two great writers, Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain. "Poe's greatness lies in his was the first one to start digging human consciousness is the deepest darkness in the field of people." (常耀信Chang Yaoxin)Once there are many conventional people feel hard to accept this kind of weird protagonists for they are used to reading that encouraging stories that full of love and hope. He was misunderstood by his contemporaries and their followers for a long time. Mark Twain thought Poe‟s prose hard to be readable. However, now his works both attract readers, and let the reader feel the narrator‟s sometimes lucid, sometimes maniacal abnormal mind. He believed “art for art‟s sake”. His theory of effects and unity and the techniques he used in his tales have influenced most writer after him, especially the detective writers. The authors explored two extremes, the people‟s good or evil, reason or mania, and strove to depict the intermediate zone between the two extremes. In his works, Poe confused boundaries between reason and mania, the difference between waking anddream. Beauty and terror, fear and pleasure that are accompanied with each other.II. Gothic Features.A. The Definition of the Term “Gothic”.Gothic literature is a collection of terror and romantic literature. Edgar Allan Poe 's horror fiction not only inherited the traditional Gothic novel writing pattern, but also develop a unique Gothic novel writing style. The origin of the "Gothic" can be traced back to the word "Goths" , which initially described the Germanic tribes of the most deadly, savage branch. And the "Gothic style" is used to describe French church architectures of the 11th century, and its characteristics are high taper steeples, high arch windows, colored glasses and internal gloomy environments. The Gothic novel originated in Britain in the late 18th century. The Castle of Otranto(1764) written by Horace Walpole established the model of the early classical Gothic novel. Since then, this writing style attracted many people to imitate, and extended to the whole Europe and the United States. Ed gar Allan Poe are the most significant among the representative personages in the early Gothic novel.The Gothic novel has strong appeals to readers, for its profound psychological and the aesthetic sources. The psychology of the Gothic novel is based on a sense of fear and curiosity by nature. When readers are reading Gothic stories, they usually have a strong experience of fear, of being personally on the scene and do not worry their own safety at the same time. Readers have a experience of imagination themselves or replace the characters, or as a participant, or as a spectator, and with the development of events in the works, readers complete adventures travel of mind. There is no any cost of adventure. Modern people and ancestors are both keen to ancient monsters, popular legends and appalling and scary ghost stories. Although people will be afraid of them, but they still want to find stimulation. Human curiosity, the demand of fear and safety, and the demand of courageous hero are all meet in the Gothic novels. When society people are feeling depressed, this kind of work is popular in the market.The Gothic novel, fundamentally speaking, is the past and present negative reaction of comfortable, safe political stability and the commercial prosperity.The most important thing is that it resists rational control. Therefore, the hero is usually violent and cruel in theGothic novel, which plots are bloody and violent, and often happened in the past, especially in the middle ages, and used castles, ruins or wilderness as the background. The plot is weird and horrific, and often with a mysterious supernatural, giving people the most strong fears of the soul and visual stimulation.a.the character‟s terror actionThe Gothic novels ‟characters was oppressed by social and secular vision for a long-time, so they usually became insane and crazy. Such as Heathcliff in the Wuthering heights. And in Edgar Allan Poe ‟ s novels, hero usually became vicious brutality in that inexplicable fear in his inner world.In a Bucket of White Wine, he deceived Fortunato to his home cellar and killed him, who once insulted him.In the Black Cat, the author describes the actions of killing the black cat and his wife.“Slowly I took a knife from my pocket, opened it, and then carefully cut out one of Pluto‟s eyes from its socket.”and when the hero killed his wife, he thought that he could cut the body up into very small pieces and then burn them in a fire, and that he could put the body in a box and then ask someone to carry the box away.Moreover, in the Tell-Tale Heart, Poe depicted this cruel pictures: “ First , I cut it into pieces. I cut off the head and the arms and the legs. I then took up there boards from the wooden floor, and hid the body underneath.”b. the scene settingsUnder the traditional Gothic novel, the choice of the scene is very common. They were likely to select a bleak and isolated places, such as castles, cellars, cemetery, as the scene of the story. And Edgar Allan Poe also had an obsession with the theme of death. Poe was good at using his unique imagination, with the help of a grim scenario, to strengthen the result of the terror. Poe insisted that this closed, dark environment can expose human nature and desire and show human irrational world.c. the theme of deathBecause the Gothic novels itself is from the eerie, dark and mysterious architectural style, its contents are generally violence, murder, fornication, etc. The death of death isthe eternal theme in the Gothic novels, of course, which is Edgar Allan Poe's most beloved. When the terrible incidents happened, there are often accompanied with some characters ‟s death. Before Poe, the author Lewis created a novel Monastery whose plots contained killing one with maltreatment, which is the landmark work in the Gothic novels. Therefore Poe inherited these kinds of plot from the former writer. Edgar Allan Poe‟s life is suffered form a series of blows and grief, so he can more deeply understand the theme of death.For Poe, death is not a natural fact, but an accident which people could not control when it happens. Death means a new lease of life and a transcending. It has a super organic meaning.(Poe‟s Aesthetic Perspectives of Beauty in Art , Life and Death. 潘蕾2006,April,26页)A bucket of white wine is the most representative and typical revenge of the theme of death. Avengers Monterroso knew a lot about his enemy Fortunato as his profound hatred in his heart. He held on to others fatal weakness, which is human common weakness, vanity, and he knew that Fortunato …s biggest weakness is that he considered himself as a reviewer of good wines. Monterroso pretended a worship, friendly, warm and affectionate heart in surface, but actually hidden dangers and set a trap.In the Masque of the Red Death, death seems to be doomed and invincible. In the shadow of death, people are panic, hysterical, and despair hidden under the carnival. As "the Red Death" spread in the whole city, half the people of this country had already died from it. In order to avoid the plague, the fearless prince Prospero invite a thousand of his brave and strong friends to stay with him in a castle, far out in the countryside. The castle had a strong high walls and great gates of heavy metal. They all thought that they fled to a safety place far away from the Red Death. That forms an obvious contrast: outside wall is red death world, life itself yet was inside the castle. The contrast of death and life, and the close distance of them let a person have no way to retreat and make people crazy. Party held in seven rooms, but the seventh room was the most frightening for its walls were black, carpet was also black, but its windows were a deep blood-red. No one can enter into this black room that represented the domain of the death and meant people‟s deep fear. Every time as the clock slowly rang the twelve long chimes of midnight, it remindedrevelers of the coming of death and let their hearts experience death's powerful and oppression at every moment.B. The Creation of the Gothic Literature.Edgar Allan Poe made a bold innovation of the Gothic literature, turned the horrors of the Gothic novel into mental horror,and revealed the human inner fear.Poe once wrote his mental terror in the preface of Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. If the theme in many of his story has always been a terror, he insisted that the terror is not German type, but a type of mind. He deduced such terror just from reasonable source, and simply made the tendency of reasonable results.In the Gothic novels, Poe made innovations in the structure of the form. The characteristics of the progressive type structure is obvious, clear, and easy to narrate. Along with the advancement of the story, the narrative rhythm speeding up, the plot is becoming more and more exciting to achieve climax under the atmosphere of terror. In Poe 's horror fictions, he further developed the progressive structure. Using the first person in order to recall the past things according to chronological order. Narration stratification makes the development of tales particular attracted, and mysterious. In the novel of William Wilson, using the structure of the progressive type tells the story of “I”in chronological order. “I”go to school met a student whose name and birthday is the same as me. And he was always opposing me. So "I" became more and more wild. After fighting again and again, “I” killed “another I”.He revealed the evil in human nature. In the second half of the 19th century America, the beautiful art still occupied the dominant position. Until the last century, the principle of beauty and ugliness was introduced to the modernism art. A large number of literature and art creators tried to reveal the contradictions of society and life from the opposite side. Edgar Allan Poe 's works existed a lot of ugliness, and also broke through the traditional aesthetics. Poe‟s aesthetic innovation exceeded other contemporary writers.III. Symbolism.A. The Definition of SymbolismThe symbolism is an artistic technique that expresses similar emotions and thoughtswith the specific image that easily associated. So-called objective image is through different emotional activities to create a kind of artistic image. In other words, it is an objective image that used to express objective emotions. Poe was influenced by British romanticism and German idealism aesthetic. So Poe is keen on singular weird things that in his view are not terrible, but a beauty of the bizarre. Poe fully utilized his genius, to create one by one significant and profound images. He used some animals or things to represent the abstract concept, which can be divided into the following category.a. Scene images.The ancient castle in the Masque of the Red Death, the dark damp underground wine cellar in a Bucket of White Wine, the bleak old house in the Fall of the House of Usher are scene images. Airtight, isolated and bleak scene image produces a depressive environment, and impacts the protagonist's psychological feelings and spirit.After reading the Fall of the House of Usher I was scared for a long time. At first sight, it seems to be an abnormal emotional story, but the image setting not stayed on the surface meaning, but gave it more complex and deeper meaning. The house of usher symbolic meaning is that it gave birth to the old family, but at the same time closed itself, also closed its owner. And the House of Usher is on behalf of both the collapsed building and the family. In the end, the house and its owner both ruined. The characteristics of the house are similar to the temperament of the hero. To achieve the effect of the unified theory, Edgar Allan Poe integrated the scene image with hero‟s temperament. The melancholy House of Usher shows the protagonist's mental state with great pain.b. Color imageIt is badly common to use color as the image in Poe ‟s horror novels. Red and black were also his favorite color images. He chose them for red is the color of blood and black is a symbol of death. In the Masque of the Red Death, the seventh room was black and its walls were black, its thick, heavy carpet was also black. But its windows were a deep blood-red. For each fire was opposite a window, so in the black room the firelight that shone through the blood-red window changed the room into something too horrible to describe. And as the fires burned brighter, the colors and shapes in this room became morehorrible than ever.In the fall of the house of Usher, the black tapestry, the dark silent lake, in the tell-tale heart,the dark lantern, the old man had a pale, blue eyes that all brought people greatly unease and panic. Whether black cat or the dark House of Usher are both filled with so much color images that produced more horrific feelings.c. Animal imageIn the book of the Black Cat , this title laid an ominous tone for the full story. The black cat is not a simple "object", but a prominent horror, which makes the hero in fear all the time, also gives the readers a kind of fear of excitement and pleasure. In the West, the ominous black cat is the embodiment of the witch and a symbol of evil. The name of the black cat, Pluto, was originally the name of the hell and the ruler of the underworld in the ancient Greek mythology. Pluto often made a sinister sound. Edgar Allan Poe designed the Black Cat as title and Pluto as the name of the cat, which the aim is to create an terrible atmosphere. As shown in the ending, the black cat led to a end, “ On top of her head, with a red, open mouth and one burning eye, sat the black cat - the animal which has had made me a murderer, and which would now send me to death.”When the first cat hanged in a few days later, there appeared another black cat that like Pluto, but a white mark on its chest. The white mark of the chest showed the shape of the gallows, which made the hero frighten. The white mark reminded his crimes, aroused his guilt, and became the symbol of his crimes.In short, Poe not only simple inherited the death and gloomy aesthetic orientation, violent plots in the Gothic literature but also innovated the Gothic writing techniques, and more strove to explore people‟s inner world.B. Analysis Symbol From Psychologya. From Sigmund Freud‟s Theory.Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic personality theory focuses on the study of human unconscious mental activity. Freudian theory of human psyche is a kind of"understanding people's motivation, personality, mental activity of science." It has a huge influences on many areas in modern western society. Among them, the three-level personality structurepoints out that the imbalance of ego, id or the self, superego will lead to mental illness and personality disorder."The self", or the subconscious mind, is the most basic part of the personality structure and lies in the deepest heart, representing the most primitive, instinctive impulse and desire. Id follows the principles of happiness that do not have any moral, ethical and value factors. It is easily impulsive, but can be controlled and regulated. "The ego" is from “the id”and is the executor of the personality. It is the medium that contact with the outside world according to actual condition to adjust the id and the superego and it does things according to the moral principles. "The superego" is a manager in the personality structure, and is on behalf of the social moral standards. Since there always exists the opposite between the superego and the id, ego needs to coordinate the contradictions between the id and the superego.Only the id, ego and superego arrive balance, can a person's spiritual world be normal. If they don't balance, they can cause abnormal mentality and personality distortion.Poe probed the most secret unconscious and subconscious mental activities that showed a person‟s mentality from abnormal to breakdown.Poe's psychological description is vivid, natural and frank. Through psychological activities, we can see the ugliness and evil of human nature, and have a profound introspection and the purification of the soul.In the book of the Black Cat,when the hero‟s superego is unable to suppress and prevent id‟s violent impulse, violent nature that hidden in the depths of the protagonist subconscious began to do evil things. So one day the hero committed unforgivable crimes under the uncontrolled evil thoughts. Later, protagonist and his superego was tormented by criminal facts. Every time he remember that day he killed the cat, he still feel sadness and pain. As a result of the need to self hurt self, people often know that we should not do but still done something stupid or evil. In this novel, Poe went into the most deep place of the human consciousness that showed the evil instinct in a person's unconscious.Usher lived in the house of usher where full of despair for a long time, and only had a sister. The intolerable darkness, and desolate, terrible, bleak atmosphere gradually eroded and distorted Usher‟s spirit. And because id overindulgence made he fornicate with his sister, he felt deeply regret, fear, anxiety and guilt. Because of id indulgence, superego will severely punish id.It is difficult to achieve balance for these three parts which are always contradictory and not harmonious in the personality structure, so everyone more or less have somemental illness that symptoms severity or lighter. The objective environment make the readers realize the psychological development of health and personality molding auxiliary need good environment, including family environments, school environments, social environments, etc. Ego should coordinate the relationship between the id and the superego, and should emphasize the guidance and warning role of superego and should make decisions according to the social ethics and common sense.b. From the theory of effects and unifyIn "the review of H awthorne’s twice told tales" (the review of Hawthorne 's twice told tales. 1840) he explained his creation principles. He thought a clever writer not put his own thoughts into his plot, but planned in advance and created a unique distinctive effect, and then fabricated some plots and contacted with these plots. All these things are in order to realize the theory of effect and unify. He believed that the work should be a harmonious unity. From beginning to end, every detail, every plot, each place, even every sentence, every word should achieve a unified effect.Based on his famous creation principle of theory of the effect and unify. Through his elaborate conception and clever arrangement, he created the unique aesthetic effects, and aesthetic values.In the novels, name is not random, but carefully chosen for the ultimate horror effects. The pronunciation of Fortunato is similar with fortunate, and Pluto is the name of the hell in ancient Greek mythology.IV. Rendering TechniqueA. The Specific Application of Rendering TechniqueIn Poe 's horror fictions, both the depiction of psychology, environment, and all kinds of horrible death way in the novels, give one impression of terror. In the fall of the house of usher, Poe portrayed“I looked up at the old house with its high stone walls and narrow windows. I looked around at the thin dry grass and the old dying trees, and sick, and could not think of one happy thought to chase away my gloom.”Thus we can see, His works through rendering environment, such as old house, high stone walls, narrow windows, thin dry grass, old dying tree, to emphasize the decline of the surrounding environment, which makes people feel that life is fragile and prepares for the next horrible plot.In the Fall of the House of Usher, about seven or eight days after they had put LadyMadeleine‟s coffin in the vault. Outside, there was a storm which was growing wilder. “I”could hear some low sounds from somewhere inside the house. And then Poe described the violent storm as the follow that made people feel much tension.“T he wind from the violent storm outside crashed into the room, nearly knocking us to the floor. It was, indeed, a wild, but strangely beautiful night. The wind seemed to be going in circles around the house, and huge, heavy black clouds chased each other, first this way, then that way. We could see no moon and no stars, but a pale ghostly light lay around the house.”At that moment, “I”read a wild, fantastic story whose plot is Ethelred breaking the old man‟s door, the cry of the dragon, and the falling of the gates. This story the hero read enhanced the tense atmosphere. And then the plot arrived the climax. Usher‟s body began to shake, and a sickly smile came over his lips. He said that he had put Madeleine alive into a coffin. At the end of this story, Poe depicted this picture “O utside, the storm was still violent and as I ran past the lake, a sudden wild light shone around me......There was a long shouting sound, like the voice of a thousand waters, and the deep dark lake closed over the broken pieces of the House of Usher.”which made everything disappeared and the story full of the breath of despairing.V.Writing From First PersonA.The specific Application of First PersonIt's not hard to find that the first person in narration in Poe 's horror fictions. From the perspective of the reader, applying the first person to give readers a real feeling, to stimulate reading interest, and to build a kind of objective real effect. While from the author himself, using the first person in narrating the experience of gruesome story can objectively present and tell the hero's thoughts and behaviors. This way can let article write fluently and better analyze the narrator own mental condition. Poe seemed to be a prophet of god, and know the development of all things.In the novel William Wilson, a series of events experienced by the author with "I" as the main content, he also let readers feel that has really happened , and leave the deep impression.In the beginning of the Tell-Tale Heart,“I could hear all things, things in this world and things in heaven. I heard many things in hell, too. So how can I be mad?”The "I" repeatedly stressed he is not crazy, normal mental, how people have a normal mental to kill the old man suffered from cataract? When the police asked what has happened, “I”heard the noise of the old man‟s noise of beating heart becoming louder and clearer, and then “I”collapsed, told the police that the corpse was under the floor. If “I” didn't hear that beating heart, I can escape from the pain of heart, and legal sanctions, but “I”heard this horrible noise was bigger and bigger, “I” argued, “I” walked up and down the room, “I” felt that “I”must scream or die. Finally, “I” can not stand it and accept the realistic punishment.“We humans seem to like hurting ourselves. Haven‟t we all, a hundred times, done something stupid or evil just because we know that we should not do it? ”He borrowed "I" in The Black Cat to briefly analyze people ‟ s criminal mentality, and show that the dark inner corner of the man.IV. ConclusionPoe lived in America where the whole country was filled with hope of life in the second half of the 19th century, however, he focused on the death, and the darkness. Edgar Allan Poe 's works not only improved the depth and breadth in literature, and promoted the development of the romanticism, but also studied social concerned psychological problems now. Poe by means of describing the terror to express his view on the good and evil, to expose meditation and inner struggle in the modern western. As a successor and innovator of traditional Gothic literature, he has become a significant writer in American literature. He used techniques such as symbol, rendering, the first person visual single in his tales to create a stunning success. Edgar Allan Poe's strove to explore the secrets of the human mind, and explored the limits of human psychology. He showed that beauty is not a kind of nature, but make the readers feel strong sense of pleasure from horror and let readers enjoy them.。
爱伦坡推理小说的语用预设
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人 1 的命题 ’ —— — 凶手说的是英语,就被证明是一 种错误的主观臆测,是伪值 ( 2)。以此类推,得 出第一步推理结论:凶手说的不是欧洲的五大语言 ( 法、英、德、意、西),凶手不是欧洲人。爱伦 ・坡完全可以设第七个俄国证人,使这位大侦探就 语言所作的第一步推理完全呈闭合状态,他没有这 样做,而是就俄语在整合判断上留下了一个缺口 ( 3 45 2),这种做法理由有两点:一是由于在他 那个年代很少有俄国人住在巴黎,设一个俄国人会 使小说的真实性打折扣,二是俄国地跨欧亚两大 洲,在下文中作者借杜宾之口说明在巴黎几乎没有 亚洲人和非洲人, 在一定程度上亚洲人可以包括 俄国人。将其他人种忽略不计,就可以作出第二步 推理结论:凶手不是人。再附以现场留下的毛发和 指印为佐证,最终破案:凶手是东印度群岛的大猩 猩。可见,在 《 毛格街血案》中,大侦探杜宾推理 破案的每一步都含有相应的语用预设,其中在对上 下文信息预设进行推理过程中,某些上下文中不明 确的可能性预设自动消失起着关键性作用。读者自 觉或不自觉地参与到其中,进行推理判断,这正是 侦探推理小说的魅力所在。
每一个见证人就其母语做出的否定性命题( 命题 暗含一 : 凶手说的不是见证人的母语 5 6 1 7 母语 8 , %) 个常识性的, 无需任何解释作者和读者就能够自动 达成共识的背景预设: 说母语的证人能就其母语对 凶手的语言做出是或否的正确判断, 据此读者所得 判断 % : 命题 % 均为真值 9。 而他们的肯定性命题: 凶 手说的是母语以外的另一种语言 5 6 4 7 外国语 8 , 应 含有一个语境预设: 见证人懂得相应外语。 因为这个 预设不具有常识性, 在上下文中也没有就这一语境 预设做任何交待, 因此读者所得判断 ’ : 命题 ’ 可能 是真值也可能是伪值 ( 。读者进一步就全表 9 :; <) 再次作出 进行分析整合, 针对证人的肯定性命题 ’, 的判断 +: 除最后意大利人做出的凶手说的是俄语 不能确定是真值还是伪值 ( 外 = 其余均伪值 9 :; < ) ( 。 其整合判断的理由是: 具有真值的命题 % 中必 <) 有一个能够使命题 ’ 的某一预设消逝, 据此所作的 判断就成为伪值。 如: 证人 , 是英国人, 读者判断他 的命题 % —— — 凶手说的不是英语—— — 是真值,那么 证人 * 懂得英语这一预设就因不能成立而消逝,证
爱伦·坡小说当中的悬念描写
爱伦·坡小说当中的悬念描写[摘要]爱伦·坡既借鉴了传统哥特小说的技巧,又运用了个人手法——悬念与象征,将卓绝的、独创性的心理描写和大量的内心独白放置在作品中完成神秘感的构建,在继承哥特小说传统的同时,超越了哥特小说而形成新一代恐怖小说风格。
[关键词]悬念布局爱伦·坡的作品中充满了悬念。
什么是悬念?希区柯克曾经给悬念下过一个著名的定义:如果你要表现一群人围着一张桌子玩牌,然后突然一声爆炸,那么你便只能拍到一个十分呆板的炸后一惊的场面。
另一方面,虽然你表现的是这同一场面,但是在打牌开始之前,先表现桌子下面的定时炸弹,那么你就造成了悬念,并牵动观众的心。
编故事时候最常见到的两种不同的悬念:一种是已知的悬念;另一种,是一种未知的悬念。
在读爱伦·坡的小说时,读者沉浸在他构造的一连串紧密相关的未知事件中,恰恰是这种对未知事件的好奇,使我们被深深吸引。
在这种被作者精心构筑的情节迷宫里,读者和讲述人同样处在半知半解的处境,读者通过讲述人的感受来经历这些神秘事件。
“那是什么?”成为读者面对这一类悬念的时候最常想到的问题。
对于读者,不断根据常识进行推理,又不断陷入疑惑的境地,不能不说是坡的天才之处,那种似幻似真的悬念的确令人颤栗难忘,而且不象绝大部分作家,坡笔下的悬念很少给读者一个确切的答案,大多数时候,他不给我们答案,才使得他的作品具有更广阔的阐释空间,有其更丰富的意蕴,才可以仁者见仁,智者见智,这更增加了他小说的神秘,使得阅读他的作品成为一种巨大的享受。
坡喜欢在文中布局。
《阿瑟·戈登·皮姆的故事》中,几个幸存者绝望地在海上漂流,与一艘出没无常的双桅横帆帆船令人恐怖地相遇。
在大家高声呼救时,掌舵的水手以友好的微笑作答。
当船驶近了,大家才看清他已经死去,这“微笑”是由于大海鸥吃掉了半个脸,牙床都露在外面所致。
甲板上铺满尸首,散发着地狱搬的恶臭。
这船如幽灵般地开远了,谁也不知道它发生了什么事,将去往何方。
浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现
浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现爱伦·坡是19世纪美国哥特式小说的代表之一,其小说在文学史上占有重要地位。
他的作品从题材到叙事技巧,贯穿着浓厚的哥特式风格,展现出了其独特的创作手法。
首先,在作品的题材上,爱伦·坡喜欢探索人性的阴暗面,塑造了一系列如杀人魔、疯子、魔鬼等怪异恐怖角色,通过这些角色的行为和言语来揭示人类的本质和人性的丑陋,呈现出一种哥特式的病态美感。
比如《红死病》中描写了一场蔓延整个城市的瘟疫,以及人们对瘟疫的恐惧和绝望。
而《瑞奇家塔的惊魂夜》中则是讲述了一段充满谋杀、诅咒和疯狂的故事,将读者带入到一个充满恐怖气息的世界中。
其次,在叙事技巧上,爱伦·坡运用了哥特式小说的常见手法,塑造出浓重的恐怖氛围。
他在叙事中善于运用反转和戏剧性出现的惊悚情节,以达到吓人的效果。
比如在《黑猫》中,故事一开始就讲述了主人公疯狂的行为,令读者因其言行逐渐惊恐起来,而当主人公逐渐被揭示出罪证时,读者也因之惊愕。
在《旁观者的狂欢》中,作者巧妙地将故事的结局与起始反转,使得读者在读完全文后才能理解它的含义。
此外,在文学风格上,爱伦·坡喜欢运用暗示、象征等手法来创造丰富的文学意象。
在《红房子》中,作者通过描写衣衫褴褛的人物和血红色的房子,既暗示了人们生活的贫穷和萧条,又象征了血腥和死亡。
在《伊甸园》中,则将伊甸园比喻为爱情的天堂,最终颇为巧妙地将原本美好的爱情变成了一种可怕的毁灭性力量。
总的来说,爱伦·坡在其作品中充分发挥了哥特式小说的创作手法,通过独特的叙事方式、题材内容和文学风格,塑造了一种恐怖而又诡异的世界观,如梦似幻,让读者在其中领略恐怖与美感的糅合。
论爱伦·坡侦探小说中悬念的运用
On the Suspense in Allan Poe's Detective Novels 作者: 王一平
作者机构: 江南大学文学院,江苏无锡214122
出版物刊名: 台州学院学报
页码: 51-54页
主题词: 爱伦·坡;侦探小说;悬念;效果论;窥探
摘要:美国作家爱伦·坡开创了小说史上一个新的类型——侦探小说,这种“类型小说”在行文上有着作家独特的奇崛怪诞的风格,但最大的特征却在于在“效果统一论”思想的指导下,巧妙地运用了悬念手法,达到了扣人心弦的悬疑效果,又彰显了智性推理的魅力和人的理性力量的强大。
而这一切,又都是超越于小说的道德讽喻性之上的,从某种程度上看,倒正是道德讽喻性的退居次席,成全了爱伦·坡以“窥探”为手段、以悬念为生命的侦探小说的成功。
探索文学作品中的恐怖与悬疑元素
探索文学作品中的恐怖与悬疑元素文学作品中的恐怖与悬疑元素在文学作品中,恐怖与悬疑元素常常能够给读者带来强烈的心理刺激和阅读体验。
这些元素通过巧妙的叙事手法和情节设计,让读者陷入紧张、充满未知的氛围中。
本文将探索一些经典文学作品中的恐怖与悬疑元素,并分析它们对作品整体的影响。
首先,我们来看看爱伦·坡的短篇小说《黑猫》。
这个故事以第一人称的视角展开,讲述了一个原本温顺的主人公由于某种神秘力量的影响逐渐变得疯狂和残忍的过程。
整个故事充满了压抑、黑暗和恐怖的氛围。
作者通过描写主人公内心的恐惧和罪恶感,以及那只被斩首的黑猫的复仇,使读者感受到了无法逃脱的命运和不可知的恐怖力量。
这种恐怖元素贯穿全文,使读者在阅读过程中感到紧张和恐惧。
接下来,我们转向阿加莎·克里斯蒂的推理小说《东方快车谋杀案》。
这个故事以一个列车上发生的一宗谋杀案为背景,通过侦探赫尔克里·波洛的调查揭示真相。
整个故事充满了悬疑和推理的氛围。
作者通过刻画各个嫌疑人的形象和行为,以及隐藏在他们之间的关系和秘密,让读者陷入一个错综复杂、充满谜团的情节中。
读者在跟随波洛一起推理的过程中,不断猜测凶手的身份,体验到了解谜和发现真相的快感。
除了恐怖和悬疑元素,文学作品中还常常出现超自然的元素,进一步增加了作品的神秘感和吸引力。
比如布拉姆·斯托克的《德古拉》。
这个故事以吸血鬼德古拉为主题,描述了他在英国展开的一系列恐怖活动。
作者通过描写德古拉邪恶的力量和无法抗拒的吸引力,以及他与主人公之间的斗争,创造了一个充满超自然力量和黑暗氛围的世界。
读者在阅读过程中感受到了恐怖和神秘的同时,也对那种无法解释的超自然现象产生了好奇和探索的欲望。
此外,恐怖与悬疑元素还常常与心理描写相结合,使作品更加深入人心。
例如莎士比亚的悲剧《哈姆雷特》。
这个故事以主人公哈姆雷特的复仇为线索,揭示了人性的黑暗面和心理的扭曲。
作者通过描写哈姆雷特内心的挣扎、痛苦和疯狂,以及他与幽灵父亲之间的交流,创造了一个充满恐怖和心理压力的氛围。
poe写作风格
poe写作风格摘要:1.简介与引言2.爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)的写作风格特点3.坡的作品对后世的影响4.坡的代表作品赏析5.总结与评价正文:一、简介与引言爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809-1849)是美国文学史上具有重要地位的作家,被誉为“美国短篇小说之父”。
他的写作风格独特,对后世产生了深远的影响。
本文将对爱伦·坡的写作风格进行详细解析,以期对读者更好地理解和欣赏他的作品提供指导。
二、爱伦·坡的写作风格特点1.黑暗浪漫主义:爱伦·坡的作品具有浓厚的黑暗浪漫主义色彩。
他的作品中,人物命运多舛,情节诡异,氛围阴森恐怖,展现了人类内心深处的恐惧和悲剧。
2.神秘与惊悚:坡的作品以神秘、惊悚为主题,让人在阅读过程中产生紧张感和恐惧。
他擅长运用细腻的笔触描绘恐怖场景,使读者沉浸其中。
3.语言优美:爱伦·坡的语言独具魅力,诗意浓厚。
他擅长运用修辞手法,如拟人、比喻、象征等,使作品具有极高的艺术价值。
4.结构严谨:坡的作品结构紧凑,情节跌宕起伏。
他在构思和布局上精心设计,使作品具有强烈的逻辑性和悬念感。
三、坡的作品对后世的影响爱伦·坡的作品对后世产生了深远的影响。
他的短篇小说被誉为“现代悬疑小说的鼻祖”,对后世侦探小说、恐怖小说和科幻小说的发展产生了重要推动作用。
同时,他的诗歌作品也影响了后世的诗人,如托马斯·哈代、阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生等。
四、坡的代表作品赏析1.《破镜之谜》:这是坡的一部脍炙人口的侦探小说,讲述了一起离奇的命案。
作品情节紧凑,悬念迭起,展现了坡在推理小说领域的卓越才华。
2.《乌鸦》:这是坡的一首著名诗歌,以寓言的形式表达了作者对失去挚爱之人的悲痛和对生活的绝望。
诗歌语言优美,意境深邃,具有极高的艺术价值。
3.《鄂榭府崩溃记》:这是一部充满恐怖氛围的短篇小说,讲述了一座荒凉古堡中的诡异事件。
爱伦·坡小说中的悬念和象征
爱伦坡小说中的悬念和象征
于薇
【期刊名称】《黑龙江教育学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2006(25)2
【摘要】艾德加·爱伦·坡的小说风格奇特恐怖,充满了神秘感.坡巧妙地运用悬念和象征,将大量的心理描写和内心独白放置在作品中完成神秘感的构建,揭露人性丑恶的本质,形成新一代的恐怖小说风格.
【总页数】3页(P107-109)
【作者】于薇
【作者单位】东北财经大学,津桥商学院,辽宁,大连,116600
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I712.064
【相关文献】
1.爱德加·爱伦·坡恐怖小说中的现代主义元素 [J], 夏君
2.爱伦·坡小说中的死亡与爱情世界——死亡与复活的心理研究 [J], 计阳;郭红
3.爱伦·坡小说中的坡式幽默——轻蔑地笑嘻嘻 [J], 何劲虹
4.论爱伦·坡侦探小说中悬念的运用 [J], 王一平
5.被裹起来的肃杀——评爱伦·坡小说的时间张力及其极致悬念 [J], 夏延华
因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
浅析爱伦·坡侦探小说的叙事视角及其影响
浅析爱伦坡侦探小说的叙事视角及其影响
伍丽云
【期刊名称】《齐齐哈尔工程学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2010(004)001
【摘要】爱伦·坡是现代侦探小说的鼻祖,其在《毛格街血案》中巧妙地运用了第一人称人物外视角开始讲述故事背景和写作目的,而进入故事层之后,则将视角内聚焦,转换成第一人称固定型内视角的方法。
这种叙事视角贯穿于确定其鼻祖地位的“杜宾三部曲”当中,并对他之后柯南·道尔、阿加莎·克里斯蒂的小说创作产生重大影响。
本文将对他侦探小说的叙事视角及其影响进行分析。
【总页数】5页(P86-90)
【作者】伍丽云
【作者单位】四川大学,四川成都610065
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I712
【相关文献】
1.从侦探形象看柯南·道尔对爱伦·坡侦探小说的继承与创新 [J], 顾秋野
2.“爱伦·坡模式”下的西方侦探小说解读 [J], 罗南英
3.城市、媒体与“异托邦”——爱伦·坡侦探小说的空间叙事研究 [J], 付景川;苏加宁
4.超人杜宾与平民波洛-对爱伦·坡和克里斯蒂的侦探小说的侦探形象的比较分析[J], 闫从军;
5.由古典侦探小说改编的经典电影兼得爱伦·坡其形其神的,一个也没有 [J], 时间之葬;
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爱伦·坡《莫格街谋杀案》中的空间叙事艺术
爱伦·坡《莫格街谋杀案》中的空间叙事艺术爱伦?坡的《莫格街谋杀案》把空间建构与推理内容巧妙地结合起来,通过对地理空间、时空空间和文本空间的建构打造了不同层面的多重艺术空间,这种特殊的叙事模式强化了侦探小说的娱乐性,这三层空间的融合使读者在阅读中形成了自己的心理空间,一方面满足了读者主动参与其中的心理需求,另一方面又极大地挑战了读者的智慧,最大程度地提升了阅读体验。
美国作家埃德加?爱伦?坡是西方公认的侦探小说鼻祖,他于1841年创作的《莫格街谋杀案》成为世界上第一篇现代侦探小说。
严格意义上讲,《莫格街谋杀案》奠定了作为小说“次文类”的现代侦探小说之基石。
他创作的五部经典侦探小说《莫格街谋杀案》《金甲虫》《失窃的信》《泄密的心》《你就是凶手》奠定了后世侦探小说的基本模型,深远地影响了后来的侦探小说家。
为了纪念爱伦?坡在侦探小说领域做出的开创性贡献,美国侦探小说家协会于1946年设立了“爱伦?坡大奖”,对后来侦探小说创作的佼佼者给予肯定和鼓励。
而该协会通过读者投票发现,爱伦?坡及其作品依然深受广大读者喜爱,可见爱伦?坡作品的写作风格和叙事技巧具有恒久的艺术魅力。
本文从加布里尔?佐伦的空间叙事角度入手,分析其第一篇现代侦探小说《莫格街谋杀案》中的空间叙事艺术。
一、空间叙事一切存在的基本形式是时间与空间,因此人类的认知也存在两个维度,文学正是在这样的基础上存在于时间和空间两个层面。
罗曼?英伽登认为,“文学作品实际上拥有?筛鑫?度,在一个维度中所有层次的总体贮存同时展开,在第二个维度中各部分相继展开”。
虽然长期以来文学中的时间层面存在绝对的优先权,但随着文学理论的深入发展,文学中的空间维度越来越受到重视。
约瑟夫?弗兰克的《现代小说的空间形式》指出,传统现实主义和浪漫主义的线性结构逐渐被共时的、并置的空间化叙事所取代,他率先提出了小说空间形式理论,开创了文学研究的新范式,使空间叙事开始真正进入文学批评的领域。
论埃德加_爱伦_坡的侦探小说创作(1)
论埃德加#爱伦#坡的侦探小说创作¹何木英(西华师范大学外国语学院四川南充637002)摘要:埃德加#爱伦#坡是公认的世界侦探小说鼻祖。
本文探讨了坡创作侦探小说的历程,所设计的侦探小说的套路,所塑造的侦探英雄杜邦形象以及它们对后世侦探小说创作的影响。
关键词:爱伦#坡;侦探小说;套路;杜邦形象;影响中图分类号:I0-03文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-1465(2004)05-0034-03On Edgar Allen Poe.s Creation of Detective StoriesHE Mu2ying(School of For eign La nguages,China W est Nor mal Univer sity,Nanchong637002,China)Abstr act:Edgar Allen Poe is father of the detective story.T his paper has explored his experience of creating the story,the designs of his detective stories and his Duping image of detective heroes.This paper has also ex2 plored their influence on modern detective stories in the world.Key words:Edgar Allen Poe;the detective story;patterns;image of Duping;influence埃德加#爱伦#坡是公认的世界侦探小说鼻祖,他所创立的侦探小说套路和塑造的侦探英雄杜邦形象对现当代侦探小说产生的影响是无法估量的。
侦探小说分为三个发展阶段,古典推理侦探小说,硬派私人侦探小说和警察谜案小说,后两者都是在古典推理侦探小说的基础上发展而来的。
浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现
浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809-1849),是19世纪早期的美国作家和诗人,被誉为“哥特式小说之王”和“恐怖文学之父”。
坡的作品大多数都充满了哥特式的元素,这使他的作品在当时的文学界引起极大的轰动。
在坡的小说和诗歌作品中,哥特式创作手法的运用体现得淋漓尽致。
本文将从怪诞、恐怖、超自然、惊悚等几个角度,浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法的体现。
首先从怪诞(Grotesque)角度来看。
怪诞体是哥特式小说的一个特点,它要求以怪异的形象和惊人的事件来产生阴影和恐惧感,它借助于荒诞的形象、怪异的行为和事件来达到一种激起心理感受的目的。
坡的小说多采用了怪诞体的创作手法,例如《黑猫》中的男主人公创造了一些非常怪异的事情,比如说把一把斧头立在了猫的头上,还在墙上挂起了一只被砍掉的猫头,让读者感到非常的恐怖。
坡的诗篇也同样采用了怪诞的手法,例如《魔鬼》中出现的啃食人类脚趾的恶魔、《乌鸦》中不间断地反复喊出的“Nevermore”等形象,都让其作品的恐怖气息倍增。
其次从恐怖(Horror)角度来看。
恐怖是哥特式小说的另一个特点,它要求以生死面前的恐惧、无尽的绝望和世界末日般的恐怖气氛来打动人的情感。
坡的小说和诗篇中也多次体现出恐怖感,例如《短命昙花》中女主人公的神秘死亡、《马戏团里的美国人》中的反转结局以及《死者之家》中的诡异事件等,让读者深感临床实在的恐惧感,极大地吸引了读者的关注,成为本文的焦点。
第三个角度从超自然(Supernatural)来分析。
超自然是哥特式小说中的又一个重要特点,它强调了神秘与惊奇,一切都不必合乎常理,因为它可以使人产生更强的阴影,更深入的恐惧感。
坡的作品也多次运用到超自然的手法来达到类似的效果。
例如在《黑猫》中,男主人公在被猫咬伤之后,可以听到一个微不足道的声音,也就是说这个可怖的猫是具有一定的超自然能力的,这点让读者倍感神秘而惊奇。
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内容摘要:埃德加·爱伦·坡是十九世纪美国天才的诗人与短篇小说作家,其缜密的逻辑思维与奇特的写作风格,引得无数人争相模仿。
爱伦·坡被称为侦探小说鼻祖,其在推理小说中强调精神分析以及寻找人性的弱点,充满着悬念和恐怖。
爱伦·坡的写作风格十分奇特,其“哥特式”的作品和耐人寻味的凶杀案都已为人所津津乐道。
本文将讨论其创作中高超的悬疑塑造手法,体味其小说的精神内核。
关键词:线索布置悬疑塑造创作手法一.爱伦·坡悬疑小说写作手法——“跳棋说”爱伦·坡是侦探小说的先驱与鼻祖。
他具有极强的写作素养,对人身体结构的刻画恰到好处,细致入微,仿佛就像一位医生一般,将整个人都分解了一遍,从头到尾,都极其细致。
他对自然科学的研究也十分厉害,可以说将他的书比作现在的科幻小说,就是“硬科幻”小说,十分注意文章的科学性。
他的悬疑小说对悬念的塑造十分有技巧,其中的机关环环相扣,每一点都不容忽视。
在他所构造的凶杀案中,大致可以分为以下几类:杀人案件、寻宝、遭到追杀、寻人等,而且爱伦·坡在写这一大类小说已经具有了十分完整的体系和套路了,但然他写的文章结局难以预料,甚至有些无厘头,但都是很有意味的,比如说以一场谋杀案来讽刺警方办案不利,等等。
爱伦·坡在他的悬疑小说自我评价时,也归纳出了他在写这一类小说的写作技巧,也就是所谓的“跳棋说”,也就是他在《莫格街凶杀案》的一文中,他详细的阐述了写作类似文章的方法。
《莫格街凶杀案》是爱伦·坡悬疑小说的代表作,这篇文章里的东西,很有参考价值。
爱伦·坡看来,所谓天才就是具有超强的分析能力。
而分析被称为才智,但其本身却很难被分析。
但是对于那些有分析能力的人来说,分析简直就是一种生活的习惯——生活中随时随地喜欢观察、向别人提出谜语等,这些人被称为聪明人,而我们看来他们喜欢分析,可这却早已成为了聪明人的直觉行为。
爱伦·坡还表示,数学的学习并不等同于分析的锻炼。
学习数学尤其是高等数学也许的对解答疑难问题有很强大的作用,但我们发现,数学又被称为“解析”,他不是分析,因为数学仅仅运用了拟算法而已。
因此,计算本身并不等于分析。
在我们看来,这一点是很难理解的,但爱伦·坡进一步举出了下棋的例子。
比如说下象棋的人,这些人做的仅仅是一些计算,计算出每一个棋子不同的走法,这需要的仅仅是时间和记忆力。
因此爱伦·坡认为下象棋不是一种有益心智的运动,而是一件十分考验耐力并且需要消耗掉大量脑细胞和能量的运动。
象棋中每一个棋子都有各种稀奇古怪的走法,并且走法十分深奥、玄妙,稍有不慎满盘皆输。
因此,象棋的输赢并不是考验哪一方更具备分析能力,或者说是胜利的一方不意味着更加聪明,只是具有更强的注意力和精神力。
爱伦·坡表示,下跳棋就不是这个样子,跳棋的走法较少变化,疏忽失误的可能性也就大幅度的降低。
用现在的话来表示就是容错率十分低,跳棋考验的是一个人的机智,而象棋考验的是一个人的计算。
象棋考验的是棋盘上的变化,而跳棋考验的是人心的变化和关键时候的决胜一击。
这就是爱伦·坡的“跳棋”理论,看起来不怎么科学,但如今看来有时候的确是如此。
当然,爱伦·坡还提出了惠斯特牌打法,因为这种纸牌游戏十分简单,但考验着人与人之间的心理战斗。
打牌的人通过看每一个人面部表情,从而表现出他对每一家都了如指掌,最后赢得牌局的胜利,而这种胜利靠的就是敏锐的洞察力。
而且分析能力不应该和单纯的机智混为一谈。
因为善于分析的人一定很聪明,但聪明的人不一定很擅长于分析。
爱伦·坡对这种何者为第一性的问题进行了详细的讨论。
不可否认爱伦·坡是一个写作上的天才,他认为机智是一种人的本能,天生就有、与生俱来的,而分析能力则是需要后天的锻炼。
只有二者结合,才能将所谓的创造能力发挥到极致。
机智和分析的能力之间往往远远大于幻想和想象之间的差别。
因此,爱伦·坡的结论就是,聪明的人总是充满幻想,而真正富有想象力的人必“跳棋说”是爱伦·坡的重要假说,这一点理论都在他的文章中有所体现。
而这些悬疑小说的构思就是像是在下跳棋一样,靠的是分析者的灵感、天赋和难以想象的嗅觉。
但是单单凭这一点还没有办法看出文章究竟是如何写作的,一个悬疑案件的塑造往往都是从结果到事发的倒推理,这就要用到强大的分析能力。
如何在对于作者而言显而易见的故事情节中,为读者设计种种迷雾和障碍,引领着读者对整个事件的想象,并且在想象的过程中还不是那么容易就猜出故事结局,针对这一点,爱伦·坡用了各种方法,首先在他大部分的小说中,都是以第一人称视角进行倒叙,在叙述故事中引入了大量在当时没人涉及的人物角色,如第一现场、目击证人第一见证人等对后世侦探悬疑小说影响深远的措辞,在爱伦·坡的小说中数不胜数。
在设置障碍的途中,爱伦·坡还善于塑造人物关系网络,以此来掩盖真正的凶手,当然无论是报纸上对凶杀案件的报道还是作者描绘的人物的所见所闻,这些东西也许都是在反映社会现实,这些甚至和案件本身的结果无关。
有关于这一点,爱伦·坡把尺度掌握的很好,在无关紧要的地方篇幅控制适中,即合理适度的反映社会现实,同时也不破坏故事的整个剧情,但也在字里行间体现着所谓的“统一效果”,说爱伦·坡是这个时代的鬼才,一点不足为过,因为他已经将人心都理解的十分透彻了。
二.爱伦·坡侦探小说中的科学性的分析手法前文已经有所提到,爱伦·坡在写小说的同时十分重视文章的科学性,无论是生理学还是自然科学,爱伦·坡都有很强的造诣。
这是他写推理小说或者说是凶杀案件的理论基础,没有这些基础,凶杀案就没有合理的解释。
而这一点在他的《玛丽·罗热疑案》中体现的十分明显,在这篇文章里同样是以第一人称视角,而且是以倒叙的形式来进行书写。
而且,断案的人同样是文中作者的好友杜宾进行断案和破案。
而此文中要表现的绝不仅仅是进行破案时的那种机智,因为光凭这一点早已无法体现出爱伦·坡的天才头脑了。
在这个凶杀案中,玛丽·罗热是受害人,当她被发现死亡的时候,她已经漂浮在河流之上了,此时我们应该注意,爱伦·坡在塑造尸体的时候,会突出时间、地点和人物,因为这些都是破案的必要环境和条件,并且缺一不可。
关于塑造受害者的人物关系网络,通常都是极其复杂而又明显,受害者是一个有姿色但却家境贫穷,为了生机而打拼的女子,等等不再赘述。
此时我们应着重观察这一篇侦探小说的科学性,总的来说就是以下几点。
关于尸体的描写,关于死亡地点的描写还有法医鉴定的描写,科学的分析一场谋杀案是断案的根本,而爱伦·坡也对这一点深信不疑,因此作者花费了大量的笔墨在这个上面,也就是想通过有条有据的分析得出结论,而不是将一个人的死亡归结于“死神”或者是“报应”之类的玄而又玄的理由。
有关于对尸体的描写,爱伦·坡十分拿手,在文中是这样表述的:“死者满脸污血......溺死者往往会从口中吐出白沫,可她没有......喉部有明显的淤青和手指勒痕,右手紧握成拳,左手张开......”[1]在分析死者究竟是溺水而亡还是被人杀死时,爱伦·坡是这样描写的:“尸体沉入水中会一直沉在水底,直到由于某种原因使她比重比水轻,腐烂或者其他原因都会造成这种后果,腐烂会产生气体,然而气体则会充满细胞组织和人的五脏六腑,使尸体膨胀起来,看起来很可怕......尸体的腐烂会受到很多因素的影响,水的纯度和矿物质的含量,水的深浅,水流的速度......朝尸体上打一炮,只会造成振动而已,使尸体脱离水底松软的泥土,再加上其他因素的作用也会使尸体浮起来,同时震动也可能会消除腐烂的细胞组织所产生的黏性,使得内脏在气体的作用下膨胀起来。
”[2]但然,这些在文章之中全是由杜宾所说的,但是必须要承认,爱伦·坡在书写侦探小说的时候,会非常在意一场案件的真实性,在这期间他会质疑警方是否抓到了真正的敌人,而且对尸体的描写,如此的精细,说明了在面对一个人死亡的时候,绝对不能有半点马虎和疏忽大意,这是对生命最起码的尊重,可以看到,爱伦·坡做到了这一点,整个案件绝不是简简单单的情杀案或者为财而起,而是非常复杂的案件。
通过对尸体的描写,杜宾还原了整个犯罪的来龙去脉,并且顺着河流和案发现场,最终抓到了犯罪嫌疑人。
纵然是在如今,法医鉴定依旧是侦破刑事案件的最好办法,而且法医应该具备很多知识,这点就不做赘述,不过可以断定爱伦·坡在这方面的素养早已不亚于当时的警方的验尸官,他对人的身体和生理构造早已烂熟于心。
有关于这两篇文章的悬疑塑造,其实显而易见了,爱伦·坡习惯于在案发现场设立大量的目击证人,通过他们的叙述为侦探小说设置引路人,而在其中具体的描写有目击证人口中对嫌疑人语音的描写和刻画,在大量的口供之中,读者会陷入层层的漩涡之中,开始进行猜测。
此时悬念就已经构造起来了:凶手是未知的甚至连口音都难以分辨;死者的死亡方式十分奇怪,甚至难以推测是什么样的东西能造成人类如此凄惨的死亡景象;死亡地点往往都是十分偏僻,尤其突出穷人、地位低下的人的死亡;警方的介入完全起不到对案情的推动作用;一切的断案都是建立在一个非常厉害的人的头脑之上。
通过以上的总结,我们可以构造出爱伦·坡对侦探小说的写作风格。
他不仅仅拘束于将一个事件写完整就好了,而是在其中融入了大量对人物内心情感的分析和心理描写。
而这种描写的手法则在《被盗的信》一文中,尤其明显。
在这片文章之中,依旧是杜宾的个人秀,杜宾的最终目的是为了帮助警官寻回那一封丢掉的信。
当然,整篇文章的高潮迭起出现在杜宾是如何找到那一封信件的。
而关于寻找那一封信件,杜宾则是使用到了心理学的分析方法,潜伏到了D部长家,从而寻找那一封信件。
而在此之前,我们会发现警局的办事效率却是极度的低下,他们翻遍了D部长的家,却发现毫无收获;而杜宾则是采用了另外一个手法,他先是接近D部长,通过和他的攀谈了解其人物的性格特点并且让他放松警惕,与此同时观察整个房间的布局。
而当杜宾顺利的拿到了那封警方费尽千辛万苦都没有寻到了那封信件,所有人都开始疑惑。
而此时爱伦·坡则又为杜宾打造了一个自我展示的机会,其实杜宾在寻找信件时主要观察D部长的表情和性格,他猜测D部长一定是极其富有心机的人,因此要把一封信件藏到一个一般人想不到的地方;而警方却十分木讷的分析,这一定行不通;最终杜宾顺利的在一个架子上找到了那封信,要说警方破案就像是在做一道如今高考的数学题,而杜宾就是像在转魔方。
但然这也是爱伦·坡的主要观点,就是聪明和智慧的本质区别在于一个靠天赋的反应能力和机智,一个则是靠长时间的积累,大智若愚。