关于最蓝的眼睛论文参考文献
文献综述-论《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉和乔利对黑人文化的不同态度
On the Different Attitudes of Pecola and Cholly Towards Black Culturein The Bluest Eyes论《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉和乔利对黑人文化的不同态度Literature ReviewAbstract:Toni Morrison is a renowned black woman writer in America. Most of her works are about the miserable life of black people in America.As Toni Morrison’s first and most famous novel, The Bluest Eye established her literary reputation in America black literature. During many years, people outside and inside have made many researches on The Bluest Eye from different aspects, such as such as the tragedy of Pecola, the reasons of her tragedy, the meaning of black community,the contrast of Pecola’s and Claudia’s fate, and so on. This article tries to analyze the author, work and others’comments and points out this paper’s significance.摘要：托尼·莫里森是美国著名的黑人女作家。
她的大部分作品是关于美国黑人的痛苦命运的。
论《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义思想
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角 ， 女性与 自然 、 对 人类 与 自然 的关 系进行 了深入 的分 析研 究 。 托 尼 ・ 里森 在其作 品中以 多元视角 探讨人 与 自然 、 女两 性之 间 及人 类 社会 种 族文 化 之 间错综 莫 男
作者幼年时期的一次经历改编而成。莫里森的小说植根于黑人的历史和文化传统 ， 涉及性别、 种族 、 文 化等主题 。作为非洲裔的美国女作家 ， 莫里森清楚地知道 自己肩负的重任， 始终关注黑人妇女这一边缘 弱势群体 ， 最蓝的眼睛》 她批判了种族歧视 、 在《 中， 文化殖民对黑人女性 的迫害。 围绕这部 小说 ， 很多 学者从 解构 、 新历 史 主义 、 事策 略等方 面进行 了研 究 。在 前人 的研究 基础上 ， 叙 我们 可以将一些新的理念融人其 中， 进行观念创新 ， 运用一些最新的批评方法分析这部小说。 生 态女 权 主 义产 生 于 ２ ０世 纪 ７ ０年 代 ， 不 断发 展 着 。它 以独 特 的女 权 主 义立 场 和 女性 性 别视 并
意 识 ， 能使 男性 与 女 性 ， 化 与 自然 和谐 共 存 。 才 文 关 键 词 ： 态女 权 主 义 ； 生 自然 意 象 ； 治 逻辑 ； 人 女 性 意 识 统 黑
最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
5、论文提纲
本文主要研究小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象及其产生的原因和其对黑人社会造成的影响。首先，本文要对作者托尼·莫里森及其作品《最蓝的眼睛》做简要介绍，向读者展示当时美国社会的文化背景及他者的悲剧命运的具体体现。其次，本文主要从以下几个方面分析他这形象：一、利用拉康的镜像理论介绍他者的概念；二、分析小说中波琳、佩科拉两位“他者”形象。再次，分析他者形象产生的原因：白人文化的冲击、黑人的自我蔑视。最后，对本论文进行总结，阐述文章的主旨及意义。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：学 号：Βιβλιοθήκη 指导教师：教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
《最蓝的眼睛》中成长主题的叙事学研究
环球市场理论探讨/-133-《最蓝的眼睛》中成长主题的叙事学研究刘 芳江西科技学院摘要：托尼·莫里森是美国文坛首位获得诺贝尔文学奖桂冠的非裔女作家， 《最蓝的眼睛》是他的处女作。
作者运用交错的叙事时间和多元的叙事视角，描述了在白人文化冲击下黑人女孩佩科拉和克劳迪亚独特的成长历程。
关键词：《最蓝的眼睛》；成长主题；叙事时间；叙事视角托尼·莫里森是当代美国文坛最杰出的非裔女作家，先后获得了美国国家图书奖、普利策文学奖和诺贝尔文学奖。
《最蓝的眼睛》作为她的处女作，虽情节并不复杂，但以其独特的叙事技巧和主题内涵，给读者带来强烈震撼。
本论文尝试从成长小说角度分析文本中的成长主题，并结合叙事时间和叙事视角分析作者如何运用叙事策略表现文本主题，以期深化对该文本的解读。
一、《最蓝的眼睛》中的成长主题在西方文学史上，成长主题是一个有着深刻文化内涵的文学主题。
以成长为主题的成长小说，主要关注人类在成长过程中的困惑、追寻与成长顿悟。
美国学者马科斯在他的文章《什么是成长小说》中，将成长小说定义为“年轻主人公经历了某种切肤之痛的事件之后，或改变了原有的世界观，或改变了自己的性格，或两者兼有；这种改变使他摆脱了童年的天真，并最终把他引向了一个真实而复杂的成人世界。
”美国成长小说既传承了欧洲成长小说的写作特色，也展现了自己的独特之处。
美国成长小说中既有白人青少年成长历程的描写，也有关于少数族裔青少年成长的描写。
在以白人文化为主导、种族歧视严重存在的美国社会，黑人青少年的成长，与在美国成长的白人青少年相比，更加艰难，面临更多的困惑。
莫里森深切关注黑人青少年在美国的成长，以富有创造力的叙事方式，向读者展示了黑人青少年独有的、追求自由与寻求身份认同的成长历程。
她的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》，有别于传统成长小说中对单一成长主体的描写，以两个黑人女孩佩科拉和克劳迪娅为成长主体，创造性地发展了成长小说，给成长小说带了新的生命力。
时间视域下的女性生存——论《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人女性意识（1）
分类号：密级：学校代码：10414学号：2012010407硕士研究生学位论文时间视域下的女性生存---论《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人女性意识The Female Survival in Time Horizon----On the Black Female Consciousness ofThe Bluest Eye邹晶院所：文学院导师姓名：陈静学科专业：比较文学与世界文学研究方向：欧美文学二○一五年六月独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。
学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解江西师范大学研究生院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
本人授权江西师范大学研究生院可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日摘要托尼·莫里森作为第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女性作家，她独到而深厚的文学底蕴备受文学批评家的关注。
综观其创作的九部小说，你会发现黑人女性的生存状态及其自我身份的构建成为了莫里森笔下探索的重要主题。
尤其在她的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》中，莫里森将“眼睛”作为一面文化透视镜来观照身黑人女性生存状态。
而在探析该主题的过程中，“时间”一词成为了解读黑人女性生存意识的核心，既构成了小说的叙述线索，也将小说中每一位黑人女性所经历的人生片段串联起来。
为此，笔者将以小说《最蓝的眼睛》为研究对象，将叙事时间同克里斯蒂娃的妇女时间论及贝克的黑人女性时间诗学相结合，进而挖掘“时间”视域下的主题意蕴，即黑人女性的生存价值何在，她们该如何探寻自我认同的生存道路。
叙事伦理视阈下解读莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》
品读叙事伦理视阈下解读莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》吴 悦 重庆师范大学 外国语学院摘要：莫里森在其作品中展现了黑白两种文化，男女两种性别的伦理冲突与伦理困境。
在处女作《最蓝的眼睛》里，从小女孩的视角投射出她对美丑、善恶、黑白文化、乱伦与性侵等伦理问题进行揭露。
本文将通过叙事伦理视阈对小说进行解读，在研究其叙事伦理的同时通过整个故事伦理来深刻小说的主题。
一个被白人文化腐蚀的黑人小孩，在面对自己作为‘他者’这一伦理身份时，社会、家庭通过各种话语形式、动作行为来伤害她。
关键词：托妮·莫里森；《最蓝的眼睛》；叙事伦理；故事伦理；叙述伦理作为第一位荣获诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女性，托妮·莫里森成为了女性文学的一面旗帜。
她的作品扎根于对美国黑人的独特身份和他们的现实生活，并且几乎是以黑人女性为主人公来进行刻画描写的。
无论是从小说的艺术审美角度来看，还是从小说的社会说教责任来看都把黑人写作推向了一定的新高度。
其处女作《最蓝的眼睛》于1970年出版，通过小说的叙述过程体现出小说的伦理向度。
现代小说家大多通过对主人公的经历的叙事体现出时代特征的道德与伦理诉求。
莫里森在《最蓝的眼睛》中不仅仅批判了以白人主流文化的文化霸权对黑人造成的精神创伤，更重要的是通过叙事伦理揭示了当时的社会及家庭伦理问题。
同时，在小说的叙述上来看，作者利用儿童第一人称有限的叙事视角、叙述结构以及隐喻的手法来进一步体现了小说的伦理价值。
文学，尤其小说的伦理之间关系由来已久。
在欧美，早先就已有亚里斯多德所强调的普遍真理，还有贺拉斯所倡导的寓教于乐。
小说就是以揭示社会现实，影响人们进行反思自我、改变自我的社会责任为主。
到了20 世纪 60 年代，芝加哥学派的布斯提出，小说不可能没有伦理的尺度，总是含有一定伦理价值观。
哈佛大学的纽顿也在其著作《叙事伦理》中，从两方面解释“叙事伦理”：一方面归因于叙事话语的各种伦理地位，另一方面意指伦理话语依赖叙事结构的方式。
论_最蓝的眼睛_中_蓝眼睛_对黑人心灵的异化_郭晖
异域文苑论《最蓝的眼睛》中“蓝眼睛”对黑人心灵的异化郭晖（南京师范大学江苏·南京 210097）摘 要：异化是西方文学的主题之一，美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森在其处女作《最蓝的眼睛》中，通过描述主人公佩科拉悲惨无助而最终疯狂的成长历程，展现了白人文化冲击之下黑人心灵的扭曲与变异，深刻揭露了黑人社区内部的分裂与疏离。
同时，在莫里森的这部处女作中，通过刻画“蓝眼睛”的独特意象，作家赋予“蓝眼睛”丰富的象征意义，从全新的角度揭示出黑人族群心灵异化的深层原因。
关键词：蓝眼睛 异化 托妮·莫里森中图分类号：I021&B024.1 文献标识码：AOn the Theme of Alienation towards Black People in The Bluest EyeGUO Hui(Nanjing Nornal University Jiangsu·Nanjing 210097)Abstract: Alienation is one of the topic themes in western literature.In the book of The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison, she depicts the tragic lifetime of the heroine Pecola, points out the variation of the black people’s mind hitten by white culture and the alienation among black community.Meanwhile, Morrison endows multiple meanings on ‘the blue eye’ and uncovers profound reasons about the alienation of the black people through the depiction of ‘the blue eye’.Key words: Blue Eye; Alienation; Toni Morrison异化是西方文学常见的主题之一。
论《最蓝的眼睛》中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害
论《最蓝的眼睛》中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害一、本文概述《论<最蓝的眼睛>中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害》一文旨在探讨美国小说《最蓝的眼睛》中所呈现的白人文化价值观对黑人的影响以及这种影响的危害。
本文将分析这些价值观在小说中的具体表现，并阐述其如何对黑人产生负面影响，揭示白人文化对黑人的压迫和歧视。
《最蓝的眼睛》是一部具有深远社会意义的文学作品，它通过描绘一个黑人女孩的视角，揭示了美国历史上种族歧视和不平等的本质。
小说中呈现的白人文化价值观，如种族优越论、种族隔离制度等，对黑人产生了深远的影响，并对他们的生活和命运造成了严重的伤害。
白人文化价值观：指美国主流社会的意识形态和行为准则，包括种族优越论、种族隔离制度等。
这些价值观在小说中被广泛提及和展示。
黑人：代表整个黑人群体，他们在历史和社会背景下遭受了长期的种族歧视和不平等对待。
影响：指白人文化价值观对黑人所造成的负面影响，包括剥夺权利、排斥、压迫等。
这些影响贯穿于小说的始终，是本文的研究重点之一。
戕害：指白人文化对黑人的摧残和伤害，包括精神上的虐待、心理创伤等。
这些戕害不仅存在于小说所描绘的时代，也具有普遍性，是对黑人的长期而广泛的侵害。
本文将采用文献资料分析和文本细读的方法进行研究。
通过对小说的深入研究和分析，揭示白人文化价值观对黑人的影响和戕害，并探讨其根源和危害。
同时，也将结合其他相关研究成果和理论进行综合分析，以深化对这一问题的认识。
二、白人文化价值观对黑人的影响压迫与歧视：在历史上，白人文化曾对黑人实施过严重的压迫和歧视。
这种歧视不仅体现在经济、社会和文化层面，还渗透到黑人的思想、情感和日常生活中。
这种歧视影响了黑人的生存和发展环境，使他们在社会中处于劣势地位。
排斥与隔离：由于种族差异的存在，白人和黑人在许多方面都存在明显的界限。
这导致了黑人被排斥在主流文化之外，无法充分参与和融入其中。
这种隔离使得黑人难以获得平等的机会和资源，限制了他们的发展和成长。
关于最蓝的眼睛论文参考文献
关于最蓝的眼睛论文参考文献关于最蓝的眼睛论文参考文献The Loss of Black Female Identity in The Bluest Eye Science & Technology Information 郑玉荣;;《最蓝的眼睛》中的人物自我同黑人社区的游离与融合[J];长春大学学报;2009年11期Hu Jun The Self-hatred of African-Americans in The Bluest EyeShandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal 2006(1)Taylor-Guyhrie,D. Covnersations with Toni Morrison[M].Jackson:University of Mississipi Press,1994.Ogunyemi,Chikwenye."Order and disorder in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye张东芹;托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女性主义解读[D];华北电力大学（北京）;2011年曹小菁《最蓝的眼睛》——托尼·莫里森与生态女性主义的共鸣《世界文学评论》2012年02期加入收藏投稿章汝雯. 托尼·莫里森研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006张秀见;刘黎;;走不出的困惑——评托妮·莫里森的小说《最蓝的眼睛》[J];名作欣赏;2007年07期沙原，沙木贤；对托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的解读[J] 芒种2013年第12期Bjork,Patrick Bryce. The Novels of Toni Morrison[M].New York:Peter Lang Publishing,Inc,1996.[1]Bjork, Patrick Bryce. The Novels of Toni Morrison: The Search for Self and Place Within the Community[M]. New York: Peter Lang. 1992: 44.[2]Cao Yinghui. The Fantasy of (Eye) “I”dentity: A Lacanian Reading of The Bluest Eye[J]. MA Dissertation of Yunnan Normal University. 中国期刊网, 2005: 4-6.[3]Ding Yan. The Origin of Pecola’s Tragedy in The BluestEye[J]. 语文学刊(高教·外文版)2007(12): 45-47.[4]Gates, Henry Louis and K.A. Appiah, eds. Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present[M]. New York: Armstad Press.1993: 192.[5]Hu Huifang. A Cultural and Postcolonial Approach to the White Culture Hegemony in The Bluest Eye[J]. MA Dissertation of Northwest University. 中国期刊网, 2004: 6-8.[6]Li Zhuo. Out of the White Cultural Hegemony——A Postcolonial Study of The Bluest Eye[J]. MA Dissertation of Jilin University. 中国期刊网, 2007: 4, 6-15, 21-36.[7]Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/ Postcolonialism[M]. New York: Routledge. 1998.[8]Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye[M]. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1970: 20, 49-50, 73, 92, 97, 128, 144.[9]Peach, Linden. Modern Novelist: Toni Morrison[M]. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1995: 25.[10]Samuels, Wilfred D. and Clenora Hudson-Weems, eds. Toni Morrison[M]. Boston: Twayne Publishers.1990: 12.[11]Toming. A History of American Literature[M]. Nanjing: Yilin Press. 2002: 338-339.[12]Zhu Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001: 285.作者简介:李晓玲,汕头大学医学院外语教研室讲师,广东外语外贸大学在读研究生,主要从事英语教学与语言文化研究。
最蓝的眼睛小论文
An Analysis of Black Female’s Identity Loss in Toni Morrison’s TheBluest Eye[Review]Toni Morrison is a uniquely distinguished contemporary novelist in the history of American literature of the 20th century. All her novels deal with African American characters and communities. Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, depicts a vivid picture of the life of a little black girl, Pecola, who loathes her blackness and desires nothing more than a pair of blue eyes，which ultimately drives her into madness. The invasion of white culture and the loss of black identity is an interesting topic in The Bluest Eye. By showing the symptoms of the loss of black identity and their negative effects, this essay attempts to analyze the reasons and explore some solutions for the black female’s identity loss.[Argumentation]1.Symptoms of the Black Female’s Identity Loss and Its Effects1.1 Pauline’s Identity L oss and Its EffectsThe devastating effects of dominant white culture is embodied first in Pauline, Pecola’s mother. In American society, it is argued that by reproducing the ideological hegemony of the dominant white culture, the mass media helps to legitimate the inequalities in class, race, gender, and generational relations of commercial purposes. Before Pauline has any children, she would go to see movies, the most direct carrier of the dominant culture. From the film, she accepts the white standard of beauty unconsciously and gradually loses her black identity under the influence of the mass media.However, the negation of her blackness only increases her alienation and ontological instability. Afterwards she becomes a responsible servant in a rich middle class white’s house. In the Fisher home, she finds beauty, order and cleanliness. She looks at their house, smells their linen, touches their silk draperies, and loves all of it. In a word, she finds psychological satisfaction there. She hates the ugliness of her house, her family, herself and blames it on being black and poor. Instead, she aspires to the polished copper and sheen of the kitchen she works in where everyone is clean, well -behaved, and pretty. For her, any violation of that paradise by anyone, even her daughter, amounts to a crime.As Susan Willis says of Pe cola’s mother: “The tragedy of a woman’s alienation is its effect on her role as mother. Her emotions split; she showers tenderness and love on her employer’s child, and rains violence and disdain on her own.”[1] In order to keep her marginal footing in the white world, she gives up her family and retreats into the world of snow-white beauty and order in the Fisher’s home, thus cuts the final link to her racial identity. By depicting the totally distorted maternal relationship, Morrison exposes the devastating impact of dominant white culture on the identity of black women.1.2 Pecola’s I dentity Loss and Its EffectsIn The Bluest Eye, the heroine Pecola is in every way a pathetic character, believing self-ugliness, exposing to family abuse, succumbing to oth ers’ taunt. She has every reason to yield her potential self-value to the “negating and dehumanizing cultural defi nition” that causes her to “to lose selfhood and have no place in the world” [2].Pecola is instilled with the white people’s beauty standard and learns to hate herself for the dark skin and brown eyes. The Breed loves’ severe poverty, storefront existence, the parents’ unashamed quarrels and brutal physical abuse, as well as their sense of being relentlessly and aggressively ugly undermines any possible positive development of the Pecola’s life. Moreover,the boys in the neighborhood abuse her; the white storeowner even refuses to admit her existence. When Pecola is tortured by her yearning for blue eyes, she turns to Soap head Church; however, he cruelly exploits her child ignorance. Worse still, her mother prefers the sheltered white girl to Pecola’s needy presence, and her own father enacts the ultimate brutality by raping her.Facing all the malicious treatment, Pecola insists all things happen to her are due to her not having a pair of blue eyes, and she sinks down into her solitary, and self-deceptive fantasy world. She swallows her misfortunes and communicates to no one, which cuts her from the reality completely. Worse still, she creates a severely circumscribed vision of herself that fluctuates compulsively in her memory between painful images of her traumatic experiences and imagined attainment the blue eyes.Pecola is never able to go through a spiritual journey to find her genuine self but finally driven into insanity and destruction bit by bit. Pecola’s identity loss results in her tragic life. She suffers an identity crisis and falls victim to the standard of the white norms of beauty. The fervent desire for a pair of blue eyes drives her insane. Finally, she owns a pair of “beautiful big blue eyes” that only she herself can see.2.The Causes of Black Females Identity Loss2.1 The Corrosion of Culture and Distortion of BeautyThe Bluest Eye depicts an abnormal value of black people on beauty: White is beauty, black is ugly. Toni Morrison explores the reasons of the distorted beauty value through Claudia and Pecola's stories.Claudia always receives a big, blue -eyed baby doll as her Christmas gifts. All the carriers of beauty surrounding her transmit the same information -- the beauty is the typical appearance of Anglo -Saxon race, such as blue eyes, golden hair and white skin. The powerful propaganda made the white people's aesthetic standards penetrates and affected other ethnic groups. Claudia's heart is full of hatred and jealousy to white girls because the white girls deprived the love and carefulness from her. The Bluest-eye doll doesn't give her any pleasure, but only evokes her desire to dismember it to find the beauty and the reason why the entire world said it was lovable? Claudia's abnormal action reflects that black children's aesthetic standards are confused and denied by white culture. To some degree, Claudia's impulses reflect black people's popular psychology, that is, they against those white people who think they are superior and discriminate Blacks.When Claudia gives vent to her anger by violent impulses, another black girl in the novel -- Pecola is praying for a pair of blue eyes like Shirley Temple's. Pecola's yearning for a pair of bluest eyes is not a simply love for beauty. It reflects a poor black child's longing for love, caring, friendship and the value of existence. Because she is helpless in face to reality, she places her last hope on God and miracle. Naturally, when the miracle is destroyed, her mind collapses. Pecola's unavoidable insanity is the most forceful annotation for the spiritual torment from which Black Americans suffered.The essential reason is just as what Morrison said, "Beauty is not an isolated concept. As the measure of values, it should have the social/economic basis and political, cultural origin. [3]" The society is hierarchy -- people's destiny is determined by the class level to which he belongs. White is on the top, the mixed blood is in the middle, and the poor black is at the bottom. In this sense, if black people want to be freed from the boundary of white people's aesthetic standards, they should get the success in politics and economy at first.2.2 The Deformation of Maternal InstinctAs a black female writer, Morrison always consider "feminine" as the center of which she concerned about. She said to journalist, "When I am writing, the most part of my brain iscontrolled by female problems. Because female is the origin of culture, they bring up and teach children the basic values. [4]" As a mother and wife, black woman suffered more than man in the cultural crash. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how Pauline Breedlove became an indifferent wife and irresponsible mother.Pauline was neglected by her parents and neighbors for her lame leg and plain appearance. After marriage, she came to a northern town with her husband, but she was soon disappointed, "Everything changed, it was hard to get to know folks up here…Northern colored folk were different too. No better than whites for meanness ... (p.92)" Pauline feels that she is abounded by all the people. The only way for her to get comforts is seeing the movies. As the result, her values on life are distorted by white people. She begins to hate her husband and children and dream to be as one member of white society. The white people even deprived her dignity as a mother -- Morrison describes the scene detailed, "... some more doctors com... When they got to me he said ... They deliver right away and with no pain. Just like horses ... They never said nothing to me ... (p.102)" But she didn't realize the real origin of her mistress, the way she expressing her disappointment and pursuing for her dream is to serve for white family even more hardly and estrange black community, her husband and her daughter gradually.2.3 The Internalization of RacismIn the American society of this particular novel, racist attitudes are so harsh, so pervasive, and so damaging that the blacks are forced at times to turn racism in upon themselves and seemingly agree with some of the conditioning, internalizing the messages of racism. Internalized racism has caused them to accept many of the stereotypes of blacks created by the oppressive majority society.The identity loss of the black female is not only caused by the white but also caused by the black themselves. The internalization of racism and values and the loss of communal responsibility are the essential and most important factors of their identity loss.Inside the black community, the black “believed they were ugly”,and “their ugliness was unique”, though no evident source of their ugliness can be found through careful observation. According to Claudia, the narrator of the novel, their ugliness comes from not facts about their real body, but from their conviction. Internalizing the aesthetic attitudes and values of the white, the black admire the beauty of the white and hate themselves for their ugliness. [Conclusion]The low social status and harsh living conditions of black female has always been a problem in the United States. Although slavery has been abolished, the white dominant culture still affects black people’s life and social status. As blacks are continually tapped in spiritual crisis that e dged with a mental breakdown and living an isolated, alienated and distorted life under the enormous spiritual pressure from the defects of the white society, Morrison strives to be vigilant over this situation and to inspire them to think about ways to improve the fate of the black race. She suggests them to go back to the south to find the root and rebuild the black community. By speaking the unspeakable and revealing the cruel social realities, she appeals to her people for preserving the black tradition and culture and safeguarding their black identity.Everyone，no matter what she does and who she is，she has her own merits．It is good to pursuit，but in reality there is always something that one can’t get and change even at the expense of lives，and the be st method is to meet it directly and make good use of one’s own merits and advantages．[References][1] Gates, Henry Louis and K.A. Appiah, eds. Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present [M]. New York: Armstad. 1993: 192.[2] Frye, Joanne. Living Stories, Telling Lives: Women and the Novel in Contemporary Experience [M]. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1986.[3] John Updike. Dreamy Wilderness--Unmastered Women in Colonial Virginia [N]. The New Yorker, 2008-11-03.[4] Russel, Sandi. It’s OK to Say OK [C]//Nellie Y, McKay. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison.G.K.Hall&Co.Boston, 1986.。
关于《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文
《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文关于《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文关于《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文论文关键词：莫里森最蓝的眼睛非洲文化上帝论文摘要：通过对莫里森的小说《最蓝的眼睛》中浓郁的非洲文化气息的评述，向人们展示出昨洲传统意义上的上帝的形象与西方的上帝相去甚远，它在美籍黑人的生活中起着重要的作用。
从而别析了莫里森的小说中非洲文化传统的深刻意义:如果黑人放弃自身文化，迷失在白人文化中，只能造成人生的恶剧。
一、非洲文化传统的重要内容之一:异于西方观念的上帝的形象美国黑人作家对美国文学的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，黑人文学己经成为美国文学及美国文化不可或缺的组成部分。
托尼·莫里森于1993年获诺贝尔文学奖，成为历史上该奖的唯一黑人女性得主。
“她在创作过程中致力于保持和弘扬黑人文化，使作品深深根植于美国黑人独特的历史传说和现实生活中，始终以表现和探索黑人的历史命运和精神世界为主题《最蓝的眼睛》以黑人小女孩作为故事的主角，通过描写在白人文化冲击下黑人心灵的扭曲，告诉读者:如果放弃黑人文化，迷失在白人的文化观念中，只能造成人生的悲剧。
在美国，黑人文化处于劣势。
莫里森强调，黑人民族要生存下去，除了拥有政治权利和经济独立以外，必须保留住黑人文化。
《最蓝的眼睛》这部作品本身则始终充满了浓郁的非洲文化特色，其中，非洲传统的上帝的形象是点睛之笔。
二、非洲民俗和传说中的上帝在西方传统里，上帝自己是完美的，所以他要求他创造出的人类也应该完美。
不同于欧美的上帝形象.非洲传说和神话里的神的形象既非确定也非万能，而是更接近凡夫俗子，甚至有些时候对生活中的灾难也无可奈何。
他通常表现为在外貌、性格和能力等各方面和人很类似的形象。
他有和人类一样的面孔，性格可爱，有幽默感，偶尔也会犯错误。
他总是在尽力使世界更美好，但是很多时候他并不知道他正在做什么。
“这种传说里的神的形象不仅被看做人类的创造者，而且也被看作人类的祖先，因此他就具有很多他的不完美的‘作品’—人类—的特点，这与西方的万能的、从不犯错误的、鄙夷人类缺点的上帝完全不同。
最蓝的眼睛 论文
Racial Discrimination and Surging Desire in the Bluest Eye Abstract: As one of the most outstanding black writers in contemporary American literature，Toni Morrison is the first African American woman winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. The Bluest Eye is her first novel, which establishes her literary reputation as a renowned black writer. Her works always explore and reflect the black’s destiny. This easy focuses on internalized racism which leads to deep hurt on the black. And in this environment, the undercurrent of desire popples fiercely.Key words: Toni Morrison; The black; Racial discrimination; Surging desire摘要：作为美国文坛中一位杰出的黑人作家，托尼.莫里森是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家。
《最蓝的眼睛》是她的第一本小说，奠定了她在文坛上的地位，使她成为一个有名的黑人作家。
她的作品都以探索和反映黑人命运为主题。
本文主要讨论的是内化的种族主义对黑人造成的心灵创伤，并且在这种环境下，欲望的横流汹涌澎湃。
关键词：托尼.莫里森；黑人；种族歧视；欲望横流1. BackgroundThe Bluest Eye is a 1970 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It is Morrison's first novel, written while Morrison was teaching at Howard University and was raising her two sons on her own. The story is about a year in the life of a young black girl in Lorain, Ohio named Pecola. It takes place against the backdrop of America's Midwest as well as in the years following the Great Depression. At that time, although slave system had been cancelled, the black had been unable to get rid of racial discrimination that exists in every corner of American society. The Bluest Eye is told from the perspective of Claudia MacTeer as a child and an adult, as well as from a third person omniscient viewpoint. Claudia and Frieda MacTeer live in Ohio with their parents. The MacTeers take in a boarder, Mr. Henry and Pecola. The protagonist of the novel, Pecola is a troubled young girl with a hard life. Her parents are constantly fighting, both physically and verbally. Pecola is continually being told and reminded of what an “ugly” girl she is, thus fueling her desire to be a Caucasian girl with blue eyes. Throughout the novel it is revealed that not only has Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pecola’s mother, Pauline only feels alive and happy when she is working for a rich white family. Her father, Cholly, is a drunk who was left with his aunt when he was young and ran away to find his father, who wanted nothing to do with him. Both Pauline and Cholly eventually lost the love they once had for one another. While Pecola is doing dishes, her father rapes her. His motives are unclear and confusing, seemingly a combination of both love and hate. Cholly flees after the second time he rapes Pecola, leaving her pregnant. The entire town of Lorain turns against her, except Claudia and Frieda. In the end Pecola’s child is born prematurely and dies. Claudia and Frieda give up the money they had been saving and plant flower seeds in hopes that if the flowers bloom, Pecola's baby will live; the marigolds never bloom. Pecola always eagers to have a pair of blue eyes and hope this pair of eyes gets her out of the pain of life. However, atthe end of the story, tortured Pecola goes mad, believing that her cherished wish has been fulfilled and that she has the bluest eyes.2. The reason of racial discriminationWhite people have strong racial discrimination to the black. We easily find the reason in the history. First, there is the existence of an institutionalized racism. Although it had ben legally cancelled. But it showed us that before the policy the United States government has defined the black culture, behavior and morality of completely negative. This determines the black cannot escape the influence of racism. Second, there exists the performance of black discrimination in the provision of an excuse. Black people have their own reasons, many black people themselves for the performance of the Government to implement its policies of racial discrimination in the provision of a pretext.In addition, there are black people, in particular, a number of black women, who used to rely on government relief of life, nothing.3. Influence of racial discriminationA. Imperceptible change on aestheticsThroughout the novel, the concept that whiteness is superior is everywhere. White people think their skin is more beautiful than the black. Sadly, the black people have accepted white standards of beauty, thinking Maureen’s light skin to be attractive and Pecola’s dark skin to be ugly. The adoration of the Shirley Temple doll given to Claudia also proved it. And we can see that Pauline Breedlove’s preference for the little white girl she cares for. The person who suffers most from white beauty standards is Pecola. She believes that if she has a pair of blue eyes her life will full of respect and love, instead of bias and abuse. In her mind, it’s the simple of having a bright happy future. However, strong desire just destroys her. It’s one of the most vital facts which lead to the tragedy.B.Profound damage on everyone’s lifeIn the novel, the Chollys are always victims of racial discrimination. They suffer from the loneliness, humiliation, prejudice and the violence. Even one’s life has been changed because of this. It can’t be hard to find that all of these terrible things extend from generation to generation. And Pecola is the most obvious candidate for our sympathy because she undergoes a shocking amount of abuse. Thomas Merton said, “ the truth that many people never understand, is that the more you try to avoid suffering, the more you suffer, because smaller and more insignificant things begin to torture you." At school, school boys humiliate her by making fun of her father and want her to absorb their self-hatred. A group of boys circle around her and scream, “Black e mo. Black a mo., Yadaddy sleeps necked”, defensively ignoring the color of their own skins. They forget that they are black, too. What they do is just an admittance of the insecurity that they have about their own identities. What’s more, Pecola sits alone. And teachers ignore her. Worse, even at home, Pecola can’t get a little love and care. Her mother thinks she is ugly and prefers the white baby who she looks after as a baby-sitting in a white family. Continuingly, she is forced to witness her parent’s quarrels, she is tormented by Junior, she is raped by her father, and she is used by Soaphead Church.Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pauline,her mother, has a lame foot and has always felt isolated. She loses herself in movies, which reaffirm her belief that she is ugly and that romantic love is reserved for the beautiful. She encourages her husband’s violent behavior in order to reinforce her own role as a martyr. She feels most alive when she is at work, cleaning a white woman’s home. She loves this home and despises her own. Cholly, Pecola’s father, was abandoned by his parents and raised by his great aunt, who died when he was a young teenager. He was humiliated by two white men who found him having sex for the first time and made him continue while they watched. He ran away to find his father but was rebuffed by him. By the time he met Pauline, he was a wild and rootless man. He feels trapped in his marriage and has lost interest in life. Later, he rapes Pecola with the mixed emotions of love and hatred. After Pecola miscarries of her pregnancy, Cholly rapes her again. What happens in Pauline and Cholly make them sensible. They can’t take good care of themselves. Their values still haven’t shape well. So how can Pecola have a happy life? We can imagine that good parents will have good children. But their family obviously has no fortune.4.Surging DesireA number of characters seem always hide their desires; maybe are the normal bodily needs or some abnormal desires. Geraldine prefers cleanness and order. She can’t tolerate anything about messiness of sex. It makes she becomes indifferent as a result. Similarly, Pauline indulged in leaning and organizing the house of a while family and even had little care of her family. She forgets to show her affection to her husband and daughter. Lacking of mother love leads Pecola tragic ending of life. What’s more, Soaphead Church is very disgusted to human body. And such peculiarity not only leads to preference for objects but also makes he had special affection to little girls. In the book, there is much distortion of human nature. Owing to the denial of the desire, people become another one and lost themselves.We shouldn’t suppress our needs. Of course, neither can we pour the desire casually. However in the book, Cholly can’t control himself. It embodied in Cholly rapes her daughter this thing. One Saturday afternoon, drunken Cholly returnes home and see the daughter Pecola is washing dishes in the kitchen. Disgust, guilt, pity and love all of these are mixed in Cholly’s heart. Scene that Pecola scratches by the thumb of foot reminds Cholly the past he spent happily with Pauline. Gradually, it leads to the initiation of sexual desire. On the other hand, Pecola does not revolt eventually leads to the tragedy. Precisely because of his irreversible mistake, his daughter has a miserable life. It’s a mistake that has no doubt presented darkness of human nature. In contrast, Frieda’s experience is less painful than Pecola’s because her parents immediately come to her rescue, playing the appropriate role of protector. How important the parents mean to their children. Considering Cholly’s childhood and adolescent, we may be more forgiving to him. Cholly is abandoned by his parents. The lack of love nutrition afflicts little Cholly’s heart. In the process of growth, he suffers whites insult; it can be said to him buried violence. With the fall of the deep-rooted bad habits Cholly became another one. It is not difficult to explain the possibility of tragedy and will Nature. This tragedy is not isolated cases, but such as four seasons cycle kike occurs in each generation of black body.No matter how messy and sometimes violent human desire is, it is also the origin of happiness. Read carefully, it is clear that many characters are getting happiness by reliving their desire. These experiences satisfy their body needs and know more about sexuality. Claudia prefers to have her sense indulged by wonderful scents, sounds, and tastes than to be given a hard white doll. Cholly’s greatest happiness is eating the best part of a watermelon and touching a girl for the first time. Pauline’s happiest memory is of sexual fulfillment with her husband. To a large degree, The Bluest Eye is about the pleasures and dangers of sexual initiation. At that time, parents wouldn’t teach the children what is sex. At the age of right time, they explore the difference of man and women. It’s the nature of human being. Only follow the nature people develop smoothly.5. ConclusionToni Morrison said, “I wrote the Bluest Eye because someone would actually be apologetic about the fact that their skin was so dark…so the book was about to taking it in, before we all decide that we are all beautiful, and have always been beautiful; I wanted to speak on the behalf of those who didn’t catch this right away. I was deeply concerned about the feeling of being ugly.” Through the tragedy of Pecola, Morrison strives to expose the damages caused by the racial discrimination and strong condemns the oppression of the blacks by white mainstream culture. More importantly, the book shows us different perspectives towards such difficult dilemma. Claudia’s brave and kind, Cholly’s cruelty, Pauline’s cold and carelessness and Pecola’s innocence, all of these rich the level of theme. In addition, the undercurrent of desire flows and flows. The people who depress their desire get their heart distorted. The people who expose the body needs causally results the bitter life of the victim and himself. Only the people who relive their needs appropriately get happiness. We can explore many more themes from different ways .In a word; it’s really a meaningful book.。
蓝色霸权下的身份建构—论《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象
蓝色霸权下的身份建构—论《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象摘要：《最蓝的眼睛》是诺贝尔文学奖获得者托尼·莫里森的第一部小说。
《最蓝的眼睛》描述了生活于霸权环境中的非裔美国女性的逆境，她们遭受着来自白人霸权社会和黑人群体内部父权制双重压迫。
本文以蓝色意象为切入点，通过分析蓝色的象征意义进而指出非裔美国黑人女性应在艰巨的生存环境中反思黑人传统文化底蕴，重塑黑人女性自我身份。
论文关键词：托尼·莫里森,《最蓝的眼睛》,蓝色,象征意义在几乎所有的莫里森小说中，黑人民众凄惨的命运以及黑人文化与白人文化之间的冲突都成为其永恒的主题。
在白人强势文化的冲击下，黑人传统文化在一定程度上受到了腐蚀，一些黑人甚至开始排斥甚至舍弃自己的文化传统。
如何处理黑人文化和白人文化的关系，并爱护和进展本民族的文化传统，这一直是莫里森在其作品中所要探讨的问题。
本文拟以《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象为切入点，通过分析蓝色意象的多重象征意义，透视出黑人女性的生存逆境。
白人关于黑人的种族鄙视和文化霸权是如影随形﹑无处不在的。
“蓝眼睛”和“蓝莓汁”象征种族鄙视和白人文化霸权对黑人女性的戕害，而“蓝色”布鲁斯音乐则象征着黑人文化传统，它也是黑人女性寻求自身乃至黑人民族解放的号角。
在它的指引和号召下，黑人女性才能团结一致在白人文化霸权的洪流中重建自我身份并获得新生。
2.从“蓝眼睛”中窥视黑人女性生存逆境—种族鄙视和白人文化霸权蓝眼睛是白人独有的标志，它能够用来象征白人对黑人的种族鄙视。
种族鄙视是指依照种族把人们分割成不同的社会阶层从而加以区别对待的行为，换言之，确实是用异样的眼光看待黑人。
小说中要紧表现为白种人对黑种人的鄙视即用蓝眼睛看待黑人。
种族鄙视表达在小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，充满在整个黑人社区，专门大程度上酿成了整个黑人民族的悲剧。
小说中有多处如此的例子。
如从佩克拉到杂货店买糖所遭受的冷遇便可见一斑：“她脱下鞋从里面拿出三美分。
《最蓝的眼睛》女性主义视觉的多维性
《最蓝的眼睛》女性主义视觉的多维性摘要：托尼莫里森的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》是她非常有名的一部作品。
本文主要探讨的是文中独特的女性主义视觉，与传统的女性主义视觉比较单一，强调女性在社会中的地位，反对父权制不同，该作品具有独特的女性的多维性视觉和平行的行为方式，给读者一个不定的角色定位和广阔的思考空间，给女性主义者提供了自省和作为教育的可能性，从而让女性主义更加富有生命力。
关键词：托尼莫里森；最蓝的眼睛；女性主义托尼莫里森是著名的非裔美国女作家的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》，曾获得过诺贝尔文学奖。
作品讲述了一个11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉因皮肤黝黑，由于相貌丑陋而受到周围及家里人的厌恶而渴望有一双蓝色的眼睛，因为她发现白人拥有的蓝色的眼睛很漂亮。
然而在白人占统治地位的文化背景下，她不仅没有实现愿望，反而被自己的父亲强奸，遭人唾弃。
最后变得神志不清，沉浸在自己的世界里，坚信自己拥有了一双美丽的蓝眼睛。
一、女性视角女权主义运动主要经历的阶段可大致分为三个阶段。
最初是带有浓厚政治色彩的“女权”阶段，即19世纪中叶至20世纪50、60年代。
第二阶段是1968年以后出现的新一代女权主义者，即强调“女性”的女权主义者。
第三代女权主义不再提倡男女的对立或女性一元论，而是注重多元论，提倡男女文化话语互补。
女权主义批评是一种用女性意识观照文学作品，具有女性价值标准和审美追求的文学批评。
其中“女性视角”的提出构成了女权主义批评解读作品的基点。
所谓女性视角，即用女性意识、女性经验观照作品。
它包括一套与男性迥异的阅读和写作标准。
这种女性视角的阅读与男性阅读有明显区别，这不仅表现在女性读者与男性读者关注的焦点有所不同，而且更重要的是阅读中唤起的体验有根本差别。
二、托尼莫里森的女性观在托尼莫里森的小说中，她一直给读者展示着自己鲜明的个性，她的小说主题新颖并且始终贯穿着她独特的视野。
托尼莫里森意识到了社会的现实，找到一种有别于传统意义的自省方式，让女性进行自我教育，找到质疑和挑战现存社会角色的方式。
_最蓝的眼睛_中的身体政治
《齐齐哈尔大学学报》（哲学社会科学版）2012年2月Journal of Qiqihar University （Phi＆Soc Sci ）September 2010收稿日期：2011－12－1作者简介：1．李长利（1980－），男，首都体育学院外语教研室讲师，文学硕士，主要从事英美文学研究和大学英语教学研究；2．裔文军（1981－），男，中国矿业大学外语系讲师，文学硕士，主要从事英美文学研究和大学英语教学研究。
《最蓝的眼睛》中的身体政治李长利1，裔文军2（1．首都体育学院外语教研室，北京100191；2．中国矿业大学外语系，北京100083）关键词：《最蓝的眼睛》；身体政治；主体性摘要：通过对小说《最蓝的眼睛》中身体暴力的分析，展现非裔美国人的生存困境。
同时，身体中也蕴涵着对身体暴力的反抗的力量，这种力量有利于黑人主体性的构建。
两种在身体中相互抵制的力量是社会权力机制作用的结果，这种身体暴力以及对身体暴力的反抗就是一种身体政治。
中图分类号：I712．073文献标识码：A文章编号：1008－2638（2012）01－0123－04当今社会，身体的概念不仅仅是一个自然的实体，同时也是一个和社会权力、意识形态紧密联系在一起的文化概念，身体上印刻着浓厚的意识形态和政治的烙印。
福柯建立了身体政治学，他认为灵魂是身体的牢笼，整个身体史就是一个被压抑、被宰割、被规训、被糟蹋的历史。
权力对身体进行规训与惩罚的目的是使人的身体符合规范，让身体成为更加驯服而有用的东西。
莫里森的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》中有关身体及身体暴力的描述是小说的一个明显特征。
眼睛，只是身体的一小部分，为何能将黑人小女孩佩克拉引向疯癫？从身体政治的视角对小说进行分析，不仅能够凸显非裔美国人的身体的物质存在，同时也能够洞悉身体存在的精神状态。
一、白人施加于黑人的身体暴力美国黑人自被从非洲大陆贩运到美国时起，便开始了他们掺杂着血和泪的生活。
一方面是年复一年的在南方种植园里为奴隶主创造着财富，另一方面却遭受到难以想象的非人的折磨。
最蓝的眼睛悲剧分析
最蓝的眼睛悲剧分析美国托妮・莫里森在她的首部小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，描绘了在19世纪30年代到19世纪40年代生活在都市底层的工人阶级黑人家庭。
这部作品描述了这个家庭的分裂过程，尤其是一位名叫佩克拉・布里德洛夫的青年黑人女子的困苦生活。
在白人占主导的文化环境中成长，在残酷现实的同化重压下，佩克拉最后被逼发了疯。
小说《最蓝的眼睛》揭露了种族歧视对于黑人社会与单个黑人家庭所产生的极坏影响，以及早已存在的种族歧视是怎样渗透与残害美国黑人的心理健康的。
正由于黑人社会与每位黑人都接纳了这一非正确文化中具备的种族歧视色彩的自我形象，因此他们都把自我愤恨聚焦到了这位特别脆弱的人――佩克拉・布里德洛夫的身上，佩克拉的悲惨结局也就变成了其他很多人悲剧的终点。
小佩克拉一直都梦想变得更加美丽，她祈祷、渴望……成为一个白种人，拥有满头金发，一双碧蓝碧蓝的眼睛。
她“天天晚上都盼望着自己能有一双碧蓝的眼睛，在她12年的生活记忆中，人们都没有注意过她。
她常想，假如她有着一双蓝眼睛，生活一定不是如今这个样子：她父亲就不会酗酒了，哥哥也不会常常夜不归宿了。
真是那样的话，她会变得漂亮迷人；真是那样的话，人们肯定都会注意她了……对于那些非洲裔的美国黑人来说，经济和生活利益与肤色之间有着某种直接的关联。
一位黑人在社会与经济上获得成功的几率与他／她更加符合美丽的观念与主流社会的相同意识形态之间有某种直接的互相关联。
莫里森运用两个特别的例子就验证了随意接纳西方的价值观会对非洲裔的美国黑人产生如此坏的影响。
第一个例子发生在附近街区的男孩围着佩克拉跳“怪异的芭蕾”的时候。
他们因佩克拉黑色的皮肤而无理指责她，在佩克拉和这帮男孩的斗争中，莫里森通过打造一群对于代表自己文化的皮肤颜色有着极深厌恶的男生的形象，验证了这些观念是如何让所有文化的前后顺序颠倒的。
莫里森描绘的另一件事情就是佩克拉被葛瑞迪纳从干净、有序的且消过毒的房间里驱赶出来的情景。
虽然朱尼尔给他妈妈说佩克拉弄死了一只猫，可是葛瑞迪纳对佩克拉的反应却比由于猫的死所产生的反应要剧烈得多。
thebluesteye最蓝的眼睛
the Bluest Eye
• Pecola lives with her alcoholic father and embittered, overworked mother in a shabby storefront that reeks of the hopeless destitution that overwhelms their lives.
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Themes
• The importance of family and community
• The innocence of children
• Seeing versus Being seen
• Sexual Initiation and abuse
• Powerlessness of Women and children and child molestation
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Aiken County Courthouse
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Newport News
• Newport News is an independent city in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of Virginia. It is at the south-western end of the Virginia Peninsula, on the north shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiff's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river's mouth at Newport News Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads.
_最蓝的眼睛_黑人小女孩悲剧命运探究_对_最蓝的眼睛_的新历史主义解读
间 ，莫 里 森 常 和 一 些 诗 人 和 作 家 聚 会 ，使 她 萌 生 了 创作的欲望。婚姻出现裂痕以后，她更以写作来求 得精神寄托。这些生活经历使她能更深刻地洞察种 族歧视下美国黑人的生活，为她《最蓝的眼睛》提供 了丰富的现实资料。
莫里森深受20世纪60年代黑人民权运动提出 的“黑即是美”这种历史主义思潮的影响，在《最蓝 的眼睛》这部小说中探讨的正是黑人小女孩佩克拉 因为自己的丑陋面容和深色的黑人皮肤处处受排 斥，因此她梦想拥有一双像白人小童星秀兰·邓波 尔 一 样 美 丽 的 蓝 眼 睛 ，她 相 信 只 有 这 样 ，她 才 会 被 身边的人接受。然而，这种对白人审美的盲目崇拜 并没有减轻她的痛苦，反而最终导致她的精神错 乱。而另一个黑人女孩克劳迪娅却是作者内心的真 实 写 照 ：克 劳 迪 娅 因 为 热 爱 自 己 的 黑 人 文 化 ，从 而 对 自 己 所 有 的 一 切 不 离 不 弃 ，把 握 了 自 我 ，过 着 属 于黑人的幸福生活。
本文通过新历史主义批判理论对 《最蓝的眼
征白人的蓝眼睛，认为那样她就会变得很漂亮，很 睛》中黑人女主人公和其同龄黑人女性成长的研究
受欢迎；她开始看到的美丽的蒲公英因为白人说它 揭示了两方面的意义：第一，我们可以从主人公所
们是野草，没什么美丽可言也迫使自己从内心接受 处的历史背景全面地了解和认识20世纪黑人女性
同主流文化；而正是由于丢失了自己的文化，黑人 少数族裔女性的成长给予关注。
找不到自己在社会中的归属，只能生活在文化真空
中。另一方面黑人社区因为盲目崇拜白人文化而陷
作者简介：齐亚丽，华北电力大学英语系副教授，主
入了迷失。他们讨厌自己，憎恨自己的社区。黑人女 孩佩克拉从小从父母那里得不到任何呵护而只是
托尼_莫里森小说_最蓝的眼睛_的布鲁斯美学
电影文学86［摘 要］本文通过对美国黑人女作家托尼・莫里森小说《最蓝的眼睛》的布鲁斯美学的分析，指出作家将布鲁斯音乐自觉地运用到文本创作之中，从而使布鲁斯这一美国黑人独创的艺术形式与小说创作融为一体，体现了美国黑人文学独特的美学价值。
［关键词］托尼・莫里森；最蓝的眼睛；布鲁斯美学◆杜小惠（长江大学外国语学院，湖北 荆州 ４３４０２３）音乐是美国黑人民间文化的主要艺术形式。
对一个曾经被剥夺了话语权利的民族来说，音乐是能够将他们的痛苦经历升华的最有效的艺术形式。
在艰苦的环境下，他们逐步发展了三种独特的音乐形式——灵歌、布鲁斯和爵士乐。
“美国黑人文学”存在的基础是民族文化，而黑人音乐正是一种最能代表黑人民族文化特质的符号。
布鲁斯音乐完全以黑人的生活为题材，体现黑人在种族压迫下的贫穷、痛苦、孤独、绝望以及人性的弱点。
因此布鲁斯实际上是代表黑人痛苦经历的伤感音乐，表达个体最低迷的心理状态，黑人用它作为一种精神疗法，来超验黑人最痛苦的人生经历并使之升华。
著名黑人女作家托尼・莫里森在她的作品里弘扬黑人民间文化，以布鲁斯为基调反映艰苦的黑人生活。
《最蓝的眼睛》中克劳迪亚对佩克拉悲剧的叙述就是用布鲁斯的传统来讲述的。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，佩克拉一次又一次由于自己是丑陋的黑人女孩而遭到白人的冷潮热讽，生活在最低迷的情绪状态下。
但佩科拉无法用布鲁斯表达她的苦楚，因而在整个故事中，她的好友克劳迪亚作为黑人传统文化的继承者为佩克拉演唱布鲁斯，诉说佩克拉的悲惨命运。
莫里森自己曾经说过，她的故事就是要努力表达出那些只有在音乐中才能完全表达出来的东西。
莫里森出生和成长于２０世纪３０年代民族传统浓厚的黑人家庭。
父母一生所保持的民族自尊、祖母的民间故事和鬼怪传说、祖父演奏的黑人民族音乐（布鲁斯，爵士乐）这些使得莫里森从孩提时起便侵染于黑人民族文化艺术中，莫里森自己也曾经说过，音乐是她早年生活中的一个重要部分。
据此，我们不难理解莫里森如此娴熟地运用音乐技巧，将文学与民族传统完美地融为一体，使作品产生巨大的艺术魅力。
莫里森_最蓝的眼睛_中的女性文化研究_唐博
外国文学莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》中的女性文化研究◎唐博(湖南艺术职业学院，湖南长沙410012)莫里森是美国当代著名的黑人女作家，是获得诺贝尔文学奖的唯一一位黑人女性。
莫里森的作品始终表现及探索美国黑人的历史及命运，并凸显文化冲突下对黑人文化的坚守。
其创作的《最蓝的眼睛》从不同的角度记录了一个美国黑人小女孩在美国文化冲突下所面临的问题，最终导致其自我的迷失与否定。
故事讲述了11岁的黑人女孩佩雷拉的悲惨故事，她以“黑”“丑”的黑人身份饱受欺凌，并执著于白人的“蓝眼睛”。
［1］在购买糖果时受到白人的讽刺，同时又受到亲生父亲的玷污，最终导致了其神智的异常。
一、《最蓝的眼睛》中美国黑人女性的悲惨命运（一）造成黑人女性心理扭曲的文化根源文化是一切文明的全体，并影响着周围人的思想及行动，是政治思想与意识形态长期斗争的结果。
小说的女主人公由于外表的丑陋而受尽外人的嘲讽，备感人世间的冷酷无情，黑人女孩的弱小便构成了其深受社会压迫的理由。
同时，佩雷拉还遭受了父母的虐待及父亲的强暴。
无家可归的佩雷拉得到克劳迪娅一家人的帮助，并逐步感受到了家庭的温暖。
此外，克劳迪娅还在圣诞节将收到的圣诞礼物洋娃娃肢解了，这一举动在当时审美文化浓重的美国社会有点异乎寻常，这也表现其肢解美国白人文化的决心。
同时，这一动作也说明了造成当时黑人女性命运的社会文化根源，说明以美国主流文化及生活方式为主流的女性文化，势必造成美国黑人女性的苦难及心理扭曲。
［2］小说的女主人公佩雷拉是黑人社区不受欢迎的人物，其实她刚出生时的丑陋就决定着以后的命运。
她在克劳迪娅家中经常用刻着洋娃娃的杯子喝牛奶，这说明她对白人文化从憎恨到接受的过程。
孩子是民族的希望，美国社会的文化氛围则过早地让这些孩子失去了民族性，她本应该得到周围人的关怀，但却成为黑人群体及亲人们对自我肤色否定的牺牲品，这也是佩雷拉遭受周围人群恶劣行为的重要原因。
（二）周围群体对女主人公的歧视波林没有尽到做母亲的责任，由于其深受白人价值观的影响，女儿的出生就成为最终的牺牲品，在波林的眼中，女儿又黑又丑。
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作者简介:李晓玲,汕头大学医学院外语教研室讲师,广东外语外贸大学在读研究生,主要从事英语教学与语言文化研究。（剩余21648字）
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