Memory Management Tutorial--翻译

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lecture_9_memory_management

lecture_9_memory_management

Inter-process Reference table Address translation Convert Dual-mode Interact Initialize Voluntary Involuntary System call Vendor Partitioning Base-and-bound translation
First-fit
优先匹配(从头扫描将程序插入第 一个合适的内存位置)
Next-fit
下次匹配(将程序插入到下一个适 合程序大小的内存位置)
Paging Frames Segmentation
(程序)分页 (内存)分帧 分割
中文对照 核心 地址空间(计算机常用术语) 内存分割 (内存)分页 (内存)分段 分配 对换 效率 物理(实际)内存 虚拟内存 幻象 内存分享 编译 线性的(排成队列) 模块 重叠覆盖 单程序(每个应用被限制在固定的 物理内存地址中) 片段化(由于不断分配导致内存片 段化,每个片段都太小以致无法放 入入新的程序) 进程间 地址翻译表 地址翻译(由虚拟地址变换为物理 地址) 转换 双模式(用户模式和核心模式) 交互 初始化 自主的(系统调用自主转换为核心 态) 非自主的(硬件中断或程序异常而 转换为核心态) 系统调用 销售商 分区 基地址和上界翻译法(将地址加上 一个数转化为物理地址)
lecture_10_memory_management
英文 Kernel Address space Memory partitioning Paging Segmentation Allocate Swap Efficiency Physical memory Virtual memory Illusion Memory sharing Compile Linearly Module Overlay Uniprogramming Fragmented

与计算机相关的英语词汇汇总

与计算机相关的英语词汇汇总

与计算机相关的英语词汇汇总计算机基础知识computer n.电脑,电子计算机arithmetic logic unit 算术逻辑部件manipulate vt.操纵,操作keyboard n.键盘information n.消息,知识printer n.打印机hand-hold a.使携,手拿的skitter n.磁盘calculator n.计算器statistical a统计的system n.系统,体系joystick n.游戏棒,操纵杆scientific a.科学的,系统的software n.软件electronic a.电子的category n.种类machinery a.机器,机关,simulate n.模拟,模仿equipment n.装备,设备handle vt.控制dull a.单调的,呆滞的interpret vt.解释network n.网络feedback n.反馈circuit n.电路,一圈,巡回instrument n.工具switch n.开关,电闸manufacture vt.制造level n.水平,标准CAD 计算机辅助设计status n.状态engineer n.工程师binary a.二进位的draft n.草稿store vt.储存,储藏graphics n.图形process n.程序,过程video n.影像character n.字符robotic a./n机器人学sound n.声音automation n.自动化image n.影像,图像word processing 字处理programme n.程序,计划text n.文衣logic inference 逻辑推理communication n.通讯aid vt.帮助,援助electronic-mail 电子邮件instruction n.指令teleconferencing 电话会议convert vt.转变telccommunicating 远程通讯originality n.创造力database n.数据库operate vt.操作,运转CAI 计算机辅助教学ENIAC 电子数值积分计算机transistor n.晶体管vacuum 真空DOS 磁盘操作系统resistor n.电阻器RAM 随机存取存储器capacitor n.电容器mouse n.鼠标interference n.干预intense妙n.强烈,紧张technology n.技术floppy a.松软的internal a.内部的fix a.牢固的symbolic n.代号write-protect 写保护language n.语言drive n.驱动器span vt.跨越mechanics n.机械学reliable a.可靠的access vt.访问efficient a一有效率的byte n.比特magnetic a.一有磁性的、mega n.兆Auxiliary a./n.附加的,辅助物decimal n.十进制media n.媒体octal n.八进制storage n.存储器headecimal n.十六进制punched card tape n.磁带weight n.权memory n.记忆,存储code n.代码silicon n.硅,硅元素ASCII 美国信息交换标准代chip n.芯片extended a.扩充的,长期的terminal n.终端机,终点,总站voltage n.伏特,device n.设备integer n.整数innovation n.改革,创新negative a.负的external a.外部的absence a.缺席feature n.特征convenience n.便利component n.元件,组件waveform n.波形combination n.联合,合并zone n.区microprocessor n.微处理器vendor n.厂商,自动售货机packed a.包装的implement n.工具,器具package n.包裹,套装软件quantity n.数量digital a.数字的rigid n.硬的analog a.模拟的fragile a.易脆的hybrid a.混合的susceptible a.易受影响的discrete a.离散的medium n.媒体Vital a.重要的,关键的shutter n.快门monitor n.显示器general-purpose 通用overwhelm v.制服theory proving定理证明application n.应用information retrieval 信息检索wire n.电线,电报persona computer 个人计算机model n.模型time-consuming a.费时的Versatility n.多种变化,变通routine task 日常工作lump vt.使成块logical decision 逻辑判断hardware n.硬件programmable a.可编程的stream n.流rewire vt.重新接线resource n.资源generation n.代desktop n.桌面unreliable a.不可靠的cabinet n.文件柜auxiliary storge 辅助存储器supercomputer n.超级计算机minicomputer n.小型计算机I/0 device 输入/输出设备system unit系统部件cell n.单元floppy disk软盘consecutively a.连续的,连贯的fix disk 硬盘CPU 中央处理器transmission n.传送,传输操作系统和DOS操作基础storage space 存储空间Timer n.计时器subdirectory n.子目录Available a.可用的structure n.结构characteristic n.特征,特性hierarchical a.分层的Sophistication n.复杂性issue vt.发行,放出Standard n.标准backslash n.反斜杠Online n.联机the root directory 根目录Job Management 作业管理perform vt.执行Sequence n.次序conjunction n.联合Assess vt.评估procedure n.过程Resource Management资源管理tree n.目录树Oversee vt.监督term n.术语Control of I/0 Operation I/0 操作控制startup vi.启动Allocation n. 分配TSRs 内存驻留程序Undergo vt.经历,经受locate vt.定位Error Recovery错误恢复sector n.扇区Memory Management存储器管理partition n.分区interface n.界面booting n.自举streamlined a.流线型的cluster n.簇unleash vt.释放CMOS 互补金属氧化物体unhamperer vt.解脱emergency disk 应急磁盘spreadsheet n.电子表格partition table 分区表Accessory n.附件FAT 文件分配表Notepad n.记事薄GUI 图形用户接口Macro Recorder n.宏记录器command line 命令行Write n.书写器icon n.图标Paint-brush n.画笔manual n.手册modem n.调制解调器dialog boxes 对话框Solitaire n.接龙mechanism n.机构,机械,结丰Reverse n.挖地雷clipboard n.剪贴板module n.模块DDE 动态数据交换acronym n.缩写字clumsy a.笨拙的version n.版本hot linked 映射的update vt.洲一级,更新real-mode n.实模式internal command 内部命令standard mode 标准模式external command外部命令directory n.目录Pentium n.俗称586,奔腾芯片sign-on a.提示framework n.框架,结构extension name 扩展名precedence n.优先document n.文档uppercase letter大写字母workspace n.工作lowercase letter小写字母File Manager 文件管理volume label卷标menu n.菜单prompt n.提示符Program Manager 程序管理器default n.缺省值,默认值folder n.卷宗symbol n.符号divider n.分配者cursor n.光标subdivide n.子分配者built-in a.内置的tutorial n.教程应用软件指南maintenance n.维护,维修Quit Batch 退出批处理install vt.安装.安置adapter n.适配器advanced a.高等的,在前的MDA 单显适配器copyright n.版权,著作权CGA 彩色图形适配器duplication n.副本,复制EGA 增强型图形适配器key letter 关键字VGA 视频图形阵列delete vt.删除destructive a.破坏的,毁灭性的character string 字符串insert vt.寸击入,镶补verify vt.查证,证实bland a.温和的,乏味的readable a.可读的capacity n.容量,能力attribute n.属性,标志seek vt.搜寻,试图list n.目录,名单,明细serial port 串行口sort vt.排序,分类,挑选loopback 回送alternate a.交互的,轮流的specify vt.叙述,指定format n.格式plug n.插日argument n.争论,引数,要旨ommunicate vt.沟通,传达match vt.使相配,使比赛peripheral a.周边的,外设的path n.路径,小路,轨道aspect n.外观,方面pathname n.路径名transfer n.迁移,转移,传递head n.头cache program 高速缓存程序relocation n.再布置,变换布置subsystem n.子系统,次要系统add vt.增加overall a.全部的.全体的prune/graft 修剪/移植throughput n.生产量.处延艳力resident n.常驻程序numeric coprocessor 数学处理器compression n. 缩,缩小identify vt.识别,认明,鉴定reduce vt.减少,分解bargraph n.长条图,直方图comment n.批评,注解report n.报告,报道extract vt.摘录,析取virus 病毒query n.查询anti-virus反病毒integrity n.完整immunize vt.使免疫,赋予免疫性convert vt.使改变infection n.传染,影响self-extractor 自抽出器original a.最初的,原始的batch n.批,成批result n.结果,成绩,答案filename n.文件名consider vt. Vi.考虑,思考,认为freshen vt.Vi.(使)显得新鲜extra n.额外的事物check n.支票,检查restart v.重新启动join Vt.连接,结合detect vt.发现,察觉verbose a.冗长,累赘的define vt.定义,详细说明edit vt.编辑编校suspicious a.可疑的,疑惧的backup file 备份文件activity n.活动,动作switch n.开关转换warn n.警告,注意beep vi.vt.嘟嘟响present a.现在的,出席的setting n设置exclusive a.独占的,唯一的set mode 设置模式configuration n.配置assume vi.假定,承担virus protection 防病毒density n.密度scan n.扫描细查inch n.英寸signature file 签一名文件compatible a.兼容的,能共处的editor n.编辑器exception n.例外,除外microcomputer n.微机support n.支持,支撑,援助retrieve v.恢复,检索executable a.可执行的,可运行的innovation n.改革,创新documentation n文件manipulate vt.操纵,利用hit n.打击,冲撞hardcopy n.硬拷贝parameter n.参数,媒介变数spell-checking 拼写检查evaluate vt.评估,评价thesaurus n.辞典,同义词occur vi.发生,想到,存在merge vt.使合并,使消失valid a.有效的,正当的function key 功能键buffer n.缓冲区,缓冲familiarize vt.使熟悉,使熟知destination disk 目标盘wrap n. /vt.包装,限制,包裹source disk 源盘blink n.闪亮,闪烁overwrite vt.改写block vt.阻塞,封锁test n.检验restore 恢复由backup制作的盘performance n.绩效,表现,演出the space bar 空格键interrupt n.中断accessory n附件,同谋group n.团体,团retain vt.保持,留住,保有floppy drive 软盘驱动器locking n.锁定hard drive 硬盘驱动器monitor n.显示器parallel ports 并行口appropriate a.适当的arrow n.箭,箭头记号button n.按钮highlight n.加亮区,精彩场面optimize Vt.使完善,优化horizontal n.水平线,水平面indicator n.指示器程序设计Program Design 程序设计creep vi.爬,潜行writing program 编写程序standardize vt.使标准化coding the program 编程simplify vt.单一化,简单化programming 程序revision n.校订,修正programmer n.程序员occupy vt.占领,住进logic n.逻辑,逻辑学BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码machine code 机器代码teaching language 教学语言debug n.DOS命令,调试simplicity n.单纯,简朴compactness a.紧凑的,紧密的timesharing system 分时系统description n.描述,说明interactive language 交互式语言break n.中断manufacturer n.制造业者structure chart 结构图dialect n.方言,语调the program flow 程序流expense n.费用,代价manager module 管理模块uniformity n.同样,划一worder module 工作模块archaic a.己废的,古老的mainmodule 主模块sufficient a.充分的,足够的submodule 子模块data processing 数据处理modify v.修正,修改business application 商业应用outline n.轮廓,概要scientific application 科学应用compose分解lexical a.字典的,词汇的code 代码non-programmer n.非编程人员node vt改为密码notation n.记号法,表示法,注释pseudocode n.伪代码verbosity n.唠叨,冗长commas n.逗点逗号record n.记录documentation 文档subrecord n.子记录flowchart/flow 程表/流程data division 数据部visual a.视觉的procedure division 过程部represent vt.表现,表示,代表comprise vt.包含构成structured techniques结构化技术operator n.运算符,算子straightforward a.笔直的,率直的commercial package 商业软件包subroutine n.子程序generator n.产生器,生产者driver module 驱动模块mathematician n.专家line by line 逐行operator n.作符translate vt.翻译,解释forerunner n.先驱modular 摸块化ancestor n.祖宗cumbersome a.讨厌的,麻烦的teaching programming 编程教学lengthy a.冗长的,漫长的alter vi./vt.改变flaw n.缺点裂纹devclop vt.发达separate a.各别的recompile v.编译assist n.帮助cycle n.循环technician n.技师remove vt.移动,除去straight line 直线category n.种类,类项rectangle n.长方形,矩形P-code p代码virtrally ad.事实上symology n.象征学象征的使用register n.寄存器to summaries 总之,总而言之by convention 按照惯例cyptic n.含义模糊的,隐藏的diamond-shaped a,菱形的bracket n.括号decision n判断obviate 除去,排除terminal n. a终端机,终端的keyword n.关键字card reader 阅读器underline vt.下划线translator program 译程序monadic a. monad(单位)的Programming 程序设计dec/binary n.二进制source language 源语shift 变化,转移,移位machine language 机器overflow n.溢出machine instruction 机器指令arithmetic n.算术,算法computer language 计算机语composite symbol 复合型符号.assembly language 汇编语assignment n.赋值floating point number浮点数proliferation n.增服high-level language高级语pointer n.指针natural language 自然语言array n.数组矩阵,source text 源文本subscript n.下标intermediate language 中间语言type conversion 类型转换software development 软件开发address arithmetic 地址运算map vt.映射,计划denote vt.指示,表示maintenance cost 维护费用subprogram n.子程序legibility n.易读性,易识别separate compilation 分离式编泽amend vt.修正,改善alphabetic a.照字母次序的consumer n.消费者digit n.数字位数enormous a.巨大的,庞大的numeric expression 数值表达式reliability n.可信赖性,可信度tap n.轻打,轻敲,选择safety n.安全,安全设备print zone 打印区property n.财产,所有权column n.列correctness n.正确,functionality n.机能semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的,可搬运的survey n.概观.altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作,任务declaration n.宣告说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序数据库transaction n.交易,办理,执行query n.查询license n.执照,许可证,特许subschemas n.子模式criminal a.犯了罪的,有罪的individual n.个体,个人conviction n.定罪,信服,坚信employee n.职员,受雇人员bureaus n.局,办公处integrity n.完整,正直insurance n.保险,保险业,保险费duplicate a.复制的,二重的retrieval n.取回,恢复,修补interactive n.交谈式security n.安全,安全性audit n.查帐,稽核integrity n.完整,正直,廉正trail n.痕迹,踪迹consume Vt.消耗multiuse n.多用户manually ad.用手full-fledged a.喂养tedious a.沉闷的,冗长乏味的compound document 复合文件DBMS 数据库管理系统recognizant a.认识的,意识的consensus n一致,交感user manual 用户手册semantics n.语义学bug n.缺陷,错误impediment n.妨碍,阻碍,阻止encrypt v.加密,译成密码intuitively a直觉的malicious a.环恶意的,恶毒的module n.模块,组件bottleneck n,瓶颈schema n.轮廓,概要,图解mainstream n主流proposal n建议spatial a.空间的,空间性的tailor Vi.定制,制作,缝制relevant a.有关联的,中肯的plausible a.似真实的,似合理的urgency n.紧急,催促virtually ad.事实上optimization n.最佳化impracticably ad.不能实validation n.确认flaw n.缺点,裂纹,瑕疵typically a.典型的,象征性的assumption n.假定,视为当然之事index n.索引Yi.做索引duration n.持续时间,为期component n.组件,成分intolerably ad.难耐的程度temporal n.当时的,现世的abort vi.流产,失败semantics n.语义学rigorous a.严厉的,严酷的,苛刻的interval n.时间间隔criterion n.标准,准据,轨范catalogue n.目录V.编入目录consistency n.一致性,坚固性,浓度cabinet n.橱柜,内阁adopt Vt.采用,收养illustration n.例证,插图serialization n.连载长篇efficient a有效率的,能干的log n.日志,记录clerical a.事务上的,抄写员的focus n.焦点,焦距access n.进入.进入twin n.双胞胎中人warehouse n.大商店.仓库protocol n.协议wholesale n.批发conflict n神突,矛盾chore n.零工,家务negotiate vi.商议,谈判,谈妥mode n.模式,模态drag vi.拖拉,拖累long-duration 长期architects n.建筑师short-duration 短期partition n.分割,隔离物ascend V.上升,追溯,登高.inherent a.固有的,与生俱来的descend vi.下降,传下necessitate Vt.迫使,使成为必需dimensional a.空间的versa a.反physical organization 物理组织operator n.操作员数字电路digital circuit 数字电路inclusive a.一包含的,包括的logic n.逻辑bit n.少量gate n逻辑门multibit 多位logical methodology 逻辑方法arithmetic operation 算术运算Boolean algebra 布尔代数bus 总线two-state 两态data bus 数据总线logical multiplication 逻辑乘simultaneously ad.同时地logical addition 逻辑加parallel register 并行寄存器logical complementation 逻辑非serial register 串行寄存器logical function 逻辑函数shift register 移位寄存器inverter n.反相器latch n.锁存器transistor n.晶体管electromechanical calculator 电动式计算器diode n.二极管logic symbol 逻辑符号resistor n电阻器electromagnet n.电磁铁logic circuit 逻辑电路energize Vt.使活跃,激励Flip-flop n.发器armature n.电枢counter n.计数器relay n.电器adder n.加法器mechanical latch 机械式,logic variable 逻辑变量set Vt.置位logic operation 逻辑运算reset Vt.复位characteristic n.特征,特性figure 图the SET output置位输出端conjunction(logical product) n.合取the RESET input复位输入端disjunction(logical sum) n.析取first-level n.一级active a.有效的negation(NOT) n. 反(非)inactive a.无效的AND gate与门construct vt.构造,设想truth table真值表resident program 常驻程序power n.功率,乘幂utility 公用程序,实用condition n.条件diskcopy n.磁盘拷贝命令verbalize V.以语言表现,唠叨exception n.例外vice Vera 反之亦然batch n.批,成批the AND function"“与”函数specify Vt.指定,说明the OR function"“或”函数discrepancy n.相差,差异,差别the NOT function"“非”函数trigger n.触发器exemplify Vt.例证,例示representative n.代表,典型硬件基础microelectronics n.微电子学adaptively a.适合的,适应的actuator n.主动器compensate 偿还,补偿integrated a.集成的parasitic a.寄生的arithmetic n.算术,算法wobble n.摆动,不稳定crossroads n.交又路focal a.焦点的,在焦点上的ROM n.只读存储器eliminate Vt.排除,除去RAM n.随机存取存储器cornstalk n.串音permanently ad.永久的,不变的affinity n.密切关系,强烈的吸引Volatile a.可变的,不稳定的stem n.柄,堵塞物notepad n.记事本introspection n.内省,反省microprocessor n.微处理器mechanism n.机械,机理gateway n.门,通路portability n.一携带,轻便coprocessor n.协处理器configuration n.配置floating-point 浮点flexibility n.适应性,弹性upgrade V.使升级algorithms n.运算法则optional a.选择的,随意的channel n.通道,频道bi-directional a.双向性keystroke n.键击simultaneous a.同时发生的typematic a.重复击键的cache n.高速缓冲存储器comprise Vi.包含,构成percentage n.百分比,部分precommendation n.预补偿controller n.控制器track n.磁轨intercept n.截取,妨碍boot v.启动significantly ad.重要地,有效地benchmark n.基准,评效migration n.移往,移动merit n.优点,价值compact a.紧凑的,紧密的restriction n.限制,限定,约束digitally n.数位intrinsic a.本质的,原有的dip n.双排直插封装Boolean n.布尔逻辑,布尔值distortion n.扭曲,变形imperative a.命令式的playback n.重现,录音再生nontrivial a.不平常的robustness a.健康的,强健的circumvent v.绕行,陷害reliability n.可靠性,可信赖性decentralize vt.使分散,排除集中resolvability n.可移动性intelligent a.智能的,聪明的counterpart n.副本,配对物automatically a.自动地,机械地archival a.关于档案的innovation n.改革,创新magneto n.磁发电机synonym n.同义字cylinder n.柱面prototype n.原型photodetector n.光感测器paradigm n.范例,模范predefined n.预先确定microchip n.微处理器split a.分散的core n.争论的核心tradeoff n.交换,协定extended memory 扩充内存bootdevice 引导设备picture processing 图像处理reside vi.住,居留,属于sensor n.传感器optical disk 光盘WS1 晶片规模集成laser n.激光VLSI 超大规模集成storage densities 存储密度hiss n.嘶嘶声modulate vi.调整,调制unveil vt.揭开,揭幕multiassociative processing 多关联处理技术workload n.工作负荷网络与分布式系统network n.网络zap n.意志,活力coordinate a.同等的vt(使)协调hassle vi.争论minicomputer n.小型计算机legacy a.传统的facility n.设备,容易Macintosh大苹果机LAN n.局部区域网络workstation n.工作站irrespective a.不顾的,无关的catapulting n.发射机弹弓distributed network 分布式网络meteorological a.气象学的central machine 中央主机centralization n.集中appropriate a.适当的immune a.免疫的,免除的software packages 软件包immunity n免疫,免疫性meaningful a.意味深长的equatorial a.近赤道的,赤道的ring network 封闭网络discipline 训练,惩罚stress n重点,紧迫homogeneity n.同种,I司质open system 开放系统improvisation n.即兴而作,即席演奏backup v.做备份ultimately n终极,根本interconnection n互联historically a.历史的,史实的quotation n.引用语payroll n.工资单catalog n.目录,型录browser n. M浏览器bulletin n公告,neutral n.中立者,中立国approach n.接近,动手处理enhance vt.提高,加强endorse vt.支持,赞同crucial a.决定性的,重要的accelerate vt.加速mission n.任务,使命scaleable a.可攀登的,可剥掉的critical a.批评的,决定性的tightly ad.紧紧地,坚固地inventory n.存货清单longevity n.长命,长寿,寿命administrative a.行政的,管理的evaluating 评估strategy n.策略dispersed a.被分散的remote n.远程incremental a.增加的monitoring n.监听intervention n.插入,介入conventional program 常规程序host n.主机,主人supervisory a.管理的,监督的warrant n.凭证,正当理由peripherals(计算机)辅助设备collaborate n.合作realm n.王国,领域download n.下载analogize v.以类推来说明proliferate vi.增殖,激增quadrate n.求积,矩,弦website n. web地址amplitude n.广阔,充足,增幅OSI 开放系统互联network management 网络管理product development 产品开发operability n.相互操作性integrated network 集成网络object-oriented 面向对象file server 文件服务器object definition 对象定义mouse n.鼠标fault isolation 故障隔离click v.单击entry n.登录,入口database system 数据库系统DTE 数据终端设备centralized system 集中式系统paralleled-to-serial 并串decentralized system 分散式系统serial-to-paralleled 串并distributed system 分布式系统Universal Synchronous 通用同步workstation 工作站Asynchronous Receiver 异步接收coordinate n.坐标a同等的transmitter n.发送器multipoint data 多点数据data stream 数据流FEP 前端处理机modulator n.数传机signal level 信号电平计算机新学科与新技术Outgrowth n.自然的发展,副产物compute vt.vi.n.计算Encompass vt.包含,包围diagnosis n.诊断Predictability a.可预言的prescription n.处方,命令,指示Object n.对象fuzzy a.模糊的,失真的Potential n.潜在性a.有潜力的voice-activated a.声音激活的Narrower n.较狭窄的部分accuracy n.精确,正确object-oriented 面向对象的assumption n.假定,视为当然之事guidelines n.指导方针heuristic n.启发式教育法encapsulation n.封装性interview n.面谈访问接见subtyping n.子类型,次类型procedures n.程序generic a.一般的service-oriented a.服务导向的prolong v.延长preliminary n.初步行动,准备mature a.成熟的,充分考虑的molecular a.分子的,由分子组成coexistence n.共存,两立,并立spectrograph n.光谱摄制仪,摄谱仪non-object-oriented 非面向对象的mainstream n.主流CASE 计算机辅助软件工程robot n.机械人,自动机械waterfall n.瀑布adaptable a.可修改的systematic a.有系统的,分类的broader a.宽广的,辽阔的detail n.细节,详情promote vt.促进升迁paradigm n.范例,模范transform vt.转换,改变undoubtedly ad.无疑地,确实地unpredictable a.不可预知的embed v.嵌入assembly n.集会,装配presumably ad.推测上,大概地shipping n.装运,航行explicitly a.外在的,清楚的multimedia n.多媒体。

Rust教程(翻译)

Rust教程(翻译)
Warning: Rust is a language under ongoing development. Notes about potential changes to the language, implementation deficiencies, and other caveats appear offset in blockquotes.(警告: Rust 是一个正在开发中的语言。请留意语言存在潜在改变的可 能,实现的缺陷和其它注意事项将出现在偏移的引用文字里。)
As a multi-paradigm language, Rust supports writing code in procedural, functional and object-oriented styles. Some of its pleasant high-level features include:(Rust 是一个多范式语言,支 持面向过程、函数式和面向对象多种风格的代码。包含的高级特 性如下:)
Type inference. Type annotations on local variable declarations are optional.(类型推导:申明局部变量时,类型注释是可选的。)
Safe task-based concurrency. Rust's lightweight tasks do not share memory, instead communicating through messages(. 安全的基 于任务的并发:Rust 的轻量级任务通过消息进行通信而不共享内 存。)
1.Introduction
Rust is a programming language with a focus on type safety, memory safety, concurrency and performance.(Rust 是一个关注类 型安全、内存安全、并发和性能的编程语言) It is intended for writing large-scale, high-performance software that is free from several classes of common errors.(它的目标是让大规模、高性能 软件的编写免于几类常见错误。)Rust has a sophisticated memory model that encourages efficient data structures and safe concurrency patterns, forbidding invalid memory accesses that would otherwise cause segmentation faults. (Rust 拥有精良的内存模型,鼓励高效 数据结构和安全并发模式的使用,禁止对无效内存的访问,否则 会造成段错误。)It is statically typed and compiled ahead of time. (它是需要预先编译的静态类型语言。)

关于计算机的常用词汇

关于计算机的常用词汇

关于计算机的常用词汇据360教育集团介绍:计算机基础知识:computer 电脑/电子计算机manipulate 操纵,操作information 消息/知识hand-hold 使携/手拿的calculator 计算器system 系统/体系scientific 科学的,系统的electronic 电子的machinery 机器/机关equipment 装备,设备dull 单调的,呆滞的network 网络circuit 电路/一圈/巡回switch 开关/电闸level 水平/标准status 状态binary 二进位的store 储存,储藏process 程序/过程character 字符sound 声音image 影像/图像programme 程序,计划logic inference 逻辑推理aid 帮助/援助instruction 指令convert 转变originality 创造力operate 操作,运转ENIAC 电子数值积分计算机vacuum 真空resistor 电阻器capacitor 电容器interference 干预technology 技术internal 内部的symbolic 代号language 语言span 跨越reliable 可靠的efficient 有效率的magnetic 一有磁性的Auxiliary 附加的/辅助物media 媒体headecimal 十六进制punched card tape 磁带memory 记忆/存储silicon 硅/硅元素chip 芯片terminal 终端机/终点/总站device 设备innovation 改革/创新external 外部的feature 特征component 元件/组件combination 联合/合并microprocessor 微处理器packed 包装的package 包裹/套装软件digital 数字的analog 模拟的hybrid 混合的discrete 离散的Vital 重要的/关键的monitor 显示器overwhelm 制服application 应用wire 电线,电报model 模型Versatility 多种变化,变通lump 使成块hardware 硬件stream 流resource 资源desktop 桌面cabinet 文件柜auxiliary storge 辅助存储器supercomputer 超级计算机minicomputer 小型计算机I/0 device 输入/输出设备system unit 系统部件cell 单元floppy disk 软盘consecutively 连续的/连贯的fix disk 硬盘CPU 中央处理器transmission 传送/传输操作系统与DOS操作基础storage space 存储空间Timer 计时器subdirectory 子目录Available 可用的structure 结构characteristic 特征/特性hierarchical 分层的Sophistication 复杂性issue 发行/放出Standard 标准backslash 反斜杠Online 联机the root directory 根目录Job Management 作业管理perform 执行Sequence 次序conjunction 联合Assess 评估procedure 过程Resource Management 资源管理tree 目录树Oversee vt.监督term 术语Control of I/0 Operation I/0 操作控制startup 启动Allocation 分配TSRs 内存驻留程序Undergo 经历/经受locate 定位Error Recovery 错误恢复sector 扇区Memory Management 存储器管理partition 分区interface 界面booting 自举streamlined 流线型的cluster 簇unleash 释放CMOS 互补金属氧化物体unhamperer 解脱emergency disk 应急磁盘spreadsheet 电子表格partition table 分区表Accessory 附件FAT 文件分配表Notepad 记事薄GUI 图形用户接口Macro Recorder 宏记录器command line 命令行Write 书写器icon 图标Paint-brush 画笔manual 手册modem 调制解调器dialog boxes 对话框Solitaire 接龙mechanism 机构/机械/结丰Reverse 挖地雷clipboard 剪贴板module 模块DDE 动态数据交换acronym 缩写字clumsy 笨拙的version 版本hot linked 映射的update 洲一级/更新real-mode 实模式internal command 内部命令standard mode 标准模式external command 外部命令directory 目录Pentium 俗称586 奔腾芯片sign-on 提示framework 框架/结构extension name 扩展名precedence 优先document 文档uppercase letter 大写字母workspace 工作lowercase letter 小写字母File Manager 文件管理volume label 卷标menu 菜单prompt 提示符Program Manager 程序管理器default 缺省值/默认值folder 卷宗symbol 符号divider 分配者cursor 光标subdivide 子分配者built-in 内置的tutorial 教程应用软件指南:maintenance 维护/维修Quit Batch 退出批处理install 安装.安置adapter 适配器advanced 高等的/在前的MDA 单显适配器copyright 版权/著作权CGA 彩色图形适配器duplication 副本,复制EGA 增强型图形适配器key letter 关键字VGA 视频图形阵列delete 删除destructive 破坏的/毁灭性的character string 字符串insert 寸击入/镶补verify 查证/证实bland 温和的/乏味的readable 可读的capacity 容量/能力attribute 属性/标志seek 搜寻/试图list 目录/名单/明细serial port 串行口sort 排序/分类/挑选loopback 回送alternate 交互的/轮流的specify 叙述/指定format 格式plug 插日argument 争论/引数/要旨ommunicate 沟通/传达match 使相配/使比赛peripheral 周边的/外设的path 路径/小路/轨道aspect 外观/方面pathname 路径名transfer 迁移/转移/传递head 头cache program 高速缓存程序relocation 再布置/变换布置subsystem 子系统/次要系统add 增加overall 全部的/全体的prune/graft 修剪/移植throughput 生产量/处延艳力resident 常驻程序numeric coprocessor 数学处理器compression 缩/缩小identify 识别/认明/鉴定reduce 减少/分解bargraph 长条图/直方图comment 批评/注解report 报告/报道extract 摘录/析取virus 病毒query 查询anti-virus 反病毒integrity 完整immunize 使免疫/赋予免疫性convert 使改变infection 传染/影响self-extractor 自抽出器original 最初的/原始的batch 批/成批result 结果/成绩/答案filename 文件名consider 考虑/思考/认为freshen (使)显得新鲜extra 额外的事物check 支票/检查restart 重新启动join 连接/结合detect 发现/察觉verbose 冗长/累赘的define 定义/详细说明edit 编辑编校suspicious 可疑的/疑惧的backup file 备份文件activity 活动/动作switch 开关转换warn 警告/注意beep 嘟嘟响present 现在的/出席的setting 设置exclusive 独占的/唯一的set mode 设置模式configuration 配置assume 假定/承担virus protection 防病毒density 密度scan 扫描细查inch 英寸signature file 签一名文件compatible 兼容的/能共处的editor 编辑器exception 例外/除外microcomputer 微机support 支持/支撑/援助retrieve 恢复/检索executable 可执行的/可运行的innovation 改革/创新documentation 文件manipulate 操纵/利用hit 打击/冲撞hardcopy 硬拷贝parameter 参数/媒介变数spell-checking 拼写检查evaluate 评估/评价thesaurus 辞典/同义词occur 发生/想到/存在merge 使合并/使消失valid 有效的/正当的function key 功能键buffer 缓冲区/缓冲familiarize 使熟悉/使熟知destination disk 目标盘wrap 包装/限制/包裹source disk 源盘blink 闪亮/闪烁overwrite 改写block 阻塞/封锁test 检验restore 恢复由backup制作的盘performance 绩效/表现/演出the space bar 空格键interrupt 中断accessory 附件/同谋group 团体/团retain 保持/留住/保有floppy drive 软盘驱动器locking 锁定hard drive 硬盘驱动器monitor 显示器parallel ports 并行口appropriate 适当的arrow 箭/箭头记号button 按钮highlight 加亮区/精彩场面optimize 使完善/优化horizontal 水平线/水平面indicator 指示器程序设计:creep 爬/潜行writing program 编写程序standardize 使标准化coding the program 编程simplify 单一化/简单化programming 程序revision 校订/修正programmer 程序员occupy 占领/住进logic 逻辑/逻辑学BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码machine code 机器代码teaching language 教学语言debug DOS命令/调试simplicity 单纯/简朴compactness 紧凑的/紧密的timesharing system 分时系统description 描述/说明interactive language 交互式语言break 中断manufacturer 制造业者structure chart 结构图dialect 方言/语调the program flow 程序流expense 费用/代价manager module 管理模块uniformity 同样/划一worder module 工作模块archaic 己废的/古老的mainmodule 主模块sufficient 充分的/足够的submodule 子模块data processing 数据处理modify 修正/修改business application 商业应用outline 轮廓/概要scientific application 科学应用compose 分解lexical 字典的/词汇的code 代码non-programmer 非编程人员node 改为密码notation 记号法/表示法/注释pseudocode 伪代码verbosity 唠叨/冗长commas 逗点逗号record 记录documentation 文档subrecord 子记录flowchart/flow 程表/流程data division 数据部visual 视觉的procedure division 过程部represent 表现/表示/代表comprise 包含/构成structured techniques 结构化技术operator 运算符/算子straightforward 笔直的/率直的commercial package 商业软件包subroutine 子程序generator 产生器/生产者driver module 驱动模块mathematician 专家line by line 逐行operator 作符translate 翻译/解释forerunner 先驱modular 摸块化ancestor 祖宗cumbersome 讨厌的/麻烦的teaching programming 编程教学lengthy 冗长的/漫长的alter 改变flaw 缺点裂纹devclop 发达separate 各别的recompile 编译assist 帮助cycle 循环technician 技师remove 移动/除去straight line 直线category 种类/类项rectangle 长方形/矩形P-code p代码virtrally 事实上symology 象征学象征的使用register 寄存器to summaries 总之/总而言之by convention 按照惯例cyptic 含义模糊的/隐藏的diamond-shaped 菱形的bracket 括号decision 判断obviate 除去/排除terminal 终端机/终端的keyword 关键字card reader 阅读器underline 下划线translator program 译程序Programming 程序设计dec/binary 二进制source language 源语shift 变化/转移/移位machine language 机器overflow 溢出machine instruction 机器指令arithmetic 算术/算法computer language 计算机语言composite symbol 复合型符号assembly language 汇编语assignment 赋值floating point number 浮点数proliferation 增服high-level language 高级语pointer 指针natural language 自然语言array 数组矩阵,source text 源文本subscript 下标intermediate language 中间语言type conversion 类型转换software development 软件开发address arithmetic 地址运算map 映射/计划denote 指示/表示maintenance cost 维护费用subprogram 子程序legibility 易读性/易识别separate compilation 分离式编泽amend 修正/改善alphabetic 照字母次序的consumer 消费者digit 数字位数enormous 巨大的/庞大的numeric expression 数值表达式reliability 可信赖性/可信度tap 轻打/轻敲/选择safety 安全/安全设备print zone 打印区property 财产/所有权column 列correctness 正确functionality 机能semicolon 分号portable 叮携带的/可搬运的survey 概观altoggle 肘节开关task 作/任务declaration 宣告/说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序数据库:transaction 交易/办理/执行query 查询license 执照/许可证/特许subschemas 子模式criminal 犯了罪的/有罪的individual 个体/个人conviction 定罪/信服/坚信employee 职员/受雇人员bureaus 局/办公处integrity 完整/正直insurance 保险/保险业/保险费duplicate 复制的/二重的retrieval 取回/恢复/修补interactive 交谈式security 安全/安全性audit 查帐/稽核integrity 完整/正直/廉正trail 痕迹/踪迹consume 消耗multiuse 多用户manually 用手full-fledged 喂养tedious 沉闷的/冗长乏味的compound document 复合文件DBMS 数据库管理系统recognizant 认识的/意识的consensus 一致/交感user manual 用户手册semantics 语义学bug 缺陷/错误impediment 妨碍/阻碍/阻止encrypt 加密/译成密码intuitively 直觉的malicious 环恶意的/恶毒的module 模块/组件bottleneck 瓶颈schema 轮廓/概要/图解mainstream 主流proposal 建议spatial 空间的/空间性的tailor 定制/制作/缝制relevant 有关联的/中肯的plausible 似真实的/似合理的urgency 紧急/催促virtually 事实上optimization 最佳化impracticably 不能实validation 确认flaw 缺点/裂纹/瑕疵typically 典型的/象征性的assumption 假定/视为当然之事index 索引/做索引duration 持续时间/为期component 组件/成分intolerably 难耐的程度temporal 当时的/现世的abort 流产/失败semantics 语义学rigorous 严厉的/严酷的/苛刻的interval 时间间隔criterion 标准/准据/轨范catalogue 目录/编入目录consistency 一致性/坚固性/浓度cabinet 橱柜/内阁adopt 采用/收养illustration 例证/插图serialization 连载长篇efficient 有效率的/能干的log 日志/记录clerical 事务上的/抄写员的focus 焦点/焦距access 进入twin 双胞胎中人warehouse 大商店/仓库protocol 协议wholesale 批发conflict 神突/矛盾chore 零工/家务negotiate 商议/谈判/谈妥mode 模式/模态drag 拖拉/拖累long-duration 长期architects 建筑师short-duration 短期partition 分割/隔离物ascend 上升/追溯/登高.inherent 固有的/与生俱来的descend 下降/传下necessitate 迫使/使成为必需dimensional 空间的versa 反physical organization 物理组织operator 操作员数字电路:digital circuit 数字电路inclusive 一包含的/包括的logic 逻辑bit 少量gate 逻辑门multibit 多位logical methodology 逻辑方法arithmetic operation 算术运算Boolean algebra 布尔代数bus 总线two-state 两态data bus 数据总线logical multiplication 逻辑乘simultaneously 同时地logical addition 逻辑加parallel register 并行寄存器logical complementation 逻辑非serial register 串行寄存器logical function 逻辑函数shift register 移位寄存器inverter 反相器transistor 晶体管electromechanical calculator 电动式计算器diode 二极管logic symbol 逻辑符号resistor 电阻器electromagnet 电磁铁logic circuit 逻辑电路energize 使活跃/激励Flip-flop 发器armature 电枢counter 计数器relay 电器adder 加法器mechanical latch 机械式,logic variable 逻辑变量set 置位logic operation 逻辑运算reset 复位characteristic 特征/特性figure 图the SET output 置位输出端conjunction(logical product) 合取the RESET input 复位输入端disjunction(logical sum) 析取first-level 一级active 有效的negation(NOT) 反(非)inactive 无效的AND gate 与门construct 构造/设想truth table 真值表resident program 常驻程序power 功率/乘幂utility 公用程序/实用condition 条件diskcopy 磁盘拷贝命令verbalize 以语言表现/唠叨exception 例外vice Vera 反之亦然batch 批/成批the AND function “与”函数specify 指定/说明the OR function “或”函数discrepancy 相差/差异/差别the NOT function “非”函数trigger 触发器exemplify 例证/例示representative 代表/典型硬件基础:microelectronics 微电子学adaptively 适合的/适应的actuator 主动器compensate 偿还/补偿integrated 集成的parasitic 寄生的arithmetic 算术/算法wobble 摆动/不稳定crossroads 交又路focal 焦点的/在焦点上的ROM 只读存储器eliminate 排除/除去RAM 随机存取存储器cornstalk 串音permanently 永久的/不变的affinity 密切关系/强烈的吸引Volatile 可变的/不稳定的stem 柄/堵塞物notepad 记事本introspection 内省/反省microprocessor 微处理器mechanism 机械/机理gateway 门/通路portability 一携带/轻便coprocessor 协处理器configuration 配置floating-point 浮点flexibility 适应性/弹性upgrade 使升级algorithms 运算法则optional 选择的/随意的channel 通道/频道bi-directional 双向性keystroke 键击simultaneous 同时发生的typematic 重复击键的cache 高速缓冲存储器comprise 包含/构成percentage 百分比/部分precommendation 预补偿controller 控制器track 磁轨intercept 截取/妨碍boot 启动significantly 重要地/有效地benchmark 基准/评效migration 移往/移动merit 优点/价值compact 紧凑的/紧密的restriction 限制/限定/约束digitally 数位intrinsic 本质的/原有的dip 双排直插封装Boolean 布尔逻辑/布尔值distortion 扭曲/变形imperative 命令式的playback 重现/录音再生nontrivial 不平常的robustness 健康的/强健的circumvent 绕行/陷害reliability 可靠性/可信赖性decentralize 使分散/排除集中resolvability 可移动性intelligent 智能的/聪明的counterpart 副本/配对物automatically 自动地/机械地archival 关于档案的innovation 改革/创新magneto 磁发电机synonym 同义字cylinder 柱面prototype 原型photodetector 光感测器paradigm 范例/模范predefined 预先确定microchip 微处理器split 分散的core 争论的核心tradeoff 交换,协定extended memory 扩充内存bootdevice 引导设备picture processing 图像处理reside 住/居留/属于sensor 传感器optical disk 光盘WS1 晶片规模集成laser 激光VLSI 超大规模集成storage densities 存储密度hiss 嘶嘶声modulate 调整/调制unveil 揭开/揭幕multiassociative processing 多关联处理技术workload 工作负荷计算机网络与分布式系统:network 网络zap 意志/活力coordinate 同等的/(使)协调hassle 争论minicomputer 小型计算机legacy 传统的facility 设备/容易Macintosh 大苹果机LAN 局部区域网络workstation 工作站irrespective 不顾的/无关的catapulting 发射机弹弓distributed network 分布式网络meteorological 气象学的central machine 中央主机centralization 集中appropriate 适当的immune 免疫的/免除的software packages 软件包immunity 免疫/免疫性meaningful 意味深长的equatorial 近赤道的,赤道的ring network 封闭网络discipline 训练/惩罚stress 重点/紧迫homogeneity 同种/同质open system 开放系统improvisation 即兴而作/即席演奏backup 做备份ultimately 终极/根本interconnection 互联historically 历史的/史实的quotation 引用语payroll 工资单catalog 目录/型录browser 浏览器bulletin 公告,neutral 中立者/中立国approach 接近/动手处理enhance 提高/加强impractical 不实际的endorse 支持/赞同crucial 决定性的/重要的accelerate 加速operability 相互操作性mission 任务/使命scaleable 可攀登的/可剥掉的critical 批评的/决定性的tightly 紧紧地/坚固地inventory 存货清单longevity 长命/长寿/寿命administrative 行政的/管理的evaluating 评估strategy 策略dispersed 被分散的remote 远程incremental 增加的monitoring 监听intervention 插入/介入conventional program 常规程序host 主机/主人supervisory 管理的/监督的warrant 凭证/正当理由versatile 万用的peripherals(计算机)辅助设备collaborate 合作realm 王国/领域download 下载analogize 以类推来说明proliferate 增殖/激增quadrate 求积/矩/弦website web地址amplitude 广阔/充足/增幅OSI 开放系统互联network management 网络管理product development 产品开发signal level 信号电平integrated network 集成网络object-oriented 面向对象file server 文件服务器object definition 对象定义mouse 鼠标fault isolation 故障隔离click 单击entry 登录/入口database system 数据库系统DTE 数据终端设备centralized system 集中式系统paralleled-to-serial 并串decentralized system 分散式系统serial-to-paralleled 串并distributed system 分布式系统Universal Synchronous 通用同步workstation 工作站Asynchronous Receiver 异步接收coordinate 坐标/同等的transmitter 发送器multipoint data 多点数据data stream 数据流FEP 前端处理机modulator 数传机arithmetic logic unit 算术逻辑部件keyboard 键盘printer 打印机skitter 磁盘statistical 统计的joystick 游戏棒/操纵杆software 软件category 种类simulate 模拟,模仿handle 控制interpret 解释feedback 反馈instrument 工具manufacture 制造CAD 计算机辅助设计engineer 工程师draft 草稿graphics 图形video 影像robotic 机器人学automation 自动化word processing 字处理text 文本communication 通讯electronic-mail 电子邮件teleconferencing 电话会议telccommunicating 远程通讯database 数据库CAI 计算机辅助教学transistor 晶体管DOS 磁盘操作系统RAM 随机存取存储器mouse 鼠标intense 强烈/紧张floppy 松软的fix 牢固的write-protect 写保护drive 驱动器mechanics 机械学access 访问byte 比特mega 兆decimal 十进制octal 八进制storage 存储器weight 权code 代码ASCII 美国信息交换标准代extended 扩充的/长期的voltage 伏特integer 整数negative 负的absence 缺席convenience 便利waveform 波形zone 区vendor 厂商/自动售货机implement 工具/器具quantity 数量rigid 硬的fragile 易脆的susceptible 易受影响的medium 媒体shutter 快门general-purpose 通用theory proving 定理证明information retrieval 信息检索persona computer 个人计算机time-consuming 费时的routine task 日常工作logical decision 逻辑判断programmable 可编程的rewire 重新接线generation 代unreliable 不可靠的。

内存管理说明和类型 Memory Management -IT英语作文论文

内存管理说明和类型 Memory Management -IT英语作文论文

内存管理说明和类型Memory ManagementExplanation and Types INTRODUCTION TO MEMORY MANAGEMENTMemory management is being regarded as the type of resource management which applies to computer memory. In accordance with the given context, it can be depicted that Memory management is the systematic process in which computer memories are controlled as well as coordinated. Here, different portions are called blocks that are being used for the purpose to run the various programs in order to optimize the overall performance of the system in an effectual way. In the operating system, Memorymanagement plays a vital role. This is because; it assures that the memory of the computer should not be filled with the data. Thus, here we will carry out major discussion on the given aspect only and learn more about the major concepts that are being related to Memory management in an efficient way.KEY AREAS OF MEMORY MANAGEMENTMemory management is being recognized as one of the most complex fields of computer science. Hence, there is a number of techniques have been developed with an aim to make the respective function more efficient in nature. There are three major areas in which the wholeMemory management is divided. The details about the same are depicted below:Hardware memory managementThe very first area related toMemory management is hardware memory management. Herein, it can be depicted that hardware memory management is concerned with the hardware devices. In other words, it can also be said that it is basically related to the electronic devices that store the data of the computer. This includes devices like RAM (Random Access Memory) and caches memory.Operating system memory managementIt is being regarded as another form of Memory management. In this regard, in the operating system, the memory of the computer should be allocated to the user program. However, it isbeing reused by another program when it will be seen that the memory is no longer will be required. Herein, the computer can also pretend that it has more memory to store than the actual capacity. On the other hand, each program that is involved in it has the machine memory. Thus, these are being regarded as the main feature of the virtual memory that is also one of the most important concepts in the computer program.Application memory managementAnother key area of Memory management is application memory management. It basically involves the process of supplying the memory that is being needed for the data structure and program objects. Here, the memory is recycled when it is of no use or when it is no longer required. The application memory does not possess the capability to predict how much memory it willrequire. It basically possesses two types of tasks such as allocations and recycling.Allocation: This happens when the program requests the block of the memory, thus in the respective situation the memory manager has to allocate the blocks out of the larger blocks that have been received by it from the operating system. The respective function which is being performed by the individual is called by the name of allocators.Recycling: It is another task of application memory. In this, the blocks are recycled for the reuse purpose when the memory blocks are allocated and the data which they possess is no longer required. This includes two basic approaches of the recycling memory and theseare manual memory management and automatic memory management.PROBLEMS RELATED TO MEMORY MANAGEMENTHowever, before getting details about the manual and automatic memory management, it is very much important for the individual that they should get the idea about the main problems that are related to the concepts such as Memory management in an effectual way. By getting an idea about the same, some more main details about the Memory management can be gathered. The detail explanations of the same are given below:Premature fees and the dangling pointers: There are many programs that tend to give up thememory, however, they still make an attempt to access it later and behave randomly. The given type of situation is called by the name of premature fees. But, the surviving reference to the memory is called as the dangling pointers in an effectual way.Memory leak: It is another issue that is related to memory management. In accordance with the given context, there are some programs that continually allocate the memory without giving up on the same and as a result of this, they will run out of the memory. The respective type of condition is called as the memory leak.The poor locality of the references: It is another problem that comes from the layout of the allocated blocks. Here, modern hardware and the manager of the operating system handle thememory. The access to the successive memory is faster when it is very much near to the memory locations.Inflexible design: The manager of memory can also cause the server performance problem. This happens when they are being designed with the one use in mind but actually, they are being in different ways. The given problem will occur because here the solutions of memory management tend to make the varied type of assumptions in relation to the manner in which program is being used. Therefore, it is very correct to say that these are some main problems that are related to Memory management.ABOUT MANUAL MEMORY MANAGEMENTAs discussed above also that the recycling can be done in two way and thus in this section discussion is being carried out in relation to the manual memory management. In the given type of memory management, the programmer will tend to have direct control over the memory, thus it has to make a decision that when memory should be recycled. The given thing is usually done by explicit calls with an aim to heap the management functions or it is done through the language construct that will have influence over the control stack. In this regard, it can be depicted that the main feature of the manual memory manager is to state the program to say different things such as “Have the memory has a back” or “am I finished with it”. The advanta ges and disadvantages that are associated with the same are depicted below:Advantages of manual memory management programFor the programmer, it is very much easier to get the idea that what is exactly going onThere is some manual memory manager that tends to perform better when they are short of the memory.Disadvantages of manual memory management programThe programmer here has to write so many codes with an aim to perform the repetitive bookkeeping of the memory in an effectual way.It should form a significant part of any type of module interface.It also requires more memory per the overhead object instead of others.The bugs that are being identified in the manual memory management are very much common. Thus, it can be said that these are some main advantages and disadvantages of manual memory management.ABOUT AUTOMATIC MEMORY MANAGEMENTIt is another type of management. The automatic memory management is basically the type of service or it is the part of the language that automatically recycles that specific memory that the computer program will not use again. The managers of the automatic memory usually perform their job of doing recycling the blocksthat are not reachable from the program variables. However, there are some advantages as well as disadvantages are also being assessed in relation to automatic memory management. The details of the same are given below:Advantages of automatic memory managementThe programmer of the given memory is freed to work on the actual problem in an effectual way.There is very much clear modular interface.The bugs that are being involved in it are not that much.It is more efficient in comparison to the other type of memory management.Disadvantages of automatic memory managementThe memory here is retained, but it is of no use for the users.At present, there is very much limited availability is being seen in relation to the memory manager.BASIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO MEMORY MANAGEMENTIn order to know more about management, it is very much important for the individual that it should have an idea about the main concepts that are related to management. This is because it is by complying with a given type of activity only more details about thememory management can be gathered. The details about the major concepts are depicted below:SwappingThe very first concept of management is swapping. It is the type of process which is being required in memory for the execution purpose. But, many times this happens that there is not enough main memory left with an aim to hold all the active processes in the timesharing type of system. Thus, it is due to the presence of respective aspect only the access processes are being kept on the desk and afterwards, they are brought in for the purpose to run it dynamically. In simple words, it is very right to say that swapping is the systematic process to bring each and every process in themain memory, they are being run for the while and afterwards, they are again being put up in the disk.Contiguous memory allocationIn the contiguous memory allocation, each process is being contained in the single contiguous block of the memory. Herein, it can be said that in the respective approach the memory of the computer is being divided into several fixed partitions. On the other hand, each partition that is being involved in it tends to possess one process. Thus, when the partition is free then in this situation from the process queue, an input is selected and the same thing is loaded in it. The free blocks in the memory are being called by the name of holes. Further,different sets of holes are searched in order to examine which specific hole is good.Memory protectionIt is also considered as another most important aspect. It is basically the type of phenomenon which enables an individual to carry out control over memory access rights on the computers. The main aim of the given protection is to prevent the processing of that specific memory that has not been allocated to it in an effectual way. Thus, it is through this way only it prevents the bugs within the process that is being affected by another process. Further, the results of segmentation faults are being used in order to disrupt the whole process.Memory allocationIt is the systematic process with the help of which computer program are being assigned with the memory or space. It is of three types such as first fit, best fit, and the worst fit. The first fit is the first hole that is very much big enough to allocate to the program. Moreover, the best fit is the smallest hole that is very much big enough to allocate to the program. Apart from this, the last fit is the worst fit that will have the largest hole that is very much big enough to allocate to the program.Memory ManagementCONCLUSIONFrom the whole analysis, it can be concluded that in the operating system of the computer Memory management has a vital role. This is due to the reason that it assures that all the memory of the computers should be stored in an effectual manner. Further, by having the idea about the main areas of Memory management, the programmer can make an effective decision in relation to the allocation as well as recycling of the memory in an efficient way. Further, by having good knowledge about the concepts of management,the programmer can assess a quick solution to the problem. Further, with the help of mentioned concepts, detailed knowledge about it can be gained.。

英语选修一单词知识点总结

英语选修一单词知识点总结

英语选修一单词知识点总结1. university n. 大学2. academic adj. 学术的3. academic n. 学者4. academy n. 学院5. undergraduate n. 本科生6. tutor n. 导师7. tutorial n. 辅导课8. lecture n. 讲座9. seminar n. 研讨会10. department n. 系11. faculty n. 教职员工12. credit n. 学分13. diploma n. 毕业文凭14. degree n. 学位15. bachelor n. 学士16. master n. 硕士17. doctorate n. 博士18. major n. 专业19. minor n. 辅修专业20. research n. 研究21. library n. 图书馆22. study n. 学习23. textbook n. 教科书24. campus n. 校园25. dormitory n. 宿舍26. student n. 学生27. lecturer n. 讲师28. professor n. 教授29. classmate n. 同学30. assignment n. 作业Unit 21. experiment n. 实验2. laboratory n. 实验室3. chemistry n. 化学4. physicist n. 物理学家5. biology n. 生物学6. geology n. 地质学7. geography n. 地理学8. physics n. 物理学9. mathematics n. 数学10. statistics n. 统计学11. astronomy n. 天文学12. hydraulics n. 水利学13. computer science n. 计算机科学14. engineering n. 工程学15. architecture n. 建筑学16. linguistics n. 语言学17. economics n. 经济学18. sociology n. 社会学19. psychology n. 心理学20. philosophy n. 哲学21. literature n. 文学22. history n. 历史23. archaeology n. 考古学24. anthropology n. 人类学25. law n. 法律学26. journalism n. 新闻学27. management n. 管理学28. education n. 教育学29. music n. 音乐学30. art n. 艺术Unit 31. fluent adj. 流利的2. bilingual adj. 双语的3. multilingual adj. 多语种的4. dialect n. 方言5. accent n. 口音6. grammar n. 语法7. vocabulary n. 词汇8. pronunciation n. 发音9. spelling n. 拼写10. punctuation n. 标点11. comprehension n. 理解12. conversation n. 会话13. narration n. 叙述14. translation n. 翻译15. interpretation n. 解释16. language n. 语言17. mother tongue n. 母语18. foreign language n. 外语19. second language n. 第二语言20. native speaker n. 母语使用者21. non-native speaker n. 非母语使用者22. sign language n. 手语23. communication n. 交流24. dialogue n. 对话25. monologue n. 独白26. debate n. 辩论27. interview n. 面试28. oral n. 口头的29. written n. 书面的30. literature n. 文学Unit 41. culture n. 文化2. diversity n. 多样性3. tradition n. 传统4. festival n. 节日5. custom n. 习俗6. heritage n. 遗产7. belief n. 信仰8. religion n. 宗教9. superstition n. 迷信10. ritual n. 仪式11. ceremony n. 典礼12. art n. 艺术13. music n. 音乐14. dance n. 舞蹈15. literature n. 文学16. theater n. 戏剧17. cuisine n. 美食18. fashion n. 时尚19. etiquette n. 礼仪20. value n. 价值观21. norm n. 规范22. behavior n. 行为23. gesture n. 手势24. symbol n. 符号25. communication n. 交流26. interaction n. 互动27. society n. 社会28. community n. 社区29. population n. 人口30. ethnicity n. 民族Unit 51. environment n. 环境2. ecosystem n. 生态系统3. habitat n. 栖息地4. wildlife n. 野生动物5. biodiversity n. 生物多样性6. conservation n. 保护7. pollution n. 污染8. global warming n. 全球变暖9. deforestation n. 森林砍伐10. desertification n. 沙漠化11. renewable energy n. 可再生能源12. sustainable development n. 可持续发展13. recycling n. 回收14. waste n. 废物15. carbon footprint n. 碳足迹16. environmentalist n. 环保主义者17. activist n. 活动家18. campaign n. 运动19. legislation n. 立法20. regulation n. 规定21. initiative n. 倡议22. awareness n. 意识23. responsibility n. 责任24. impact n. 影响25. threat n. 威胁26. solution n. 解决方法27. cooperation n. 合作28. education n. 教育29. advocacy n. 倡导30. action n. 行动Unit 61. technology n. 技术2. innovation n. 创新3. invention n. 发明4. discovery n. 发现5. development n. 发展6. digitalization n. 数字化7. internet n. 互联网8. mobile n. 移动设备9. device n. 设备10. application n. 应用11. software n. 软件12. hardware n. 硬件13. network n. 网络14. information n. 信息15. communication n. 通讯16. entertainment n. 娱乐17. education n. 教育18. healthcare n. 医疗保健19. business n. 商业20. finance n. 金融21. agriculture n. 农业22. transportation n. 交通23. energy n. 能源24. environment n. 环境25. security n. 安全26. privacy n. 隐私27. ethics n. 伦理28. regulation n. 法规29. impact n. 影响30. future n. 未来Unit 71. celebration n. 庆祝2. tradition n. 传统3. custom n. 风俗4. festival n. 节日5. holiday n. 假日6. parade n. 游行7. carnival n. 狂欢节8. fireworks n. 焰火9. feast n. 盛宴10. decoration n. 装饰11. ceremony n. 仪式12. ritual n. 仪式13. costume n. 服装14. mask n. 面具15. music n. 音乐16. dance n. 舞蹈17. food n. 食物18. drink n. 饮品19. game n. 游戏20. competition n. 竞赛21. entertainment n. 娱乐22. performance n. 表演23. gathering n. 聚会24. family n. 家庭25. community n. 社区26. country n. 国家27. culture n. 文化28. heritage n. 遗产29. memory n. 回忆30. happiness n. 幸福Unit 81. disaster n. 灾难2. emergency n. 紧急情况3. natural disaster n. 自然灾害4. earthquake n. 地震5. tsunami n. 海啸6. volcanic eruption n. 火山爆发7. hurricane n. 飓风8. tornado n. 龙卷风9. flood n. 洪水10. drought n. 干旱11. wildfire n. 森林火灾12. avalanche n. 雪崩13. landslide n. 山体滑坡14. typhoon n. 台风15. cyclone n. 气旋16. blizzard n. 暴风雪17. hailstorm n. 冰雹暴风18. heatwave n. 热浪19. cold wave n. 寒潮20. emergency response n. 应急响应21. evacuation n. 疏散22. rescue n. 救援23. relief n. 救济24. shelter n. 庇护所25. aid n. 援助26. recovery n. 恢复27. rebuilding n. 重建28. preparation n. 准备29. warning n. 警告30. awareness n. 意识Unit 91. interaction n. 互动2. communication n. 交流3. negotiation n. 谈判4. cooperation n. 合作5. collaboration n. 协作6. teamwork n. 团队合作7. partnership n. 合作伙伴关系8. alliance n. 联盟9. conflict n. 冲突10. dispute n. 争议11. resolution n. 解决12. compromise n. 妥协13. mediation n. 调解14. arbitration n. 仲裁15. diplomacy n. 外交16. treaty n. 条约17. agreement n. 协议18. contract n. 合同19. deal n. 协议20. transaction n. 交易21. trade n. 贸易22. commerce n. 商业23. exchange n. 交换24. investment n. 投资25. globalization n. 全球化26. competition n. 竞争27. market n. 市场28. consumer n. 消费者29. producer n. 生产者30. supplier n. 供应商Unit 101. topic n. 题目2. subject n. 学科3. issue n. 问题4. problem n. 问题5. question n. 问题6. challenge n. 挑战7. opportunity n. 机会8. solution n. 解决方法9. method n. 方法10. approach n. 方法11. technique n. 技术12. strategy n. 策略13. plan n. 计划14. action n. 行动15. result n. 结果16. outcome n. 结果17. impact n. 影响18. influence n. 影响19. effect n. 影响20. benefit n. 好处21. advantage n. 优势22. disadvantage n.23. 23.劣势24. progress n. 进步25. development n. 发展26. change n. 变化27. trend n. 趋势28. achievement n. 成就29. success n. 成功30. failure n. 失败Unit 111. leisure n. 闲暇2. entertainment n. 娱乐3. activity n. 活动4. hobby n. 爱好5. interest n. 兴趣6. pastime n. 娱乐7. relaxation n. 放松8. pleasure n. 乐趣9. fun n. 乐趣10. enjoyment n. 享受11. game n. 游戏12. sport n. 运动13. exercise n. 锻炼14. yoga n. 瑜伽15. meditation n. 冥想16. reading n. 阅读17. writing n. 写作18. drawing n. 绘画19. painting n. 绘画20. music n. 音乐21. dance n. 舞蹈22. theater n. 戏剧23. cinema n. 电影24. performance n. 表演25. concert n. 音乐会26. festival n. 节日27. vacation n. 假期28. trip n. 旅行29. sightseeing n. 观光30. adventure n. 冒险Unit 121. health n. 健康2. fitness n. 健康3. well-being n. 幸福4. diet n. 饮食5. nutrition n. 营养6. exercise n. 锻炼7. meditation n. 冥想8. relaxation n. 放松9. hygiene n. 卫生10. sleep n. 睡眠11. rest n. 休息12. mental health n. 心理健康13. physical health n. 身体健康14. illness n. 疾病15. disease n. 疾病16. disorder n. 紊乱17. pain n. 疼痛18. injury n. 伤害19. recovery n. 恢复20. treatment n. 治疗21. medication n. 药物22. therapy n. 治疗23. prevention n. 预防24. vaccination n. 疫苗接种25. immune system n. 免疫系统26. healthcare n. 医疗保健27. hospital n. 医院28. clinic n. 诊所29. doctor n. 医生30. nurse n. 护士Unit 131. work n. 工作2. job n. 工作3. career n. 职业4. profession n. 职业5. occupation n. 职业6. position n. 职位7. title n. 头衔8. responsibility n. 责任9. duty n. 义务10. task n. 任务11. assignment n. 分配12. role n. 角色13. function n. 功能14. skill n. 技能15. ability n. 能力16. qualification n. 资格17. experience n. 经验18. knowledge n. 知识19. education n. 教育20. training n. 培训21. development n. 发展22. progress n. 进步23. reward n. 奖励24. achievement n. 成就25. promotion n. 晋升26. opportunity n. 机会27. challenge n. 挑战28. competition n. 竞争29. deadline n. 截止日期30. salary n. 工资Unit 141. society n. 社会2. community n. 社区3. population n. 人口4. city n. 城市5. town n. 城镇6. village n. 村庄7. country n. 国家8. nation。

操作系统课程英文词汇

操作系统课程英文词汇

操作系统课程英文词汇 ____郭冀生1. 操作系统 Operating System 42. 管道 Pipe2. 计算机 Computer 43. 临界区 Critical Section3. 内核映像 Core Image 44. 忙等候 Busy Waiting4. 超级用户 Super-user 45. 原子操作 Atomic Action5. 进度 Process 46. 同步 Synchronization6. 线程 Threads 47. 调动算法 Scheduling Algorithm7. 输入 /输出 I/O (Input/Output) 48. 剥夺调动 Preemptive Scheduling8. 多办理器操作系统Multiprocessor Operating 49. 非剥夺调动Nonpreemptive SchedulingSystems 50. 硬及时 Hard Real Time9. 个人计算机操作系统 Personal Computer 51. 软及时 Soft Real TimeOperating Systems 52. 调动体制 Scheduling Mechanism10. 及时操作系统 Real-Time Operating Systems 53. 调动策略 Scheduling Policy11. 办理机 Processor 54. 任务 Task12. 内存 Memory 55. 设施驱动程序Device Driver13. 进度间通讯 Interprocess Communication 56. 内存管理器Memory Manager14. 输入 /输出设施 I/O Devices 57. 指引程序 Bootstrap15. 总线 Buses 58. 时间片 Quantum16. 死锁 Deadlock 59. 进度切换 Process Switch17. 内存管理 Memory Management 60. 上下文切换Context Switch18. 输入 /输出 Input/Output 61. 重定位 Relocation19. 文件 Files 62. 位示图 Bitmaps20. 文件系统 File System 63. 链表 Linked List21. 文件扩展名 File Extension 64. 虚构储存器 Virtual Memory22. 次序存取 Sequential Access 65. 页 Page23. 随机存取文件 Random Access File 66. 页面 Page Frame24. 文件属性 Attribute 67. 页面 Page Frame25. 绝对路径 Absolute Path 68. 改正 Modify26. 相对路径 Relative Path 69. 接见 Reference27. 安全 Security 70. 联想储存器Associative Memory28. 系统调用 System Calls 71. 命中率 Hit Ration29. 操作系统构造 Operating System Structure 72. 信息传达 Message Passing30. 层次系统 Layered Systems 73. 目录 Directory31. 虚构机 Virtual Machines 74. 设施文件 Special File32. 客户 /服务器模式 Client/Server Mode 75. 块设施文件Block Special File33. 线程 Threads 76. 字符设施文件Character Special File34. 调动激活 Scheduler Activations 77. 字符设施 Character Device35. 信号量 Semaphores 78. 块设施 Block Device36. 二进制信号量 Binary Semaphore 79. 纠错码 Error-Correcting Code37. 互斥 Mutexes 80. 直接内存存取Direct Memory Access38. 互斥 Mutual Exclusion 81. 一致命名法Uniform Naming39. 优先级 Priority 82. 可剥夺资源Preemptable Resource40. 监控程序 Monitors 83. 不行剥夺资源Nonpreemptable Resource41. 管程 Monitor 84. 先来先服务First-Come First-Served85.最短寻道算法 Shortest Seek First86.电梯算法 Elevator Algorithm87.指引参数 Boot Parameter88.时钟滴答 Clock Tick89.内核调用 Kernel Call90.客户进度 Client Process91.服务器进度 Server Process92.条件变量 Condition Variable93.信箱 Mailbox94.应答 Acknowledgement95.饥饿 Starvation96.空指针 Null Pointer97.规范模式 Canonical Mode98.非规范模式 Uncanonical Mode99.代码页 Code Page100.虚构控制台 Virtual Console101.高速缓存 Cache102.基地点 Base103.界线 Limit104.互换 Swapping105.内存压缩 Memory Compaction 106.最正确适配 Best Fit107.最坏适配 Worst Fit108.虚地点 Virtual Address109.页表 Page Table110.缺页故障 Page Fault111.近来未使用 Not Recently Used 112.最久未使用 Least Recently Used 113.工作集 Working Set114.请调 Demand Paging115.预调 Prepaging116.接见的局部性 Locality of Reference 117.颠簸 Thrashing118.内零头 Internal Fragmentation 119.外零头 External Fragmentation 120.共享正文 Shared Text121.增量转储 Incremental Dump122.权限表 Capability List123.接见控制表 Access Control List。

09. Memory Management

09. Memory Management

9.5
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Memory-Management Unit (MMU)
Hardware device that maps virtual to physical address. In MMU scheme, the value in the relocation register is
Swapping
A process can be swapped temporarily out of memory to a
backing store, and then brought back into memory for continued execution.
Backing store – fast disk large enough to accommodate copies
absolute code can be generated; must recompile code if starting location changes. Load time: Must generate relocatable code if memory location is not known at compile time. Execution time: Binding delayed until run time if the process can be moved during its execution from one memory segment to another. Need hardware support for address maps (e.g., base and limit registers).

L14-MemoryManagement

L14-MemoryManagement

操作系统内存组织 Organization of Memory
多道程序中的内存组织的问题
操作系统 xxxM
应用程序1 应用程序2
0
物理存储空间 分配不当,产 生了重叠,同 样可能存在内 存使用冲突
Operating System
1.10
ssdut-os @2009
Segmentation Memory Protection 段式内存保护
把内存分成几段,每段分别划给一个实体(操作系 统代码、应用程序1、应用程序2、…)
通过一个段基址base和段 的长度limit来规定归属于 某个进程的一段内存区间
Operating System
段机制需要硬件支持, 通常利用硬件寄存器来维护 段机制和段长度,并通过硬件 上的机制来保证对内存的访问 不会越界
Binding of Instructions and Data to Memory
Address binding of instructions and data to memory addresses can happen at three different stages.(指令和数据结合到内存地址可以在三 个不同的阶段发生。)
在例子中, 访问地址30005,OK 用30004作为基地址访问43000, 不OK
1.11
ssdut-os @2009
X86的16位汇编之下,有几个段可供选择 CS – 代码段 DS – 数据段 ES – 数据段 SS – 堆栈段
地址访问模式为:(段+偏移)
Operating System
la:load address 指令la $a0,varx表示将变量varx的地址放到寄存器$a0中

Bison_2_4_中文翻译

Bison_2_4_中文翻译

Bison 2.3Table of Contents∙Bison∙Introduction∙Conditions for Using Bison∙GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSEo Preambleo Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ∙ 1 The Concepts of Bisono 1.1 Languages and Context-Free Grammarso 1.2 From Formal Rules to Bison Inputo 1.3 Semantic Valueso 1.4 Semantic Actionso 1.5 Writing GLR Parsers▪ 1.5.1 Using GLR on Unambiguous Grammars▪ 1.5.2 Using GLR to Resolve Ambiguities▪ 1.5.3 GLR Semantic Actions▪ 1.5.4 Considerations when Compiling GLR Parsers o 1.6 Locationso 1.7 Bison Output: the Parser Fileo 1.8 Stages in Using Bisono 1.9 The Overall Layout of a Bison Grammar∙ 2 Exampleso 2.1 Reverse Polish Notation Calculator▪ 2.1.1 Declarations for rpcalc▪ 2.1.2 Grammar Rules for rpcalc▪ 2.1.2.1 Explanation of input▪ 2.1.2.2 Explanation of line▪ 2.1.2.3 Explanation of expr▪ 2.1.3 The rpcalc Lexical Analyzer▪ 2.1.4 The Controlling Function▪ 2.1.5 The Error Reporting Routine▪ 2.1.6 Running Bison to Make the Parser▪ 2.1.7 Compiling the Parser Fileo 2.2 Infix Notation Calculator: calco 2.3 Simple Error Recoveryo 2.4 Location Tracking Calculator: ltcalc▪ 2.4.1 Declarations for ltcalc▪ 2.4.2 Grammar Rules for ltcalc▪ 2.4.3 The ltcalc Lexical Analyzer.o 2.5 Multi-Function Calculator: mfcalc▪ 2.5.1 Declarations for mfcalc▪ 2.5.2 Grammar Rules for mfcalc▪ 2.5.3 The mfcalc Symbol Tableo 2.6 Exercises3 Bison Grammar Fileso 3.1 Outline of a Bison Grammar▪ 3.1.1 The prologue▪ 3.1.2 The Bison Declarations Section▪ 3.1.3 The Grammar Rules Section▪ 3.1.4 The epilogueo 3.2 Symbols, Terminal and Nonterminalo 3.3 Syntax of Grammar Ruleso 3.4 Recursive Ruleso 3.5 Defining Language Semantics▪ 3.5.1 Data Types of Semantic Values▪ 3.5.2 More Than One Value Type▪ 3.5.3 Actions▪ 3.5.4 Data Types of Values in Actions▪ 3.5.5 Actions in Mid-Ruleo 3.6 Tracking Locations▪ 3.6.1 Data Type of Locations▪ 3.6.2 Actions and Locations▪ 3.6.3 Default Action for Locationso 3.7 Bison Declarations▪ 3.7.1 Require a Version of Bison▪ 3.7.2 Token Type Names▪ 3.7.3 Operator Precedence▪ 3.7.4 The Collection of Value Types▪ 3.7.5 Nonterminal Symbols▪ 3.7.6 Performing Actions before Parsing▪ 3.7.7 Freeing Discarded Symbols▪ 3.7.8 Suppressing Conflict Warnings▪ 3.7.9 The Start-Symbol▪ 3.7.10 A Pure (Reentrant) Parser▪ 3.7.11 Bison Declaration Summaryo 3.8 Multiple Parsers in the Same Program∙ 4 Parser C-Language Interfaceo 4.1 The Parser Function yyparseo 4.2 The Lexical Analyzer Function yylex▪ 4.2.1 Calling Convention for yylex▪ 4.2.2 Semantic Values of Tokens▪ 4.2.3 Textual Locations of Tokens▪ 4.2.4 Calling Conventions for Pure Parsers o 4.3 The Error Reporting Function yyerroro 4.4 Special Features for Use in Actionso 4.5 Parser Internationalization∙ 5 The Bison Parser Algorithmo 5.1 Look-Ahead Tokenso 5.2 Shift/Reduce Conflictso 5.3 Operator Precedence▪ 5.3.1 When Precedence is Needed▪ 5.3.2 Specifying Operator Precedence▪ 5.3.3 Precedence Examples▪ 5.3.4 How Precedence Workso 5.4 Context-Dependent Precedenceo 5.5 Parser Stateso 5.6 Reduce/Reduce Conflictso 5.7 Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflictso 5.8 Generalized LR (GLR) Parsingo 5.9 Memory Management, and How to Avoid Memory Exhaustion ∙ 6 Error Recovery∙7 Handling Context Dependencieso7.1 Semantic Info in Token Typeso7.2 Lexical Tie-inso7.3 Lexical Tie-ins and Error Recovery∙8 Debugging Your Parsero8.1 Understanding Your Parsero8.2 Tracing Your Parser∙9 Invoking Bisono9.1 Bison Optionso9.2 Option Cross Keyo9.3 Yacc Library∙10 C++ Language Interfaceo10.1 C++ Parsers▪10.1.1 C++ Bison Interface▪10.1.2 C++ Semantic Values▪10.1.3 C++ Location Values▪10.1.4 C++ Parser Interface▪10.1.5 C++ Scanner Interfaceo10.2 A Complete C++ Example▪10.2.1 Calc++ — C++ Calculator▪10.2.2 Calc++ Parsing Driver▪10.2.3 Calc++ Parser▪10.2.4 Calc++ Scanner▪10.2.5 Calc++ Top Level∙11 Frequently Asked Questionso11.1 Memory Exhaustedo11.2 How Can I Reset the Parsero11.3 Strings are Destroyedo11.4 Implementing Gotos/Loopso11.5 Multiple start-symbolso11.6 Secure? Conform?o11.7 I can't build Bisono11.8 Where can I find help?o11.9 Bug Reportso11.10 Other Languageso11.11 Beta Testingo11.12 Mailing Lists∙Appendix A Bison Symbols∙Appendix B Glossary∙Appendix C Copying This Manualo C.1 GNU Free Documentation LicenseC.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents∙IndexNext: Introduction, Up: (dir)BisonThis manual is for GNU Bison (version 2.3, 30 May 2006), the GNU parser generator.Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.”∙Introduction∙Conditions∙Copying: The GNU General Public License says how you can copy and share BisonTutorial sections:∙Concepts: Basic concepts for understanding Bison.∙Examples: Three simple explained examples of using Bison.Reference sections:∙Grammar File: Writing Bison declarations and rules.∙Interface: C-language interface to the parser function yyparse.∙Algorithm: How the Bison parser works at run-time.∙Error Recovery: Writing rules for error recovery.∙Context Dependency: What to do if your language syntax is too messy for Bison to handle straightforwardly.∙Debugging: Understanding or debugging Bison parsers.∙Invocation: How to run Bison (to produce the parser source file).∙C++ Language Interface: Creating C++ parser objects.∙FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions∙Table of Symbols: All the keywords of the Bison language are explained.∙Glossary: Basic concepts are explained.∙Copying This Manual: License for copying this manual.∙Index: Cross-references to the text.--- The Detailed Node Listing ---The Concepts of Bison∙Language and Grammar: Languages and context-free grammars, as mathematical ideas.∙Grammar in Bison: How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.∙Semantic Values: Each token or syntactic grouping can have a semantic value (the value of an integer, the name of an identifier, etc.).∙Semantic Actions: Each rule can have an action containing C code.∙GLR Parsers: Writing parsers for general context-free languages.∙Locations Overview: Tracking Locations.∙Bison Parser: What are Bison's input and output, how is the output used?∙Stages: Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.∙Grammar Layout: Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.Writing GLR Parsers∙Simple GLR Parsers: Using GLR parsers on unambiguous grammars.∙Merging GLR Parses: Using GLR parsers to resolve ambiguities.∙GLR Semantic Actions: Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.∙Compiler Requirements: GLR parsers require a modern C compiler.Examples∙RPN Calc: Reverse polish notation calculator; a first example with no operator precedence.∙Infix Calc: Infix (algebraic) notation calculator. Operator precedence is introduced.∙Simple Error Recovery: Continuing after syntax errors.∙Location Tracking Calc: Demonstrating the use of @n and @$.∙Multi-function Calc: Calculator with memory and trig functions. It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.∙Exercises: Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.Reverse Polish Notation Calculator∙Decls: Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.∙Rules: Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.∙Lexer: The lexical analyzer.∙Main: The controlling function.∙Error: The error reporting function.∙Gen: Running Bison on the grammar file.∙Comp: Run the C compiler on the output code.Grammar Rules for rpcalc∙Rpcalc Input∙Rpcalc Line∙Rpcalc ExprLocation Tracking Calculator: ltcalc∙Decls: Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.∙Rules: Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.∙Lexer: The lexical analyzer.Multi-Function Calculator: mfcalc∙Decl: Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.∙Rules: Grammar rules for the calculator.∙Symtab: Symbol table management subroutines.Bison Grammar Files∙Grammar Outline: Overall layout of the grammar file.∙Symbols: Terminal and nonterminal symbols.∙Rules: How to write grammar rules.∙Recursion: Writing recursive rules.∙Semantics: Semantic values and actions.∙Locations: Locations and actions.∙Declarations: All kinds of Bison declarations are described here.∙Multiple Parsers: Putting more than one Bison parser in one program.Outline of a Bison Grammar∙Prologue: Syntax and usage of the prologue.∙Bison Declarations: Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.∙Grammar Rules: Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.∙Epilogue: Syntax and usage of the epilogue.Defining Language Semantics∙Value Type: Specifying one data type for all semantic values.∙Multiple Types: Specifying several alternative data types.∙Actions: An action is the semantic definition of a grammar rule.∙Action Types: Specifying data types for actions to operate on.∙Mid-Rule Actions: Most actions go at the end of a rule. This says when, why and how to use the exceptional action in the middle of a rule.Tracking Locations∙Location Type: Specifying a data type for locations.∙Actions and Locations: Using locations in actions.∙Location Default Action: Defining a general way to compute locations.Bison Declarations∙Require Decl: Requiring a Bison version.∙Token Decl: Declaring terminal symbols.∙Precedence Decl: Declaring terminals with precedence and associativity.∙Union Decl: Declaring the set of all semantic value types.∙Type Decl: Declaring the choice of type for a nonterminal symbol.∙Initial Action Decl: Code run before parsing starts.∙Destructor Decl: Declaring how symbols are freed.∙Expect Decl: Suppressing warnings about parsing conflicts.∙Start Decl: Specifying the start symbol.∙Pure Decl: Requesting a reentrant parser.∙Decl Summary: Table of all Bison declarations.Parser C-Language Interface∙Parser Function: How to call yyparse and what it returns.∙Lexical: You must supply a function yylex which reads tokens.∙Error Reporting: You must supply a function yyerror.∙Action Features: Special features for use in actions.∙Internationalization: How to let the parser speak in the user's native language.The Lexical Analyzer Function yylex∙Calling Convention: How yyparse calls yylex.∙Token Values: How yylex must return the semantic value of the token it has read.∙Token Locations: How yylex must return the text location (line number, etc.) of the token, if the actions want that.∙Pure Calling: How the calling convention differs in a pure parser (see A Pure (Reentrant) Parser).The Bison Parser Algorithm∙Look-Ahead: Parser looks one token ahead when deciding what to do.∙Shift/Reduce: Conflicts: when either shifting or reduction is valid.∙Precedence: Operator precedence works by resolving conflicts.∙Contextual Precedence: When an operator's precedence depends on context.∙Parser States: The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.∙Reduce/Reduce: When two rules are applicable in the same situation.∙Mystery Conflicts: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.∙Generalized LR Parsing: Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.∙Memory Management: What happens when memory is exhausted. How to avoid it. Operator Precedence∙Why Precedence: An example showing why precedence is needed.∙Using Precedence: How to specify precedence in Bison grammars.∙Precedence Examples: How these features are used in the previous example.∙How Precedence: How they work.Handling Context Dependencies∙Semantic Tokens: Token parsing can depend on the semantic context.∙Lexical Tie-ins: Token parsing can depend on the syntactic context.∙Tie-in Recovery: Lexical tie-ins have implications for how error recovery rules must be written.Debugging Your Parser∙Understanding: Understanding the structure of your parser.∙Tracing: Tracing the execution of your parser.Invoking Bison∙Bison Options: All the options described in detail, in alphabetical order by short options.∙Option Cross Key: Alphabetical list of long options.∙Yacc Library: Yacc-compatible yylex and main.C++ Language Interface∙C++ Parsers: The interface to generate C++ parser classes∙ A Complete C++ Example: Demonstrating their useC++ Parsers∙C++ Bison Interface: Asking for C++ parser generation∙C++ Semantic Values: %union vs. C++∙C++ Location Values: The position and location classes∙C++ Parser Interface: Instantiating and running the parser∙C++ Scanner Interface: Exchanges between yylex and parseA Complete C++ Example∙Calc++ --- C++ Calculator: The specifications∙Calc++ Parsing Driver: An active parsing context∙Calc++ Parser: A parser class∙Calc++ Scanner: A pure C++ Flex scanner∙Calc++ Top Level: Conducting the bandFrequently Asked Questions∙Memory Exhausted: Breaking the Stack Limits∙How Can I Reset the Parser: yyparse Keeps some State∙Strings are Destroyed: yylval Loses Track of Strings∙Implementing Gotos/Loops: Control Flow in the Calculator∙Multiple start-symbols: Factoring closely related grammars∙Secure? Conform?: Is Bison POSIX safe?∙I can't build Bison: Troubleshooting∙Where can I find help?: Troubleshouting∙Bug Reports: Troublereporting∙Other Languages: Parsers in Java and others∙Beta Testing: Experimenting development versions∙Mailing Lists: Meeting other Bison usersCopying This Manual∙GNU Free Documentation License: License for copying this manual.Next: Conditions, Previous: Top, Up: TopIntroductionBison is a general-purpose parser generator that converts an annotated context-free grammar into an LALR(1) or GLR parser for that grammar. Once you are proficient with Bison, you can use it to develop a wide range of language parsers, from those used in simple desk calculators to complex programming languages.Bison is upward compatible with Yacc: all properly-written Yacc grammars ought to work with Bison with no change. Anyone familiar with Yacc should be able to use Bison with little trouble. You need to be fluent in C or C++ programming in order to use Bison or to understand this manual.We begin with tutorial chapters that explain the basic concepts of using Bison and show three explained examples, each building on the last. If you don't know Bison or Yacc, start by reading these chapters. Reference chapters follow which describe specific aspects of Bison in detail.Bison was written primarily by Robert Corbett; Richard Stallman made it Yac c-compatible. Wilfred Hansen of Carnegie Mellon University added multi-character string literals and other features.This edition corresponds to version 2.3 of Bison.Next: Copying, Previous: Introduction, Up: TopConditions for Using BisonThe distribution terms for Bison-generated parsers permit using the parsers in nonfree programs. Before Bison version 2.2, these extra permissions applied only when Bison was generating LALR(1) parsers in C. And before Bison version 1.24, Bison-generated parsers could be used only in programs that were free software.The other GNU programming tools, such as the GNU C compiler, have never had such a requirement. They could always be used for nonfree software. The reason Bison was different was not due to a special policy decision; it resulted from applying the usual General Public License to all of the Bison source code.The output of the Bison utility—the Bison parser file—contains a verbatim copy of a sizable piece of Bison, which is the code for the parser's implementation. (The actions from your grammar are inserted into this implementation at one point, but most of the rest of the implementation is not changed.) When we applied the GPL terms to the skeleton code for the parser's implementation, the effect was to restrict the use of Bison output to free software.We didn't change the terms because of sympathy for people who want to make software proprietary. Software should be free. But we concluded that limiting Bison's use to free software was doing little to encourage people to make other software free. So we decided to make the practical conditions for using Bison match the practical conditions for using the other GNU tools.This exception applies when Bison is generating code for a parser. You can tell whether the exception applies to a Bison output file by inspecting the file for text beginning with “As a special exception...”. The text spells out the exact terms of the exception.Next: Concepts, Previous: Conditions, Up: TopGNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSEVersion 2, June 1991Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USAEveryone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copiesof this license document, but changing it is not allowed.PreambleThe licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. 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第七章MEMORY_MANAGEMENT

第七章MEMORY_MANAGEMENT

7.1 Memory Management Requirements (存储器管理需求 )
• Relocation(重定位)
• Memory Protection(存储保护)
• Memory Sharing(存储共享) • Logical Organization(逻辑组织) • Physical Organization(物理组织)
• 何谓重定位? 把在装入时对目标程序中指令和数据的变换过 程称为重定位。 • 地址变换是在装入时一次完成的,以后不再改 变,故称为静态重定位。 • 将目标模块装入内存后,并不立即把装入模块 中的相对地址转换为绝对地址,而是把这种地 址转换推迟到程序执行时进行,在硬件地址变 换机构的支持下,随着对每条指令或数据的访 问自动进行地址变换,故称为动态重定位。
• Virtual-Memory Segmentation(虚拟存储分段)
7.2 Memory Partitioning
• 存储器管理最基本的操作是由处理器把 程序装入主存执行。
• Fixed Partitioning (固定分区)
1.系统初始启动时将内存划分为数目固定、 尺寸固定的多个分区。 2.这些分区的尺寸可以相等也可以不等。
• Unequal-size partitions(大小不等分区 )
– can assign each process to the smallest partition within which it will fit(把每个进程指定到适应它的 最小分区 ) – queue for each partition – processes are assigned in such a way as to minimize wasted memory within a partition(可以使一个分区 内部浪费的空间最少 ).

9-Memory-Management

9-Memory-Management

Background
Program must be brought into memory and placed within a process for it to be executed. Running program generate a sequence of memory addresses---The mapping from one address space to another(symbolic addresses >relocatable addresses->absolute addresses ).
9.02 Memory-Management Unit (MMU) Memory(MMU) Hardware device that maps virtual address to physical address In MMU scheme, the value in the relocation register is added to every address generated by a user process to get the corresponding memory address The user program deals with logical addresses; it never sees the real physical addresses
MMU
Dynamic Loading
Routine is not loaded until it is called Better memory-space utilization; unused routine is never loaded Useful when large amounts of code are needed to handle infrequently occurring cases No special support from the operating system is required, implemented through program design

大学计算机基础英语教学 (4)

大学计算机基础英语教学 (4)

Start button

The Start button, a button that invokes the Start menu. It appears in Windows 9x, Windows NT 4.0 and all its successors, except Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. The Start button presents an opening window in several parts.
Linux

Linux (often pronounced LIH-nuhks with a short "i") is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems.
CHAPTER 2 OPERATING SYSTEM
Introduction

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. Also, OS is a program which presents as an intermediate between users and the computer hardware. It provides a user-friendly environment in which a user may easily develop and execute programs.

计算机科技英语词汇汇总1

计算机科技英语词汇汇总1

计算机科技英语词汇汇总计算机科技英语词汇:计算机基础知识computer n.电脑,电子计算机arithmetic logic unit 算术逻辑部件manipulate vt.操纵,操作keyboard n.键盘information n.消息,知识printer n.打印机hand-hold a.使携,手拿的skitter n.磁盘calculator n.计算器statistical a统计的system n.系统,体系joystick n.游戏棒,操纵杆scientific a.科学的,系统的software n.软件electronic a.电子的category n.种类machinery a.机器,机关,simulate n.模拟,模仿equipment n.装备,设备handle vt.控制dull a.单调的,呆滞的interpret vt.解释network n.网络feedback n.反馈circuit n.电路,一圈,巡回instrument n.工具switch n.开关,电闸manufacture vt.制造level n.水平,标准CAD 计算机辅助设计status n.状态engineer n.工程师binary a.二进位的draft n.草稿store vt.储存,储藏graphics n.图形process n.程序,过程video n.影像character n.字符robotic a./n机器人学sound n.声音automation n.自动化image n.影像,图像word processing 字处理programme n.程序,计划text n.文衣logic inference 逻辑推理communication n.通讯aid vt.帮助,援助electronic-mail 电子邮件instruction n.指令teleconferencing 电话会议convert vt.转变telccommunicating 远程通讯originality n.创造力database n.数据库operate vt.操作,运转CAI 计算机辅助教学ENIAC 电子数值积分计算机transistor n.晶体管vacuum 真空DOS 磁盘操作系统resistor n.电阻器RAM 随机存取存储器capacitor n.电容器mouse n.鼠标interference n.干预intense妙n.强烈,紧张technology n.技术floppy a.松软的internal a.内部的fix a.牢固的symbolic n.代号write-protect 写保护language n.语言drive n.驱动器span vt.跨越mechanics n.机械学reliable a.可靠的access vt.访问efficient a一有效率的byte n.比特magnetic a.一有磁性的、mega n.兆Auxiliary a./n.附加的,辅助物decimal n.十进制media n.媒体octal n.八进制storage n.存储器headecimal n.十六进制punched card tape n.磁带weight n.权memory n.记忆,存储code n.代码silicon n.硅,硅元素ASCII 美国信息交换标准代chip n.芯片extended a.扩充的,长期的terminal n.终端机,终点,总站voltage n.伏特,device n.设备integer n.整数innovation n.改革,创新negative a.负的external a.外部的absence a.缺席feature n.特征convenience n.便利component n.元件,组件waveform n.波形combination n.联合,合并zone n.区microprocessor n.微处理器vendor n.厂商,自动售货机packed a.包装的implement n.工具,器具package n.包裹,套装软件quantity n.数量digital a.数字的rigid n.硬的analog a.模拟的fragile a.易脆的hybrid a.混合的susceptible a.易受影响的discrete a.离散的medium n.媒体Vital a.重要的,关键的shutter n.快门monitor n.显示器general-purpose 通用overwhelm v.制服theory proving定理证明application n.应用information retrieval 信息检索wire n.电线,电报persona computer 个人计算机model n.模型time-consuming a.费时的Versatility n.多种变化,变通routine task 日常工作lump vt.使成块logical decision 逻辑判断hardware n.硬件programmable a.可编程的stream n.流rewire vt.重新接线resource n.资源generation n.代desktop n.桌面unreliable a.不可靠的cabinet n.文件柜auxiliary storge 辅助存储器supercomputer n.超级计算机minicomputer n.小型计算机I/0 device 输入/输出设备system unit系统部件cell n.单元floppy disk软盘consecutively a.连续的,连贯的fix disk 硬盘CPU 中央处理器transmission n.传送,传输计算机科技英语词汇:操作系统和DOS操作基础document n.文档uppercase letter 大写字母workspace n.工作lowercase letter 小写字母File Manager 文件管理volume label 卷标menu n.菜单prompt n.提示符Program Manager 程序管理器default n.缺省值,默认值folder n.卷宗symbol n.符号divider n.分配者cursor n.光标subdivide n.子分配者built-in a.内置的tutorial n.教程booting n.自举streamlined a.流线型的cluster n.簇unleash vt.释放CMOS 互补金属氧化物体unhamperer vt.解脱emergency disk 应急磁盘spreadsheet n.电子表格partition table 分区表Accessory n.附件FAT 文件分配表Notepad n.记事薄GUI 图形用户接口Macro Recorder n.宏记录器command line 命令行Write n.书写器icon n.图标Paint-brush n.画笔manual n.手册modem n.调制解调器dialog boxes 对话框Solitaire n.接龙mechanism n.机构,机械,结丰Reverse n.挖地雷clipboard n.剪贴板module n.模块DDE 动态数据交换acronym n.缩写字clumsy a.笨拙的version n.版本hot linked 映射的update vt.洲一级,更新real-mode n.实模式internal command 内部命令standard mode 标准模式external command 外部命令directory n.目录Pentium n.俗称586,奔腾sign-on a.提示framework n.框架,结构extension name 扩展名precedence n.优先storage space 存储空间Timer n.计时器subdirectory n.子目录Available a.可用的structure n.结构characteristic n.特征,特性hierarchical a.分层的Sophistication n.复杂性issue vt.发行,放出Standard n.标准backslash n.反斜杠Online n.联机the root directory 根目录Job Management 作业管理perform vt.执行Sequence n.次序conjunction n.联合Assess vt.评估procedure n.过程Resource Management 资源管理tree n.目录树Oversee vt.监督term n.术语Control of I/0 Operation I/0 操作控制startup vi.启动Allocation n. 分配TSRs 内存驻留程序Undergo vt.经历,经受locate vt.定位Error Recovery 错误恢复sector n.扇区Memory Management 存储器管理partition n.分区interface n.界面计算机科技英语词汇:应用软件指南maintenance n.维护,维修Quit Batch 退出批处理install vt.安装.安置adapter n.适配器advanced a.高等的,在前的MDA 单显适配器copyright n.版权,著作权CGA 彩色图形适配器duplication n.副本,复制EGA 增强型图形适配器key letter 关键字VGA 视频图形阵列delete vt.删除destructive a.破坏的,毁灭性的character string 字符串insert vt.寸击入,镶补verify vt.查证,证实bland a.温和的,乏味的readable a.可读的capacity n.容量,能力attribute n.属性,标志seek vt.搜寻,试图list n.目录,名单,明细serial port 串行口sort vt.排序,分类,挑选loopback 回送alternate a.交互的,轮流的specify vt.叙述,指定format n.格式plug n.插日argument n.争论,引数,要旨ommunicate vt.沟通,传达match vt.使相配,使比赛peripheral a.周边的,外设的path n.路径,小路,轨道aspect n.外观,方面pathname n.路径名transfer n.迁移,转移,传递head n.头cache program 高速缓存程序relocation n.再布置,变换布置subsystem n.子系统,次要系统add vt.增加overall a.全部的.全体的prune/graft 修剪/移植throughput n.生产量.处延艳力resident n.常驻程序numeric coprocessor 数学处理器compression n. 缩,缩小identify vt.识别,认明,鉴定reduce vt.减少,分解bargraph n.长条图,直方图comment n.批评,注解report n.报告,报道extract vt.摘录,析取virus 病毒query n.查询anti-virus反病毒integrity n.完整immunize vt.使免疫,赋予免疫性convert vt.使改变infection n.传染,影响self-extractor 自抽出器original a.最初的,原始的batch n.批,成批result n.结果,成绩,答案filename n.文件名consider vt. Vi.考虑,思考,认为freshen vt.Vi.(使)显得新鲜extra n.额外的事物check n.支票,检查restart v.重新启动join Vt.连接,结合detect vt.发现,察觉verbose a.冗长,累赘的define vt.定义,详细说明edit vt.编辑编校suspicious a.可疑的,疑惧的backup file 备份文件activity n.活动,动作switch n.开关转换warn n.警告,注意beep vi.vt.嘟嘟响present a.现在的,出席的setting n设置exclusive a.独占的,唯一的set mode 设置模式configuration n.配置assume vi.假定,承担virus protection 防病毒density n.密度scan n.扫描细查inch n.英寸signature file 签一名文件compatible a.兼容的,能共处的editor n.编辑器exception n.例外,除外microcomputer n.微机support n.支持,支撑,援助retrieve v.恢复,检索executable a.可执行的,可运行的innovation n.改革,创新documentation n文件manipulate vt.操纵,利用hit n.打击,冲撞hardcopy n.硬拷贝parameter n.参数,媒介变数spell-checking 拼写检查evaluate vt.评估,评价thesaurus n.辞典,同义词occur vi.发生,想到,存在merge vt.使合并,使消失valid a.有效的,正当的function key 功能键buffer n.缓冲区,缓冲familiarize vt.使熟悉,使熟知destination disk 目标盘wrap n. /vt.包装,限制,包裹source disk 源盘blink n.闪亮,闪烁overwrite vt.改写block vt.阻塞,封锁test n.检验restore 恢复由backup制作的盘performance n.绩效,表现,演出the space bar 空格键interrupt n.中断accessory n附件,同谋group n.团体,团retain vt.保持,留住,保有floppy drive 软盘驱动器locking n.锁定hard drive 硬盘驱动器monitor n.显示器parallel ports 并行口appropriate a.适当的arrow n.箭,箭头记号button n.按钮highlight n.加亮区,精彩场面optimize Vt.使完善,优化horizontal n.水平线,水平面indicator n.指示器计算机科技英语词汇:程序设计Program Design 程序设计creep vi.爬,潜行writing program 编写程序standardize vt.使标准化coding the program 编程simplify vt.单一化,简单化programming 程序revision n.校订,修正programmer n.程序员occupy vt.占领,住进logic n.逻辑,逻辑学BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码machine code 机器代码teaching language 教学语言debug n.DOS命令,调试simplicity n.单纯,简朴compactness a.紧凑的,紧密的timesharing system 分时系统description n.描述,说明interactive language 交互式语言break n.中断manufacturer n.制造业者structure chart 结构图dialect n.方言,语调the program flow 程序流expense n.费用,代价manager module 管理模块uniformity n.同样,划一worder module 工作模块archaic a.己废的,古老的mainmodule 主模块sufficient a.充分的,足够的submodule 子模块data processing 数据处理modify v.修正,修改business application 商业应用outline n.轮廓,概要scientific application 科学应用compose分解lexical a.字典的,词汇的code 代码non-programmer n.非编程人员node vt改为密码notation n.记号法,表示法,注释pseudocode n.伪代码verbosity n.唠叨,冗长commas n.逗点逗号record n.记录documentation 文档subrecord n.子记录flowchart/flow 程表/流程data division 数据部visual a.视觉的procedure division 过程部represent vt.表现,表示,代表comprise vt.包含构成structured techniques结构化技术operator n.运算符,算子straightforward a.笔直的,率直的commercial package 商业软件包subroutine n.子程序generator n.产生器,生产者driver module 驱动模块mathematician n.专家line by line 逐行operator n.作符translate vt.翻译,解释forerunner n.先驱modular 摸块化ancestor n.祖宗cumbersome a.讨厌的,麻烦的teaching programming 编程教学lengthy a.冗长的,漫长的alter vi./vt.改变flaw n.缺点裂纹devclop vt.发达separate a.各别的recompile v.编译assist n.帮助cycle n.循环technician n.技师remove vt.移动,除去straight line 直线category n.种类,类项rectangle n.长方形,矩形P-code p代码virtrally ad.事实上symology n.象征学象征的使用register n.寄存器to summaries 总之,总而言之by convention 按照惯例 cyptic n.含义模糊的,隐藏的diamond-shaped a,菱形的bracket n.括号decision n判断obviate 除去,排除terminal n. a终端机,终端的keyword n.关键字card reader 阅读器underline vt.下划线translator program 译程序monadic a. monad(单位)的Programming 程序设计dec/binary n.二进制source language 源语shift 变化,转移,移位machine language 机器overflow n.溢出machine instruction 机器指令arithmetic n.算术,算法computer language 计算机语composite symbol 复合型符号.assembly language 汇编语assignment n.赋值floating point number浮点数proliferation n.增服high-level language高级语pointer n.指针natural language 自然语言array n.数组矩阵,source text 源文本subscript n.下标intermediate language 中间语言type conversion 类型转换software development 软件开发address arithmetic 地址运算map vt.映射,计划denote vt.指示,表示maintenance cost 维护费用subprogram n.子程序legibility n.易读性,易识别separate compilation 分离式编泽amend vt.修正,改善alphabetic a.照字母次序的consumer n.消费者digit n.数字位数enormous a.巨大的,庞大的numeric expression 数值表达式reliability n.可信赖性,可信度tap n.轻打,轻敲,选择safety n.安全,安全设备print zone 打印区property n.财产,所有权column n.列correctness n.正确,functionality n.机能semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的,可搬运的survey n.概观.altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作,任务declaration n.宣告说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序计算机科技英语词汇:数据库transaction n.交易,办理,执行query n.查询license n.执照,许可证,特许subschemas n.子模式criminal a.犯了罪的,有罪的individual n.个体,个人conviction n.定罪,信服,坚信employee n.职员,受雇人员bureaus n.局,办公处integrity n.完整,正直insurance n.保险,保险业,保险费duplicate a.复制的,二重的retrieval n.取回,恢复,修补interactive n.交谈式security n.安全,安全性audit n.查帐,稽核integrity n.完整,正直,廉正trail n.痕迹,踪迹consume Vt.消耗multiuse n.多用户manually ad.用手full-fledged a.喂养tedious a.沉闷的,冗长乏味的compound document 复合文件DBMS 数据库管理系统recognizant a.认识的,意识的consensus n一致,交感user manual 用户手册semantics n.语义学bug n.缺陷,错误impediment n.妨碍,阻碍,阻止encrypt v.加密,译成密码intuitively a直觉的malicious a.环恶意的,恶毒的module n.模块,组件bottleneck n,瓶颈schema n.轮廓,概要,图解mainstream n主流proposal n建议spatial a.空间的,空间性的tailor Vi.定制,制作,缝制relevant a.有关联的,中肯的plausible a.似真实的,似合理的urgency n.紧急,催促virtually ad.事实上optimization n.最佳化impracticably ad.不能实validation n.确认flaw n.缺点,裂纹,瑕疵typically a.典型的,象征性的assumption n.假定,视为当然之事index n.索引Yi.做索引duration n.持续时间,为期component n.组件,成分intolerably ad.难耐的程度temporal n.当时的,现世的abort vi.流产,失败semantics n.语义学rigorous a.严厉的,严酷的,苛刻的interval n.时间间隔criterion n.标准,准据,轨范catalogue n.目录V.编入目录consistency n.一致性,坚固性,浓度cabinet n.橱柜,内阁adopt Vt.采用,收养illustration n.例证,插图serialization n.连载长篇efficient a有效率的,能干的log n.日志,记录clerical a.事务上的,抄写员的focus n.焦点,焦距access n.进入.进入twin n.双胞胎中人warehouse n.大商店.仓库protocol n.协议wholesale n.批发conflict n神突,矛盾chore n.零工,家务negotiate vi.商议,谈判,谈妥mode n.模式,模态drag vi.拖拉,拖累long-duration 长期architects n.建筑师short-duration 短期partition n.分割,隔离物ascend V.上升,追溯,登高.inherent a.固有的,与生俱来的descend vi.下降,传下necessitate Vt.迫使,使成为必需dimensional a.空间的versa a.反physical organization 物理组织operator n.操作员计算机科技英语词汇:数字电路digital circuit 数字电路inclusive a.一包含的,包括的logic n.逻辑bit n.少量gate n逻辑门multibit 多位logical methodology 逻辑方法arithmetic operation 算术运算Boolean algebra 布尔代数bus 总线two-state 两态data bus 数据总线logical multiplication 逻辑乘simultaneously ad.同时地logical addition 逻辑加parallel register 并行寄存器logical complementation 逻辑非serial register 串行寄存器logical function 逻辑函数shift register 移位寄存器inverter n.反相器latch n.锁存器transistor n.晶体管electromechanical calculator 电动式计算器diode n.二极管logic symbol 逻辑符号resistor n电阻器electromagnet n.电磁铁logic circuit 逻辑电路energize Vt.使活跃,激励Flip-flop n.发器armature n.电枢counter n.计数器relay n.电器adder n.加法器mechanical latch 机械式,logic variable 逻辑变量set Vt.置位logic operation 逻辑运算reset Vt.复位characteristic n.特征,特性figure 图the SET output置位输出端conjunction(logical product) n.合取the RESET input复位输入端disjunction(logical sum) n.析取first-level n.一级inactive a.无效的AND gate与门construct vt.构造,设想truth table真值表resident program 常驻程序power n.功率,乘幂utility 公用程序,实用condition n.条件diskcopy n.磁盘拷贝命令verbalize V.以语言表现,唠叨exception n.例外vice Vera 反之亦然batch n.批,成批the AND function"“与”函数specify Vt.指定,说明the OR function"“或”函数discrepancy n.相差,差异,差别the NOT function"“非”函数trigger n.触发器exemplify Vt.例证,例示representative n.代表,典型计算机科技英语词汇:硬件基础microelectronics n.微电子学adaptively a.适合的,适应的actuator n.主动器compensate 偿还,补偿integrated a.集成的parasitic a.寄生的arithmetic n.算术,算法wobble n.摆动,不稳定crossroads n.交又路focal a.焦点的,在焦点上的ROM n.只读存储器eliminate Vt.排除,除去RAM n.随机存取存储器cornstalk n.串音permanently ad.永久的,不变的affinity n.密切关系,强烈的吸引Volatile a.可变的,不稳定的stem n.柄,堵塞物notepad n.记事本introspection n.内省,反省microprocessor n.微处理器mechanism n.机械,机理gateway n.门,通路portability n.一携带,轻便coprocessor n.协处理器configuration n.配置floating-point 浮点flexibility n.适应性,弹性upgrade V.使升级algorithms n.运算法则optional a.选择的,随意的channel n.通道,频道bi-directional a.双向性keystroke n.键击simultaneous a.同时发生的typematic a.重复击键的cache n.高速缓冲存储器comprise Vi.包含,构成percentage n.百分比,部分precommendation n.预补偿controller n.控制器track n.磁轨intercept n.截取,妨碍boot v.启动significantly ad.重要地,有效地benchmark n.基准,评效migration n.移往,移动merit n.优点,价值compact a.紧凑的,紧密的restriction n.限制,限定,约束digitally n.数位intrinsic a.本质的,原有的dip n.双排直插封装Boolean n.布尔逻辑,布尔值distortion n.扭曲,变形imperative a.命令式的playback n.重现,录音再生nontrivial a.不平常的robustness a.健康的,强健的circumvent v.绕行,陷害reliability n.可靠性,可信赖性decentralize vt.使分散,排除集中resolvability n.可移动性intelligent a.智能的,聪明的counterpart n.副本,配对物automatically a.自动地,机械地archival a.关于档案的innovation n.改革,创新magneto n.磁发电机synonym n.同义字cylinder n.柱面prototype n.原型photodetector n.光感测器paradigm n.范例,模范predefined n.预先确定microchip n.微处理器split a.分散的core n.争论的核心tradeoff n.交换,协定extended memory 扩充内存bootdevice 引导设备picture processing 图像处理reside vi.住,居留,属于sensor n.传感器optical disk 光盘WS1 晶片规模集成laser n.激光VLSI 超大规模集成storage densities 存储密度hiss n.嘶嘶声modulate vi.调整,调制unveil vt.揭开,揭幕multiassociative processing 多关联处理技术workload n.工作负荷计算机科技英语词汇:网络与分布式系统network n.网络zap n.意志,活力coordinate a.同等的vt(使)协调hassle vi.争论minicomputer n.小型计算机legacy a.传统的facility n.设备,容易Macintosh大苹果机LAN n.局部区域网络workstation n.工作站irrespective a.不顾的,无关的catapulting n.发射机弹弓distributed network 分布式网络meteorological a.气象学的central machine 中央主机centralization n.集中appropriate a.适当的immune a.免疫的,免除的software packages 软件包immunity n免疫,免疫性meaningful a.意味深长的equatorial a.近赤道的,赤道的ring network 封闭网络discipline 训练,惩罚stress n重点,紧迫homogeneity n.同种,I司质open system 开放系统improvisation n.即兴而作,即席演奏backup v.做备份ultimately n终极,根本interconnection n互联historically a.历史的,史实的quotation n.引用语payroll n.工资单catalog n.目录,型录browser n. 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CHAPTER 9 MEMORY MANAGEMENT (内存管理) 《操作系统概念》英文版课件

CHAPTER 9 MEMORY MANAGEMENT  (内存管理) 《操作系统概念》英文版课件
For contiguous memory allocation, each process is contained in a single contiguous section of memory.
Contiguous Memory Allocation: Memory protection
The main memory is usually divided into two partitions: One for the resident operating system, usually held in low memory with interrupt vector, The other for user processes, then held in high memory.
Equal-size partitions: A program may be too big to fit into a partition. Main-memory utilization is extremely inefficient.
Contiguous Memory Allocation: Fixed-Sized Contiguous Partitions
Discussion
Better memory-space utilization; unused routine is never loaded.
Useful when large amounts of code are needed to handle infrequently occurring cases.
Swapping: Schematic View
Swapping: Backing store
Swap file Swap device Swap device and swap file
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内存管理教程第1节简介大多数数据结构设计来存储和访问相同大小的对象。

典型的例子就是一个整数存储在一个列表或一个队列。

一些应用需要变长的记录储存信息的能力,比如一串任意长度的字符串。

一个办法是储存在链表或一组指针队列,每一个指针都必须指向的任意大小的连续空间。

这适用于数据结构在内存的存储。

但是如果收集的字符串必须是储存在硬盘上,那么我们也许需要担心这些字符串究竟是如何存放。

甚至当保存在内存中的,有些字符串也必须计算出在哪里才能有效保存。

在一个语言,如c++或Java,程序员可以在需要的时候分配空间(或隐或显地声明新变量)。

这个空间来自哪里? 本节讨论内存管理技术,处理要求可变大小的空间的一般性问题。

内存管理的基本模型的就是我们有一个(大)块连续的内存位置,我们称内存池。

在一定周期内,要求能在池中申请分配一定数量的内存。

一个内存管理器的工作是在内存池中找到连续的、足够的大小的内存块,以满足申请需求。

这种申请过程叫做内存分配。

一般内存管理器会返回的一些申请者所需内存的信息,这样在之后管理器就可以恢复这些数据。

这些信息称之为句柄。

从某种意义上说,空间可能已经不再被需要,并且这些空间可以回到了内存管理器,以便它可以回收再利用,这就是所谓的内存回收。

我们可以顶一个ADT(抽象数据类型)一个简单的内存管理器,用于存储可变长整数的数组,如下:// Memory Manager abstract classinterface MemManager {// Store a record and return a handle to itpublic MemHandleinsert(int[] info);// Release the space associated with a recordpublicvoid release(MemHandleh);// Get back a copy of a stored recordpublicint[] getRecord(MemHandleh);}MemManager ADT的用户提供一个指针(参数信息)来隔开空间存储或收回的信息。

这类似于c++基本的文件的读/写的方法。

基本理念是客户提供消息,内存管理器妥善保管。

内存管理的作用是:以一个“收据”的形式,返回一个MemHandle对象的消息。

客户持有MemHandle 对象直到它希望得到回馈消息。

insert方法让客户告诉内存管理器需要的内存空间的长度和内容。

这个ADT假设内存管理器将会记得已经分配的句柄的长度的相关信息,这样一来getRecord方法就不需要包括长度参数信息,而是返回实际存储信息。

release方法允许客户告诉内存管理器释放包含了给定的信息的空间。

当所有的插入和释放遵循一个简单的模式,如最后申请的最先释放(栈的顺序)或最先申请最先释放(队列顺序)、内存管理将会相当的容易。

但在这里我们所关注的与一般情形,任意大小的块可能被要求以任何顺序释放。

这就是所谓的动态存储分配。

一个动态存储分配的例子是为编译器的运行时环境管理空闲的内存,如在c++中系统级的new和delete操作。

另一个例子是在一个多任务管理操作系统的内存管理,在这里,一个程序可能需要一定的空间,内存管理必须追踪程序正在使用的内存的是在哪个部分。

另一个例子是为磁盘驱动器做一个文件管理器,当一个磁盘文件被创建出来,扩大或删除,文件管理器必须动态或静态的分配的磁盘空间。

一块托管的内存或磁盘空间,有时被称为一个“堆”。

术语“堆”在这里不同于堆数据结构,而是用来实现一个优先队列。

这里“堆”系动态内存管理的内存操作方案。

接下来的教程中,我们首先研究动态内存管理技术。

然后我们来这样的问题:当遇到一个内存请求时,内存池中没有足够大的内存块。

第2节动态存储分配为了动态存储分配,我们把内存看做一个单一的被分割成一系列可变大小的块的数组,有的块是空闲的,有的块已经被使用。

空闲的块连在一起形成一个空闲列表,这个表用来服务将来的请求。

这说明了会出现当进行一系列内存分配和重新分配后内存会上升的情况。

图2.1:这是一系列内存分配和回收后的结果。

内存是由一系列可变大小的块组成,一些已被分配,一些是空闲的。

在这个例子中,阴影区代表内存已被分配,没有阴影的区域代表未被使用的内存,将来可用被分配。

当接收到一个内存管理器的内存请求,一些空闲列表上的块必须被找到,这些快要足够大才能满足需求。

如果没有这样的块,内存管理器就必须依靠失败策略,正如第三章所讨论的——失败策略和垃圾回收。

如果有一个m个单词(大小)的请求,但是已经没有m个单词大小的块存在,那么必须使用一个更大的块代替。

在这种情况下,在这种情况下,一种可能性是用请求分配所有块来取代。

当这个大小的块只稍微比请求的要大,这可能容易满足要求。

这是因为保存一个太小而不实用的块对于将来的内存请求来说是不值得的。

另外,对于一个k大小的空闲块,当k>m,k - m以上的空间必须由内存管理器保存以形成一个空闲的块,而其余的都是用来服务请求的。

内存管理会受到两种类型的(内存)碎片。

外部碎片发生在一系列多而又小块的内存请求,没有比这个更典型的但是很实用的请求了。

内部碎片发生在请求了m个单词而分配超过m个单词的空间,浪费了内存。

这些原因导致了内部碎片和外部碎片之间区别。

(下图的)标有“外部碎片”的小白块太小无法满足一般的请求。

标有“内部碎片”的小灰色块是被分配一直到小灰色块的左边,但它实际上并没有存储信息。

图2.2:说明内部和外部的碎片。

一些内存管理方案以牺牲内部碎片来使内存管理更加容易(或者说是减少外部碎片)。

例如,外部碎片不会发生在批量分配文件空间的文件管理系统里。

另一个为了简单管理内存而牺牲内部碎片的友好方法(buddy method)将在接下来的章节中阐述。

在内存池中寻找一个足够大的快一满足需求的过程,可能保留剩余空间作为一个空闲块,这称为Sequential-Fit(顺序匹配)方法。

第2.1节- Sequential-Fit方法Sequential-fit方法试图找出一个“好”块以满足请求。

这里描述的三个sequential-fit方法假定空闲块组织成双链表,如下图所示。

图2.1.1:一个连接空闲块的双链表(freelist)在内存管理器里的视图。

阴影区代表已分配内存。

无阴影区是空闲表(freelist)的一部分。

有两个基本方法实现空闲表。

一个比较简单的方法就是将空闲表的保存从内存池中分离。

换句话说,实现一个简单的链表即可,链表的每个结点保存一个指向空闲块的指针。

这是很好的方法,如果有可用空间提供给链表本身,就能把它从内存池分离。

第二种方法来存储空闲表较为复杂,但节省空间。

因为空闲空间是未使用的,它可以被应用于帮助内存管理器的工作。

也就是说,内存管理器暂时“借”空闲空间来维持其双链表。

为了这么做,每一块未分配的块必须足够大,才能保存这些指针。

此外,这通常是值得让内存管理器添加一些字节的空间到每个保留的块来达到它们的目的。

换句话说,要求m字节的空间会导致略多于m字节的内存被管理器分配,内存管理器使用了额外的字节,这大于请求者所需。

我们假设所有的内存块组织的详情如下图,有这标签的空间和链表的指针。

在这里,空闲块和保留块都有一个开始和结束位置标签位来作为它们的特征,原因之后解释。

另外,空闲块和保留块都有个大小指示器紧跟在开始的标签位,用于标记块的大小。

空闲块会有第二个大小指示器在结束标签之前。

最后,在空闲块表里,相邻空闲块具有左和右的两个指针。

图2.1.2:内存管理器的块视图。

每个块都包含了额外的信息,如空闲表的连接指针,开始和结束标签,大小的字段。

(a)空闲块的布局。

块的开始部分包含标签位字段、块大小的字段和两个指向空闲表的指针。

块的末尾包含了第二个标签字段和第二个块大小字段。

(b)一个保存了k字节数据的保留块。

内存管理器添加这些k字节后用一个额外的标签位字段和一个块大小字段到一个块的开始部分以及第二个标签字段到块的尾部。

信息字段随着每个块的分配而分配,并允许内存管理器在需要的时候分配和释放。

当有一个m字母的存储请求时,内存管理器搜索这个链表的空闲块,直到找到“合适”的块。

如何判定那块是合适的将在下面讨论。

如果某块包含恰好的m个字母(加上标签和大小的字段空间),将其从空闲表中去掉。

如果某块(大小的k)足够大的话,那么剩下的k-m个字母作为空闲表中的一个块,在当前的位置。

当一个块F被释放,它必须归入空闲表。

如果我们不关心合并相邻空闲块,这将是一个简单的双链表插入空闲块的方法。

然而,我们很希望相邻区块合并,因为这使得内存管理器可以响应更大的空间的请求。

合并很容易,因为那些标签和字段被保存在了块的首尾,如下图所示。

在这里,内存管理器首先快速确认内存单元,看在F块之前的块(称之为P)是不是空闲的。

如果是,那么在P的标签位之前的记忆单元保存这P的大小,标记了这块在内存中的开始位置。

P能简单的有个大小延伸至块F。

如果P不是空闲的,那么我们就把F块加入空闲表。

最后,我们也检查F块的最后位。

如果这里标记了之后的块(称之为S)是空闲的,那么S将从空闲表中移除,然后F的大小适当变大。

图2.2.1:添加块F到空闲表。

内存池中F开始之前的字段保存P块的标签位。

如果P是空闲的,合并F到P,我们用F的大小字段找到F的末尾。

这个字段是跟在F的末尾,是S块的标签字段。

如果S是空闲的,合并到F。

我们现在考虑怎样选择一个“合适”空闲块来响应请求。

为了说明这个过程,假设我们有一个内存池与200个存储单元。

经过一系列的分配请求和释放后,我们已达到一个点,那里有四个空闲的块在空闲表上,大小分别是25,35,32和45(在队列里)。

假定一个请求需要30个存储单元。

在我们的这些例子中,我们忽略了标签、链接、大小字段等这些前面所说过的东西。

第2.1.1节-第一适配(First Fit)最简单的方法是选择一块空闲块向下移动,直到找到一个至少30大小的块。

这块里的任何剩余空间在空闲表的左边。

如果我们从表的头部开始,一直到第一个至少30大小的空闲块,我们选择了一个大小35的块。

30单位的存储空间将被分配,留下一个5单位空间的空闲块。

因为这种方法选择第一个足够大的块,所以它被成为第一适配。

第2.1.2节-循环适配(Circular Fit)一个简单的变化就能提高性能:比起总是空闲表的头开始,记住上一次的搜索位置,然后从这里开始。

当搜索到空闲表的末尾时,再次从头开始搜索。

这个修改减少了不必要的搜索次数,跳过了上次请求过的那些小块。

第2.1.3节-最佳适配(Best Fit)第一适配有一个潜在的缺点:它可能会“浪费”掉更大的块,因为它把这些大块分割了,这些大块就不能在之后提供给一些大请求。

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