英语构词法 派生法

英语构词法派生法（前缀+词根、词根+后缀）(一) 后缀：许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。

1．构成名词的常用后缀有：

(1) -er, -or, -ist, -ee, -ian, -ese, -ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称。

例如：thinker, guesser, translator, teacher, conductor, physicist, dentist, employee, trainee, physician, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, assistant, applicant…

(2) -ance, -ence, -(a)tion, -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty, -ure, -ship等用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词。

例如：acceptance, assistance, dependence, confidence, repetition, preparation, discussion, division, physics, fabrics, building, wedding, reality, ability, settlement, argument, greatness, hardness, warmth, length, safety, penalty, failure, pressure, friendship, leadership…

构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -ant, -ent, -ary, -en等。

例如：available, suitable, responsible, permissible, natural, national, powerful, faithful, fearless, useless, selfish, childish, collective, decisive, famous, continuous, American, European, historic, scientific, friendly, lively, thirsty, noisy, significant, pleasant, dependent, consistent, secondary, imaginary, golden, wooden…

构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly, -ward, -wise等。

例如：terribly, regularly, homeward, eastward, otherwise, likewise…

构成动词的常用后缀有：-ise, -ize, -en, -ify等。

例如：realize, modernize, Americanize, widen, strengthen, verify, modify…

(二) 前缀：词根加前缀多数不改变词性，只引起词义的变化。

1．表示相反意义的前缀有：un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de-等。

例如：unhappy, uncomfortable, unload, uncover, dislike, disagree, informal, inaccurate, irregular, irresponsible, illegal, illogical, decode, devalue…

2．表示其它意思的前缀有：re-(重新), mis-(错误地), anti-(反、防), ex-(前), pre-(预先), post-(后的), fore-(先的), self-(自我的、自动的), super-(超级、上层), sub-(下面的), inter-(之间的、互相), trans-(跨越、移), ultra-(外、极), semi-(半), vice-(副), uni-(单), bi-(双), multi-(多), auto-(自)。

例如：retell, reform, misunderstand, mistrust, anti-war, anti-social, ex-president, ex-boyfriend, preview, preheat, prepare, post-war, postgraduate, forecast, foresee, self-control, self-important, supermarket, superman, subdivide, subway, interact, interconnection, transport, translate, ultraviolet, ultrasonic, semi-final, semiconductor, vice-premier, vice-chairman, uniform, unilateral, bicycle, bimonthly, multinational, multistage, automation, automobile…