计算机网络技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络工程局域网中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)PUTER NETWORKSDATE COMMUNICATIONSThe end equipment which either generates the digital information for transmission or uses the received digital data can be computer ,printers ,keyboards, CRTs, and so on. This equipment generally manipulates digital information internally in word units—all the bits that make up a word in a particular piece of equipment are transferred in parallel. Digital data, when transmitted, are in serial form. Parallel transmission of an 8-bit word require eight pairs of transmission lines—not at all cost-effective. Data terminal (DTE) is a general phrase encompassing all of the circuitry necessary to perform parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversions for transmission and reception respectively and for data link management. The UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) and USART (Universal Asynchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) are the devices that perform the parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversions. The primary DTE includes a line control unit (LCU or LinCo) which controls the flow of information in a multipoint data link system. A station controller (STACO) is the corresponding that belonged to the subscriber in a data link system. Between the DTEs, starting with the modems, was communications equipment owned and maintained by Telco property.Data communications equipment (DCE) accepts the serial data stream from the DTE and converts it to some form of analog signal suitable for transmission on voice-grade lined. At the receive end, the DCE performs the reverse function of converting the received analog signal to a serial digital data stream. The simplest form of DCE is a modem (modulator/demodulator) or data set. At the transmit end, the modem can be considered a form of digital-to-analog converter, while at the receive end, it can considered a form of analog-to-digital converter. The most common of modulation by modems are frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). This is a typically data transmission mode using the analog telephone lines. If you transmit data by digital channel (sometimes it is called “Digital T-carrier”), a pulse Code Modulation (PCM) equipment must be used. A microwave transmission system can also be used for the data communication. Finally, you can use the satellite communication system for data transmission.If the cables and signal levels used to interconnect the DTE and DCE were left unregulated, the variations generated would probably be proportional to the number of manufacturers. Electronics industries Association (EIA),an organization of manufactures with establishing the DTE and modem. This is a 25-pincable whose pins have designated functions and specified signal levels. The RS-232C is anticipated to be replaced by an update standard.2.ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER NETWORKSComputer network is a complex consisting of two or more conned computing units, it is used for the purpose of data communication and resource resource sharing. Design of a network and its logical structure should comply with a set of design principles, including the organization of functions and the description of data formats and procedure. This is the network architecture and so called as a set of layers and protocols, because the architecture is a layer-based.In the next two sections we will discuss two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model.1.The OSI Reference ModelThe OSI model is shown in Fig.14-2(minus the physical medium). This model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organizations (OSI) as the first step toward international standardization of the protocols used in the various layers. The model is called the ISO OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model because it deals with connecting open systems--that is, systems that are open for communication with other systems, We will usually just call it the OSI model for short.The OSI model has seven has seven layers. Note that the OSI model itself is not a network architecture because it does not specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer. It just tells what each layer should do. However , However, ISO has also produced standards for all the layers, although these are not part of the reference model itself. Each one has been published as a separate international standard.2.The TCP/IP Reference ModelThe TCP/IP reference model is an early transport protocol which was designed by the US Department of Defence (DOD) around in 1978. It is often claimed that it gave rise the OSI “connectionless”mode of operation. TCP/IP is still usedextensively and is called as a industrial standard of internet work in fact, TCP/IP has two parts: TCP and IP. TCP means it is on the transport layer and IP means it is on the network layer separately.1.There are two end-to-end protocols in the transport layer, one of which is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) , another is UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the internet. UDP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for application that do not want TCP’s sequencing of flows control flow control and wish to provide their own.2.The network layer defines an official packet format and protocol called IP (Internet protocol). The job of the network layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed to go.The TCP/IP Reference Model is shown in Fig.14.3. On top of the transport layer is the application layer, It contains all the higher-level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET), file transfer (FTP), electronic mail (SMTP) and domain name service(DNS).3.WIDE AREA NETWORKA wide area network, or WAN, spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent . It contains a collection of machines intended for running user (i. e. , application) programs. We will follow traditional usage and call these machines hosts. By a communication subnet, or just subnet for short. The job of the subnet is to carry messages from host to host, just as the telephone system carries words from speaker to listener. By separating the pure communication aspects of the network (the subnet) from the application aspects (the hosts), the complete network design is greatly simplified. Relation between hosts and the subnet is shown in Fig.14-4.One of many methods that can be used to categorize wide area networks is with respect to the flow of information on a transmission facility. If we use this method to categorize wide area networks, we can group them into three basic types: circuit switched, leased line and packet switched.1.CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORKSThe most popular type of network and the one almost all readers use on a daily basis is a circuit switched network. The public switched telephone network, however,is not limited to the telephone company, By purchasing appropriate switching equipment, any organization can construct their own internal circuit switched network and, if desired, provide one or more interfaces to the public switched network to allow voice and data transmission to flow between the public network and their private internal network2．LEASED LINE NETWORKSThis is a dedicated network connected by leased lines. Leased line is a communications line reserved for the exclusive use of a leasing customer without inter-exchange switching arrangements. Leased or private lines are dedicated to the user. This advantage is that the terminal or computer is a always physically connected to the line. Very short response times are met with service.3.PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKSA packet network is constructed through the use of equipment that assembles and disassembles packets, equipment that routes packet, and transmission facilities used to route packets from the originator to the destination device. Some types of data terminal equipment (DTE) can create their own packets, while other types of DTE require the conversion of their protocol into packets through the use of a packet assembler / disassemble (PAD). Packets are routed through the network by packet switches. Packet switches examine the destination of packets as they flow through the network and transfer the packets onto trunks interconnecting switches based upon the packet destination destination and network activity.Many older pubic networks follow a standard called X.25. It was developed during 1970s by CCITT to provide an interface between public packet-switched network and their customers.CCITT Recommendation X.25 controls the access from a packet mode DTE, such as a terminal device or computer system capable of forming packets, to the DCE at a packet mode. CCITT Recommendation X.28 controls the interface between non-packet mode devices that cannot interface between the PAD and the host computer. CCITT Recommendation X.3 specifies the parameter settings on the PAD and X.75 specifies the interface between packet network.4.LOCAL AREA NETWORKLocal area data network , normally referred to simply as local area network or LANs, are used to interconnect distributed communities of computer-based DTEs located within a building or localized group of building. For example, a LAN may be used to interconnect workstations distributed around offices within a single building or a group of buildings such as a university campus. Alternatively, it may be complex. Since all the equipment is located within a single establishment, however, LANs are normally installed and maintained by the organization. Hence they are also referred to as private data networks.The main difference between a communication path established using a LAN and a connection made through a public data network is that a LAN normally offers much higher date transmission rates because of the relatively short physical separations involved. In the context of the ISO Reference Model for OSI, however, this difference manifests itself only at the lower network dependent layers. In many instances the higher protocol layers in the reference model are the same for both types of network.Before describing the structure and operation of the different types of LAN, it is perhaps helpful to first identify some of the selection issues that must be considered. It should be stressed that this is only a summary; there are also many possible links between the tips of the branches associated with the figure.1.TopologyMost wide area networks, such as the PSTN, use a mesh (sometimes referred to as a network) topology. With LANs, however, the limited physical separation of the subscriber DTEs allows simpler topologies to be used. The four topologies in common use are star, bus ,ring and hub.The most widespread topology for LANs designed to function as data communication subnetworks for the interconnection of local computer-based equipment is the hub topology, which is a variation a variation of the bus and ring. Sometimes it is called hub/tree topology.2.Transmission mediaTwisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber are the three main type of transmission medium used for LANs.3. Medium access control methodsTwo techniques have been adopted for use of the medium access control in the LANs. They are carrier-sense-multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD), for bus network topologies, and control token, for use with either bus or ring networks.CSMA/CD is used to control multiple-access networks. Each on the network “listens” before attempting to send a message, waiting for the “traffic” to clear. If two stations try to sent their messages at exactly the same time, a “collision” is detected, and both stations are required to “step back” and try later.Control token is another way of controlling access to a shared transmission medium that is by the use of a control (permission) token. This token is passed form one DTE to another according to a defined set of rules understood and adhered to by all DTEs connected to the medium. ADTE may only transmit a frame when it is in possession of the token and, after it has transmitted the frame, it passed the token on to allow another DTE to access the transmission medium.1．计算机网络数据通信端设备可以是计算机、打印机、键盘、CRT等，它们可以产生要发送的数字信息，也可使用所接收的数字数据。
计算机英文文献加翻译
Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, system, emphasizing emphasizing the the management, management, management, stressed stressed stressed that that the modern information society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific scientific management management management and and and system system system science, science, science, operations operations operations research, research, research, statistics statistics statistics and and and computer computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to b etter control." During better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walter T . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information 原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 no no application application application model, model, model, no no mention mention of of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resources, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision -making model and the database - System. System. It It provides information to to support support enterprises enterprises or or organizations organizations of of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained Explained that that that the the the goal goal goal of of of management management management information information information system, system, system, functions functions functions and and and composition, composition, composition, but but also reflects the management information system at the time of level.With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computers are already already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer computer was was was so so so popular popular popular mainly mainly mainly because because because of of of the the the following following following aspects: aspects: aspects: First, First, First, the the the computer computer computer can can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work work efficiency. efficiency. efficiency. Third, Third, Third, the the the computer computer computer can can can save save save a a a lot lot lot of of of resources. resources. resources. Fourth, Fourth, Fourth, the the the computer computer computer can can make sensitive documents more secure.Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many people still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students students in in in the the the school school school also also also have have have increased, increased, increased, resulting resulting resulting in in in educational educational educational administration administration administration is is is the the growing complexity of the heavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been usin g the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidentiality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of of documents documents documents and and data, which is is useful useful for finding, finding, updating updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day -to-day management of a bottleneck. bottleneck. In In In the the the information information information age age age this this this traditional traditional traditional management management management methods methods methods will will will inevitably inevitably inevitably be be computer-based information management replaced. As As part part part of of of the the the computer computer computer application, application, application, the the the use use use of of of computers computers computers to to to students students students student student student performance performance information for management, with a manual management of the incomparable advantages for example: example: rapid rapid rapid retrieval, retrieval, retrieval, to to to find find find convenient, convenient, convenient, high high high reliability reliability reliability and and and large large large capacity capacity capacity storage, storage, storage, the the confidentiality confidentiality of of of good, good, good, long long long life, life, life, cost cost cost Low. Low. Low. These These These advantages advantages advantages can can can greatly greatly greatly improve improve improve student student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standardized standardized management, management, management, and and and an an an important important important condition condition condition for for for connecting connecting connecting the the the world. world. world. Therefore, Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing.Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practical operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . T o take full advantage advantage of the of the functions of visual FoxPro, design p owerful software powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system resources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally originally called called FoxBASE, FoxBASE, the the U.S. U.S. Fox Fox Software has introduced introduced a a database products, products, in in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Fox Software Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windows, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, tool, the the the use use use of of of Visual Visual Visual FoxPro FoxPro FoxPro can can can create create create a a a desktop desktop desktop database database database applications, applications, applications, client client client / / / server server applications applications and and and Web Web Web services services services component-based component-based component-based procedures, procedures, procedures, while while while also also also can can can use use use ActiveX ActiveX controls or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods 1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc.. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are usually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Order verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their format input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requ ests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method 10. command window: CREA T PROJECT <file name> T PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and project management applications of all types of docume nts, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety . 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents. 15. Documentation - display 原文请找腾讯原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 , statements, documents, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: program files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF "file" menu under the "new" order and the "T ools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various documents, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. 29. Even Even Even the the the series series series - - - put put put the the the item item item in in in the the the relevant relevant relevant documents documents documents and and and even even even into into into the the the application application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise archive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS. 管理信息系统概要管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS （Management Information System ），是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统，在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。
计算机系 Java EE 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
外文科技资料翻译英文原文The Java EE Platform is the leading enterprise web server. The Adobe Flash Platform is the leader in the rich Internet application space. Using both, developers can deliver compelling, data-centric applications that leverage the benefits of an enterprise back-end solution and a great user experience.In this article, you learn about the architecture of applications built using Flex and Java including:(1)An overview of the client/server architecture.(2)The different ways the client and server can communicate.(3)An introduction to Flash Remoting and why and how you use it.(4)How to integrate a Flex application with your security framework.(5)An overview of how to build Flex applications using events, states,MXML components, and modules.(6)An introduction to developing a Flex application with real-time serverdata push.(7)How to boost productivity developing data-intensive applicationsusing the Data Management service in LiveCycle Data Services.(8)An overview of model driven development using Flash Builder andLiveCycle Data Services to generate client and server-side code.(9)How to deploy a Flex application on a portal server.(10)Be sure to also watch the video Introduction to Flex 4 and Javaintegration.(11)To learn more about the technologies used to build these applications,read The technologies for building Flex and Java applications article.Client/server architectureFlex and Java applications use a multi-tier architecture where the presentation tier is the Flex application, the business or application tier is the Java EE server and code, and the data tier is the database. You can write the back-end code just as you normally would for a Java application, modeling your objects, defining your database, using an object-relational framework such as Hibernate or EJB 3, and writing the business logic to query and manipulate these objects. The business tier must be exposed for access via HTTP from the Flex application and will be used to move the data between the presentation and data tiers.Typical HTML applications consist of multiple pages and as a user navigates between them, the application data must be passed along so the application itself (the collection of pages and functionality it consists of) can maintain state. In contrast, Flex applications, by nature, are stateful. A Flex application is embedded in a single HTML page that the user does not leave and is rendered by Flash Player. The Flex application can dynamically change views and send and retrieve data asynchronously to the server in the background, updating but never leaving the single application interface (see Figure 1) (similar to the functionality provided by the XMLHttpRequest API with JavaScript.)Figure 1. The client/server architecture.Client/server communicationFlex applications can communicate with back-end servers using either direct socket connections or more commonly, through HTTP. The Flex framework has three remote procedure call APIs that communicate with a server over HTTP: HTTPService, WebService, and RemoteObject. All three wrap Flash Player'sHTTP connectivity, which in turn, uses the browser's HTTP library. Flex applications cannot connect directly to a remote database.You use HTTPService to make HTTP requests to JSP or XML files, to RESTful web services, or to other server files that return text over HTTP. You specify the endpoint URL, listener functions (the callback functions to be invoked when the HTTPService request returns a successful or unsuccessful response), and a data type for the returned data (what type of data structure it should be translated into once received in the Flex application). You can specify the data to be handled as raw text and assigned to a String variable or converted to XML, E4X, or plain old ActionScript objects. If you get back JSON, you can use the Adobe Flex corelib package of classes to deserialize the JSON objects into ActionScript objects. To make calls to SOAP based web services, you can use the HTTPService API or the more specialized WebService API, which automatically handles the serialization and deserialization of SOAP formatted text to ActionScript data types and vice versa.The third option for making remote procedure calls is to use the RemoteObject API. It makes a Flash Remoting request to a method of a server-side Java class that returns binary Action Message Format over HTTP. When possible, use Flash Remoting whose binary data transfer format enables applications to load data up to 10 times faster than with the more verbose, text-based formats such as XML, JSON, or SOAP (see Figure 2). To see a comparison of AMF to other text-based serialization technologies, see James Ward's Census RIA Benchmark application.Figure 2. Methods for connecting Flex and Java.Flash RemotingFlash Remoting is a combination of client and server-side functionality that together provides a call-and-response model for accessing server-side objects from Flash Platform applications as if they were local objects. It provides transparent data transfer between ActionScript and server-side data types, handling the serialization into Action Message Format (AMF), deserialization, and data marshaling between the client and the server.Flash Remoting uses client-side functionality built in to Flash Player and server-side functionality that is built in to some servers (like ColdFusion and Zend) but must be installed on other servers (as BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services on Java EE servers, WebORB or FluorineFX on .NET servers, the Zend framework or amfphp on PHP servers, and more). See the technologies for building Flex and Java applications article for more details about BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services.BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services use a message-based framework to send data back and forth between the client and server. They provide Remoting, Proxying, and Messaging services, and for LiveCycle, an additional Data Management service. The Flex application sends a request to the server and the request is routed to an endpoint on the server. From the endpoint, the request is passed to the MessageBroker, the BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services engine that handles all the requests and routes them through a chain of Java objects to the destination, the Java class with the method to invoke (see Figure 3).Figure 3. Flash Remoting architecture.AMFAMF is a binary format used to serialize ActionScript objects and facilitate data exchange between Flash Platform applications and remote services over the Internet. Adobe publishes this protocol; the latest is AMF 3 Specification for ActionScript 3. You can find tables listing the data type mappings when converting from ActionScript to Java and Java to ActionScript here.For custom or strongly typed objects, public properties (including those defined with get and set methods) are serialized and sent from the Flex application to the server or from the server to the Flex application as properties of a general 0bject. To enable mapping between the corresponding client and server-side objects, you use the same property names in the Java and ActionScript classes and then in the ActionScript class, you use the [RemoteClass] metadata tag to create an ActionScript object that maps directly to the Java object.Here is an example Employee ActionScript class that maps to a server-side Employee Java DTO located in the services package on the server.package valueobjects.Employee{ [Bindable] [RemoteClass(alias="services.Employee")] public class Employee { public var id:int; public var firstName:String; public var lastName:String; (...) } }Installing BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data ServicesTo use Flash Remoting with BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services, you need to install and configure the necessary server-side files. For BlazeDS, you can download it as a WAR file which you deploy as a web application or as a turnkey solution. The turnkey download contains a ready-to-use version of Tomcat in which the the BlazeDS WAR file has already been deployed and configured along with a variety of sample applications. Similarly, for LiveCycle Data Services, the installer lets you choose to install LiveCycle with an integrated Tomcat server or as a LiveCycle Data Services web application.In either scenario a web application called blazeds or lcds (usually appended by a version number) is created. You can modify and build out this application with your Java code, or more typically, you can copy the JAR files and configuration files the blazeds or lcds web application contains and add them to an existing Java web application on the server (see Figure 4).Figure 4. The required BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services files.Modifying web.xmlIf copying the files to a different web application, you also need to modify the web.xml file to define a session listener for HttpFlexSession and a servlet mapping for MessageBroker, which handles all the requests and passes them off to the correct server-side Java endpoints. You can copy and paste these from the original blazeds or lcds web application web.xml file.<!-- Http Flex Session attribute and binding listener support --> <listener> <listener-class>flex.messaging.HttpFlexSession</listener-class> </listener> <!-- MessageBroker Servlet --> <servlet><servlet-name>MessageBrokerServlet</servlet-name><display-name>MessageBrokerServlet</display-name><servlet-class>flex.messaging.MessageBrokerServlet</servlet-class><init-param> <param-name>services.configuration.file</param-name><param-value>/WEB-INF/flex/services-config.xml</param-value></init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet><servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>MessageBrokerServlet</servlet-name><url-pattern>/messagebroker/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>Optionally, you may also want to copy and paste (and uncomment) the mapping for RDSDispatchServlet, which is used for RDS (Remote Data Service) access with the data service creation feature in Flash Builder 4 that introspects a server-side service and generates corresponding client-side code. See the model driven development section for more details.<servlet> <servlet-name>RDSDispatchServlet</servlet-name><display-name>RDSDispatchServlet</display-name><servlet-class>flex.rds.server.servlet.FrontEndServlet</servlet-class><init-param> <param-name>useAppserverSecurity</param-name><param-value>false</param-value> </init-param><load-on-startup>10</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mappingid="RDS_DISPATCH_MAPPING"><servlet-name>RDSDispatchServlet</servlet-name><url-pattern>/CFIDE/main/ide.cfm</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> Reviewing services-config.xmlFor Flash Remoting, the client sends a request to the server to be processed and the server returns a response to the client containing the results. You configure these requests by modifying the services-config.xml and remoting-config.xml files located in the /WEB-INF/flex/ folder for the web application.The services-config.xml file defines different channels that can be used when making a request. Each channel definition specifies the network protocol and the message format to be used for a request and the endpoint to deliver the messages to on the server. The Java-based endpoints unmarshal the messages in a protocol-specific manner and then pass the messages in Java form to the MessageBroker which sends them to the appropriate service destination (you'll see how to define these next).<channels> <channel-definition id="my-amf"class="mx.messaging.channels.AMFChannel"> <endpointurl="http://{}:{server.port}/{context.root}/messagebroker/amf" class="flex.messaging.endpoints.AMFEndpoint"/> </channel-definition><channel-definition id="my-secure-amf"class="mx.messaging.channels.SecureAMFChannel"> <endpointurl="https://{}:{server.port}/{context.root}/messagebroker/amfsecu re" class="flex.messaging.endpoints.SecureAMFEndpoint"/></channel-definition> (...) </channels>Defining destinationsIn the remoting-config.xml file, you define the destinations (named mappings to Java classes) to which the MessageBroker passes the messages. You set the source property to the fully qualified class name of a Java POJO with a no argument constructor that is located in a source path, usually achieved by placing it in the web application's /WEBINF/classes/ directory or in a JAR file in the /WEBINF/lib/ directory. You can access EJBs and other objects stored in the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) by calling methods on a destination that is a service facade class that looks up an object in JNDI and calls its methods.You can access stateless or stateful Java objects by setting the scope property to application, session, or request (the default). The instantiation and management of the server-side objects referenced is handled by BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services.<service id="remoting-service"class="flex.messaging.services.RemotingService"> <adapters><adapter-definition id="java-object"class="flex.messaging.services.remoting.adapters.JavaAdapter" default="true"/> </adapters> <default-channels> <channel ref="my-amf"/> </default-channels> <destination id="employeeService"> <properties><source>services.EmployeeService</source> <scope>application</scope></properties> </destination> </service>You can also specify channels for individual destinations.<destination id="employeeService " channels="my-secure-amf">Lastly, you use these destinations when defining RemoteObject instances in a Flex application.<s:RemoteObject id="employeeSvc" destination="employeeService"/>SecurityIn many applications, access to some or all server-side resources must be restricted to certain users. Many Java EE applications use container managed security in which user authentication (validating a user) and user authorization (determining what the user has access to—which is often role based) are performed against the Realm, an existing store of usernames, passwords, and user roles. The Realm is configured on your Java EE server to be a relational database, an LDAP directory server, an XML document, or to use a specific authentication and authorization framework.To integrate a Flex application with the Java EE security framework so that access to server-side resources is appropriately restricted, you add security information to the BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services configuration files (details follow below) and then typically in the Flex application, create a form to obtain login credentials from the user which are passed to the server to be authenticated. The user credentials are then passed to the server automatically with all subsequent requests.Modifying services-config.xmlIn the BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services services-config.xml file, you need to specify the "login command" for your application server in the <security> tag. BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services supply the following login commands: TomcatLoginCommand (for both Tomcat and JBoss), JRunLoginCommand, WeblogicLoginCommand, WebSphereLoginCommand, OracleLoginCommand. These are all defined in the XML file and you just need to uncomment the appropriate one.You also need to define a security constraint that you specify to use either basic or custom authentication and if desired, one or more roles. To do custom authentication with Tomat or JBoss, you also need to add some extra classes tothe web application for integrating with the security framework used by the Jave EE application server and modify a couple of configuration files. Mode details can be found here.<services-config> <security> <login-commandclass="flex.messaging.security.TomcatLoginCommand" server="Tomcat"><per-client-authentication>false</per-client-authentication></login-command> <security-constraint id="trusted"><auth-method>Custom</auth-method> <roles> <role>employees</role><role>managers</role> </roles> </security-constraint> </security> ...</services-config>Modifying remoting-config.xmlNext, in your destination definition, you need to reference the security constraint:<destination id="employeeService"> <properties><source>services.EmployeeService</source> </properties> <security><security-constraint ref="trusted"/> </security> </destination>You can also define default security constraints for all destinations and/or restrict access to only specific methods that can use different security constraints.The default channel, my-amf, uses HTTP. You can change one or more of the destinations to use the my-secure-amf channel that uses HTTPS:<destination id="employeeService"> <channels> <channelref="my-secure-amf"/> </channels> ... </destination>where my-secure-amf is defined in the services-config.xml file:<!-- Non-polling secure AMF --> <channel-definition id="my-secure-amf" class="mx.messaging.channels.SecureAMFChannel"> <endpointurl="https://{}:{server.port}/{context.root}/messagebroker/amfsecu re" class="flex.messaging.endpoints.SecureAMFEndpoint"/></channel-definition>Adding code to the Flex applicationThat covers the server-side setup. Now, if you are using custom authentication, you need to create a form in the Flex application to retrieve a username and password from the user and then pass these credentials to the server by calling the ChannelSet.login() method and then listening for its result and fault events. A result event indicates that the login (the authentication) occurred successfully, and a fault event indicates the login failed. The credentials are applied to all services connected over the same ChannelSet. For basic authentication, you don’t have to add anything to your Flex application. The browser opens a login dialog box when the application first attempts to connect to a destination.Your application can now make Flash Remoting requests to server destinations just as before, but now the user credentials are automatically sent with every request (for both custom and basic authentication). If the destination or methods of the destination have authorization roles specified which are not met by the logged in user, the call will return a fault event. To remove the credentials and log out the user, you use the ChannelSet.logout() method.中文译文Java EE平台是全球领先的企业Web服务器。
计算机网络中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译计算机网络计算机网络，通常简单的被称作是一种网络，是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道，便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。
网络可以根据其多种特点来分类。
计算机网络允许资源和信息在互联设备中共享。
一．历史早期的计算机网络通信始于20世纪50年代末，包括军事雷达系统、半自动地面防空系统及其相关的商业航空订票系统、半自动商业研究环境。
1957年俄罗斯向太空发射人造卫星。
十八个月后，美国开始设立高级研究计划局(ARPA)并第一次发射人造卫星。
然后用阿帕网上的另外一台计算机分享了这个信息。
这一切的负责者是美国博士莱德里尔克。
阿帕网于来于自印度，1969年印度将其名字改为因特网。
上世纪60年代，高级研究计划局(ARPA)开始为美国国防部资助并设计高级研究计划局网(阿帕网)。
因特网的发展始于1969年，20世纪60年代起开始在此基础上设计开发，由此，阿帕网演变成现代互联网。
二．目的计算机网络可以被用于各种用途:为通信提供便利:使用网络，人们很容易通过电子邮件、即时信息、聊天室、电话、视频电话和视频会议来进行沟通和交流。
共享硬件:在网络环境下，每台计算机可以获取和使用网络硬件资源，例如打印一份文件可以通过网络打印机。
共享文件：数据和信息: 在网络环境中，授权用户可以访问存储在其他计算机上的网络数据和信息。
提供进入数据和信息共享存储设备的能力是许多网络的一个重要特征。
共享软件:用户可以连接到远程计算机的网络应用程序。
信息保存。
安全保证。
三．网络分类下面的列表显示用于网络分类：3．1连接方式计算机网络可以据硬件和软件技术分为用来连接个人设备的网络，如：光纤、局域网、无线局域网、家用网络设备、电缆通讯和G.hn（有线家庭网络标准）等等。
以太网的定义，它是由IEEE 802标准，并利用各种媒介，使设备之间进行通信的网络。
经常部署的设备包括网络集线器、交换机、网桥、路由器。
无线局域网技术是使用无线设备进行连接的。
计算机网络 外文文献 外文翻译 英文文献 新技术的计算机网络
文献来源：/Freepaper/Jisuanji/wangluo/200810/28156.html一、原文New technique of the computer networkAbstractThe 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application.keywordsInternet Digital Certificates Digital Wallets Grid Storage1. ForewordInternet turns 36, still a work in progressThirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress.University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles.All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today.Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.Then came e-mail a few years later, a core communications protocol called TCP/IP in the late 70s, the domain name system in the 80s and the World Wide Web - now thesecond most popular application behind e-mail - in 1990. The Internet expanded beyond its initial military and educational domain into businesses and homes around the world.Today, Crocker continues work on the Internet, designing better tools for collaboration. And as security chairman for the Internet's key oversight body, he is trying to defend the core addressing system from outside threats.He acknowledges the Internet he helped build is far from finished, and changes are in store to meet growing demands for multimedia. Network providers now make only "best efforts" at delivering data packets, and Crocker said better guarantees are needed to prevent the skips and stutters now common with video.Cerf, now at MCI Inc., said he wished he could have designed the Internet with security built-in. Microsoft Corp.Yahoo Inc. and America Online Inc., among others, are currently trying to retrofit the network so e-mail senders can be authenticated - a way to cut down on junk messages sent using spoofed addresses.Many features being developed today wouldn't have been possible at birth given the slower computing speeds and narrower Internet pipes, or bandwidth, Cerf said.2.Digital CertificatesDigital certificates are data files used to establish the identity of people and electronic assets on the Internet. They allow for secure, encrypted online communication and are often used to protect online transactions.Digital certificates are issued by a trusted third party known as a certification authority (CA). The CA validates the identity of a certificate holder and “signs” the certificate to attest that it hasn’t been forged or altered in any way.New Uses For Digital CertificatesDigital certificates are now being used to provide security and validation for wireless connections, and hardware manufacturers are one of the latest groups to use them. Not long ago, Version Inc. announced its Cable Modem Authentication Services, which allow hardware manufacturers to embed digital certificates into cable modems to help prevent the pirating of broadband services through device cloning.Using Version software, hardware makers can generate cryptographic keys and corresponding digital certificates those manufacturers or cable service providers can use to automatically identify individual modems.This ‘ast-mile’authentication not only protects the value of existing content and services but also positions cable system operators to bring a broad new range of content, applications and value-added services to market.When a CA digitally signs a certificate, its owner can use it as an electronic passport to prove his identity. It can be presented to Web sites, networks or individuals that require secure access.Identifying information embedded in the certificate includes the holder’ s name and e-mail address, the name of the CA, a serial number and any activation or expiration data for the certificate. When the CA verifies a user’s identity, the certificate uses the holder’s public encryption key to protect this data.Certificates that a Web server uses to confirm the authenticity of a Web site for a user’s browser also employ public keys. When a user wants to send confidential information to a Web server, such as a credit-card number for an online transaction, the browser will access the public key in the server’s digital certificate to verify its identity.Role of Public-Key CryptographyThe public key is one half of a pair of keys used in public-key cryptography, which provides the foundation for digital certificates.Public-key cryptography uses matched public and private keys for encryption and decryption. These keys have a numerical value that’s used by an algorithm to scramble information and make it readable only to users with the corresponding decryption key.Others to encrypt information meant only for that person use a person’s public key. When he receives the information, he uses his corresponding private key, which is kept secret, to decrypt the data. A person's public key can be distributed without damaging the private key. A Web server using a digital certificate can use its private key to make sure that only it can decrypt confidential information sent to it over the Internet.The Web serve r’s certificate is validated by a self-signed CA certificate that identifies the issuing CA. CA certificates are preinstalled on most major Web browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.The CA certificate tells users whether they can trust the Web server certificate when it’s presented to the browser. If the validity of the Web server certificate is affirmed, the certificate’s public key is used to secure information for the server using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology.Digital certificates are used by the SSL security protocol to create a secure “pipe” between two parties that seek confidential communication. SSL is used in most major Web browsers and commercial Web servers.3. Digital Wallets----A digital wallet is software that enables users to pay for goods on the Web ．It holds credit-card numbers and other personal information such as a shipping address ．Once entered，the data automatically populates order fields at merchant sites ．----When using a digital wallet，consumers don’t need to fill out order forms on each site when they purchase an item because the information has already been stored and is automatically updated and entered into the order fields across merchant sites ．Consumers also benefit when using digital wallets because their information is encrypted or protected by a private software code ．And merchants benefit by receiving protection against fraud ．----Digital wallets are available to consumers free of charge，and they’re fairly easy to obtain ．For example，when a consumer makes a purchase at a merchant site that’s set up to handle server-side digital wallets，he types his name and payment and shipping information into the merchant’s own form ．At the end of the purchase，one consumer is asked to sign up for a wallet of his choice by entering a user name and password for future purchases ．Users can also acquire wallets at a wallet vendor’s site ．----Although a wallet is free for consumers，vendors charge merchants for wallets ．----Digital wallets come in two main types: client-side and server- side ．Within those divisions are wallets that work only on specific merchant sites and those that are merchant agnostic ．----Client-based digital wallets，the older of the two types，are falling by the wayside，according to analysts，because they require users to download and install software ．A user downloads the wallet application and inputs payment and mailing information ．At that point，the information is secured and encrypted on the user’s hard drive ．The user retains control of his credit card and personal information locally ．----With a server-based wallet，a user fills out his personal information，and a cookie is automatically downloaded ．(A cookie is a text file that contains information about the user ．）In this scenario，the consumer information resides on the server of a financial institution or a digital wallet vendor rather than on the user’s PC ．----Server-side wallets provide assurance against merchant fraud because they use certificates to verify the identity of all parties ．When a party makes a transaction，it presents its certificate to the other parties involved ．A certificate is an attachment to an electronic message used to verify the identity of the party and to provide the receiver with the means to encode a reply ．----Furthermore，the cardholder’s sensitive data is typically housed at a financial institution，so there’s an extra sense of security because financial environments generally provide the highest degree of security ．----But even though wallets provide easy shopping online，adoption hasn’t been widespread ．----Standards are pivotal to the success of digital wallets ．----Last month，major vendors，including Microsoft Corp ．，Sun Microsystems Inc ．and America Online Inc ．announced their endorsement of a new standard called EMCL，or E-Commerce Modeling Language，to give Web merchants a standardized way to collect electronic data for shipping，billing and payment ．4. Grid StorageDefinition: Grid storage, analogous to grid computing, is a new model for deploying and managing storage distributed across multiple systems and networks, making efficient use of available storage capacity without requiring a large, centralized switching system.A grid is, in fact, a meshed network in which no single centralized switch or hub controls routing. Grids offer almost unlimited scalability in size and performance because they aren’t constrained by the need for ever-larger central switches. Grid networks thus reduce component costs and produce a reliable and resilient structure.Applying the grid concept to a computer network lets us harness available but unused resources by dynamically allocating and deal locating capacity, bandwidth and processing among numerous distributed computers. A computing grid can span locations, organizations, machine architectures and software boundaries, offering power, collaboration and information access to connected users. Universities and research facilities are using grids to build what amounts to supercomputer capability from PCs, Macintoshes and Linux boxes.After grid computing came into being, it was only a matter of time before a similar model would emerge for making use of distributed data storage. Most storage networks are built in star configurations, where all servers and storage devices are connected to a single central switch. In contrast, grid topology is built with a network of interconnected smaller switches that can scale as bandwidth increases and continue to deliver improved reliability and higher performance and connectivity.Based on current and proposed products, it appears that a grid storage system should include the following:Modular storage arrays: These systems are connected across a storage network using serial ATA disks. The systems can be block-oriented storage arrays or network-attached storage gateways and servers.Common virtualization layer: Storage must be organized as a single logical pool of resources available to users.Data redundancy and availability: Multiple copies of data should exist across nodes in the grid, creating redundant data access and availability in case of a component failure.Common management: A single level of management across all nodes should cover the areas of data security, mobility and migration, capacity on demand, and provisioning.Simplified platform/management architecture: Because common management is so important, the tasks involved in administration should be organized in modularfashion, allowing the auto discovery of new nodes in the grid and automating volume and file management.Three Basic BenefitsApplying grid topology to a storage network provides several benefits, including the following:Reliability. A well-designed grid network is extremely resilient. Rather than providing just two paths between any two nodes, the grid offers multiple paths between each storage node. This makes it easy to service and replace components in case of failure, with minimal impact on system availability or downtime.Performance. The same factors that lead to reliability also can improve performance. Not requiring a centralized switch with many ports eliminates a potential performance bottleneck, and applying load-balancing techniques to the multiple paths available offers consistent performance for the entire network.Scalability. It’s easy to expand a grid network using inexpensive switches with low port counts to accommodate additional servers for increased performance, bandwidth and capacity. In essence, grid storage is a way to scale out rather than up, using relatively inexpensive storage building blocks.四、译文新技术的计算机网络摘要：21世纪是信息经济的时代，作为这个时代的代表技术，计算机网络技术将在非常快的速度发展很快，不断创造性地将进入人们的工作，学习和生活中深。
计算机专业中英文文献翻译
1In the past decade the business environment has changed dramatically. The world has become a small and very dynamic marketplace. Organizations today confront new markets, new competition and increasing customer expectations. This has put a tremendous demand on manufacturers to; 1) Lower total costs in the complete supply chain 2) Shorten throughput times 3) Reduce stock to a minimum 4) Enlarge product assortment 5) Improve product quality 6) Provide more reliable delivery dates and higher service to the customer 7) Efficiently coordinate global demand, supply and production. Thus today's organization have to constantly re-engineer their business practices and procedures to be more and more responsive to customers and competition. In the 1990's information technology and business process re-engineering, used in conjunction with each other, have emerged as important tools which give organizations the leading edge.ERP Systems EvolutionThe focus of manufacturing systems in the 1960's was on inventory control. Most of the software packages then (usually customized) were designed to handle inventory based on traditional inventory concepts. In the 1970's the focus shifted to MRP (Material Requirement Planning) systems which translatedthe Master Schedule built for the end items into time-phased net requirements for the sub-assemblies, components and raw materials planning and procurement,In the 1980's the concept of MRP-II (Manufacturing Resources Planning) evolved which was an extension of MRP to shop floor and distribution management activities. In the early 1990's, MRP-II was further extended to cover areas like Engineering, Finance, Human Resources, Projects Management etc i.e. the complete gamut of activities within any business enterprise. Hence, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) was coined.In addition to system requirements, ERP addresses technology aspects like client/server distributedarchitecture, RDBMS, object oriented programming etc. ERP Systems-Bandwidth ERP solutions address broad areas within any business like Manufacturing, Distribution, Finance, Project Management, Service and Maintenance, Transportation etc. A seamless integration is essential to provide visibility and consistency across the enterprise.An ERP system should be sufficiently versatile to support different manufacturing environments like make-to-stock, assemble-to-order and engineer-to-order. The customer order decoupling point (CODP) should be flexible enough to allow the co-existence of these manufacturing environments within the same system. It is also very likely that the same product may migrate from one manufacturing environment to another during its produce life cycle.The system should be complete enough to support both Discrete as well as Process manufacturing scenario's. The efficiency of an enterprise depends on the quick flow of information across the complete supply chain i.e. from the customer to manufacturers to supplier. This places demands on the ERP system to have rich functionality across all areas like sales, accounts receivable, engineering, planning, inventory management, production, purchase, accounts payable, quality management, distribution planning and external transportation. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is an important tool in speeding up communications with trading partners.More and more companies are becoming global and focusing on down-sizing and decentralizing their business. ABB and Northern Telecom are examples of companies which have business spread around the globe. For these companies to manage their business efficiently, ERP systems need to have extensive multi-site management capabilities. The complete financial accounting and management accounting requirementsof the organization should be addressed. It is necessary to have centralized or de-centralized accounting functions with complete flexibility to consolidate corporate information.After-sales service should be streamlined and managed efficiently. A strong EIS (Enterprise Information System) with extensive drill down capabilities should be available for the top management to get a birds eye view of the health of their organization and help them to analyze performance in key areas.Evaluation CriteriaSome important points to be kept in mind while evaluating an ERP software include: 1) Functional fit with the Company's business processes 2) Degree of integration between the various components of the ERP system 3) Flexibility and scalability 4) Complexity; user friendliness 5) Quick implementation; shortened ROI period 6) Ability to support multi-site planning and control 7) Technology; client/server capabilities, database independence, security 8)Availability of regular upgrades 9) Amount of customization required 10) Local support infrastructure II) Availability of reference sites 12) Total costs,including cost of license, training, implementation, maintenance, customization and hardware requirements.ERP Systems-ImplementationThe success of an ERP solution depends on how quick the benefits can be reaped from it. This necessitates rapid implementations which lead to shortened ROI periods. Traditional approach to implementation has been to carry out a Business Process Re-engineering exercise and define a "TO BE"model before the ERP system implementation. This led to mismatches between the proposed model and the ERP functionality, the consequence of which was customizations, extended implementation time frames, higher costs and loss of user confidence.ERP Systems-The FutureThe Internet represents the next major technology enabler which allows rapid supply chain management between multiple operations and trading partners. Most ERP systems are enhancing their products to become "Internet Enabled" so that customers worldwide can have direct to the supplier's ERP system. ERP systems are building in the Workflow Management functionally which provides a mechanism to manage and controlthe flow of work by monitoring logistic aspects like workload, capacity, throughout times, work queue lengths and processing times.译文1在过去十年中，商业环境发生了巨大的变化。
Internet中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为一项工程进行开发的。
这项工程的目的，是为了建立远距离之间点与点的通信，以便处理国家军事范围内的紧急事件，例如核战争。
这项工程被命名为ARPAnet，它就是Internet的前身。
建立此工程的主要应用对象就是军事通讯，那些负责ARPAnet的工程师们当时也没有想到它将成为“Internet”。
根据定义，一个“Internet”应该由四或者更多的计算机连接起来的网络。
ARPAnet是通过一种叫TCP/IP的协议实现连网工作的。
此协议最基础的工作原理是：如果信息在网络中的一条路径发送失败，那么它将找到其他路径进行发送，就好象建立一种语言以便一台计算机与其他计算机“交谈”一样，但不注意它是PC，或是Macintosh。
到了20世纪80年代，ARPAnet已经开始变成目前更为有名的Internet了，它拥有200台在线主机。
国防部很满意ARPAnets的成果，于是决定全力将它培养为能够联系很多军事主机，资源共享的服务网络。
到了1984年，它就已经超过1000台主机在线了。
在1986年ARPAnet关闭了，但仅仅是建立它的机构关闭了，而网络继续存在与超过1000台的主机之间。
由于使用NSF连接失败，ARPAnet才被关闭。
NSF是将5个国家范围内的超级计算机连入ARPAnet。
随着NSF的建立，新的高速的传输介质被成功的使用，在1988年，用户能通过56k的电话线上网。
在那个时候有28，174台主机连入Internet。
到了1989年有80，000台主机连入Internet。
到1989年末，就有290，000台主机连入了。
另外还有其他网络被建立，并支持用户以惊人的数量接入。
于1992年正式建立。
现状——Internet如今，Internet已经成为人类历史上最先进技术的一种。
每个人都想“上网”去体验一下Internet中的信息财富。
计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译(Object)
外文资料Object landscapes and lifetimesTechnically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, inheritance, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as important. The remainder of this section will cover these issues.One of the most important factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object controlled? There are different philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that control of efficiency is the most important issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocation and release, and control of these can be very valuable in some situations. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact quantity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided design, warehouse management, or air-traffic control, this is too restrictive.The second approach is to create objects dynamically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know until run-time how many objects you need, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is running. If you need a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you need it. Because the storage is managed dynamically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is significantly longer than the time to create storage on the stack. (Creating storage on the stack is often a single assembly instruction tomove the stack pointer down, and another to move it back up.) The dynamic approach makes the generally logical assumption that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releasing that storage will not have an important impact on the creation of an object. In addition, the greater flexibility is essential to solve the general programming problem.Java uses the second approach, exclusively]. Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dynamic instance of that object.There's another issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With languages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no knowledge of its lifetime. In a language like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the object, which can lead to memory leaks if you don’t do it correctly (and this is a common problem in C++ programs). Java provides a feature called a garbage collector that automatically discovers when an object is no longer in use and destroys it. A garbage collector is much more convenient because it reduces the number of issues that you must track and the code you must write. More important, the garbage collector provides a much higher level of insurance against the insidious problem of memory leaks (which has brought many a C++ project to its knees).The rest of this section looks at additional factors concerning object lifetimes and landscapes.1 Collections and iteratorsIf you don’t know how many objects you’re going to need to solve a particular problem, or how long they will last, you also don’t know how to store those objects. How can you know how much space to create for thoseobjects? You can’t, since that information isn’t known until run-time.The solution to most problems in object-oriented design seems flippant: you create another type of object. The new type of object that solves this particular problem holds references to other objects. Of course, you can do the same thing with an array, which is available in most languages. But there’s more. This new object, generally called a container(also called a collection, but the Java library uses that term in a different sense so this book will use “container”), will expand itself whenever necessary to accommodate everything you place inside it. So you don’t need to know how manyobjects you’re going to hold in a container. Just create a container object and let it take care of the details.Fortunately, a good OOP language comes with a set of containers as part of the package. In C++, it’s part of the Standard C++ Library and is sometimes called the Standard Template Library (STL). Object Pascal has containers in its Visual Component Library (VCL). Smalltalk has a very complete set of containers. Java also has containers in its standard library. In some libraries, a generic container is considered good enough for all needs, and in others (Java, for example) the library has different types of containers for different needs: a vector (called an ArrayListin Java) for consistent access to all elements, and a linked list for consistent insertion at all elements, for example, so you can choose the particular type that fits your needs. Container libraries may also include sets, queues, hash tables, trees, stacks, etc.All containers have some way to put things in and get things out; there are usually functions to add elements to a container, and others to fetch those elements back out. But fetching elements can be more problematic, because a single-selection function is restrictive. What if you want to manipulate or compare a set of elements in the container instead of just one?The solution is an iterator, which is an object whose job is to select the elements within a container and present them to the user of the iterator. As a class, it also provides a level of abstraction. This abstraction can be used to separate the details of the container from the code that’s accessing that container. The container, via the iterator, is abstracted to be simply a sequence. The iterator allows you to traverse that sequence without worrying about the underlying structure—that is, whether it’s an ArrayList, a LinkedList, a Stack, or something else. This gives you the flexibility to easily change the underlying data structure without disturbing the code in your program. Java began (in version 1.0 and 1.1) with a standard iterator, called Enumeration, for all of its container classes. Java 2 has added a much more complete container library that contains an iterator called Iterator that does more than the older Enumeration.From a design standpoint, all you really want is a sequence that can be manipulated to solve your problem. If a single type of sequence satisfied all of your needs, there’d be no reason to have different kinds. There are two reasons that you need a choice of containers. First, containers provide different types of interfaces and external behavior.A stack has a different interface and behavior than that of a queue, which is different from that of a set or a list. One of these might provide a more flexible solution to your problem than the other. Second, different containers have different efficiencies for certain operations. The best example is an ArrayList and a LinkedList. Both are simple sequences that can have identical interfaces and external behaviors. But certain operations can have radically different costs. Randomly accessing elements in an ArrayList is a constant-time operation; it takes the same amount of time regardless of the element you select. However, in a LinkedList it is expensive to move through the list to randomly selectan element, and it takes longer to find an element that is further down the list. On the other hand, if you want to insert an element in the middle of a sequence, it’s much cheaper in a LinkedList than in an ArrayList. These and other operations have different efficiencies depending on the underlying structure of the sequence. In the design phase, you might start with a LinkedList and, when tuning for performance, change to an ArrayList. Because of the abstraction via iterators, you can change from one to the other with minimal impact on your code.In the end, remember that a container is only a storage cabinet to put objects in. If that cabinet solves all of your needs, it doesn’t really matter how it is implemented (a basic concept with most types of objects). If you’re working in a programming environment that has built-in overhead due to other factors, then the cost difference between an ArrayList and a LinkedList might not matter. You might need only one type of sequence. You can even imagine the “perfect”container abstraction, which can automatically change its underlying implementation according to the way it is used.2 The singly rooted hierarchyOne of the issues in OOP that has become especially prominent since the introduction of C++ is whether all classes should ultimately be inherited from a single base class. In Java (as with virtually all other OOP languages) the answer is “yes”and the name of this ultimate base class is simply Object. It turns out that the benefits of the singly rooted hierarchy are many.All objects in a singly rooted hierarchy have an interface in common, so they are all ultimately the same type. The alternative (provided by C++) is that you don’t know that everything is the same fundamental type. From a backward-compatibility standpoint this fits the model of C better and can be thought of as less restrictive, but when you want to do full-onobject-oriented programming you must then build your own hierarchy to provide the same convenience that’s built into other OOP languages. And in any new class library you acquire, some other incompatible interface will be used. It requires effort (and possibly multiple inheritance) to work the new interface into your design. Is the extra “flexibility” of C++ worth it? If you need it—if you have a large investment in C—it’s quite valuable. If you’re starting from scratch, other alternatives such as Java can often be more productive.All objects in a singly rooted hierarchy (such as Java provides) can be guaranteed to have certain functionality. You know you can perform certain basic operations on every object in your system. A singly rooted hierarchy, along with creating all objects on the heap, greatly simplifies argument passing (one of the more complex topics in C++).A singly rooted hierarchy makes it much easier to implement a garbage collector (which is conveniently built into Java). The necessary support can be installed in the base class, and the garbage collector can thus send the appropriate messages to every object in the system. Without a singly rooted hierarchy and a system to manipulate an object via a reference, it is difficult to implement a garbage collector.Since run-time type information is guaranteed to be in all objects, you’ll never end up with an object whose type you cannot determine. This is especially important with system level operations, such as exception handling, and to allow greater flexibility in programming.3 Collection libraries and support for easy collection useBecause a container is a tool that you’ll use frequently, it makes sense to have a library of containers that are built in a reusable fashion, so you can take one off the shelf Because a container is a tool that you’ll use frequently, it makes sense to have a library of containers that are built in a reusable fashion, so you can take one off the shelf and plugit into your program. Java provides such a library, which should satisfy most needs.Downcasting vs. templates/genericsTo make these containers reusable, they hold the one universal type in Java that was previously mentioned: Object. The singly rooted hierarchy means that everything is an Object, so a container that holds Objects can hold anything. This makes containers easy to reuse.To use such a container, you simply add object references to it, and later ask for them back. But, since the container holds only Objects, when you add your object reference into the container it is upcast to Object, thus losing its identity. When you fetch it back, you get an Object reference, and not a reference to the type that you put in. So how do you turn it back into something that has the useful interface of the object that you put into the container?Here, the cast is used again, but this time you’re not casting up the inheritance hierarchy to a more general type, you cast down the hierarchy to a more specific type. This manner of casting is called downcasting. With upcasting, you know, for example, that a Circle is a type of Shape so it’s safe to upcast, but you don’t know that an Object is necessarily a Circle or a Shape so it’s hardly safe to downcast unless you know that’s what you’re dealing with.It’s not completely dangerous, however, because if you downcast to the wrong thing you’ll get a run-time error called an exception, which will be described shortly. When you fetch object references from a container, though, you must have some way to remember exactly what they are so you can perform a proper downcast.Downcasting and the run-time checks require extra time for the runningprogram, and extra effort from the programmer. Wouldn’t it make sense to somehow create the container so that it knows the types that it holds, eliminating the need for the downcast and a possible mistake? The solution is parameterized types, which are classes that the compiler can automatically customize to work with particular types. For example, with a parameterized container, the compiler could customize that container so that it would accept only Shapes and fetch only Shapes.Parameterized types are an important part of C++, partly because C++ has no singly rooted hierarchy. In C++, the keyword that implements parameterized types is “template.” Java currently has no parameterized types since it is possible for it to get by—however awkwardly—using the singly rooted hierarchy. However, a current proposal for parameterized types uses a syntax that is strikingly similar to C++ templates.译文对象的创建和存在时间从技术角度说，OOP（面向对象程序设计）只是涉及抽象的数据类型、继承以及多形性，但另一些问题也可能显得非常重要。
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)The increasing complexity of design resources in a net-based collaborative XXX common systems。
design resources can be organized in n with design activities。
A task is formed by a set of activities and resources linked by logical ns。
XXX managementof all design resources and activities via a Task Management System (TMS)。
which is designed to break down tasks and assign resources to task nodes。
This XXX。
2 Task Management System (TMS)TMS is a system designed to manage the tasks and resources involved in a design project。
It poses tasks into smaller subtasks。
XXX management of all design resources and activities。
TMS assigns resources to task nodes。
XXX。
3 Collaborative DesignCollaborative design is a process that XXX a common goal。
In a net-based collaborative design environment。
n XXX n for all design resources and activities。
计算机专业毕业设计--英文文献(含译文)
外文文献原文THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSPThe Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system.The After Sun release the JSP( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% server product.This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP.1.1 GENERALIZEThe JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it.JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which you choose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone:• It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.• You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.• You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.1.2 SOURCE OF JSPThe technique of JSP of the company of Sun, making the page of Web develop the personnel can use the HTML perhaps marking of XML to design to turn the end page with format. Use the perhaps small script future life of marking of JSP becomes the dynamic state on the page contents.( the contents changes according to the claim of)The Java Servlet is a technical foundation of JSP, and the large Web applies the development of the procedure to need the Java Servlet to match with with the JSP and then can complete, this name of Servlet comes from the Applet, the local translation method of now is a lot of, this book in order not to misconstruction, decide the direct adoption Servlet but don't do any translation, if reader would like to, can call it as" small service procedure". The Servlet is similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, NSAPI etc. Web procedure development the function of the tool in fact, at use the Java Servlet hereafter, the customer need not use again the lowly method of CGI of efficiency, also need not use only the ability come to born page of Web of dynamic state in the method of API that a certain fixed Web server terrace circulate. Many servers of Web all support the Servlet, even not support the Servlet server of Web directly and can also pass the additional applied server and the mold pieces to support the Servlet. Receive benefit in the characteristic of the Java cross-platform, the Servlet is also a terrace irrelevant, actually, as long as match the norm of Java Servlet, the Servlet is complete to have nothing to do with terrace and is to have nothing to do with server of Web. Because the Java Servlet is internal to provide the service by the line distance, need not start a progress to the each claimses, and make use of the multi-threadingmechanism can at the same time for several claim service, therefore the efficiency of Java Servlet is very high.But the Java Servlet also is not to has no weakness, similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, the NSAPI method, the Java Servlet is to make use of to output the HTML language sentence to carry out the dynamic state web page of, if develop the whole website with the Java Servlet, the integration process of the dynamic state part and the static state page is an evil-foreboding dream simply. For solving this kind of weakness of the Java Servlet, the SUN released the JSP.A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend."Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, Cold Fusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did.The JSP is an establishment at the model of Java servlets on of the expression layer technique, it makes the plait write the HTML to become more simple.Be like the SSJS, it also allows you carry the static state HTML contents and servers the script mix to put together the born dynamic state exportation. JSP the script language that the Java is the tacit approval, however, be like the ASP and can use other languages( such as JavaScript and VBScript), the norm of JSP also allows to use other languages.1.3 JSP CHARACTERISTICSIs a service according to the script language in some one language of the statures system this kind of discuss, the JSP should be see make is a kind of script language.However, be a kind of script language, the JSP seemed to be too strong again, almost can use all Javas in the JSP.Be a kind of according to text originally of, take manifestation as the central development technique, the JSP provided all advantages of the Java Servlet, and, when combine with a JavaBeans together, providing a kind of make contents and manifestation that simple way that logic separate. Separate the contents and advantage of logical manifestations is, the personnel who renews the page external appearance need not know the code of Java, and renew the JavaBeans personnel also need not be design the web page of expert in hand, can use to take the page of JavaBeans JSP to define the template of Web, to build up a from have the alike external appearance of the website that page constitute. JavaBeans completes the data to provide, having no code of Java in the template thus, this means that these templates can be written the personnel by a HTML plait to support. Certainly, can also make use of the Java Servlet to control the logic of the website, adjust through the Java Servlet to use the way of the document of JSP to separate website of logic and contents.Generally speaking, in actual engine of JSP, the page of JSP is the edit and translate type while carry out, not explain the type of. Explain the dynamic state web page development tool of the type, such as ASP, PHP3 etc., because speed etc. reason, have already can't satisfy current the large electronic commerce needs appliedly, traditional development techniques are all at to edit and translate the executive way change, such as the ASP → ASP+;PHP3 → PHP4.In the JSP norm book, did not request the procedure in the JSP code part( be called the Scriptlet) and must write with the Java definitely. Actually, have some engines of JSP are adoptive other script languages such as the EMAC- Script, etc., but actually this a few script languages also are to set up on the Java, edit and translate for the Servlet to carry out of. Write according to the norm of JSP, have no Scriptlet of relation with Java also is can of, however, mainly lie in the ability and JavaBeans, the Enterprise JavaBeanses because of the JSP strong function to work together, so even is the Scriptlet part not to use the Java, edit and translate of performance code also should is related with Java.1.4 JSP MECHANISMTo comprehend the JSP how unite the technical advantage that above various speak of, come to carry out various result easily, the customer must understand the differentiation of" the module develops for the web page of the center" and" the page develops for the web page of the center" first.The SSJS and ASP are all in several year ago to release, the network of that time is still very young, no one knows to still have in addition to making all business, datas and the expression logic enter the original web page entirely heap what better solvethe method. This kind of model that take page as the center studies and gets the very fast development easily. However, along with change of time, the people know that this kind of method is unwell in set up large, the Web that can upgrade applies the procedure. The expression logic write in the script environment was lock in the page, only passing to shear to slice and glue to stick then can drive heavy use. Express the logic to usually mix together with business and the data logics, when this makes be the procedure member to try to change an external appearance that applies the procedure but do not want to break with its llied business logic, apply the procedure of maintenance be like to walk the similar difficulty on the eggshell. In fact in the business enterprise, heavy use the application of the module already through very mature, no one would like to rewrite those logics for their applied procedure.HTML and sketch the designer handed over to the implement work of their design the Web plait the one who write, make they have to double work-Usually is the handicraft plait to write, because have no fit tool and can carry the script and the HTML contents knot to the server to put together. Chien but speech, apply the complexity of the procedure along with the Web to promote continuously, the development method that take page as the center limits sex to become to get up obviously.At the same time, the people always at look for the better method of build up the Web application procedure, the module spreads in customer's machine/ server the realm. JavaBeans and ActiveX were published the company to expand to apply the procedure developer for Java and Windows to use to come to develop the complicated procedure quickly by" the fast application procedure development"( RAD) tool. These techniques make the expert in the some realm be able to write the module for the perpendicular application plait in the skill area, but the developer can go fetch the usage directly but need not control the expertise of this realm.Be a kind of take module as the central development terrace, the JSP appeared. It with the JavaBeans and Enterprise JavaBeans( EJB) module includes the model of the business and the data logic for foundation, provide a great deal of label and a script terraces to use to come to show in the HTML page from the contents of JavaBeans creation or send a present in return. Because of the property that regards the module as the center of the JSP, it can drive Java and not the developer of Java uses equally. Not the developer of Java can pass the JSP label( Tags) to use the JavaBeans that the deluxe developer of Java establish. The developer of Java not only can establish and use the JavaBeans, but also can use the language of Java to come to control more accurately in the JSP page according to the expression logic of the first floor JavaBeans.See now how JSP is handle claim of HTTP. In basic claim model, a claimdirectly was send to JSP page in. The code of JSP controls to carry on hour of the logic processing and module of JavaBeanses' hand over with each other, and the manifestation result in dynamic state bornly, mixing with the HTML page of the static state HTML code. The Beans can be JavaBeans or module of EJBs. Moreover, the more complicated claim model can see make from is request other JSP pages of the page call sign or Java Servlets.The engine of JSP wants to chase the code of Java that the label of JSP, code of Java in the JSP page even all converts into the big piece together with the static state HTML contents actually. These codes piece was organized the Java Servlet that customer can not see to go to by the engine of JSP, then the Servlet edits and translate them automatically byte code of Java.Thus, the visitant that is the website requests a JSP page, under the condition of it is not knowing, an already born, the Servlet actual full general that prepared to edit and translate completes all works, very concealment but again and efficiently. The Servlet is to edit and translate of, so the code of JSP in the web page does not need when the every time requests that page is explain. The engine of JSP need to be edit and translate after Servlet the code end is modify only once, then this Servlet that editted and translate can be carry out. The in view of the fact JSP engine auto is born to edit and translate the Servlet also, need not procedure member begins to edit and translate the code, so the JSP can bring vivid sex that function and fast developments need that you are efficiently.Compared with the traditional CGI, the JSP has the equal advantage. First, on the speed, the traditional procedure of CGI needs to use the standard importation of the system to output the equipments to carry out the dynamic state web page born, but the JSP is direct is mutually the connection with server. And say for the CGI, each interview needs to add to add a progress to handle, the progress build up and destroy by burning constantly and will be a not small burden for calculator of be the server of Web. The next in order, the JSP is specialized to develop but design for the Web of, its purpose is for building up according to the Web applied procedure, included the norm and the tool of a the whole set. Use the technique of JSP can combine a lot of JSP pages to become a Web application procedure very expediently.JSP six built-in objectsrequest for:The object of the package of information submitted by users, by calling the object corresponding way to access the information package, namely the use of the target users can access the information.response object:The customer's request dynamic response to the client sent the data.session object1. What is the session: session object is a built-in objects JSP, it in the first JSP pages loaded automatically create, complete the conversation of management.From a customer to open a browser and connect to the server, to close the browser, leaving the end of this server, known as a conversation.When a customer visits a server, the server may be a few pages link between repeatedly, repeatedly refresh a page, the server should bethrough some kind of way to know this is the same client, which requires session object.2. session object ID: When a customer's first visit to a server on the JSP pages, JSP engines produce a session object, and assigned aString type of ID number, JSP engine at the same time, the ID number sent to the client, stored in Cookie, this session objects, and customers on the establishment of a one-to-one relationship. When a customer to connect to the server of the other pages, customers no longer allocated to the new session object, until, close your browser, the client-server object to cancel the session, and the conversation, and customer relationship disappeared. When a customer re-open the browser to connect to the server, the server for the customer to create a new session object.aplication target1. What is the application:Servers have launched after the application object, when a customer to visit the site between the various pages here, this application objects are the same, until the server is down. But with the session difference is that all customers of the application objects are the same, that is, all customers share this built-in application objects.2. application objects commonly used methods:(1) public void setAttribute (String key, Object obj): Object specified parameters will be the object obj added to the application object, and to add the subject of the designation of a keyword index.(2) public Object getAttribute (String key): access to application objects containing keywords for.out targetsout as a target output flow, used to client output data. out targets for the output data.Cookie1. What is Cookie:Cookie is stored in Web server on the user's hard drive section of the text. Cookie allow a Web site on the user's computer to store information on and then get back to it.For example, a Web site may be generated for each visitor a unique ID, and then to Cookie in the form of documents stored in each user's machine.If you use IE browser to visit Web, you will see all stored on your hard drive on the Cookie. They are most often stored in places: c: \ windows \ cookies (in Window2000 is in the C: \ Documents and Settings \ your user name \ Cookies).Cookie is "keyword key = value value" to preserve the format of the record.2. Targets the creation of a Cookie, Cookie object called the constructor can create a Cookie. Cookie object constructor has two string .parameters: Cookie Cookie name and value.Cookie c = new Cookie ( "username", "john");3. If the JSP in the package good Cookie object to send to the client, the use of the response addCookie () method.Format: response.addCookie (c)4. Save to read the client's Cookie, the use of the object request getCookies () method will be implemented in all client came to an array of Cookie objects in the form of order, to meet the need to remove the Cookie object, it is necessary to compare an array cycle Each target keywords.JSP的技术发展历史Java Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。
计算机专业中英文翻译外文翻译文献翻译
英文参考文献及翻译Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make up huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be regarded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Recently, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to increase day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece what glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufacturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Netscape , Dell ,etc. , OK?1.The background of Linux and characteristicLinux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free,mean users can obtain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research and development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , can add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As the most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic of the following:(1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operatingsystem of supporting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstanding design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels, their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmers, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible.(2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in networksupports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 ,Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and assess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , Ex t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .(3) Can operate it in many kinds of hardwares platform , including such processors as Alpha , SunSparc , PowerPC , MIPS ,etc., to various kinds of new-type peripheral hardwares, can from distribute on global numerous programmer there getting support rapidly too.(4) To that the hardware requires lower, can obtain very good performance on more low-grade machine , what deserves particular mention is Linux outstanding stability , permitted " year " count often its running times.2.Main application of Linux At present,Now, the application of Linux mainly includes:(1) Internet/Intranet: This is one that Linux was used most at present, it can offer and include Web server , all such Inter net services as Ftp server , Gopher server , SMTP/POP3 mail server , Proxy/Cache server , DNS server ,etc.. Linux kernel supports IPalias , PPP and IPtunneling, these functions can be used for setting up fictitious host computer , fictitious service , VPN (fictitious special-purpose network ) ,etc.. Operating Apache Web server on Linux mainly, the occupation rate of market in 1998 is 49%, far exceeds the sum of such several big companies as Microsoft , Netscape ,etc..(2) Because Linux has outstanding networking ability , it can be usedin calculating distributedly large-scaly, for instance cartoon making , scientific caculation , database and file server ,etc..(3) As realization that is can under low platform fullness of Unix that operate , apply at all levels teaching and research work of universities and colleges extensively, if Mexico government announce middle and primary schools in the whole country dispose Linux and offer Internet service for student already.(4) Tabletop and handling official business appliedly. Application number of people of in this respect at present not so good as Windows of Microsoft far also, reason its lie in Lin ux quantity , desk-top of application software not so good as Windows application far not merely, because the characteristic of the freedom software makes it not almost have advertisement thatsupport (though the function of Star Office is not second to MS Office at the same time, but there are actually few people knowing).3.Can Linux become a kind of major operating system?In the face of the pressure of coming from users that is strengthened day by day, more and more commercial companies transplant its application to Linux platform, comparatively important incident was as follows, in 1998 ①Compaq and HP determine to put forward user of requirement truss up Linux at their servers , IBM and Dell promise to offer customized Linux system to user too. ②Lotus announce, Notes the next edition include one special-purpose edition in Linux. ③Corel Company transplants its famous WordPerfect to on Linux, and free issue. Corel also plans to move the other figure pattern process products to Linux platform completely.④Main database producer: Sybase , Informix , Oracle , CA , IBM have already been transplanted one's own database products to on Linux, or has finished Beta edition, among them Oracle and Informix also offer technical support to their products.4.The gratifying one is, some farsighted domestic corporations have begun to try hard to change this kind of current situation already. Stone Co. not long ago is it invest a huge sum of money to claim , regard Linux as platform develop a Internet/Intranet solution, regard this as the core and launch Stone's system integration business , plan to set up nationwide Linux technical support organization at the same time , take the lead to promote the freedom software application and development in China. In addition domestic computer Company , person who win of China , devoted to Linux relevant software and hardware application of system popularize too. Is it to intensification that Linux know , will have more and more enterprises accede to the ranks that Linux will be used with domestic every enterprise to believe, more software will be planted in Linux platform. Meanwhile, the domestic university should regard Linux as the original version and upgrade already existing Unix content of courses , start with analysing the source code and revising the kernel and train a large number of senior Linux talents, improve our country's own operating system. Having only really grasped the operating system, the software industry of our country could be got rid of and aped sedulously at present, the passive state led by the nose by others, create conditions for revitalizing the software industry of our country fundamentally.中文翻译Linux—网络时代的操作系统虽然对许多人来说，以Linux作为主要的操作系统组成庞大的工作站群，完成了《泰坦尼克号》的特技制作，已经算是出尽了风头。
计算机专业外文文献论文翻译
本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Evolving Java Without Changingthe Language文献、资料来源：/articles/evolving-java-no-lang-change 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：Evolving Java Without Changing the Language In "The Feel of Java" James Gosling stated that: Java is a blue collar language. It's not PhD thesis material but a language for a job. Java feels very familiar to many different programmers because I had a very strong tendency to prefer things that had been used a lot over things that just sounded like a good idea.The extraordinary success of Java offers weight to the notion that this was a sensible approach, and if it remains an important goal for Java today, then it makes sense that the language should continue to evolve relatively slowly. In addition to this, the fact that Java is a mature, widely used language causes its evolution to be fraught with difficulty. For one thing, each feature added to the language can change the way it feels in subtle and often unpredictable ways, risking alienating developers who have already adopted it as their language of choice. For another, a feature that makes perfect sense on its own may interact with other features of the language in awkward or unexpected ways. Worse, once a language feature has been added it is all but impossible to remove even if it turns out to be detrimental to the language as a whole. To justify adding a new feature, a language designer must be highly confident that it will be of long term benefit to the language rather than a short term or fashionable solution to a problem that rapidly becomes redundant. To mitigate the risk a language designer will typically experiment by creating a separate language or branch, such as the Pizza language used to experiment with Java's generics, prior to their implementation. The problem with this approach is that the audience for such experiments is both small and self-selecting; obviously they will all be interested in language features, and many may be academics or researchers. An idea which plays well to such an audience may still play badly when it is incorporated into the main language and general programmers start to work with it.To get a sense of this, consider the closures debate that became so heated for Java 7. Implementations for the main proposals (and some others) have been available for some time but no consensus has emerged. In consequence Sun decided that JDK 7 will not get full closures support. The core argument came down to whether Java had become as complex as it could afford to be when generics (and in particular the wildcard syntax) were added to Java 5; andwhether the addition of full support for closures was justified when Java already has a more limited form through anonymous inner classes. Two important use cases for adding full closures support were to simplify working with the fork/join API that is being added to JDK 7 to improve multi-core programming, and to help with resource clean-up. Josh Bloch's ARM block proposal, which is now expected to be in JDK 7 via Project Coin, offers an alternative solution to the latter problem. Dr. Cliff Click's research on a scalable, non-blocking programming style for Java offers an alternative approach to fork/join that may be more appropriate as the number of processor cores increases. If this were to happen, then the uses for closures in Java may arguably be too limited to justify their inclusion.It remains important though that a programming language continues to develop at some level. This article therefore examines three alternative techniques for adding new language features to Java that don't require changes to the language itself - using a custom Domain Specific Language, exploiting the Java 6 annotation processor to add optional language features via a library, and moving the syntactic sugar from the language to the IDE. Each offers the potential to allow a wide audience of mainstream developers to experiment with the new features over the medium term in a non-invasive manner, and the best ideas can then filter down for inclusion in the core language.Custom DSLsThe most widely discussed of the three is the Domain-Specific Language or DSL. There is some disagreement on exactly what the term means, but for the purposes of this discussion we'll refer to it simply as a language that has been created with a narrow focus to solve a particular problem, rather than as a general purpose language designed to solve every computing problem. As such we would expect a DSL to be non-Turing complete and for the most part this is the case. There are edge cases of course. Postscript, for example, is a Turing complete language but also qualifies as a DSL using our definition.As the above example also illustrates, the idea of a DSL is not new. Other familiar DSLs include Regular Expressions, XSLT, Ant, and JSP, all of which require some sort of custom parser to process them. Martin Fowler also suggests that fluent interfaces/APIs can be considered a second type of DSL, which he refers to as an internal DSL. His definition is that an internal DSL is developed directly within the host language. This was a common practice amongst bothLisp and Smalltalk programmers, and more recently the Ruby community has been popularising the technique.Whilst many well-known DSLs are commercially developed and maintained, some enterprise development teams have used the technique to create a language that allows them to rapidly explore aspects of their problem domain. It isn't however as common as it might be, perhaps because DSLs have a fairly intimidating barrier to entry. The team has to design the language, build the parser and possibly other tools to support the programming team, and train each new developer that joins the team on how the DSL works. Here the emergence of tools to specifically support DSL development could significantly change the landscape. Intentional Software's Intentional Domain Workbench, which has been in development longer than Java has been around, is the first significant implementation of such a tool. The project started life at Microsoft Research, and Dr. Charles Simonyi's 1995 paper "The Death of Computer Languages, the Birth of Intentional Programming" describes his vision. In 2002 Simonyi founded Intentional Software to continue working on his ideas and a hugely impressive video demo of the system is available. The product itself is at 1.0 status, but access is restricted to very limited partners.Other software houses are also exploring the concepts, amongst them JetBrains, well respected for their IntelliJ IDEA Java IDE, who have recently released the 1.0 version of their Meta Programming System (MPS). MPS doesn't use a parser, instead working with the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) directly. It provides a text-like projectional editor which allows the programmer to manipulate the AST, and is used to write languages and programs. For each node in the tree a textual projection is created - as the programmer works with the projection, the change is reflected in the node. This approach allows you to extend and embed languages in any combination (often referred to as language composing) promoting language re-use. JetBrains are using the product internally and have recently released YouTrack, a bug tracking product developed using the system.The Java 6 Annotation ProcessorWhilst DSLs are less common in more mainstream languages such as Java than they are in Ruby, Smalltalk and Lisp, recent developments in the Java language, in particular the annotation processor which was added in Java 6, offer new possibilities for developers looking to use them in Java. The JPA 2.0 criteria API that will ship as part of Java EE 6, itself a DSL, offers anexample. Here the annotation processor builds up a metamodel type for each persistent class in the application. Whilst it would be perfectly possible for the developer to hand craft the metamodel in Java, it would be both tedious and error prone. The use of the annotation processor eliminates that pain and, since the annotation processor is built into Java 6, the approach requires no specific IDE support – an IDE delegates to the annotation processor triggered by the compiler, and the metadata model is generated on the fly.Using the annotation processor it is also possible for a library to add a new language feature. Bruce Chapman's prototype "no closures" proposal, for example, uses the technique to provide a mechanism for casting a method to a Single Abstract Method (SAM) type which compiles on top of Java 6. During our conversation Chapman pointed out that the SAM type also supports free variables, a key aspect of a closure:The method body can declare additional parameters beyond those required for the Single **********************************************.Theseparameterscanhavevaluesbound to them at the point where you obtain an instance of the SAM type, and are then passed to the method each time it is invoked.Chapman also set up the Rapt project to explore other uses of the technique, and has added implementations for two language changes - Multiline Strings and XML literals - that were considered for JDK 7 but won't now make it into the final release. Java could even get a form of closures support using this approach. When asked about this, Chapman said: We are just finishing a Swing project which we used it for. We have found a couple of minor bugs around generic types, one recently discovered remains to be fixed but other than that it seems quite nice to use, and nobody has been wanting to rush back to use conventional anonymous inner classes.Project Lombok, another project exploring the the annotation processor, pushes the technique still further. In effect Lombok uses annotation processing as a hook to run a Java agent that re-writes various javac internals based on the annotations. Since it is manipulating internal classes it is probably not suited to production use (internal classes can change even between minor releases of the JVM) but the project is an eye-opening example of just what can be done using the annotation processor, including:•Support for properties using a pair of @Getter and/or @Setter annotations with varying access levels, e.g. @Setter(AccessLevel.PROTECTED) private String name;•The @EqualsAndHashCode annotation, which generates hashCode() and equals() implementations from the fields of your object•The @ToString annotation, which generates an implementation of the toString() method •The @data method, which is equivalent to combining @ToString, @EqualsAndHashCode, @Getter on all fields, and @Setter on all non-final fields along with a constructor to initialize your final fieldsOther language experimentation, such as removing checked exceptions from Java, can also be done using this approach.Whilst the annotation processor technique opens up a welcome new route to language experimentation, care needs to be taken that the generated code can be easily read by developers, not just by the machine. Chapman made a number of suggestions during our conversation:Generate source code not bytecode, and pay attention to formatting (indenting especially) in the generated code. The compiler won't care whether it is all on one line or not, but your users will. I even sometimes add comments and javadoc in the source code generated by my annotation processors where appropriate.Hopefully if the technique becomes more prevalent IDEs will also make it easier to view the code that is to be generated at compile time.Syntactic Sugar in the IDEBruce Chapman also touches on our third technique - moving the syntactic sugar from the language to the IDE - in his blog and he elaborated on his ideas during our conversation. It is already routine for Java IDEs to create portions of boilerplate code for you such as the getters and setters of a class, but IDE developers are beginning to push the concept further. JetBrains' IntelliJ 9 offers a terse code block syntax for inner classes similar to a closure, which a developer can also type. Acting like code folds, these can then be expanded into the full anonymous inner classes which the compiler works with - this allows developers who prefer to stick with the standard anonymous inner class syntax to do so. A similar plug-in for Eclipse also exists. The key point here is that the "alternate" syntax is just a view of the actual code which the compiler and any source management tools continue to work with. Thus the developer should be able to switchviews between either form (like expanding or collapsing a code fold), and anyone without access to the definition of the sugar just sees the normal Java code. Chapman writes:There are many details to work out in order to make this easily accessible, but long term I see developers relatively easily defining a two way sugaring/desugaring transformation (jackpot is a good start for how this might be done), trying them out, evolving them and sharing the good ones with colleagues and the community. The advantages of this are almost the same as for a language change, without the disadvantages. The very best could become ubiquitous and then form the basis of an actual language change if necessary to get rid of any remaining "noise" not possible with this approach.Since syntactic sugar has to map to another (more verbose) language feature it cannot offer complete closure support; there are some features of BGGA closures for example that cannot be mapped to anonymous inner classes, and so they couldn't be implemented through this approach. Nevertheless the idea opens up the possibility of having various new syntaxes for representing anonymous inner classes, similar to BGGA syntax or FCM syntax, and allowing developers to pick the syntax they want to work with. Other language features, such as the null-safe Elvis operator, could certainly be done this way. To experiment further with the idea this NetBeans module also developed by Chapman, is what he describes as a "barely functional" prototype for Properties using this approach.ConclusionIn language development there is always a trade-off between stability and progress. The advantage that all of these techniques bring is that they don't affect the platform or the language. In consequence they are more tolerant to mistakes and are therefore more conducive to rapid and radical experimentation. With developers freely able to experiment we should begin to see more people separately tackling the poor signal to noise ratio of some common boilerplate such as the anonymous inner class syntax, mixing and evolving these ideas to some optimum form that adds the most value in the most cases. It will be fascinating to see how developers use these different approaches to push the Java platform in new directions.中文译文：不改变语言的前提下推进Java演进James Gosling在“The Feel of Java”中说过：Java是一种蓝领语言，它并不是博士的论文材料而是可以完成工作上的语言。
外文文献—计算机网络
英文原文：Computer networkA computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices.History ：Early networks of communicating computers included the military radar system Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) and its relative the commercial airline reservation system Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE),started in the late 1950s.[1][2]When Russia launched His SPUTNIK Satellite in Space In 1957.The American Started Agency Names ADV ANCE RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY (ARPA) & launched THis 1st Satellite Within 18 Month After Establishment.Then Sharing Of TheInformation InAnother Computer They Use ARPANET.And This All Responsibility On America's Dr.LIED LIEDER.Then in 1969,ARPANET Comes in INDIA And INDIAN Switched This Name To NETWORK. In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started funding the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defense. Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs developed during the1960s.[3] The ARPANET evolved into the modern Internet.Purpose ：Computer networks can be used for a variety of purposes: Facilitating communications. Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing.Sharing hardware.：In a networked environment, each computer on a network may access and use hardware resources on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer.Sharing files, data, and information. In a network environment, authorized user may access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks.Sharing software.：Users connected to a network may run application programs on remote computers.information preservationSecurityNetwork classification The following list presents categories used for classifying networks.Connection method ：Computer networks can be classified according to thehardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet, wireless LAN, HomePNA, power line communication or G.hn.Ethernet as it is defined by IEEE 802 utilizes various standards and mediums that enable communication between devices. Frequently deployed devices include hubs, switches, bridges, or routers. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium. ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network.Wired technologies ：Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for telecommunication.Twisted-pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer networking cabling consist of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 100 million bits per second. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms which are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded twisted-pair (STP) which are rated in categories which are manufactured in different increments for various scenarios.Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire wrapped with insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer. The layers of insulation help minimize interference and distortion. Transmissionspeed range from 200 million to more than 500 million bits per second.Optical fiber cable consists of one or more filaments of glass fiber wrapped in protective layers. It transmits light which can travel over extended distances.Fiber-optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic radiation. Transmission speedmay reach trillions of bits per second. The transmission speed of fiber optics is hundreds of times faster than for coaxial cables and thousands of times faster than atwisted-pair wire.[citation needed]Wireless technologies ：Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and receiver. The equipment looks similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Path between relay stations spaced approx, 30 miles apart. Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks.Communications satellites –The satellites use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically 22,000 miles (for geosynchronous satellites) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relayingvoice, data, and TV signals.Cellular and PCS systems – Use several radio communications technologies. The systems are divided to different geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.Wireless LANs –Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. An example of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology is IEEE.Infrared communication , which can transmit signals between devices within small distances not more than 10 meters peer to peer or ( face to face ) without any body in the line of transmitting.Scale：Networks are often classified as local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), personal area network (PAN), virtual private network (VPN), campus area network (CAN), storage area network (SAN), and others, depending on their scale, scope and purpose, e.g., controller area network (CAN) usage, trust level, and access right often differ between these types of networks. LANs tend to be designed for internal use by an organization's internal systems and employees in individual physical locations, such as a building, while WANs may connect physically separate parts of an organization and may include connections to third parties.Functional relationship (network architecture) ：Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist amongthe elements of the network,e.g., active networking, client–server, Wireless ad hoc network andpeer-to-peer (workgroup) architecture.Network topology ：Main article: Network topology Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network.Network topology is the coordination by which devices in the network are arranged in their logical relations to one another, independent of physical arrangement. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement and are connected to a hub, the network has a star topology, rather than a bus topology. In this regard the visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct. Networks may be classified based on the method of data used to convey the data, these include digital and analog networks.Types of networks based on physical scopeCommon types of computer networks may be identified by their scale.Local area network：A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Each computer or device on the network is a node. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernettechnology, although new standards like ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines).[4]Typical library network, in a branching tree topology and controlled access to resources All interconnected devices must understand the network layer (layer 3), because they are handling multiple subnets (the different colors). Those inside the library, which have only 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet connections to the user device and a Gigabit Ethernet connection to the central router, could be called "layer 3 switches" because they only have Ethernet interfaces and must understand IP. It would be more correct to call them access routers, where the router at the top is a distribution router thatconnects to the Internet and academic networks' customer access routers.The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (Wide Area Networks), include their higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and no need for leased telecommunication lines. Current Ethernet or other IEEE 802.3 LAN technologies operate at speeds up to 10 Gbit/s. This is the data transfer rate. IEEE has projects investigating the standardization of 40 and 100 Gbit/s.[5]Personal area network :A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters.[6] A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and Firewire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN.Home area network :A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN which is used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a CATV or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provider. It can also be referred to as an office area network (OAN).Wide area network :A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.Campus network :A campus network is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LAN's) within a limited geographical area. The networkingequipments (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling are almost entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc.).In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls.Metropolitan area network:A Metropolitan area network is a large computer network that usually spans a city or alarge campus. Sample EPN made of Frame relay WAN connections and dialup remote access.Enterprise private network :An enterprise private network is a network build by an enterprise to interconnect various company sites, e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops, in order to share computer resources.Virtual private network :A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through thelarger network when this is the case. One common application is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point.Internetwork :An internetwork is the connection of two or more private computer networks via a common routing technology (OSI Layer 3) using routers. The Internet is an aggregation of many internetworks, hence its name was shortened to Internet.Backbone network :A Backbone network (BBN) A backbone network or network backbone is part of a computer network infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of network, providing a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks.[1][2] A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide areas. Normally, the backbone's capacity is greater than the networks connected to it.A large corporation that has many locations may have a backbone network that ties all of the locations together, for example, if a server cluster needs to be accessed by different departments of a company that are located at different geographical locations.The pieces of the network connections (for example: ethernet, wireless) that bring these departments together is often mentioned as network backbone. Networkcongestion is often taken into consideration while designing backbones. Backbone networks should not be confused with the Internet backbone.Global area network:A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off the user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs.[7]Internet :The Internet is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks. It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research ProjectsAgency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW).Intranets and extranets :Intranets and extranets are parts or extensions of a computer network, usually a local area network. An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the intranet to all but specific, authorized users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an organization. A large intranet will typically have at least one web server to provide users with organizational information.An extranet is a network that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity and also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities—a company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranet—while at the same time the customers may not be considered trusted from a security standpoint. Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network.Overlay network:An overlay network is a virtual computer network that is built on top of another network. Nodes in the overlay are connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network.中文译文：计算机网络计算机网络，通常简单的被称作是一种网络，是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道，便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。
计算机外文文献+翻译(.net)
东北石油大学本科毕业设计英文文献及翻译学院计算机与信息技术学院班级计科07-1班学号姓名指导教师职称副教授 技术1.构建 页面 和结构 是微软.NET framework整体的一部分, 它包含一组大量的编程用的类，满足各种编程需要。
在下列的二个部分中, 你如何学会 很适合的放在.NET framework, 和学会能在你的 页面中使用语言。
.NET类库假想你是微软。
假想你必须支持大量的编程语言-比如Visual Basic 、C# 和C++. 这些编程语言的很多功能具有重叠性。
举例来说，对于每一种语言，你必须包括存取文件系统、与数据库协同工作和操作字符串的方法。
此外，这些语言包含相似的编程构造。
每种语言,举例来说，都能够使用循环语句和条件语句。
即使用Visual Basic 写的条件语句的语法不与用C++ 写的不一样,程序的功能也是相同的。
最后，大多数的编程语言有相似的数据变量类型。
以大多数的语言，你有设定字符串类型和整型数据类型的方法。
举例来说，整型数据最大值和最小值可能依赖语言的种类，但是基本的数据类型是相同的。
对于多种语言来说维持这一功能需要很大的工作量。
为什么继续再创轮子? 对所有的语言创建这种功能一次，然后把这个功能用在每一种语言中岂不是更容易。
.NET类库不完全是那样。
它含有大量的满足编程需要的类。
举例来说，.NET类库包含处理数据库访问的类和文件协同工作，操作文本和生成图像。
除此之外，它包含更多特殊的类用在正则表达式和处理Web协议。
.NET framework，此外包含支持所有的基本变量数据类型的类，比如：字符串、整型、字节型、字符型和数组。
最重要地, 写这一本书的目的, .NET类库包含构建的 页面的类。
然而你需要了解当你构建.NET页面的时候能够访问.NET framework 的任意类。
理解命名空间正如你猜测的, .NET framework是庞大的。
它包含数以千计的类(超过3,400) 。
计算机毕业论文外文文献翻译中英文：IEEE802.11媒体接入控制
计算机毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译中英⽂：IEEE802.11媒体接⼊控制英⽂资料与中⽂翻译IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROLThe IEEE 802.11 MAC layer covers three functional areas：reliable data delivery, medium access control, and security. This section covers the first two topics.Reliable Data DeliveryAs with any wireless network, a wireless LAN using the IEEE 802.11 physical and MAC layers is subject to considerable unreliability. Noise, interference, and other propagation effects result in the loss of a significant number of frames. Even with error-correction codes, a number of MAC frames may not successfully be received. This situation can be dealt with by reliability mechanisms at a higher layer. such as TCP. However, timers used for retransmission at higher layers are typically on the order of seconds. It is therefore more efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level. For this purpose, IEEE 802.11 includes a frame exchange protocol. When a station receives a data frame from another station. It returns an acknowledgment (ACK) frame to the source station. This exchange is treated as an atomic unit, not to be interrupted by a transmission from any other station. If the source does not receive an ACK within a short period of time, either because its data frame was damaged or because the returning ACK was damaged, the source retransmits the frame.Thus, the basic data transfer mechanism in IEEE802.11 involves an exchange of two frames. To further enhance reliability, a four-frame exchange may be used. In this scheme, a source first issues a request to send (RTS) frame to the destination. The destination then responds with a clear to send (CTS). After receiving the CTS, the source transmits the data frame, and the destination responds with an ACK. The RTS alerts all stations that are within reception range of the source that an exchange is under way; these stations refrain from transmission in order to avoid a collision between two frames transmitted at the same time. Similarly, the CTS alerts all stations that are within reception range of the destination that an exchange is under way. The RTS/CTS portion of the exchange is a required function of the MAC but may be disabled.Medium Access ControlThe 802.11 working group considered two types of proposals for a MAC algorithm: distributed access protocols, which, like Ethernet, distribute the decision to transmit over all the nodes using a carrier-sense mechanism; and centralized access protocols, which involve regulation of transmission by a centralized decision maker. A distributed access protocol makes sense for an ad hoc network of peer workstations (typically an IBSS) and may also be attractive in other wireless LAN configurations that consist primarily of burst traffic. A centralized access protocol is natural for configurations in which a umber of wireless stations are interconnected with each other and some sort of base station that attaches to a backbone wired LAN: it is especially useful if some of the data is time sensitive or high priority.The end result for 802.11 is a MAC algorithm called DFWMAC (distributed foundation wireless MAC) that provides a distributed access control mechanism with an optional centralized control built on top of that. Figure 14.5 illustrates the architecture. The lower sub-layer of the MAC layer is the distributed coordination function (DCF). DCF uses a contention algorithm to provide access to all traffic. Ordinary asynchronous traffic directly uses DCE. The point coordination function (PCF) is a centralized MAC algorithm used to provide contention-free service. PCF is built on top of DCF and exploits features of DCF to assure access for its users. Let us consider these two sub-layers in turn.MAClayerFigure 14.5 IEEE 802.11 Protocol ArchitectureDistributed Coordination FunctionThe DCF sub-layer makes use of a simple CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) algorithm, which functions as follows. If a station has a MAC frame to transmit, it listens to the medium. If the medium is idle, the station may transmit; otherwise the station must wait until the current transmission is complete before transmitting. The DCF does not include a collision detection function (i.e. CSMA/CD) because collision detection is not practical on a wireless network. The dynamic range ofthe signals on the medium is very large, so that a transmitting station cannot effectively distinguish incoming weak signals from noise and the effects of its own transmission.To ensure the smooth and fair functioning of this algorithm, DCF includes a set of delays that amounts to a priority scheme. Let us start by considering a single delay known as an inter-frame space (IFS). In fact, there are three different IFS values, but the algorithm is best explained by initially ignoring this detail. Using an IFS, the rules for CSMA access are as follows (Figure 14.6):Figure 14.6 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Logic1. A station with a frame to transmit senses the medium. If the medium is idle. It waits to see if the medium remains idle for a time equal to IFS. If so , the station may transmit immediately.2. If the medium is busy (either because the station initially finds the medium busy or because the medium becomes busy during the IFS idle time), the station defers transmission and continues to monitor the medium until the current transmission is over.3. Once the current transmission is over, the station delays another IFS. If the medium remains idle for this period, then the station backs off a random amount of time and again senses the medium. If the medium is still idle, the station may transmit. During the back-off time, if the medium becomes busy, the back-off timer is halted and resumes when the medium becomes idle.4. If the transmission is unsuccessful, which is determined by the absence of an acknowledgement, then it is assumed that a collision has occurred.To ensure that back-off maintains stability, a technique known as binary exponential back-off is used. A station will attempt to transmit repeatedly in the face of repeated collisions, but after each collision, the mean value of the random delay is doubled up to some maximum value. The binary exponential back-off provides a means of handling a heavy load. Repeated failed attempts to transmit result in longer and longer back-off times, which helps to smooth out the load. Without such a back-off, the following situation could occur. Two or more stations attempt to transmit at the same time, causing a collision. These stations then immediately attempt to retransmit, causing a new collision.The preceding scheme is refined for DCF to provide priority-based access by the simple expedient of using three values for IFS:●SIFS (short IFS):The shortest IFS, used for all immediate responseactions，as explained in the following discussion●PIFS (point coordination function IFS):A mid-length IFS, used by thecentralized controller in the PCF scheme when issuing polls●DIFS (distributed coordination function IFS): The longest IFS, used as aminimum delay for asynchronous frames contending for access Figure 14.7a illustrates the use of these time values. Consider first the SIFS.Any station using SIFS to determine transmission opportunity has, in effect, the highest priority, because it will always gain access in preference to a stationwaiting an amount of time equal to PIFS or DIFS. The SIFS is used in the following circumstances：●Acknowledgment (ACK): When a station receives a frame addressed onlyto itself (not multicast or broadcast) it responds with an ACK frame after, waiting on1y for an SIFS gap. This has two desirable effects. First, because collision detection IS not used, the likelihood of collisions is greater than with CSMA/CD, and the MAC-level ACK provides for efficient collision recovery. Second, the SIFS can be used to provide efficient delivery of an LLC protocol data unit (PDU) that requires multiple MAC frames. In this case, the following scenario occurs. A station with a multi-frame LLC PDU to transmit sends out the MAC frames one at a time. Each frame is acknowledged after SIFS by the recipient. When the source receives an ACK, it immediately (after SIFS) sends the next frame in the sequence. The result is that once a station has contended for the channel, it will maintain control of the channel until it has sent all of the fragments of an LLC PDU.●Clear to Send (CTS):A station can ensure that its data frame will getthrough by first issuing a small. Request to Send (RTS) frame. The station to which this frame is addressed should immediately respond with a CTS frame if it is ready to receive. All other stations receive the RTS and defer using the medium.●Poll response: This is explained in the following discussion of PCF.longer than DIFS(a) Basic access methoddefers(b) PCF super-frame constructionFigure 14.7 IEEE 802.11 MAC TimingThe next longest IFS interval is the: PIFS. This is used by the centralized controller in issuing polls and takes precedence over normal contention traffic. However, those frames transmitted using SIFS have precedence over a PCF poll.Finally, the DIFS interval is used for all ordinary asynchronous traffic.Point C00rdination Function PCF is an alternative access method implemented on top of the DCE. The operation consists of polling by the centralized polling master (point coordinator). The point coordinator makes use of PIFS when issuing polls. Because PI FS is smaller than DIFS, the point coordinator call seize the medium and lock out all asynchronous traffic while it issues polls and receives responses.As an extreme, consider the following possible scenario. A wireless network is configured so that a number of stations with time, sensitive traffic are controlled by the point coordinator while remaining traffic contends for access using CSMA. The point coordinator could issue polls in a round—robin fashion to all stations configured for polling. When a poll is issued, the polled station may respond using SIFS. If the point coordinator receives a response, it issues another poll using PIFS. If no response is received during the expected turnaround time, the coordinator issues a poll．If the discipline of the preceding paragraph were implemented, the point coordinator would lock out all asynchronous traffic by repeatedly issuing polls. To prevent this, an interval known as the super-frame is defined. During the first part of this interval, the point coordinator issues polls in a round, robin fashion to all stations configured for polling. The point coordinator then idles for the remainder of the super-frame, allowing a contention period for asynchronous access.Figure l4.7 b illustrates the use of the super-frame. At the beginning of a super-frame, the point coordinator may optionally seize control and issues polls for a give period of time. This interval varies because of the variable frame size issued by responding stations. The remainder of the super-frame is available for contention based access. At the end of the super-frame interval, the point coordinator contends for access to the medium using PIFS. If the medium is idle. the point coordinator gains immediate access and a full super-frame period follows. However, the medium may be busy at the end of a super-frame. In this case, the point coordinator must wait until the medium is idle to gain access: this result in a foreshortened super-frame period for the next cycle.OctetsFC=frame control SC=sequence controlD/I=duration/connection ID FCS=frame check sequence（a ） MAC frameBitsDS=distribution systemMD=more data MF=more fragmentsW=wired equivalent privacy RT=retryO=orderPM=power management (b) Frame control filedFigure 14.8 IEEE 802.11 MAC Frame FormatMAC FrameFigure 14.8a shows the 802.11 frame format when no security features are used. This general format is used for all data and control frames, but not all fields are used in all contexts. The fields are as follows:● Frame Control: Indicates the type of frame and provides contr01information, as explained presently.● Duration/Connection ID: If used as a duration field, indicates the time(in-microseconds) the channel will be allocated for successful transmission of a MAC frame. In some control frames, this field contains an association, or connection, identifier.●Addresses: The number and meaning of the 48-bit address fields dependon context. The transmitter address and receiver address are the MAC addresses of stations joined to the BSS that are transmitting and receiving frames over the wireless LAN. The service set ID (SSID) identifies the wireless LAN over which a frame is transmitted. For an IBSS, the SSID isa random number generated at the time the network is formed. For awireless LAN that is part of a larger configuration the SSID identifies the BSS over which the frame is transmitted: specifically, the SSID is the MAC-level address of the AP for this BSS (Figure 14.4). Finally the source address and destination address are the MAC addresses of stations, wireless or otherwise, that are the ultimate source and destination of this frame. The source address may be identical to the transmitter address and the destination address may be identical to the receiver address.●Sequence Control: Contains a 4-bit fragment number subfield used forfragmentation and reassembly, and a l2-bit sequence number used to number frames sent between a given transmitter and receiver.●Frame Body: Contains an MSDU or a fragment of an MSDU. The MSDUis a LLC protocol data unit or MAC control information.●Frame Check Sequence: A 32-bit cyclic redundancy check. The framecontrol filed, shown in Figure 14.8b, consists of the following fields.●Protocol Version: 802.11 version, current version 0.●Type: Identifies the frame as control, management, or data.●Subtype: Further identifies the function of frame. Table 14.4 defines thevalid combinations of type and subtype.●To DS: The MAC coordination sets this bit to 1 in a frame destined to thedistribution system.●From DS: The MAC coordination sets this bit to 1 in a frame leaving thedistribution system.●More Fragments: Set to 1 if more fragments follow this one.●Retry: Set to 1 if this is a retransmission of a previous frame.●Power Management: Set to]if the transmitting station is in a sleep mode.●More Data: Indicates that a station has additional data to send. Each blockof data may be sent as one frame or a group of fragments in multiple frames.●WEP：Set to 1 if the optional wired equivalent protocol is implemented.WEP is used in the exchange of encryption keys for secure data exchange.This bit also is set if the newer WPA security mechanism is employed, as described in Section 14.6.●Order：Set to 1 in any data frame sent using the Strictly Ordered service,which tells the receiving station that frames must be processed in order. We now look at the various MAC frame types. Control Frames Control frames assist in the reliable delivery of data frames. There are six control frame subtypes:●Power Save-Poll (PS-Poll): This frame is sent by any station to the stationthat includes the AP (access point). Its purpose is to request that the AP transmit a frame that has been buffered for this station while the station was in power saving mode.●Request to Send (RTS):This is the first frame in the four-way frameexchange discussed under the subsection on reliable data delivery at the beginning of Section 14.3.The station sending this message is alerting a potential destination, and all other stations within reception range, that it intends to send a data frame to that destination.●Clear to Send (CTS): This is the second frame in the four-way exchange.It is sent by the destination station to the source station to grant permission to send a data frame.●Acknowledgment:Provides an acknowledgment from the destination tothe source that the immediately preceding data, management, or PS-Poll frame was received correctly.●Contention-Free (CF)-End: Announces the end of a contention-freeperiod that is part of the point coordination function.●CF-End+CF-Ack:Acknowledges the CF-End. This frame ends thecontention-free period and releases stations from the restrictions associated with that period.Data Frames There are eight data frame subtypes, organized into two groups. The first four subtypes define frames that carry upper-level data from the source station to the destination station. The four data-carrying frames are as follows: ●Data: This is the simplest data frame. It may be used in both a contentionperiod and a contention-free period.●Data+CF-Ack: May only be sent during a contention-free period. Inaddition to carrying data, this frame acknowledges previously received data.●Data+CF-Poll: Used by a point coordinator to deliver data to a mobilestation and also to request that the mobile station send a data frame that it may have buffered.●Data+CF-Ack+CF-Poll: Combines the functions of the Data+CF-Ack andData+CF-Poll into a single frame.The remaining four subtypes of data frames do not in fact carry any user data. The Null Function data frame carries no data, polls, or acknowledgments. It is used only to carry the power management bit in the frame control field to the AP, to indicate that the station is changing to a low-power operating state. The remaining three frames (CF-Ack, CF-Poll,CF-Ack+CF-Poll) have the same functionality as the corresponding data frame subtypes in the preceding list (Data+CF-Ack, Data+CF-Poll,Data+CF-Ack+CF-Poll) but withotit the data. Management FramesManagement frames are used to manage communications between stations and APs. The following subtypes are included:●Association Request：Sent by a station to an AP to request an association,with this BSS. This frame includes capability information, such as whether encryption is to be used and whether this station is pollable.●Association Response:Returned by the AP to the station to indicatewhether it is accepting this association request.●Reassociation Request: Sent by a station when it moves from one BSS toanother and needs to make an association with tire AP in the new BSS. The station uses reassociation rather than simply association so that the new AP knows to negotiate with the old AP for the forwarding of data frames.●Reassociation Response:Returned by the AP to the station to indicatewhether it is accepting this reassociation request.●Probe Request: Used by a station to obtain information from anotherstation or AP. This frame is used to locate an IEEE 802.11 BSS.●Probe Response: Response to a probe request.●Beacon: Transmitted periodically to allow mobile stations to locate andidentify a BSS.●Announcement Traffic Indication Message: Sent by a mobile station toalert other mobile stations that may have been in low power mode that this station has frames buffered and waiting to be delivered to the station addressed in this frame.●Dissociation: Used by a station to terminate an association.●Authentication：Multiple authentication frames are used in an exchange toauthenticate one station to another.●Deauthentication:Sent by a station to another station or AP to indicatethat it is terminating secure communications.IEEE802.11 媒体接⼊控制IEEE 802．11 MAC层覆盖了三个功能区：可靠的数据传送、接⼊控制以及安全。
计算机专业b-s模式 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照
外文翻译ENGLISHE：Develop Web application program using ASP the architecture that must first establish Web application. Now in application frequently with to have two: The architecture of C/S and the architecture of B/S.Client/server and customer end / server hold the architecture of C/S.The customer / server structure of two floor.Customer / server ( Client/Server ) model is a kind of good software architecture, it is the one of best application pattern of network. From technology, see that it is a logic concept, denote will a application many tasks of decomposing difference carry out , common completion is entire to apply the function of task. On each network main computer of web site, resource ( hardware, software and data ) divide into step, is not balanced, under customer / server structure, without the client computer of resource through sending request to the server that has resource , get resource request, so meet the resource distribution in network not balancedness. With this kind of structure, can synthesize various computers to cooperate with work, let it each can, realize the scale for the system of computer optimization ( Rightsizing ) with scale reduce to melt ( Downsizing ). Picture is as follows:It is most of to divide into computer network application into two, in which the resource and function that part supports many users to share , it is realized by server; Another part faces every user , is realized by client computer, also namely, client computer is usual to carry out proscenium function , realizes man-machine interaction through user interface , or is the application program of specific conducted user. And server usually carries out the function of backstage supporter , manages the outside request concerning seting up, accepting and replying user that shared. For a computer, it can have double function , is being certain and momentary to carve to act as server , and again becomes client computer in another time.Customer / server type computer divide into two kinds, one side who offers service is called as server , asks one side of service to be called as customer. To be able to offer service, server one side must have certain hardware and corresponding server software; Also, customer one side mustalso have certain hardware and corresponding customer software.There must be a agreement between server and customer, both sides communicate according to this agreement.Apply customer / server model in Internet service , the relation between customer and server is not immutable. Some Internet node offers service on the one hand , also gets service on the other hand from other node; It is even in one time dialogue course, mutual role also exchanges probably. As in carry out file transmission , if be called as one side who offers file server, is called as one side who gets file customer, when using get or mget order since another node takes file, can think that what self use and it is client computer , is using put or mput order to another node dispatch file can again think the machine that used self is server.Multilayer customer / server structureAlong with the development of enterprise application, recently, have again arisen a kind of new multilayer architecture, it applies customer end to divide into two minutes: Customer application and server apply. Customer application is the part of original customer application , is another and partial to have been transfered to server to apply. New customer application takes the responsibility for user interface and simple regular business logic and new server application resident core , changeable business logic. Therefore its structure has become new ( Client application + Server application )/Server structure. Following picture shows:This kind of structure has solved traditional Client/Server can expand problem, have reduced customer end business logic , and have reduced the requirement of customer end for hardware. At the same time because of a lot of business logic concentrations have gone to unitary application server on, the maintenance work of application system had been also concentrated together, have eliminated the problem in the traditional structure of Client/Server that software distributes. This kind of structure is called as the architecture of B/S.Browser/Server and browser / server hold the architecture of B/S. Onessence, Browser/Server is also a kind of structure of Client/Server, it is a kind of from the traditional two levels of structural development of Client/Server come to the three-layer structural special case of Client/Server that applied on Web.In the system of Browser/Server, user can pass through browser to a lot of servers that spread on network to send request. The structure of Browser/Server is maximum to have simplified the work of client computer, on client computer, need to install and deploy few customer end software only , server will bear more work, for database visit and apply program carry out will in server finish.Under the three-layer architecture of Browser/Server, express layer ( Presentatioon ) , function layer ( Business Logic ) , data layer ( Data Service ) have been cut the unit of 3 relative independences: It is the first layer of to express layer: Web browser.In expressing layer contain system show logic, locate in customer end. It's task is to suggest by Web browser to the certain a Web server on network that service is asked , after verifying for user identity, Web server delivers needed homepage with HTTP agreement to customer end, client computer accept the homepage file that passed , and show it in Web browser on.Second layer function layer: Have the Web server of the application function of program extension.In function layer contain the systematic handling of general affairs logic, locate in Web server end. It's task is the request concerning accepting user , need to be first conducted and corresponding to expand application program and database to carry out connection , passes through the waies such as SQL to database server to put forward data handling to apply for, then etc. database server the result of handling data submit to Web server, deliver again by Web server to return customer end.The number of plies of 3th according to layer: Database server.In data layer contain systematic data handling logic, locate in database server end. It's task is to accept the request that Web server controls for database, realization is inquired and modified for database , update etc. function, submit operation result to Web server.Careful analysis is been easy to see , the architecture of Browser/Server of three-layer is the handling of general affairs of the two levels of structure of Client/Server logic modular from the task of client computer in split , from the first floor of individual composition bear the pressure of its task and such client computer have alleviated greatly, distribute load balancedly and have given Web server, so from the structural change of Client/server of original two floor the structure of Browser/Server of three-layer. This kind of three-layer architecture following picture shows.This kind of structure not only client computer from heavy burden andthe requirement of performance that rises continuously for it in liberation come out , also defend technology people from heavy maintenance upgrading work in free oneself. Since client computer handles general affairs , logic partial minutes have given function server, make client computer right off " slender " a lot of, do not take the responsibility for handling complex calculation and data again visit etc. crucial general affairs, is responsible to show part, so, maintenance people do not rush about again for the maintenance work of program between every client computer, and put major energy in the program on function server update work. Between this kind of three-layer structural layer and layer, the mutually independent change of any first floor does not affect the function of other layer. It has changed the defect of the two levels of architecture of Client/Server of tradition from foundation, it is the transform with deep once in application systematic architecture.The contrast of two architecturesThe architecture of Browser/Server and the architecture ofClient/Server compare with all advantages that not only have the architecture of Client/Server and also have the architecture ofClinet/Server the unique advantage that place does not have: Open standard: The standard adopted by Client/Server only in department unification for but, it's application is often for special purpose.It is lower to develop and defend cost: It need to be implemented on all client computers that the application of Client/Server must develop the customer end software for special purpose, no matter installation and disposition escalate still, have wasted manpower and material resources maximumly. The application of Browser/Server need in customer end have general browser , defend and escalate to work in server end go on , need not carry out any change as customer holds , have reduced the cost of development and maintenance so greatly.It is simple to use , interface friendly: The interface of the user of Client/Server is decided by customer end software, interface and the method of its use are not identical each, per popularize a system of Client/Server ask user study from the beginning, is hard to use. The interface of the user of Browser/Server is unified on browser, browser is easy to use , interface friendly, must not study use again other software, the use of a Lao Yong Yi that has solved user problem.Customer end detumescence: The customer end of Client/Server has the function that shows and handles data , as the requirement of customer end is a client computer " it is fat " very high. The customer of Browser/Server holds the access that not takes the responsibility for database again and the etc. task of complex data calculation, need it only show , the powerful role that has played server fully is so large to have reduced the requirement for customer end, customer end become very " thin ".System is flexible: The 3 minutes of the system of Client/Server, in modular, have the part that need to change to want relation to the change of other modular, make system very difficult upgrading. The 3 minutes of the system of Browser/Server modular relative independence, in which a part of modular change, other modular does not get influence, it is very easy that system improve to become, and can form the system with much better performance with the product of different manufacturer.Ensure systematic safety: In the system of Client/Server, directly join with database server because of client computer, user can very easily change the data on server, can not guarantee systematic safety. The system of Browser/Server has increased a level of Web server between client computer and database server , makes two not to be directly linked again, client computer can not be directly controled for database, prevent user efficiently invade illegally.The architecture of Browser/Server of three-layer has the advantage that a lot of traditional architectures of Client/Server does not have , and is close to have combined the technology of Internet/Intranet, is that the tendency of technical development tends to , it application system tape into one brand-new develop times. From this us option the configuration of B/S the architecture that develops as system.what are C/S with B/SFor " C/S " with the technology of " B/S " develop change know , first,must make it clear that 3 problems.( 1 ) What is the structure of C/S.C/S ( Client/Server ) structure, the server structure and client computer that all know well. It is software systematic architecture, through it can hold hardware environment fully using two advantage, realize task reasonable distribution to Client end and Server end , have reduced systematic communication expense. Now, the most systems of application software are the two levels of structure of the form of Client/Server , are developing to the Web application of distribution type since current software application is systematic, Web and the application of Client/Server can carry out same business handling , apply different modular to share logic assembly; Therefore it is systematic that built-in and external user can visit new and existing application , through the logic in existing application system, can expand new application system. This is also present application system develop direction. Traditional C ／S architecture though adopting is open pattern, but this is the openness that system develops a level , in specific application no matter Client end orServer end the software that need to still specify support. Because of the software software that need to develop different edition according to the different system of operating system that can not offer the structure of C/S and the open environment of user genuine expectation , besides, the renovation of product is very rapid, is nearly impossible to already meet the 100 computer above users of local area network at the same time use. Price has low efficiency high. If my courtyard uses , Shanghai exceed the orchid company's management software " statistics of law case" is typical C ／S architecture management software.( 2 ) What is the structure of B/S.B/S ( Browser/Server ) structure browser and server structure. It is along with the technology of Internet spring up , it is for the structure of improvement or a kind of change of the structure of C/S. Under this kind of structure, user working interface is to realize through WWW browser, lose the logic of general affairs very much in front( Browser) realization, but the major logic of general affairs in server end( Server) realization, form the three-layer claimed 3-tier structure. So, have simplified customer end computer load greatly , have alleviated system to defend workload and the cost with upgrading , have reduced the overall cost of user ( TCO ). With present technology see , local area network the network application that establishes the structure of B/S , and under the pattern of Internet/Intranet, database application is easy to hold relatively , cost also is lower. It is that oneness goes to the development of position , can realize different people, never same place, with difference receive the way of entering ( for example LAN, WAN, Internet/Intranet etc.) visit and operate common database; It can protect data platform efficiently with management visit limits of authority, server database is also safe. Now in my courtyard, net ( Intranet ) , outer net ( Internet ) with Beijing eastern clear big company " law case and the management software of official business " is the structural management software of B/S , policemen each working station in local area network pass through WWW browser can realize working business. Especially in JAVA step platform language appearance after, the configuration management software of B/S is more facilitated , is shortcut, efficient.( 3 ) The management software technology of main stream.The technology of main stream of management software technology is as management thought , have also gone through 3 develop period. First, interface technology goes to Windows graph interface ( or graph user interface GUI ) from last century DOS character interface, till Browser browser interface 3 differences develop period. Secondly, today own the browser interface of computer, is not only visual and is easy to use , what is more major is that any its style of application software based on browser platform is as, make the requirement of choosing a person for the job for operating training not high and software operability is strong , is easy to distinguish; Moreover platform architecture the file that also goes to today from past single user development ／server ( F ／S ) system and client computer ／server ( C ／S ) system and browser ／server ( B ／S ) system.The comparison of C/S and B/SC/S and B/S is the now world two technologies of main stream of developing pattern technical configuration. C/S is that American Borland company researches and develop most early, B/S is that American Microsoft researches and develop. Now this two technologies with quilt world countries grasp , it is many that domestic company produce article with C/S and the technical development of B/S. This two technologies have the certain market share of self , is with customer crowd , each domestic enterprise says that own management software configuration technical function is powerful, advanced, convenient , the customer group that can lift , have a crowd scholar ink guest to shake flag self cry out , advertisement flies all over the sky , may be called benevolent to see kernel, sage sees wisdomC/S configures inferior position and the advantage of software( 1 ) Application server operation data load is lightcomparatively.The database application of the most simple architecture of C/S is become by two partial groups, customer applies program and database server program. Both can be called as proscenium program and the program of backstage supporter respectively. The machine of operation database server program is also called as application server. Once server program had been started , waits the request concerning responding customer program hair at any time; Customer application program operation can becalled as customer computer on the own computer of user, in correspondence with database server, when needs carry out any operation for the data in database, customer program seeks server program voluntarily , and sends request to it, server program is regular as basis intends to make to reply, send to return result, application server operation data load is lighter.( 2 ) Data store management function relatively transparent.In database application data store management function, is carried out respectively independently by server program and customer application program , is regular as proscenium application can violate , and usually those different( no matter is have known still unknown ) operations data, in server program, do not concentrate realization, for instance visit limits of authority, serial number can be repeated , must have customer talent establishment the rule order. It is these to own , for the last user that works on proscenium program is " transparent ", they need not be interest in ( can not usually also interfere ) the course of behind, can complete own all work. In the application of customer server configuration proscenium program not is very " thin ", troublesome matter is delivered to server and network. In the system of C/S take off , database can not become public really , professionally more competent storehouse, it gets independent special management.( 3 ) The inferior position of the configuration of C/S is high maintenance cost make investment just big.First, with the configuration of C/S, will select proper database platform to realize the genuine "unification" of database data, make the data synchronism that spreads in two lands complete deliver by database system go to manage, but the logically two operators of land will directly visit a same database to realize efficiently , have so some problems, if needs establishment the data synchronism of " real time ", the database server that must establish real time communication connection between two places and maintains two lands is online to run , network management staff will again want to defend and manage for customer end as server defends management , maintenance and complex tech support and the investment of this high needs have very high cost, maintenance task is measured.Secondly, the software of the structure of C/S of tradition need to develop thesoftware of different edition according to the different system of operating system , is very rapid because of the renovation of product, price is working needs high with inefficient already do not meet. In JAVA step platform language appearance after, the configuration of B/S is more vigorous impact C/S , and forms threat and challenge for it. .The advantage of B/S configuration software( 1 ) The Maintenance of inferior position and upgrading way are simple.Now upgrading and the improvement of software system more and more frequently, the product of the configuration of B/S embodies more convenient property obviously. For one a little a little bit big unit , if systematic administrator needs , between hundreds of 1000 even last computers round trip run , efficiency and workload is to can imagine, but the configuration of B/S software needs management server have been all right , all customer ends are browser only, need not do any maintenance at all. No matter the scale of user has , is what , has how many branch will not increase any workload of maintenance upgrading , is all to operate needs to aim at server to go on; If need differently only, net server connection specially , realize long-range maintenance and upgrading and share. So client computer more and more " thin ", and server more and more " fat " is the direction of main stream of future informative development. In the future, software upgrading and maintenance will be more and more easy , and use can more and more simple, this is for user manpower , material resources, time and cost save is obvious , it is astonishing. Therefore defend and escalate revolutionary way is the client computer " it is thin ", " is fat " server.( 2 ) Cost reduction, it is more to select.All know windows in the computer of top of a table on nearly one Tong world, browser has become standard disposition, but on server operating system, windows is in absolute dominance position not. Current tendency is the application management software that uses the configuration of B/S all , need to install only in Linux server on , and safety is high. The so server option of operating system is many, no matter choosing those operating system, can let the most of ones use windows in order to the computer of top of a table of operating system does not get influence, this for make most popular free Linux operating system develop fast, Linux except operatingsystem is free besides, it is also free to link database, this kind of option is very pupular.Say, many persons on daily, "Sina website" nets , so long as having installed browser for can , and what need not know the server of " Sina website " to use is that what operating system, and in fact the most of websites do not use windows operating system really, but the computer of user is most of as installing to be windows operating system.( 3 ) Application server operation data load value comparatively.Since B/S configures management, software installation in server end ( Server ) on, it is been all right that network administrator need to manage server only, the user interface major logic of general affairs in server ( Server ) end pass through WWW browser completely realization, lose the logic of general affairs very much in front( Browser) realization, all customer ends has only browser, network administrator need to do hardware maintenance only. But application server operation data load is heavier, once occuring " server collapse " to wait for problem, consequence is unimaginable. Therefore a lot of units have database to stock server , are ready for any eventuality.原文翻译:利用ASP开发Web应用程序首先必须确立Web应用的体系结构。
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中英文资料外文翻译网站建设技术1.介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分。
Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇。
随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快。
近几年网页设计发展,快得人目不暇接。
随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线。
要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。
在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。
2、网站的定义2.1 如何定义网站确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。
为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题。
要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。
其次,保持网站的高品质。
在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。
一个优秀的网站应具备：（1）用户访问网站的速度要快；（2）注意反馈与更新。
及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求；（3）首页设计要合理。
首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。
2.2 网站的内容和功能在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。
网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。
确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。
我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。
2.3 网站的结构（1）网站的结构；（2）定义导航；（3）可视化设计；（4）设计框架和页面。
3、网站的设计与实现随着人们对设计的要求越来越高,高格调,高品位的设计作品,才深受人们的欢迎。
这也就给设计者们提出了更高的要求,从这个角度说,板式设计正是满足了人们的要求应需而生。
科技的飞跃发展, 让Internet 走进了千家万户,也产生出新的设计领域空间,而网页设计成为新的设计领域的重要内容。
优秀的网页设计,必须有好的创意,才能使观者视线久久难移,产生震撼力。
版面设计是很重要的,通过文字、图形的空间组合,能最佳的表达出和谐与美。
如果想进一步认识网页设计,做出有别于一般网站的网页,就需要掌握更多的象CSS 、javascript 、CGI 等网页设计技术。
在网站的建设中就应用了CSS 、javascript 等网页设计技术。
3.1 应用CSS 设计网页(1) 什么是CSS ? CSS 是一种样式表(stylesheet)技术。
也有的人称之为层叠样式表( Cascading Stylesheet)。
(2) CSS与HTML的结合方式。
方式一：将所定义的CSS内容书写在这一对标签之间。
方式二：将CSS内容单独保存为一个文本文件,再由标签来调用。
(3) CSS在网站中的应用事例。
在网站中的页面,增加了以下的定义, 使页面有特殊的显示效果。
3.2 应用javascript 设计网页javascript的出现使得信息和用户之间不仅只是一种显示和浏览的关系,而是实现了一种实时的、动态的、可交式的表达能力。
从而基于CGI静态的HTML页面将被可提供动态实时信息,并对客户操作进行反应的Web页面的取代。
javascript脚本正是满足这种需求而产生的语言。
它深受广泛用户的喜爱。
它是众多脚本语言中较为优秀的一种。
与WWW的结合有效地实现了网络计算和网络计算机的蓝图。
4.关于网站建设的几点体会随着Internet的普及，越来越多的政府部门、公司和个人意识到需要拥有自己的独立网站。
下面就设计和制作网站谈谈自己的一些体会。
在进行完系统分析之后，我们就应该进行系统的设计。
网页的设计类似于软件开发的设计，有自顶向下、自底向上和不断增补等设计方法。
主要任务是网页内容的设计，包括网页的信息组织结构、外观、内容分块、导航与链接、目录结构等设计。
系统设计是网站具体实现前的准备，对网页的实现进一步提出更具体的要求，对网页的整体效果、局部细节有更明确的设想。
这个过程是整个网站规划中的关键。
接下来就是如何将自己设计的网站实现的问题。
对于网站的实现，我认为需要考虑两部分：网页的实现；Web服务器的实现。
在网站实现的过程中，技术选型很重要。
前者主要使用HTML语言，对于交互性较强的网站来说，建议采用ASP、JSP、PHP等编程来辅助实现，更为复杂的网站可能还会有自己的数据库。
后者则用到各种基于不同操作系统的Web服务器软件的安装、调试。
这个阶段是整个过程中最主要也最耗时的一部分。
当我们完成了上述工作后，就需要进行网页发布了。
到了这个阶段，网页制作就接近尾声，主要工作是把做好的网页发布到网络上，对网页作最后的修改、测试，保证网页能在网络上正常地运行。
在网页发布以后，应对网页进行各个方面各种情况的测试，包括网页能否对任何不同的浏览器、不同的访问者都表现正常，ASP、JSP、PHP程序能否正常工作等等。
这个阶段是网页的试运行期，此时应把网页的各种缺陷尽量弥补，使网页更加完善。
经过一段时期的运行，网站就进入了正常运行期，主要工作是及时更新网页过时的信息，及时对访问者的留言做出反馈，进一步完善网页，不断采用新的技术更新升级网页，使网页的访问更迅速，外观更美观，信息资源更丰富。
以上就是建站要大体遵循的七个步骤，这七个步骤是相辅相成的，但可根据网页的难易程度和复杂度适当增强或减弱某个环节。
总之，建设一个成功的网站并非一件容易的事，它需要全方位考虑，综合各方面的因素。
5、结束语随着Internet技术的突飞猛进,各行各业都在加入Internet的行业中来。
无论从管理方面,还是从商业角度来看,Internet都可以带来无限生机。
Internet成为了一个设计人员施才华的新天地。
人们将不断探索,将网站建设中的新技术应用在网站中。
On site construction technology1 IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives.Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied. With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology.2, the definition of websiteHow definition of websites 2.1Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website? You have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:(1) users visit Web site is faster.(2) attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;(3) Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.2.2 The contents of the website and functionThe content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same.2.3 The structure website(1) site structure;(2) definition of navigation;(3) Visual Design;(4) framework and design pages.3, Site Design and ImplementationWith increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity. This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health. The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design. Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power. Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States. If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology. In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology.CSS 3.1 Application Design website(1) What is CSS? CSS is a style sheet (stylesheet) technology. Some of them called CSS (Cascading Stylesheet).(2) the combination of CSS and HTML form. Mode 1: The CSS content,as defined in the writing between the labels. Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.(3) CSS the web site of examples. The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects.3.2 Application Design website javascriptjavascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time, dynamic, cross-expression. Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced. javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language. It's loved by extensive user. Many scripting language it is in a relatively good. WWW and effectively achieve the combination of the computer network computing and network blueprint.4. Construction on the site ExperienceWith the popularity of the Internet, more and more government departments, companies and individuals aware of the need to have their own independent Web site. Below on the design and production sites on some of their own experience.After conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details have a clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP,JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve, the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to do a good job in the website release to the network, the web site for final modifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period, the website at this time should be to make up for various shortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introductionof new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needsall-round consideration, the Composite various factors.5, concluding remarksWith the rapid development of Internet technology, in all walks of life have joined the industry to the Internet. Whether from the management side, or from a commercial point of view, the Internet can bring immense vitality. Internet to become a talented designer Shi new world. People will continue to explore, will be the site of the building in the application of new technologies in the web site.。