英语科技论文写作技巧

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如何写一篇英文科技论文

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如何写一篇英文科技论文
◆尹小军康健刘永立赵福军陈海波
摘
要根据形成英文科技论文的模式ＩＭＡＲＤ（即引言、材料和
件很困难的事，即便是对英语国家的人，很多时候他们的
论文也因为语言问题被退稿。即便英语不是母语，科技论
文也应符合标准英语语言的习惯（句型、语法、拼写等）。
英文科技论文的句子应该是完整的，读者容易理解的。
英文科技论文的撰写有一个基本模式ＭＡＲＤ法
研究有多好，都不会产生很大的影响英文论文写作是一
该研究领域有一个深刻、全面的理解，能够给读者阐明研
究是多么重要。引言部分应该说明的一些基本问题：这是
一
个什么问题？存在一些解决的方法吗？哪个方法是最好的？它的主要不足是什么？期待解决哪些问题？方案是否已经完成？引言部分的时态应是一般过去时（一般的背景内容，本文中将要完成的描述）、现在完成时（过去到现
一
定的专业知识，尽可能地用参考文献的形式，用图和表
该问题是否新颖，是否有研究价值。引言是反映作者对该
研究领域熟悉程度的一个标志。
来描述和分析实验方法。在该部分需要提及研究的地点和

中英文科技论文写作教程

中英文科技论文写作教程标题一、英文文章标题（Title）的结构：1.完整句子作为题目，这是一种常见的结构，尤其在报刊中常用：Fuzhou Strives for Better Exports（由于是题目，在句尾不能用句号）2.名词+动词不定式结构：这种结构表示将来，因在题目中一般不用will或shallThe Chinese Communist Party to Hold Its 18th Congress3.名词或名词短语+过去分词。

这种结构常用于报道已做过的事情.Capital International Airport Enlarged.北京国际机场扩建4.现代分词短语结构。

Visiting a Friend on a Snowy Night5.介绍短语结构In Memory of ….6.名词或名词短语+介词短语结构Home for the Sailors7.以动词原形开始的短语结构，这种结构常用于带有号召性的题目中。

Server the People8.名词或名词短语结构，例如A small Green City二、注意题目字母的大小写问题1. 题目中除介词、冠词、和连接词的字母全部小写外，其它的词的第一个字母要大写（介词和冠词在题目开头时第一个字母也要大写）My Family and Myself2.题目中全部字母大写，这种形式大多用于书籍封面上的题目，例如：上海简介A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHANGHAI3.题目第一个词的第一个字母大写外，其它字母一律小写，但遇到专门名词时，该词的第一个字母仍须大写，现在报纸上的题目大都采用这种形式，主要是便于排版。

中国体操选手夺得七枚金牌Chinese gymnasts sweep away seven gold medals三．在英语文章题目中，冠词常可省略，例如美国总统在西方U.S. President in West四、英文文题的一般性原则*文题应准确而清晰反映文章的内容和重点。

英文科技论文写作

英文科技论文写作英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。

一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。

撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。

最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。

IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题：Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？Results（结果）：发现了什么?Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么?按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。

首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。

你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。

画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。

哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。

如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。

绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。

这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。

采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。

英文科技论文写作技巧大全

英文科技论文写作技巧大全英文科技论文的基本格式•Title•Author(s)•Affiliation(s) and address(es) •Abstract•Keywords•Introduction •Experimental •Results and discussion •Conclusion (Summary;Concluding remarks) •Appendix (Abbreviation)•Acknowledgement •References2.基本要求（1）Title长短适中，概括性强，重点突出，一目了然。

（2）Author(s)姓氏和名字要容易弄清楚，以免发生以名代姓。

（3）Affiliation(s) and address(es)准确清楚，使读者能按所列信息顺利地与作者联系。

（4）Abstract不宜太详尽，也不宜太简短，应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等，简明扼要地加以概括。

不要将结论与提要重复使用。

（5）Introduction说明本研究的目的意义。

归纳与本研究密切相关的前人研究结果及有关文献，指出本研究与前人研究的不同之处。

说明本论文要解决的问题及方法、手段等。

不宜将本论文的结果在“绪论”中叙述。

（6）Experimental叙述主要的实验过程、方法、仪器设备、试剂来源及规格等。

不宜将实验结果在“实验部分”中叙述。

（7）Results and discussion是论文的核心部分，要求：–数据及图表的内容及含义交代清楚，有条理；–对数据及现象的归纳、演绎、解释、立论要有逻辑性、自洽性。

–语句要准确、流畅、多样化，不宜重复使用相同的句型和词汇。

（8）Conclusion (Summary, Concluding remarks)简明扼要地归纳出本论文的新发现、新观点、新理论等。

不宜将“结果及讨论”部分的语句直接抄录作为结论。

（9）References要按所投杂志规定的格式准确书写。

英语科技论文写作技巧(精美PPT)

使用中性词
• 1. 避免使用 man ，用people代替 • 2. 避免使用he，she，his，her等，用they，their，we，us等 • 3. 避免使用褒义色彩的词主观对论文做出评价等
标点符号
• 英文的标点符号与中文标点符号在形式上的差别主要有： • 1. 英文中句号为句点 • 2. 省略号为三个连续的句点 • 3. 没有顿号、书名号 • 4. 英文中有’
• The proposal is not easily accessible; therefore,…
• 分号也可以用来分隔没有连词连接的独立句子，如：
• The participants in the first study were paid; those in the second were unpaid.
• 5.冒号（：） • 冒号用来引导前文所预期解释、说明、引语或详细信息。当引导
的是多个完整的句子或引语时，冒号后面的首字母需要大写：引导的时单个句子时，有时用大写有时用小写。 • 6.分号（；） • 用来分隔一系列的、其中还有逗号的单词、短语或数据。如： • We thank Zachary Axelrod, university of Michigan, for spectral data; Caroline Fleissner, Harvard University, for helpful discussions; and the National Science Foundation for financial support.
义
避免双重否定
• This result is not unlikely to occur. • = The result is possible. • 这里应当也避免缩写，尽量写否定的全拼

英文科技文章写作方法总结

英文文章阅读总结1、题目（title）题目主要包含目的或者信息，吸引读者，不能太长。

例如：Evaluation of the Miscibility and Contribution of Flue Gas to Oil Recovery Under High Pressure Air Injection. 这个题目首先说明了文章的目的- Evaluation of the Miscibility and Contribution of Flue Gas to Oil Recovery，而High Pressure Air Injection既告诉读者研究的范围，又起到吸引读者的作用。

2、摘要（abstract）摘要主要包含四部分：研究工作的目的，方法，结果，结论。

摘要中不出现“本文”，“我们”“作者”等字眼，也不一般不出现“首次”，“最后”，“简单”，“主要”和“次要”等修饰词。

摘要中一般不出现的缩写词，出现的话需要解释一下。

摘要最大的特点就是简单、直接并且可以概括统领全文。

下面这个例子很好的说明了英文摘要写作特点：An experimental study was carried out to investigate the mechanism and contribution of miscible displacement, by in situ generated flue gases, to the recovery of light oil in reservoirs undergoing HPAI. The flue gas displacements were carried out on recombined reservoir oil in a slim tube apparatus at a reservoir temperature of 116˚ C and pressures ranging from 27.77 MPa(4,028 psi) to 46.06 MPa(6,680 psi).Results show that miscibility could not be achieved between the test oil and flue gases under the test conditions. Experiments conducted between 41.28 MPa(5,987 psi) and 45.04 MPa(6,532 psi), however, gave an indication of near-miscible displacement of the test oil. The flue gases displaced the oil in a forward contacting extraction process, resembling amechanism and contribution of miscible displacement，这部分必须简洁明了，一句话即可。

英文科技论文写作技巧与时态表达总结

英文科技论文写作技巧与时态表达总结英语谓语动词时态共有16种，在英文科技论文中用得较为频繁的主要有三种：即一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。

正确地使用动词时态是科研写作的基本功。

此次分享的是英文科技论文写作技巧与时态表达总结。

首先应该把握以下三个基本要点：1、一般现在时：主要用于不受时间限制的客观存在事实的描述，或发生或存在于写论文之时的感觉、状态、关系等的描述或致谢的表述等。

值得注意的是，出于尊重，凡是他人已经发表的研究成果作为"previously established knowledge"，在引述时普遍都用一般现在时。

2、一般过去时：用于写论文中作者自己所做工作的描述。

例如描述自己的材料、方法和结果。

3、一般将来时：用于撰写论文之后发生的动作或存在的状态。

例如提出下一步的研究方向。

摘要(Abstract)：摘要反映我们自己的研究结果，一般采用过去时。

概述(Introduction)：(1)概述中的研究背景通常会引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实，以及你所做研究的重要性，这些通常采用现在时。

例如：Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug design.(2)在概述中也可能引用与你从事项目相关的一些研究结果，为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性，即使已经是很久以前的研究结果，可使用现在时。

例如：Many of the lakes and wetlands in the region are located in craters or valleys blocked by early Pliocene lava flows (Ollier & Joyce, 1964).Garcia (1993) suggested that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income is the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves will eventually affect the bond price.需要注意的是如果引用的是一些已经过时或失效的科研结果，动词要使用过去时。

英语科技论文写作技巧

英语科技论文写作技巧研究现状模块的常用句式研究现状模块，主要阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作，通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。

研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。

?“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：?(1)用主动语态时，常用researcher／author／investigator／writer等作主语，如：Many／Several／A number of／Few researchers have studied／investigated／examined／explored ／reported on／discussed／considered+研究主题．?(2)用被动语态时，常用study／research／investigation／experiment／work／attention等作主语。

如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies／researches／investigationes／experimentes ?on+研究主题+have been performed／done／published．当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work／attention has been performed／done／published on+研究主题．?用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+has been studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered by many investigators／several researchers／a number of authors／few writers．又如：The study of+研究主题+has been widely reported／found／published in the literature．?“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。

论文中的英文写作技巧与表达方式

论文中的英文写作技巧与表达方式在英文学术论文的写作过程中，准确和流畅的表达是非常重要的。

本文将探讨一些论文中的英文写作技巧及表达方式，帮助读者提升论文写作的能力。

1. 写作结构论文的结构对于阐明观点、组织思路至关重要。

以下是一般英文学术论文的常见结构：（1）引言：介绍论文的主题，概述论文的目的和重要性，并提供背景知识。

（2）文献综述：回顾相关的学术研究和理论，评估前人的研究成果。

（3）方法论：描述研究方法、实验设计和数据分析方法。

（4）结果：对实验结果进行客观的描述和分析。

（5）讨论：解释和解读结果，并与前人的研究进行比较和讨论。

（6）结论：总结研究成果，强调重要性和可能的进一步研究方向。

2. 语法和拼写良好的语法和拼写是论文写作的基础。

以下是一些常见的语法和拼写错误，需要注意避免：（1）主谓一致：主语和谓语动词在人称和单复数上要保持一致。

（2）时态一致：使用正确的时态表达，如过去时、现在时或将来时等。

（3）冠词使用：正确使用冠词（a、an、the），并避免过度使用。

（4）拼写错误：仔细校对论文中的拼写错误，可以使用拼写检查工具进行辅助。

3. 学术词汇在写作过程中，合适的学术词汇能够提升论文的专业程度，但过度使用学术词汇反而会让读者难以理解。

以下是一些建议：（1）避免使用口语化的表达方式，如俚语或缩写。

（2）使用学术词汇丰富论文内容，但确保这些词汇确实适用于所描述的概念。

（3）使用词汇表达准确的思想和观点，同时避免以讹传讹，对所使用词汇的准确性要有严谨要求。

4. 表达清晰在论文写作中，清晰的表达是非常重要的。

以下是一些建议：（1）使用简洁的句子结构和控制篇幅，避免过长的句子或段落。

（2）使用逻辑的连接词，如"however"、"therefore"、"in addition"等，帮助读者理解论文的逻辑。

（3）对于复杂的概念，使用图表或实例来解释，以帮助读者更好地理解。

写好英语科技论文的诀窍探讨

写好英语科技论文的诀窍探讨引言在当今科技发展迅猛的时代，英语科技论文的写作已成为学术交流的重要方式。

然而，不少科研人员在写作过程中遇到了困难，表达不清晰、逻辑不严谨等问题。

本文将探讨一些写好英语科技论文的诀窍，希望能给科研人员提供一些有用的指导。

提前规划写好英语科技论文的第一步是提前规划。

在开始写作之前，有针对性地收集和整理相关的文献资料，并明确论文的主题和结构。

文献资料的收集与整理在撰写论文之前，积极收集与主题相关的文献资料是非常重要的。

可以通过图书馆、学术搜索引擎等途径获取最新的研究成果，确保论文的内容与前沿科技保持一致。

同时，合理地组织收集的文献资料，建立一个有序的文献库，方便后续的引用和阅读。

论文主题与结构的明确在准备阶段，必须明确论文的主题和结构。

首先，确定论文的研究问题或目标，并在论文的开头清晰地描述。

其次，合理划分论文的各个章节，确保逻辑严密、条理清晰。

最后，制定一个写作计划，合理分配时间，以确保论文能按时完成。

确定合适的语言风格写好英语科技论文需要使用准确、简洁和恰当的语言风格。

以下几点可供参考：准确和简洁在表达观点和叙述实验结果时，应该使用准确和简洁的语言。

避免使用模糊不清或过于复杂的词汇和句子结构。

使用常见的科技名词，并确保在文中使用一致的术语。

避免冗长和啰嗦冗长和啰嗦的语言会给读者带来困扰，降低论文的可读性。

要注意修剪冗余的词语和句子，简明扼要地表达观点和实验结果。

科学合理地使用修辞手法在适当的场景中，可以使用一些修辞手法来增加论文的可读性和表达能力。

例如，使用比喻、对比、排比等手法，但要确保使用恰当，不过度渲染。

注意段落和文章结构良好的段落和文章结构对于论文的可读性和逻辑严谨性非常重要。

下面是一些要点：合理的段落划分每一段应该围绕一个中心思想展开，并且在一个段落中只表达一个主要观点。

每个段落的开头应该有一个明确的主题句，以引导读者进入下一个段落的内容。

清晰的文章结构论文的结构应该清晰可见，使读者能够迅速理解论文的逻辑关系和组织结构。

英文科技论文初级写作技巧

只要发英文文章，就要遵循规则，不会写或者写不好不是抄的理由。

在英美体系中，作者写的东西属于创作，是不能剽窃的。

除非只想混文凭而已。

若搞科研，不从最初提高自己，遵循科研的规则，则百害无益。

一些常见的英文文章语言技巧1如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如：However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导之后一般会提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

英文科研论文写作技巧

英文科研论文写作简介1. 引言英文论文写作的前提是有创新研究成果，创新研究成果的关键是选题。

“An acceptable primary scientific publication” must be “the first disclosure”.科研论文写作常出现的一个误区是：以为好论文是“写”出来的，只要会写，论文总能被接受发表。

其实，论文被发表只是结果，这个结果是和一系列科研环节密切相关的，论文写作只是其最后一个环节。

在选择科研课题和工作切入点时，就需特别注意，一定要有创新内容，科学研究的灵魂是创新，重复别人的工作，从科研的角度来说，是没有意义的。

值得注意的是，阅读有关英文科技论文，不仅可以了解研究进展和动态，而且，可以学会科技英文表达。

同样，选题很好，研究工作做得不够细致、深入，也难有说服力，难以成为有价值的研究工作。

由于本书只介绍英文科研论文的写作，不讲如何做研究，因此只介绍有了好的研究成果后如何写成合格的科研文章。

The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publications.A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published.Thus, the scientists must not only “do” the science but must “write” science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of good science.2.科研论文的一般格式。

英语科技论文的一些写作技巧

[a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However, little information..little attention...little work...little d atalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few research ers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with resp ect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmislead edthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleadin g, unsatisfactory, qu estionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarcerareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave toprovide more documentsdatarecordsstudiesincrease the d atasetFurther studies are still n ecessary...essential...为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在Ho wever之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等比如：1)时间问题如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足2)物性及研究手段问题如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

撰写英文科技论文的一些基本技巧

撰写英文科技论文的一些基本技巧科技论文文本结构由标题、作者、摘要、关键词、引言、材料与方法、结果、讨论、结论等部分组成。

由于科技论文写作水平的高低，直接影响到论文能否成功发表，因此，撰写科技论文是每一位科技工作者所必须掌握的一项技能。

下面，医刊汇编译结合工作实践，阐述撰写英文科技论文的一些基本技巧。

一、文章标题的选择。

通常情况下，科技论文读者大多是先浏览标题，再决定是否继续花时间进行深入阅读。

因此，标题的意思越明确，关键词越突出就越能吸引相关领域的研究人员进行阅读。

在可能的情况下，应将文章的观点和结论在标题里展示出来，而不是仅仅宽泛描述研究领域。

另外，在科技论文写作中经常会用到缩写，但是作者需要尽量避免在标题中使用缩写。

除非是一些非常常见的缩写，用缩写比用其全称更能深入人心。

二、摘要部分。

一般需要包含研究背景及目的、实验方法、实验结果、研究结论。

一些期刊要求作者提交结构性的摘要，这类摘要格式比较固定，可以准确有效地向读者传达信息，容易避免出现内容遗漏的现象。

由于摘要通常会被单独出版，所以应该尽量避免使用缩写词汇和引用文献。

如果在摘要中确实需要使用缩写或引文，那么需要给出缩写的全称以及完整的引文信息。

三、引言部分。

一般包括本研究工作所要解决的问题以及研究使用的技术方案两个方面内容，撰写时要使用较为简短的描述性语句，要避免啰嗦、直奔主题。

由于期刊的版面有限，论文应该将主要篇幅放在结果与讨论部分。

因此，引言部分的篇幅尽量不要超过300字。

如果这篇文章中的某些研究结果曾经被发表过，那么作者需要在引言结尾处进行说明。

四、方法部分。

这部分应当按照实验操作的真实顺序来撰写，这样读者比较容易理解研究的操作过程。

如果此方法已经被发表过，那么在给出实验的大致步骤的同时，应当列出相应的参考文献。

而其他情况下，作者必须描写清楚实验方法的主要步骤，以便其他研究人员可以根据作者的描述重复操作。

这部分写作，内容过于冗长是比较常见的问题，所以要注意删除冗余的实验细节。

科技英语写作中的几个小窍门

科技英语写作中的几个小窍门
不管是说英文的外国人还是说中文的中国人，用英语进行写作都有很大的难度，因为写作是有规则的，违背这些规则就等于犯错。英文写得好不好，首先要看是不是符合语法，其次是看用词是否恰当，搭配是否合理。因此，如何用英语写作其实是一门高深的学问，一辈子学习都嫌不够。
我本人的英语写作刚入门，而且仅限于科技英语写作。在这里不想“班门弄斧”谈如何写作英语科技论文，只是根据自己的体会，总结一下在英语科技论文写作中的几个小窍门，仅供广大学子参考，恐令学者们见笑。
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八、专有名称
基因与蛋白质的名称一般用相同词汇表示，但基因名称要用斜体，蛋白质名称要用正体。大小写的规定似乎不严格，但基因名称用小写、蛋白质名称用大写较常见。另外，基因工程中的限制性内切酶名称要用斜体，而且第一个字母要大写，但表示菌株来源及酶编号的英文字母及罗马数字用正体，如EcoRI、BamHI等。
七、拉丁语
科技英语中经常使用拉丁语，一般用斜体表示，如动植物及微生物的拉丁学名、in vivo（活体内）、in vitro（试管中）、in situ（原位）、per se（本身）等。注意：这些外来词用来修饰名词时放在名词前，修饰动词时放在动词后。注意区分They have introduced the in vivo synthesis of vitamin D和Microorganisms are not ordinarily destroyed in vivo by bacteriostatic drugs。不过，有些拉丁词已被当做英语词汇使用，在文章中出现时不用斜体，如et al.和e.g.等。
一、时态的使用
有人在一篇文章中时态的使用很混乱，前后不一致，可能是因为不能活学活用英语语法的缘故。虽然时态错用并不会严重影响读者对文章内容的理解，但体现了作者的写作手法不规范，表达不严谨。一般而言，在Introduction和Discussion中提到一些普遍的认知或常识时，应该用现在时，如Cancer is a disease that fails to control cell division。如果提到别人的发现或报道，可以使用现在完成时，如Those authors have found that …、Someone has reported that …。在Materials and methods和Results中，若涉及动作，通常用过去时，如The wavelength was measured after 10 min。

科技英语作文写作技巧和方法

科技英语作文写作技巧和方法Writing Skills and Methods for Technology English Compositions。

Introduction:In today's digital era, technology plays a crucial role in our lives. As a result, it is essential for individuals to possess effective writing skills and methods to communicate their ideas and knowledge in the field of technology. This article aims to provide guidance on writing compelling and coherent technology English compositions.1. Understand the Audience:Before starting to write, it is crucial to understand the target audience. Consider their level of technical knowledge and expertise. This understanding will help in choosing appropriate language, tone, and level of detail in the composition.2. Plan and Organize:Effective writing requires careful planning and organization. Start by outlining the main points or ideas that need to be conveyed. Create a logical flow between these points, ensuring a smooth transition from one idea to another. This will help readers follow the content easily.3. Use Clear and Concise Language:In technology writing, clarity is of utmost importance. Use simple and concise language to convey complex ideas. Avoid jargon or technical terms that may confuse the readers. If technical terms are necessary, provide clear explanations or definitions to ensure understanding.4. Provide Relevant Examples:To make your composition more engaging and relatable, include relevant examples. These examples will help readers understand how the technology is applied in real-lifescenarios. Use specific details and facts to support your ideas, making the content more credible.5. Use Visual Aids:Technology is often complex, and visual aids can significantly enhance understanding. Incorporate diagrams, charts, or graphs to illustrate concepts or data. Ensure that the visual aids are clear, labeled, and directly related to the content discussed.6. Use Active Voice:Using active voice in writing makes the content more dynamic and engaging. It also helps in conveying information more directly. Instead of passive constructions, use active verbs to emphasize actions and responsibilities.7. Edit and Proofread:After completing the initial draft, take the time to edit and proofread the composition. Check for grammatical errors, sentence structure, and coherence. Ensure that the ideas flow logically and that the content is error-free. Reading aloud can also help identify any awkward phrasing or inconsistencies.8. Seek Feedback:To improve the quality of your composition, seek feedback from others. Ask for input from colleagues, friends, or mentors who have knowledge in the field of technology. Their perspectives can help identify areas for improvement and provide valuable insights.9. Stay Updated:Technology is a rapidly evolving field. Stay updated with the latest advancements, trends, and terminology. Incorporate current information into your writing to ensure relevance and accuracy. Regularly reading technology-related articles, journals, or blogs can help expand your knowledge base.Conclusion:Writing compelling and effective technology English compositions requires careful planning, organization, and clarity. By understanding the audience, using clear language, providing relevant examples, and incorporating visual aids, writers can effectively communicate complex technological concepts. Regular editing, seeking feedback, and staying updated are essential for continuous improvement in writing skills. With practice and dedication, anyone can become a proficient technology writer.。

英文科技论文写作技巧

2. Contents1). paper writing: title, author/affiliation（从属关系）, keywords, abstracts, introduction, main body, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, appendices(附件）, [əˈpɛndɪˌsiz] references, etc.2). strategies of paper publication3). other related informationGeneral description of academic paper writing(学术论文的总则)1. Types of academic papers1). Academic report 学术报告Definition（定义）:displaying the results of an experiment, investigation or inquiry (may not give personal opinions, evaluations on the issue).structure:IMRAD（论文主体）:导言、材料、结果及讨论introduction, methods, results and discussion.2). Research paper 研究论文definition:comparatively narrow subject（相对具体的主题，题目切记宽泛）;reporting empirical or theoretical work（实验或理论工作）in an academic field;usually published in academic journals;containing original research results;reviewing existing studies.structure:title, author/affiliation, abstracts, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis or experimental description, results and discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, references, appendices, etc.3). Course paper 课程论文definition:written by undergraduate or postgraduate students（本科生或研究生）.written in line with the course requirements （符合课程要求）structure:decided under the instruction of the course tutor.4). Thesis/ Dissertation 学位论文definition:submitted in support of a candidate for a degree;presenting a proposition to argue against or defend;exercising judgment, argument, logic etc.structure:acknowledgements（鸣谢）, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection and analysis, findings and conclusions, suggestions for future work, etc.3. The style of academic writing 语体formal language（正式用语）：concise, concrete（具体）, objective（客观）, logical（合理）, coherent（连贯）.1). person: the writer, we, etc2). V oice（语态）: passive（被动）3). structure: nominal structure（名词结构）4). specialized vocabulary（专业词汇）4. General structure of an academic papertitleabstractskeywordsIntroductionliterature reviewresearch methodologies and proceduresresults and findingsdiscussionconclusionreferences※I. TitleGeneral functions1. summarizing2. attracting readers3. facilitating retrieval （便于检索）Linguistic features（语言特征）1. phrase instead of sentence用短语代替句子2. nouns and gerunds名词和动名词Writing requirements1. brief and conciseno more than 20 words, 8-12 on average subtitle is advisable if it’s long2. specific具体3. avoid questions不要用疑问句4. unified grammatically symmetrical, nouns and gerunds not mixed名词动名词不要混用5. Standard: abbreviations（缩略语）, symbols（符号）, terms（术语）, capitalization（大写）e.g. 1). LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND TEACHING CULTUREALBACKGROUND.2). Learning Foreign Languages and Teaching Cultural Background3). Learning foreign languages and teaching cultural background※II. Author/AffiliationGeneral functions1. Bearing author’s responsibility2. facilitating retrieval and correspondence便于检索和通信3. heightening academic level for valuing the academic levels of a researcher or anacademic institutionLinguistic featuresZhang Xing Chen Xinwu Ouyang HaiZHANG Xing CHEN Xinwu OUY ANG HaiZHANG, Xing Chen, Xinwu Ouyang, Hai Writing requirements1. format: the requirements of the journal2. number of authors: if more than 5, use “et al.”3. author’s title omitted4. address: from smaller units to larger onesWang ShuhuaSchool of Journalism and transmissionNorthwest UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi 710069P.R. China※III. KeywordsGeneral functions1. highlighting the theme2. retrieval便于检索Linguistic features1. more nouns2. limited numbers: 4-6 words on averageWriting requirements1. using the required section title:e.g. Keywords/Keywords Index/Keywords and Phrases/Indexing Terms, etc.2. placing the section correctly：below the abstract3. spacing the Keywords关键词之间的间隔：Comma（逗号）, semicolon（分号）, larger space（空格）, no full stop at the end（结尾不要句号）.4. adopting standard abbreviations采用标准的缩略形式※IV. AbstractI. Definition:An abstract is a succinct (sək’sɪŋkt)简洁summary of a piece of work, usually academic in nature.A self-contained （独立的）entity;tool in searching for information.II. Basic elements:backgroundtopicapproach three core elementsconclusionsignificanceIII. Category1. Descriptive abstract（说明性摘要）: tells in an all around way what thepaper contains, including background, topic, approach,conclusion and significance.2. Informational abstract（信息性摘要）: highlights the approach andconclusion briefly but quantitatively.3. Informational-descriptive abstract（信息-说明性摘要）：A combined form that bears specific information about the approach and conclusion. IV. Structuretopic sentence主题句---“what” is in an abstractsupporting sentence扩展句---further specifying the subjectconcluding sentence总结句--- summarizing the resultsUseful sentence patterns:Topic sentenceThe primary goal of the research is… The chief aim of the present work is to investi gate…Supporting sentenceThe method used in our study is known as…The technique we applied is referred to as…Concluding sentenceIn conclusion, we state that…As a result of our experiment, we concluded that…V. Writing requirementsLength: no more than 200 words for a long paper50-100 words for a short oneapproximately 3-5 percent of the length of the paper. Comprehensiveness详尽: containing essential elementsConciseness简明: avoiding long mathematical expressions数学公式and omitting tables 表格, graphs, pictures, in-text citations加注, etc.Consistency一致性: consistent with the other parts of the paper与文章的其他部分一致. Tense时态: present, past (approach), future (significance)Personal pronouns and voices人称代词和语气: 3rd person第三人称, passive voice被动语态, to limit the use of first-person pronouns and mixed voices.VI. Writing techniques1. 5 steps:1). defining the context, topic and purpose 2). outlining the approach and procedures 3). listing results, findings, conclusion and significance 4). drafting the abstract起草摘要5). checking2. 5A strategy:A1 background (one sentence)A2 topic (one topic sentence and one or two supporting sentences if necessary)A3 approach (two or more sentences to give specific information about the approach)A4 conclusion (one sentence or more if necessary)A5 significance (one sentence)3. Likely mistakes and common errors:1). Informal writing style非正式的写作风格written language书面语; avoid colloquial style避免口语2). Incompetent content内容不充分Basic elements included; avoid being too simple3). Monotonous language语言单调lack of variety leading to monotonous language4). Imbalance of informationbackground, topic, approach, conclusion and significance should be balanced.※V. IntroductionI. General functions1. introducing the background(content) what2. showing the research scope where3. stating the general purpose why4. explaining the content arrangement(process) howII. Structural featuresa funnel-shape漏斗形Starting with the research background(what has been done)Narrowing down tothe existing problem(what has notbeen done)Focusing onthe presentresearch(what amI goingto do)Background in the abstract and introduction•Abstract: may not have background;or if there is, it should be very short,just one or two sentences.•Introduction: the background should be much longer and more informative, and to take all these previous studies as the background of the present work.III. Expressions:1. Introducing the backgroundRecent experiments by…have suggested…Several researchers have theoretically investigated…There have been a few studies highlighting…In most studies of…has been emphasized with attention being given to…2. Presenting existing problemsGreat progress has been made in this field, however…3. Focusing on the present researchLimiting the scope of workThe problem I ha ve referred to falls within the field of…Introducing the present workIn this paper, …is investigated/studied/discussed/presentedPresenting research methods and proceduresThe method/approach used in the present study is…Indicating the organization of the paperThis paper is divided into five major sections as follows…Tips for writing an introduction:In contrast to an abstract, in this part, one is not encouraged to provide detailed information on the approach and conclusion of one’s study※VI. Main TextI. The structure of the main bodyIt varies from paper to paper and may depend on whether it is theoretical or experimental. Generally, it covers the 8 items(especially for papers of experimental nature):Materials usedEquipments, devices, or instruments仪器及设备Methods(steps, procedures, operation操作, conditions, etc)Calculations计算Surveys or investigations调查(data collection and analysis数据收集及分析)ResultsDiscussionsRecommendations建议Experimental VS Theoretical•Papers of the experimental nature: experiments,investigations, analysis of the results.•Papers of the theoretical nature: Description描述, logical development逻辑展开,etc. II. Language use at the lexical level词汇层面1.Words with specific meanings2. Words with specific meaningsreplacing verb phrases by a single word of a specific meaning；replacing informal words and phrases by formal onesverb phrases verbs Informal formalspeed up accelerate without in the absence ofput in add do a sum calculatebreathe in inhale do/act behavethink about consider about/more or less approximatelytake away remove upside down invertedincrease in amount accumulate sometimes occasionallyjoin together combine a little slightlypush away repel better(than) superior (to)get together concentrate give providepush into insert in the end eventuallynot natural artificialInformal formalmake less/become less decreaseget bigger expandnot as good (as) inferior (to)before this previouslyall right for/enough for suitable forwithout stopping unceasinglycarry transportstay alive survive句子改写6. Noun clusters and nominalizationNoun cluster are structures in which nouns are modified by other nouns instead of attributive clauses or prepositional phrases.用名词群代替定语从句或介词短语High precision instrument（better）---instrument of high precisionNearby engine noise---noise of the engine that is nearbyNominalization refers to the process or result of forming a noun phrase from a clause.it is first of all required that you accept what we propose here---the acceptance of this proposal is the first requirement.we noticed that the dog was really astonishingly clever---we noticed the dog’s really astonishing cleverness.练习 1 choose from column B phrases similar in meaning to verbs in column A. Some phrases may be matched with more than one verb.•ColumnA Column B•1) transmit 传播，发送，传达，传递b a. use up用完，耗尽•2) assimilate 同化，吸收f b. pass on传递•3) consume 消耗，耗尽a c. get rid of 摆脱，除去•4) diffuse 扩散，散开，传播e d. put off推迟，延期，阻止,扔掉•5) transfer 转移，转让,传递b e. spread out展开，铺展•6) eliminate 消除，排除c f. take in and use接受和使用Make the following sentences more concise and academic with nominalization.•If we know the forces on the gear齿轮, we can determine its size.-----1) Knowledge of the forces on the gear makes possible the determination of its size.（better）•The rocket has been developed. For this reason, men can enter space.----2) The development of the rocket makes it possible for man to enter space.•If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.----3) The addition or removal of heat may change the state of matter.•We can improve its performance when we use super-heated steam.---4) On using super-heated steam, its performance can be improved.•We analysed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the technique was quite complex.---5) The experimental analysis showed the technical complexity.•Non-finites: The research that is now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.----The research now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.•Attributive words: The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.---The experimental precision was affected by the nearby engine noise.•Verbs: The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.----The method will be analysed in the following sections.•Prepositional phrases: Because the weight of the rope and the sand was lost, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.----Without the weight of the rope and the sand, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.•Elliptical forms: Some motions appear to be very simple; others appear very complicated.---Some motions appear to be very simple; others very complicated.•Deleting redundant expressions: The best time for learning is the time of youth.---Youth is the best time for learning.•Less Concise Expressions More Concise Expressions•In spite of the fact that although•Provide an opportunity to allow•After this has been done then•In view of the fact that seeing that•Owing to the fact that since•In order to to•For the purpose of for•In a hasty manner hastily•On a regular basis regularly•Take into account consider• A number of several•In all cases always•In most cases usually• A small number of a few•In the foreseeable future soon• A great deal of much•With the exception of except•Less Concise Sentence Patterns More Concise Forms•It may well be that perhaps•It is evident that evidently•It is clear that clearly•There is no doubt that undoubtedly•It would be apparent that apparently•It would thus seem that seemingly•1) The density of water at 4 ℃is the greatest.---Water has its greatest density at 4 ℃•2) What he has investigated in the lab is encouraging.---His investigation in the lab is encouraging.•3) Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.---Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy into electrical energy.•4) Though he was a successful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.---Though a succesful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.III. Eight ways of giving definitions1. Dictionary definitions (词典定义法)2. Authoritative definitions (权威定义法)3. Negative definitions (反面定义法)4. Etymological definitions （词源定义法）5. Analogical definitions （类比定义法）6. Exemplar definitions (举例定义法)7. Contextual definitions (语境定义法) 8. Operational definitions (操作性定义法)Write more concretely•1)Using concrete words具体的•The reflected light was( taken in) absorbed by the transducer传感器•2)Using specific expressions.•Among all these Internet nodes节点，（only a few）fewer than one percent of them belong to Mbone network.★Rewrite the following sentences by making them more concrete•1) The cross section is measured.•2) It goes without saying that the most important thing in microeconomics is the market.•3) The bridge has been declared unsafe for trucks with excessive loaded weight.•4) Sales were down quite a bit for December because of a number of days of heavy snow.•5) We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problem.•6) The result seems to be satisfactory.※VII Language Techniques at the Discourse Level•I Develop the text logically• 1 Chronological Sequence 时间顺序• 2 Procedure 步骤顺序• 3 from Abstract to Concrete抽象到具体• 4 from Concrete to Abstract具体到抽象• 5 Comparing or Contrasting 比较，对比• 6 Cause and Effect因果II Achieve coherence in writing1)Organizing arguments logically有逻辑的组织参数2)Transitional words/phrases appropriately适当的过渡词和短语3)Repeating keywords or key phrases4)Synonyms for key words /key ideas关键词或关键理念的同义词III Achieve variety in writing•1) Different sentence structures2)Different sentences openings※VIII Results, Discussion and conclusionI Section of Results结论部分•Functions:•1) The summary of the survey, investigation, calculation, experiments, etc.•2)One of the most important elements•3) the value of a study lies here•Contents:•1) Essential facts•2) summarizing the significant results•3) list the meaningful data.4) corresponding analysis• 2 Writing Requirements•Any data should be meaningful;•Sorting out data and selecting data•The presentation of results should be short and clear.II Section of Discussion• 1 General Functions and Main Components of Discussion•General Functions:•Summarize the important facts observed by the researcher.•1) Expounding详细说明the interrelations among the observed facts.•2) showing the underlying 潜在的，根本的causes, the effects, and the theoretical implications of the facts.•3) Leading to the conclusion•Main Components•1) Analyzing the data•2) Expounding viewpoints详细说明观点:•3) Pointing out doubts指出疑点•4) Stating the significance说明意义•5) Arriving at a conclusion得出结论• 2 Writing Requirements1) Sufficiently analyze the presented data and point out the relationship•2) Admit limitations承认局限性•3) Brief and forceful expressions to state the conclusion•To sum up:the writer is supposed to present:• 1 a contrast or comparison between the most important findings in the present study with the original hypothesis（原始假设）• 2 claims of the limitations and implications of the study阐明本研究的局限性及意义• 3 a suggestion of further study or possible applications of the most important results.对进一步研究的建议或主要结论可能的应用•Things should be avoided写结论是应该注意的事项•1) using general terms rather than the names of variables•2) showing no relationship between the results and the literature review•3) lacking a discussion of the limitations of the research.•P.S Never write more words than necessary.III Section of Conclusion• 1 General Functions and Main Elements•Summing up•Presenting statement of conclusions•Providing statement of recommendations• 2 Writing Requirements:•Conclusion accords with the original research design•According to the results and discussion, conclusion is made•Accords with those of other researchers•Suggestion for further study•Practical application of the results结果的实际应用※X Acknowledgements, Illustrations, Appendices附件, and referencesIllustrations: Tables, Graphs, Diagrams, Pictures, etcWriting Requirements ：1.Numbered consecutively 连贯的；连续不断的2.Must have a heading-a concise statement describing its content必须有表头来简要描述其内容3.If it is necessary to include footnotes, they are put below the bottom of the illustration列出参考文献的作用：•Showing respect to the previous works•Facilitating the Literature Research。

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研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。

“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：(1) 用主动语态时，常用researcher ／author ／investigator ／writer 等作主语，如：Many ／Several ／A number of ／Few researchers have studied ／investigated ／examined／explored ／reported on ／discussed ／considered+ 研究主题．(2) 用被动语态时，常用study ／research ／investigation ／experiment ／work／attention 等作主语。

如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies ／researches ／investigationes ／experimentes on+ 研究主题+have been performed ／done／published ．当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work／attention has been performed ／done／published on+ 研究主题．用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+has been studied ／investigated ／examined／explored ／reported on ／discussed ／considered by many investigators ／several researchers ／a number of authors ／few writers ．又如：The study of+ 研究主题+has been widely reported ／found ／published in the literature分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。

需要注意的是，这部分所列参考文献要准确、全面，不能堆积，更不能将每篇参考文献的摘要抄一遍，而是要概括出与论文研究有关的要点：(1) 用主动语态时，可用学者的姓氏作主语(下例中用somebody替代了学者的姓氏)。

常采用过去时(也可用现在完成时) 。

值得一提的是，文献[1] 只总结了下述第一、二种句式，事实上，笔者发现第三种句式比前两种句式更常见得多：第一种是主从复合句，如：Somebodyshowed/found/reported ／noted ／suggested / observed /pointed out+that 从句。

其中that从句是叙述somebody所做的具体研究成果。

第二种是并列两个句子，第一句仅描述某位学者的研究活动，第二句才叙述其研究成果。

如：Somebody studied ／researched ／investigated ／explored ／examined the effect of X on Y ．He／They found+that 从句．第三种是简单句，直接介绍某学者的研究工作，如：Somebody investigated ／has investigated+ 研究内容(+by／using X method) 。

当依次介绍多位学者的研究工作时，为避免单调，可根据不同的研究内容轮换使用下述动词，如study , solve ,seek，describe ，predict ，carry out ，emply，develop ，find ，calculate ，analyse ，obtain ，present ，propose ，report ，account for ，take into account ，establish 等.(2) 采用被动语态的简单句，用研究内容作主语。

如：研究内容+ was/has been investigated+by somebody using X method ．指出问题模块的常用句式指出问题模块是在阐述和分析研究现状之后，指出仍有某个(或某些)问题或现象值得进一步研究，目的是在“研究现状”模块与“研究目的或内容”模块之间起到承上启下的作用，通常1—2个句子即可。

可以用It should be mentioned that导，例如：It should be mentioned that in all references discussed above the foundation has been assumed to be linear in order to simplify the model ．但更常见的是用However 引出：(1) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献没有考虑”时，可用现在完成时被动语态的句式，如口：However,论文中将要展幵的研究工作+have not been considered ／have not been taken into account ／have been ignored ／have been neglected in the mentioned above studies ／researches ／works／investigations ．(2) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献研究得较少”时，可以使用形容词rare ，通常用现在时，如：However，the literature ／work／research ／attention concerning+ 论文将要展开的研究工作+is rare ．但是，更常见的情况是：用few ，little 或no 等修饰词引出。

用little 或no 来修饰work ，literature ，research 及attention 等不可数单数名词，用few 或no 来修饰studies ，papers ，researchers 及investigators 等可数的复数名词；后面通常用现在完成时或现在时。

现在完成时的句式：However, few studies have been done on／few studies have been published on ／few studies have reported on ／few researchers have studied ／little research has been devoted to ／little attention has been paidto ／little information has been published concerning ／no work has been done on／no systematic research has been dedicated to+ 论文将要开展的工作．现在时的句式：However, little literature is available on ／litile is known about／there is little literature available on+论文将要开展的工作．(3) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献只探讨了相对的工作”时，用：However，all the researches ／studies ／inverstigations ／works mentionedabove+be limited to ／be based on ／be concemtrated on+ 相对工作。

关于“相对工作”的含义，请参考下述三例理解。

(i) ... are limited to the cases that ( the external load is moving on the horizonal beams) ．已有文献只研究了水平梁课题，而论文中将要研究的是与之“相对”的倾斜梁(inclined beam)课题。

(ii) ... are based on the assumption of ( vehicle ／track symmetry in orderto simplify the calculation) ．已有文献只研究了车辆／轨道对称课题，而论文将要研究的是与之“相对”的车辆／轨道不对称(vehicle ／track asymmetry ) 课题。

(iii) ... are mainly concentrated on ( the forward problem ，i ．e．determination of the dynamic responses due to moving vehicle loads) ．已有文献研究的课题是求解动力响应，而论文将要研究的是与之相对的荷载识别(inverse problem ，i ．e．force identification from the dynamic response of the continuous bridge) 课题。

研究目的或内容模块的常用句式(1) 用现在时的主动语态句式，例如：This paper describes /presents / develops／proposes a new model ／theory ／method for+ 论文将要研究的主题．The objective ／purpose ／aim of this paper ／study is to develop a new model ／theory ／method for+ 论文将要研究的主题．(2) 用现在时的被动语态句式，如：In this paper，a general numerical analysistheory is presented, which is capable of solving... . 又如：An asymmetrical vehicle ／track dynamic model，which is a finite element time —domain model，is presented in this paper ．（3）如果论文是对已有研究工作的扩展，可用下列包含extension 或extend 的句式。

如：This paper call be regarded as all extension of the paper by somebody, as the latter laid the theortical foundation for the present study ．又如：this paper extends the theoretical framework laid down by somebody for the analysis of+ 论文将要研究的主题．英文摘要撰写的一般技巧由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供,并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文,因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。