中西酒文化差异英语专业论文

课程论文（学术论文写作）Title: On the Difference between Chinese and Western Wine Culture题目: 浅析中西方酒文化差异二级学院：英语学院专业：英语班级：姓名：学号：授课教师：成绩：浙江越秀外国语学院课程论文（学术论文写作）目录目录目录 (i)摘要 (I)Abstract ...................................................................................................................... I I1 Introduction (1)2 Different Origins of Wine (2)2.1 The Origin of Wine in China (2)2.2 The Origin of Wine in The West (2)2.3 Brief Summary (2)3 Different Preferences of Wine (3)4 Differences of Drinking Vessels (4)5 Drinking Etiquette (5)6 Spirit Connotation of Wine (6)6.1 Wine is Their Emotional Sustenance (6)6.2 Wine is Their Way of Reclusiveness (7)6.3 Wine Has Secular Utilitarian Utility (7)6.4 Brief Summary (7)7 Conclusion (8)Bibliography (9)摘要随着中西方交流的扩大，中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视，酒文化的差异也当然是其中之一。

酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物，酒文化源远流长，酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用，它融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面。

而酒作为一个既传承历史又通向未来的道具是一个值得我们认真研究的课题。

而由于生活环境、历史背景传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式、社会规范以及文化底蕴的不同，酒文化作为一种深刻的文化现象，也在中西方各个国家、各个地区有着各不相同的内涵，呈现出风格迥异的特性。

本文是在经过大量资料收集和阅读之后进行的分析总结，主要论述的是中西方酒文化之间的差异。

中西方的酒文化同中有异、异中有同,内容丰富，了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际，同时也加深了对历史文化的了解。

关键词：酒文化；跨文化交际；文化差异AbstractWith the expansion of communication between China and western countries and the globalization of the world nowadays, the differences between Chinese and western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue. The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine. Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects. On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study. Because of the differences of living environment, historical background traditions, values and thinking mode, social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon. This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries. According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities. The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex. Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication among different nations and regions, having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary. What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture; Intercultural Communication; Cultural Differences1IntroductionThe wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire. Since the wine comes into being, it contributes to a rich cultural connotation of human social life. The Chinese traditional view which proposal that people should cultivate one’s morality and care about the good and evil human nature is also reflect on the words making, which is from an ancient book named Shuo wen jie zi (speak the language and explain the words). It will brighten the bright and fool the fool. According to the history, drinking is such a common thing that the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people, the beggars are all like and want it. Undoubtedly, the wine can be said as a riddle. People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking wine. They regard drinking wine as an indispensable part of life. The formation way of wine culture is different in different countries. In China, the word for alcohol "jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages. Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing wine. In English, there are many words can be used to refer to “jiu”, for example, alcoh ol, drink, liquor, spirits and wine are all refer to “jiu”. The wine culture was gradually formed after the appearing of wine. Someone has said that the wine culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center. No matter the eastern or western people, when they face the busy and helpless life and exclaim life is too short and changeable, they think only wine can help them escape from suffering and their weak human nature can be released. In order to push the development of wine culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the wine culture.2Different Origins of Wine2.1The Origin of Wine in ChinaAbout the origin of wine, Chinese claims that wine is brewed with many kinds of technology by people, while the westerners think wine is originally created by god. In Chinese history, it is of long standing, and the old sayings about the born of wine are a lot. However, generally speaking, people prefer to consider the saying of Du Kang brewing wine is correct. It is said that Du Kang was a shepherd, when he was in grazing; he lost a vessel made from bamboo that contained millet congee. Several days after, he got it back and he found the millet congee fermented into tangy mellow nectar. From then on, Du Kang abandoned grazing and started to make and sell wine. As a consequence, Du Kang became the famous sage of wine. Then, Du Kang not only referred to the person’s name, but also the wine’s name. Therefore, Du Kang became the forefather of wine—making. 2.2The Origin of Wine in The WestThere are also a lot of origins in the west, but mostly thought that wine is created by god, and it is the gift for human given by god. The ancient Egyptian think wine is made by Osiris who protects the dead, and Greece people think wine is brought by the god of wine named Dionysus, it is not only the gift given by the god of wine, but also the symbol of people’s harvest. According to the legend, Dionysus was the son of Zeus and the princess of Thebes named Himmler. He grew up in Asia Minor Thrace and Greece, and taught people growing grapes and the technology of making wine everywhere. Then the wine became gradually prevailing in Europe. The god of wine with his followers strolls here and there, so where they wandered where had the fragrance of wine.2.3Brief SummaryIn contrast, although Chinese has the words such as "wine god" or "wine immortal", these words actually refer to heavy drinkers or the laudatory names of the drinkers. Both of them have nothing to do with myth, and of course they are different with Dionysus in the western culture. In the current cross-cultural communication, it is need to be distinguished. And beyond the myth, archaeological studies showed that in the late neolithic, Eastern Asia and China (Yellow River basin and Yangtze River basin) and Western Asia and North Africa (two river basins and the Nile river basin) had begun farming revolution. While in the early stages of the impergium, the ancients of the east and the west almost simultaneously began artificially wine-making in the progress of planting crops.In Chinese traditional views, people prefer to choose food as raw material to make white and yellow wine as drinks in formal occasions. For example, when the Chinese government fetes the foreign guests, the flagship drinks is the top-grade white wine such as Chinese Maotai and Wuliangye Yibin. in recent years, beer are more and more important in the Chinese market, and people always choose beer to adjust atmosphere in the parties, but in the formal occasions, people will make the same choice of white wine to performance this function. For instance, in the wedding day, in order to adapt to the needs of different groups, the tables seat by the guests usually have white wine, beer and drinks; while the toast wine used by the new couple is always white wine that also called liquor. In the west, there is no doubt that the grape wine and brandy are really popular. Whatever adjusting the atmosphere or driving away the cold, whatever in the formal or informal parties, they would happen to coincide to choose grape wine. Wine has become an indispensable spice in their daily life.In the beginning, people have no tendency for wine selection. People could take any things to make wine. Grape wine, just as its name implies, made by grapes. Chinese liquor (white wine) or yellow wine is made by rice or other crops. Because there is something to do with the natural and cultural environment, wine and liquor appear and gradually become the indispensable part of human life. In ancient times, Chinese people live in Yellow River basin which is the temperate continental climate, and this climate suits the growth of grain crops such as sorghum and wheat. It is granted that Chinese choose crops as wine-making raw materials. On the contrary, in Europe, especially on the coast of western Mediterranean and in the Mediterranean climate zone, the climate and topography are very suitable for grape growing. After a long time, people formed a preference for wine selection. Natural geographical environment and cultural inheritance, namely natural and cultural environment and social cultural environment contributed to the different preferences between Chinese and western people.Whatever in China or the west, people take drinking vessels seriously. The elegant and suitable extant of drinking vessels are related to people’s degree of attention and love. The drinking vessels’ culture as an important part of wine culture also has a long history, beautiful and is worth for us to study carefully.With the economic and social development, the materials, manufactural technology, shape and function of drinking vessels are in continuous change. According to an article’s introduction, in ancient China, drinking vessels generally called “zun”. Using as a proper noun, “zun”is a kind of containers with high neck, ring foot and animal motifs. In addition, there are various drinking vessels such as “pot”, “jue”, “jiao”, “xian” and “cup”, “light”, “zhong” and “wei”, “yi”, “ru”, “qing” and “ji”. Each vessel has its own function and shape. According to some people’s research, drinking vessel’s shape and wine’s flavor have great relevance. Because different shapes would make wine and the contact area of dynamic tongue is different, and the capacity in the mouth would be affected, the flavor of wine also has something to do with the drinking vessel’s shape. This is why westerners choose vessels with different shapes and making material to fill different wine.There is no doubt that the westerners pay attention to the drinking vessels no less than Chinese. There is something different with China: Chinese drinking vessels’types are various not just because of the development of the social productivity, but also because of the feudal hierarchical need, which is through different vessels to represent the different status. Drinking vessels are divided into different levels just as the ancient robes. Different people use different drinking vessels, the existence of drinking vessels is complete to distinguish and stand out the drinker’s identity.5Drinking EtiquetteChina and western countries have a big difference on the drinking etiquette. Maybe the biggest difference in drinking etiquette is to urge people to drink at a banquet. A group of Chinese drink together is a bigger scene definitely than a group of westerners get together. Because the Chinese are good at urge others to drink, they would do their best to force others to drink. This not only symbolizes the hospitality of Chinese people, but also has the very big relations with Chinese groupthink. Urging others to drink as a special way to toast is a kind of Chinese custom that formed in the thousands of years. The custom is one kind of Chinese traditional culture which cannot see in the western countries and cannot be understood in the west. Western people stress democracy and freedom, and they never interfere and force others to do things. They drink and meal all by free and independent, if they want to drink and then drink, they want how much to drink and then drink how much, they need not to be polite and formal. The differences between Chinese and western are here. When Chinese drink, they would say that they cannot drink, but the host still urges them to drink to show respect and sincerity. When westerners drink, they would not appear this kind of circumstance, if they say that they cannot drink, the host would not urge them to drink anyway.Besides, the Chinese are particular about to propose a toast. This toast has a custom, too, and can't easily break it. The first toast must start from the host, and then the guests have right to return, then the interplay among the guests. The host toasts also have the order from the old to the young, from the honourable people to the common. The whole toast has a particular regularity and strong interactivity. When westerners drink together such as a party, first, the host toasts the guests to thank the presence and hope them enjoy the party. After that, other time is free for all guests; they can find their own partner to propose a toast and chat. Also, because the influence of Chinese traditional culture and the thinking of toast, everybody would show humility and try to make their own cups to be lower position than others. After the toast, the host should also give the guests full of wine but cannot overflow, the full, the better. Westerners pay more attention on the wine-tasting when they are drinking. Commonly, they only pour quarter of glass so that they can rock the wine in the glass, and it is convenient for observation and smelling the fragrance. For westerners, they would not to show their humility. So when they see the Chinese behavior that d oesn’t let their cup higher than others, they feel surprise and cannot understand.6Spirit Connotation of WineSince Du Kang brewing, wine plays an indispensable role in Chinese life, and Chinese literatus play a special role in the wine culture, the wine deeply infiltrates Chinese historic literatus's spirit. Chinese literature and cultural history can be said written with wine and emitted the aroma of wine.6.1 Wine is Their Emotional SustenanceWine is a substance can accelerate human body's blood circulation, make the person more impulsive, and emotions are more likely to erupt. Literatus drink makes this function expressed to acme. They can make the common depressive in the heart into flows of ideas after drinking. As we all know, Li Bai, Du Fu, Xin Qiji and Li Qingzhao are all good at expressing emotions with wine. The great ancient poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), who was crowned as “the God of Poems”and “Immortal of Wine” in China. Many of his great masterpieces were created when he was drunk and 17 percent of his poems were about drinking. “Invitation to Wine” (Qiang Jin Jiu) is a very famous poem on wine of him:Invitation to WineLi BaiDo you not see the Yellow River come from the sky?Rushing into the sea and ne'er come back?Do you not see the mirror bright in chamber highGrieve o'er your snow-white hair that once was silken back?When hopes are won, oh, drink your fill in high delightAnd never leave your wine cup empty in moonlight!Heaven has made us talents; we're not made in vain.A thousand gold coins spent, more will turn up again.Kill a cow, cook a sheep and let us merry be,And drink three hundred cupfuls of wine in high glee!Dear friends of mine,Cheer up, cheer up!I invite you to wine.Do not put down your cup!I will sing you a song, please hear,O hear! Lend me a willing ear!What difference will rare and costly dishes make?I want only to get drunk and ne'er to wake.How many great men were forgotten through the ages?Great drinkers are better known than sober sages.The Prince of Poets feasted in his palace at will,Drank wine at ten thousand coins a cask and laughed his fill.A host should not complain of money he is short;To drink together we'd sell things of any sort.The fur coat worth a thousand coins of goldAnd flower-dappled horse may both be soldTo buy good wine that we may drown the woes age-old6.2 Wine is Their Way of ReclusivenessThe celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties are the most famous for their reclusiveness in the history. Celebrities used wine as their way of reclusiveness was prevailing. Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and Tao Yuanming who all chose wine to achieve their wish that avoid any real, heavy and unbearable life and hope to find a bright world. Nonetheless, they were still throes in the half awake and half drunk, they wanted to stop but they cannot just like the poem “But since water still flows, though we cut it with our swords, and sorrows return, though we drown them with wine”.6.3 Wine Has Secular Utilitarian UtilityWine is often used as the substance of farewell dinner and to boost one’s courage. People choose wine to express their sorrow of separation or looking into the future life after separation. “One thousand cups of wine are not enough when you are drinking with a close friend”, what’s more, “From cups of jade that glow with wine of grapes at night, drinking to pipa songs, we are summoned to fight. Don't laugh if we lie drunk upon the battleground! How many warriors ever came back safe and sound?”In this poem, the utilitarianism of wine is more obvious.6.4 Brief SummaryWine as an image of poem creation possesses the magic formula to being alive beyond time and space, and various spirit of its culture makes the themes and meanings of poems great different. The amount and process of drinking, and the number of people involved all decide the aesthetic effects of poem, the feelings of poets, and the rhyme of poem. As for the expressions of missing, send-off scene, pastoral scenery, wine drinking has the capacity to producing huge-changing and meaningful effects. And for westerners, wine is a substance made personal senses more cheerful. As they choose the drinking vessel for better tasting, that is the same. They did not put overmuch thing to wine and they would not use wine to express their emotions.7ConclusionChina is considered as the wine hometown of the world, the content of Chinese wine culture has the characteristics of extensiveness and multi layer. Chinese wine culture influenced by the confucianism, so it shows its unique characteristics of connotation, constraint and nostalgia, and it reflects that is a high-level material needs or spiritual needs. By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western wine culture. But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western wine. These mark a new western wine culture exchanges and infiltration. Most of nations have its own characteristic wine and custom of drinking wine. The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character. The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization. By comparing the differences between Chinese and western culture of wine, we found that although Chinese and western have their own distinguishing feature in the wine culture, people’s love to wine are the same. From the substance point of view, wine plays an important role in human communication; from the perspective of culture, wine symbolized the cultural features of a nation, and it becomes a delicacy for the national cultural feast. We can say, wine makes a bridge for the intercommunication between countries and countries. In addition, it helps people understand different cultures deeply so that we can have a better intercultural communication.Bibliography[1]Du Li, Comparison between Chinese and Western Wine Culture[J],Yangzhou University Culinary Journal, 2004, V ol.21No.1: 1~4[2]Fang Weiwen. 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