用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个

用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。

不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。

对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。

一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：

Title(标题)

Abstract(摘要)

Keywords(关键词)

T able of contents(目录)

Nomenclature(术语表)

Introduction(引言)

Method(方法)

Results(结果)

Discussion(讨论)

Conclusion(结论)

Acknowledgement(致谢)

Reference(参考文献)

Appendix(附录)

其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。

学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。

标题的写法

论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。

6.1 标题的长度

标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等

1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2

2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0

3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3

14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2

5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2

6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4

英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。

表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(一)

标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等

7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2

8) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4

9) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 2

10) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0

11) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2

12) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2

13 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l

14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3.

15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3

平均（约）9 5.5 1.5 2

来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998。

标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等

1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2

2) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2

3) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l

4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3

5) Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2

6) A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 3

7) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 4

8) Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3

9) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l

10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6

11) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14851

12) Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents: the College Experience 8503

13) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7

14) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9522

标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等

15) Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14635

平均(约) 9.5 5 1.5 3

来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2)

表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均9．5个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。

6.2 标题的用词

从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词(包括动名词)，平均占总单词数的50％～60％之高。其中有的标题中80％以上的词为名词。除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。

标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1

a．标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components

b．关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction ·

疲劳点焊汽车寿命预测

b．标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling

关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting

铸件充型计算机模拟冷隔铸造

c．标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant

关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant

安全气囊离位乘员

c．标题：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions

关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens

疲劳实验统计方法试样分析：

例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和spot welded components都是文章的关键词。

在例1b中，有4个关键词，其中3个出现在标题里。标题中用了4个名词词组：computer simulation，experimental study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3个是关键词。

例1c中有2个关键词，在标题里都出现。标题中用了3个名词或名词词组：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中两个是关键词。

例1d中有3个关键词，其中2个出现在标题里。

从上面四个例子可以看出，标题中的用词多是文章的关键词，明确、精炼，将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。

标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组，一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词，则用非谓语动词形式，如动名词、不定式或分词。

从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在标题平均9个单词中，有5.5个是名词，占一半以上。除名词外，用得较多的是介词of，in，on等，再其次是连词and和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词，如副词、冠词等。

6.3 标题的结构

学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组(包括动名词)，介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域)，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。

(1)名词性词组

名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。

例2

a．Severe Weather and the Automobile

(名词词组) (名词词组)

b．Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics

(名词词组) (名词词组)

c．High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling

(名词词组) (名词词组)

d．Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College

(名词词组) (名词词组)

Experience

(2)介词词组

介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是―on‖，意思是―对……的研究‖。

例3

a．On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor

b．On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures

(3)名词／名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。

例4

a．Fundamentals of Flow Measurement ．

(名词) (介词词组)

b．Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels

(名词词组) (介词词组)

c．Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students

(名词词组) (名词词组) (介词词组)

d．Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students

(名词) (介词词组) (介词词组)

e．Diversity in the Future Work Force

(名词) (介词词组)

f．Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials

(名词) (介词词组)

g．Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy

(名词词组) (介词词组)

h．Acoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application

(名词) (介词词组) (名词词组)

i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces

(名词) (介词词组)

on Out-of-Position Occupant

(介词词组)

j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development

(名词) (介词词组) in an Urban Environment

(介词词组)

标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组，从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的―的‖字结构相似，区别是中文标题中修饰语在前，中心词在后。英文正好相反，名词在前，而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。

例5

a．Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials

燃料电池及其材料进展

b．Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling

铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究

c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components

点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测

c．Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant

安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究

(4)其他形式

对于值得争议的问题，偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题，以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。

例6

a．Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow?

b．Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function?

c．130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water?

有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号(：)隔开。一般来说，冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。

模式1 研究课题：具体内容

例7

a．Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needs

b．Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry c．Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application

d．Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life

模式2 研究课题：方法/性质

例8

a．Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey

b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study

c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey

d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance: Two Case Studies

模式3 研究课题：问题焦点

a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health?

b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both?

c. Manure: Friend or Foe?

思考题

下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。

1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music

2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans

3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land

4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education

5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education

6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered

7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices

8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce

9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science

10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University

11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability

to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis

参考答案

下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。

1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music (合适)

2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合适）

改为：Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans

3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land（不合适)

改为：Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land

4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education( 不合适)

改为：Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education

5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合适)

6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered（不合适）

改为：Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages

7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合适)

改为：Use of Diamond for Electric Devices

8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合适）

9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合适)

改为：The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University (合适)

11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不合适)

改为：The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis

英文技术论文写作要领及常犯文法错误范例

作者：林正平

一、为何要用英文写科技论文？

1. 英文科技论文是国际通用语言。

2. 英文文法结构严谨，可以写出条理清晰、文字简洁的科技论文。

二、一般人常有的疑问和常犯的毛病

1. 该用现在式还是过去式？

a、讲解实验结果和数据和表达自己想法时用现在式，好比与读者对谈，可使文章更为生动。

b、说明有关实验的过程和动作时须用过去式。

c、阐述理论时用现在式，因为你必须相信那些理论是真理，不会过时的。

2. 每一章节的第一句必须写下最重要的观点或结论，皆下来的句子都是根据它

来做逻辑辩证，这与一般文章的写法大为不同。逻辑辩证一定要够严谨，不可有跳跃性的思考，否则会减低了文章的可信度和说服力。

3. 实验数据太多，文字太少也是一般人常犯的毛病。其实作者应该很清楚自己要表达的论点和别人可能有的反驳意见，所附上的数据和图表数量只要足够支持自己的论点即可，倒不用为了完整性全部都附上。

4. 一般人写英文科技论文常有很多赘词，有时多出很多句子和段落都是在重复前面已提过的事情。反复检查删去赘词赘句可以让文章更为简洁。

5. 文章可读性的重要不亚于作者要表达的内容，作者常常忽略了大多数来自别的领域的读者。增加可读性的要领是：a. 交代背景；b.深入浅出；c.少用小区域流传的专有名词；d.讨论原理和机制时回归基础科学的说法。

6. 既然写英文科技论文这么困难，为什么还要写呢？

A．身为半导体公司的工程师，这是我们的专业，就像音乐演奏家为了上台演奏，须经过百般磨练是一样的道理。

B. 我们一定要坚持一个信念，那就是好的实验结果或观点一定要发表出来和别人分享，唯有经过所有人的检验才能显示出其价值。这也是科学的根本精神。

7. 技术论文在描述实验步骤与结果时为了强调其客观性常使用被动语态，尽量不用― We‖, ―The authors‖或―I‖ 作主词。

三、冠词范例

1. Self-aligned silicide process has been developed. →A self-aligned silicide process has been developed…. （我们常常忘记‖不定冠词‖）

2. In the scaling down of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) devices to submicron dimensions, →In scaling down … （我们常常乱加―定冠词‖）

3. 一个句子中有―F-enhanced B penetration‖，―B-Oxygen compound formation‖，― B distribution‖ 或―point defect generation‖时前面不须加―a‖ 或―the‖，但以下写法必须加― the‖ 例如― the generation of point defects‖

4. The slight enhancement of B penetration due to the TiSi2 formation was also observed. →

A slight enhancement of

B penetration due to the TiSi2 formation was also observed.

5. As can be seen, the silicon ridges appear on both surfaces. →….., silicon ridges appear ….

6. The SITOX TiSi2 has larger grain size than the conventional TiSi2. →SITOX TiSi2 has a larger grain size than conventional TiSi2.

7. Fig. 10 shows the typical current-voltage behaviors of the diodes. →…. Show typical current-voltage characteristics of the diode.

8. After RCA clean →after an RCA clean

9. in an N2 ambient →in a N2 ambient

10. The effect of Si microstructures on the thermal stability … →The effect of the Si microstructure on thermal stability

11. In the recent years →in recent years

12. The main purpose of this process is to avoid the implant damage in the Si substrate. → .. is to avoid implant damage in the Si substrate.

13. Finally, the standard Al metallization process was used on all the wafers. →Finally, a standard Al metallization process was used for all the wafers.

14. The concentration-dependent diffusivity of B in single crystal Si was obtained by the Boltzmann-Matano analysis. →…… obtained by Boltzmann-Matano analysis.

15. The effective diffusivity of B in polysilicon was obtained assuming error function distribution and constant diffusivity. →….. assuming an error function distribution and constant diffusivity

16. The depletion width is proportional to square root of the voltage across the junction →… the square root of the voltage …….

四、介系词范例

1. 如果提到时间的先后，―prior to‖ is better than ―before‖

2. The activation energy of diffusion current is about two times higher than that of recombination current. →The activation energy for a diffusion current is about twice that for

a recombination current.

3. In all of the figures →In all the figures

4. Further study on the SITOX process →A detailed study of the SITOX process

5. →Many research groups have conducted fundamental studies on silicide formation in the Ti-SiO2-Si system.

6. The Ti film was deposited with a deposition rate of about 0.2 nm/min. →at a deposition rate of …..

7. One of the reasons of its lower and more uniform leakage →one of the rea sons for …..

8. The typical activation energy (0.5Eg) of Shockley-Reak-Hall generation current →.. for ….

9. The author also would like to thank Dr Matt Theyer for his help on SEM analysis →help with SEM analysis.

10. 80nm Ti deposition →80 nm of Ti deposition

11. Channeling tails on the B implant profile result in deeper junction. →in the B implant profile …

12. SIMS analyses show that with a 20 keV, 2x1016 cm-2 BF2 implant and an 900C 60s dopant drive-out anneal, chemical B concentration at the …. interface……

→SIMS analyses show that for a 20 keV, …., the chemical B concentration at the … interface.

13. …, followed by a 300 nm polysilicon or amorphous Si deposition. →…., followed by 300nm of polysilicon or amorphous silicon deposition.

14. 200 nm polysilicon →200 nm of polysilicon

15. Since the energy for BF2 implant was chosen such that most of the B atoms were confined within the CoSi2 layer →Since the energy of the BF2 implant was chosen such that the B profile was confined to the CoSi2 layer.

16. Title: Reliability Study of P+ Polysilicon Gate PMOSFETs Fabricated by using BF2-implanted Cosi2 As a B Diffusion Source for Polysilicon Gate Doping and shallow Source/Drain Junction. →…. Fabricated using BF2-implanted Cosi2 As B Diffusion Sou rce ….

17. C-V measurements on the test capacitors show that the as-deposited amorphous Si gate is degenerately doped with the 950C, 60s drive-out anneal. →…. C-V measurements on the test capacitor show that the as-deposited amorphous Si gates are degenerately doped after a 950C…

18. The grain size of a 70nm SITOX TiSi2 film is estimated to be about 10um wide while that of a 100nm conventional TiSi2 film is about 3 um wide. →The grain size in a 70nm SITOX TiSi2 film ….. in …..

19. It was found that SITOX devices had an average forward current about 50 mA, which is comparable with that of conventional devices. →… had an average forward current of about 50 mA, which is comparable to that of conventional devices.

20. This is a result of the competition of different epitaxial orientations. →… the competition between different epitaxial orientations

五、连接词范例

1. Furthermore, from Figure 3, all the current-voltage curves for silicided samples exhibit similar functional behavior including the junction with only 20 nm deposited titanium while it is unlikely that the silicide would penetrate the junction in this case. →Furthermore, from Figure 3, all the current-voltage curves for silicided samples exhibit similar functional behavior including the junction with only 20 nm deposited titanium, for which case, it is unlikely that the silicide would penetrate the junction.

2. Therefore, … = So, … = Hence, …

3. … Only that it is very difficult to determine which type of point defect (vacancy or interstitial) is generated in this case. →However, it is very difficult to determine conclusively from this result which type of point defect (vacancy or interstitial) is generated.

4. The data shows that the leakage currents scale with perimeters instead of areas for the SITOX and conventional diodes. →… scale with perimeter rather than are a for both SITOX and conventional diodes.

5. Thus, the effects of Co indiffusion on the reliability of pMOSFETs… →Thus, the effects of Co indiffusion, if any, on the …

6. To date, only its dependence on the thickness of interfacial SiO2 has been studied. →Previously,

7. Besides, →In addition,

六、标点符号范例

1. The effect of Co indiffusion along with B diffusion during the dopant drive-out anneal on the gate oxide integrity is discussed in detail. →The effect of Co indiffusion, along with B diffusion, ..

2. For itemized sentences or phrases, use semicolon, e.g. Three steps: (a) ; (b) ; (c).

3. The reverse bias leakage current is well known to have two component, i.e., diffusion and SRH generation current. →two component : diffusion and SRH generation currents.

4. on n-type <100> Si Substrate →on n-type (100) Si substrate

七、语态范例

1. Silicon and deposited Ti reacted in an Ar/N2 ambient →Silicon and deposited Ti were reacted in an Ar/N2 ambient

2. Although silicon is known to be the dominant diffuser during the formation of titanium silicided, some interdiffusion still occurs between Si and Ti. →…….. has been shown to occur between ..

3. Since both gate and substrate are p-type, carriers will be accumulated in substrate while depleted near the polysilicon/SiO2 interface with negative gate bias. →… .., holes will be accumulated in the substrate while being depleted near the polysilicon/SiO2 interface for negative gate bias.

八、时式范例

1. The ideality factors of forward currents have been calculated to be about 1.1 for both silicided and non-silicided junctions. →…. was found to be about 1.1 for both ……

2. Although silicon was shown to be the dominant diffuser during TiSi2 forma tion …… →…… .. has been shown ……

4. From SIMS analysis, it was found that B penetration effect was enhanced by TiSi2 formation. →….. , it is found that …… is enhanced by TiSi2 formation.

5. In this work, ….. is investigated. →In this work, …. was inve stigated.

6. In this work, SIMS analyses are also performed. →… were a lso performed.

7. →In this studies, dopant drive-out capability, thermal stability and interface roughness of the SITOX TiSi2 film are compared with those for the conventional TiSi2 process.

8. The data show that B diffusivity in single crystal Si is more than one order of magnitude higher than the published data where a gas phase diffusion source was used. →… where a gas phase diffusion source is used.

九、名词范例

1. The anomalous behaviors of forward and reverse bias current versus applied voltage in titanium silicided source drain junction have been studied. →……behavior …… has …..

2. The stress conditions were chosen to be either peak gate current or peak substrate current for various drain biases from –7V to –9V. →The stress condition was chosen to correspond to either peak gate current or peak substrate current conditions for

3. two evidences →two pieces of evidence

4. The kind of dopant in the Si substrate →the type of dop ant ……

5. Deep level traps near the perimeter region might be the major cause of the leakage current. →might be the major source of ….

6. ….. are discussed in details. →…. are discussed in detail.

7. The sheet resistance of a silicide layer is a good indication of the degree of its thermal degradation. →a good indication of the extent of its thermal degradation.

8. While ….., most effort to date has been devoted to …. →most efforts to date have been ….

9. The histogram of leakage current →the histogram of leakage currents

十、助动词范例

1. However, titanium atoms still can move into the silicon substrate through diffusive process, →…….. atoms can still move into ……..diffusive process

2. ….. also can ….. →… can also …..

3. This could be also due to the … →This could also be due to ….

十一、副词范例

1. easily →readily （偶偶也要变化一下写法）

2. probably ≠ possibly (probably 比possible更肯定一些)

十二、动词范例

1. The generation current induced by the traps …→… created by …

2. F prohibits the compound formation between B and Oxygen, thus more boron atoms can diffuse rapidly through the gate oxide →F inhibits compound formation between B and oxygen in the oxide. Thus, more B atoms are free to diffuse rapidly through the oxide.

3. 使用―pushed‖ 作为―push‖ 的过去式

4. The surface dopant concentrations were evaluated by SUPREM III to be about 5x1019 cm-3 →were estimated to be …..

5. More work need to be done to elucidate the detailed mechanism. →more work needs to be done…

6. The electrical data for capacitors with as deposited polysilicon gates are complicated by the Co indiffusion during the dopant drive-out anneal.

7. Low ion beam energy of 5 keV and an impact angle of 60 were used to avoid profile broadening effects. →A low Cs+ ion beam energy of 5 keV and an impact angle of 60 was used ……

8. A wide range of energy levels associated with the Ti traps have been reported. →A wide range of energy levels associated with Ti traps has been reported.

十三、形容词范例

1. Use ―mono-crystalline silicon‖ or ―single crystal silicon‖ but not ―single crystalline silicon‖

2. The SITOX TiSi2 film is more thermally stable than the conventional TiSi2 film →The SITOX TiSi2 film is thermally more stable …….

3. Extensive material analyses including XRD, SIMS, TEM were also performed. →Extensive materials analyses including ……

4. Fig. 9 shows the high frequency capacitance versus applied bias as a function of dopant drive-out annealing time for the test capacitor. →… dopant drive-out anneal time ……

5. 100 nm CoSi2 layer →100 nm thick CoSi2 layer

6. After the silicidation process, the O concentration at the TiSi2/Si interface is approximately two orders higher for the SITOX process than for the conventional silicidation process. →… two orders of magnitude higher than …..

7. In a conventional TiSi2 silicidation process, Si substrates are usually subjected to a short HF dip for removing the native SiO2 before Ti deposition. →In a …., Si substrates are usually subjected to a brief HF dip for removing the native SiO2 prior to Ti deposition.

8. The formation of SITOX TiSi2 involved three steps same as those for the conventional TiSi2 formation. →…involved the same three steps as for conventional TiSi2 formation

9. The data indicate that the thicker the Ti layer, the more easily the interfacial SiO2 can be consumed. →The data indicate that the thicker the Ti layer, the more easily is the interfacial SiO2 consumed.

10. Plane-view TEM analysis →plan view TEM analysis

11. For deposited Ti thickness more than 60 nm, →For deposited Ti thickness greater than 60 nm,

12. For deposited Ti thickness less than 40 nm, . →For deposited Ti thickness smaller than

40 nm,

十四、其它语法范例

1. 有一些语法无关文法，而是约定成俗的惯例，甚至是一种流行。

2. In the bulk of TiSi2, the O2 concentration …. →In the bulk of the TiSi2 film, …

3. reverse-biased voltage →reverse bias voltage

4. The activation energy extracted from temperature effect of the leakage current also decreases with increasing bias voltage →The activation energy of leakage current extracted from the temperature dependen ce of the current decreases …….

5. Electrical characterization of the leakage current in p+/n junction (1300A) →…… .p+/n junctions (xj = 130 nm)

6. A revised mechanism incorporating Frenkel-Poole barrier lowering →A new mechanism involving Frenkel-Pool e ………

7. is still not clear →is yet not clear

8. Titanium film of various thickness from 200A to 800A was used →Titanium films of various thicknesses between 20 nm and 80 nm were used

9. When talking about changes of temperature, people use deg. C instead of ℃.

10. Figure 3 plots the temperature effect on leakage current of junctions with 800A titanium at different applied voltages. →Figure 3 shows the temperature dependence of leakage current for junctions …….

11. The generation current is so high that the diffusion current become negligible. →The generation current is so high that it dominates the diffusion current.

12. The activation energy extracted from Fig. 3 versus square root of electric field are plotted in Fig. 4 →In Fig. 4, the activation energy extracted from the Arrhenius plot in Fig. 3 is plotted versus the square root of electric field in the p/n junction.

13. The impact of titanium silicide on device performance is of great interest in recent years. →The impact of titanium silicide on device performance has become an area of great interest in recent years.

14. Following a standard cleaning procedure, the silicon wafers (1-10 Ω-cm, n type <100>) were implanted … →… n-type (100) silicon wafers (1-10 Ω-cm) were implanted…

15. This is because that the source/drain region can be considered as a combined structure of

a TiSi2 layer and a p+ silicon layer in parallel. →… can be considered as a parallel structure of a TiSi2 layer and a p+ silicon layer.

16. The data shows that current densities are almost constant as perimeter increases →… current densities are independent of perimeter. →There is a tradeoff between the TiSi2 sheet resistance and the junction leakage current when choosing the titanium thickness. 17. How does the structure change affect the mechanical properties of a TiSi2 film is still unknown. →How the structure change affects the …….

18. The DISADS process is very attractive for dual gate CMOS devices for silicided shallow source/drain junction formation while saving two mask levels for opposite type polysilicon doping. →The DISADS process is very attractive for the dual-gate CMOS technology and particularly for silicided shallow source/drain junction formation, since it reduce process complexities ( by eliminating two mask levels for n-type and p-type polysilicon doping). 19. A 200 nm polysilicon (amorphous silicon) layer was then deposited on these wafers at

625C (550C). →A 200 nm polysilicon or amorphous silicon layer was then deposited on these wafers at 625C and 550C, respectively.

20. Our data shows that the maximum capacitance in the negative bias regime increases as the annealing time increases which is agreed with our prediction. →Our data shows that the maximum accumulation capacitance in the negative bias regime increases the annealing time increase which indicates increasing B

outdiffusion from the implanted CoSi2 into the polysilicon gate.

21. It is also found the peak IG stress causes more serious degradation than peak Isub stress. →It is also found that hot carrier stress corresponding to peak IG conditions causes more serious degradation than corresponding to peak Isub conditions.

22. However, a native SiO2 layer forms readily in atmosphere even after a HF dip. →However, a native SiO2 layer forms readily upon exposure to air even after a HF dip.

关于英文学术论文写作的一点管见

王朔中教授

2004年4月14日

英文学术论文首先是研究论文，当然要满足对研究论文的共同要求：反映自己的研究成果、创新性、学术性等等。学术水平是论文质量的关键。

文字水平是好论文的基础。表达不好的文章决不是好文章。同中文论文一样，首先要讲究文章的合理结构、条理性、逻辑性、表达力等，然后才是英语问题（last but not least）。

许多人有体会，学了多年的英文，并不一定能写出好的英文文字。这里有一个大量实践的问题。我的体会是实践并不限于写作，也包括阅读。不是一般的阅读，而是用心的阅读。在阅读时一定要特别留心母语作者的写法、格式、用词、风格、惯例等，不要拘泥于语法。一个重要原则：既然是英文论文，就要面向世界，要遵照国际科学论文的规范写稿。决不要将中文稿子硬翻成英文。要脱离中文的束缚。

以下是一些不成熟的零星体会，不当之处请大家指正。

1．仔细阅读所投刊物的投稿指南，阅读（浏览）该刊物上的论文，熟悉并严格遵照刊物的体例、风格和各项具体要求（如篇幅、分节、公式、表格、图、文献的排列方式等）。

2．杜绝简单错误，包括基本的语法错误，如单数、复数，人称，时态，语态等，虽然简单，但仍很常见。其次是拼法错误，这反映写文章的认真态度。要勤查词典。

3．采用严谨的书面文体。避免口语化，例如kind of ...，can’t，nowadays等。

4．长句和短句，简单句和复合句配合使用。一连串的简单句令人感到单调甚至局促紧张。表达方式要有所变化。避免多次重复同一表达方式，特别是连续的重复。对得意的用语要舍得割爱。

5．避免复杂的长句子。这对新手尤为重要。不要卖弄语法知识。对于作者而言，长句子写到后来会忘记

前后关系，顾此失彼产生混乱，出错比例高。对于读者，过分长的句子令人抓不住要点。建议将长句分解成几个短句子。词语可长可短时，坚决取短的，删除多余部分。例如in so far as中in是多余的。all of the reactions中of是多余的。

6．避免生僻单词。尽量选用常用词。克服用词不当：不可直接使用汉英词典中查到的单词。一定要使用有详细用法解释和例句的英语词典和英汉词典。

7．避免繁琐。例：this kind of method，何不直截了当用this method？very essential ...（very 多余）。又如，at the present time应改为at present。due to the fact that ...可改为because ...；the results that were obtained ... 宜改为the results obtained。

8．避免使用过多的无人称代词it作引词。（分散力量，主句使用平淡无力的存在动词be，使原来强有力的行为动词退居从句之中。使文字显得迂回，似乎在回避责任，容易使读者怀疑论据的力量。）例：It is concluded that a new method be devised.宜改为A new method must be devised. 又如，It is evident that ... (Evidently ...)；It would appear that ... (Apparently ...)；It is then clear that ... (Clearly ...)。

9．避免太多的层次（of层次：... of ... of ... of ...，定语从句层次等）。不要滥用大写。（组成缩写的首字母并不需要大写。）不要滥用定冠词。（近来的趋势是省去不必要的the。标题中一般省略the。）

10．关于人称：有不同的主张。本人主张正文可用第一人称，但不宜过多。语气要客观、要令人信服。可用we，决不用I。不要反复使用our results, our method之类，过度使用有使读者不悦的倾向。摘要中不可用第一人称。

11．时态：过去的工作可用过去时或完成时。实验用过去时。一般陈述和讨论用现在时（许多人滥用过去时）。结论部分可根据情况用现在时或过去时。

12．努力克服中文式的表达。这也许是最难的。尽量直接用英文写作，摆脱中文束缚。如一定要由中文翻译，必须大胆突破中文用语和表达方式的约束（对自己写的文章应该能做到这一点）。例如The calculation formulas according to equal accuracy distribution law are obtained as follows. 是典型的洋泾浜，受中文―计算公式‖和―根据‖的束缚。容易导致中文式英文的表达举例：this kind of ... （滥用kind，口语的影响），according to ...（同上），play an important role，at home and abroad（科学不分国籍），our country（同上），developing countries（妄自菲薄），滥用时下中文文章里的八股和时髦套话（大忌）。

13．再强调一下用心阅读对于提高写作水平的作用。如果在阅读时多留意，就会了解到哪些用语是母语作者常用的，哪些不是。例如上面说的play an important role，外国人使用的频度远远低于中国作者。还可以举出许多例子。正确的表达不一定是可以经常用的，这些用语使一部分人的文章脱不了洋泾浜的腔调。我认为这是我们中小学教材误导的结果。

最后，要提高文字质量必须要认真，稿子写成后必须反复多看几遍，五遍十遍决不嫌多，每一遍都会有修改提高。仔细推敲语法和用词，直到自己读来顺口。要遵照鲁迅提倡的原则尽量删繁就简，将可有可无之处删去，特别要简化无把握的复杂表达形式。如无把握一定要请人帮助把关。