第6章供给、需求与政府政策
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• Buyers and sellers share the tax burden. • 买卖双方共同承担税收负担
税收归宿（ Tax Incidence）
• Tax incidence is the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.
A Tax on Sellers
Price of Ice-Cream Price Cone buyers pay
$3.30
Price
3.00
without 2.80
tax
Price sellers receive
Equilibrium with tax
Tax ($0.50)
A tax on sellers
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes
• Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling:
• The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price.
Cone Equilibrium
price $3 2
0
Supply
价
格
下
限
Price
无
floor
约
束
Demand
力
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
A Market with a Price Floor
Price of Ice-Cream
Cones
Case Study
• 最低工资 • 航空总局“禁折令” • 按保护价敞开收购农民余粮
最低工资（The Minimum Wage）
• An important example of a price floor is the minimum wage. Minimum wage laws dictate the lowest price possible for labor that any employer may pay.
How Taxes on Buyers (and Sellers) Affect Market Outcomes
• Taxes discourage market activity. • 税收抑制市场活动
• When a good is taxed, the quantity sold is smaller. • 当某一种商品被征税时，销售量减少
第6章
Chapter 6
供给、需求与政府政策
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
本章内容（Contents）
• 价格控制（Controls on Prices） • 税收（Tax）
本章内容（Contents）
• 价格控制（Controls on Prices） • 税收（Tax）
Shortage
Controlled rent Demand
0
Quantity of
Apartments
价格下限
（Price Floor）
A Market with a Price Floor
(a) A Price Floor That Is Not Binding
Price of Ice-Cream
S2
shifts the supply
curve upward
S1
by the amount of the tax ($0.50).
Equilibrium without tax
Demand, D1
0
90 100
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided
Cone
$4 3
Equilibrium price
0
(b) A Price Floor That Is Binding
Supply
价
格
Surplus
下
Price floor
限
有
约
束
Demand
力
80
120 Quantity of
Quantity Quantity Ice-Cream
demanded supplied
Demand
Quantity
Elasticity and Tax Incidence
How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labor Market
Wage
Labor Supply
Equilibrium wage
0
Equilibrium employment
Labor demand
Quantity of Labor
How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labor Market
• A legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.
• 一种商品的合法的价格最小值。
价格上限
（Price Ceiling）
A Market with a Price Ceiling
(a) A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding
Wage
Minimum wage
Labor surplus (unemployment)
Labor Supply
Labor demand
0
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity of
demanded
supplied
Labor
本章内容（Contents）
• 价格控制（Controls on Prices） • 税收（Tax）
Price Price buyers pay
Price without tax Price sellers receive
0
(a) Elastic Supply, Inelastic Demand
1. When supply is more elastic than demand . . .
Supply
Supply, S1
Equilibrium without tax A tax on buyers shifts the demand curve downward by the size of the tax ($0.50).
D1 D2
0
90 100
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
• The goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable.
• One economist called rent control “the best way to destroy a city, other than bombing.”
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• 价格上限（Price Ceiling ）
• A legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.
• 一种商品的合法的价格最大值。
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• 价格下限（Price Floor）
(b) A Price Ceiling That Is Binding
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone Equilibrium
price $3 2
0
价
Supply
格
上
限
有
Shortage
Price
约
ceiling
束
Demand
力
75
Quantity supplied
125
Quantity demanded
Price sellers receive
0
(b) Inelastic Supply, Elastic Demand
1. When demand is more elastic than supply . . .
Supply
3. . . . than on consumers. Tax
2. . . . the incidence of the tax falls more heavily on producers . . .
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• Controls on Prices are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.
• 当政策制定者认为市场价格对于买方 或卖方是不合理的，通常会进行价格 控制。
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
$4 3
Equilibrium price
0
价
Supply
格
上
Price
ceiling
限
无
约
束
Demand
力
Байду номын сангаас
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
A Market with a Price Ceiling
• The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage.
Case Study
• 汽油价格上限 • 租金控制 • 禁止卖血 • 人体器官市场（教材152页）
The Market for Gasoline with a Price Ceiling
Demand
0
Quantity of
Apartments
Rent Control in the Long Run
Rental Price of Apartment
(b) Rent Control in the Long Run (supply and demand are elastic)
Supply
3. . . . the price ceiling becomes binding . . .
Demand Quantity of Gasoline
CASE STUDY: Rent Control in the Short Run and Long Run
• Rent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants.
Rent Control in the Short Run
Rental Price of Apartment
(a) Rent Control in the Short Run (supply and demand are inelastic)
Supply
Controlled rent
Shortage
(b) The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Binding
Price of Gasoline
S2 2. . . . but when
supply falls . . .
S1 P2
P1 4. . . . resulting in a shortage.
0 QS
QD Q1
Price ceiling
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• Controls on Prices result in government-created price ceilings and floors.
• 价格控制通常包括制定： • 价格上限（price ceilings ） • 价格下限（price floors ）
• 税收归宿：税收负担在市场参与者之间 进行分配的方式。
A Tax on Buyers
Price of
Ice-Cream
Price
Cone
buyers
pay $3.30
Price
3.00
without 2.80
tax
Tax ($0.50)
Price sellers receive
Equilibrium with tax
Tax
2. . . . the
incidence of the
tax falls more
heavily on
consumers . . .
3. . . . than on producers.
Demand
Quantity
How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided
Price Price buyers pay Price without tax
税收归宿（ Tax Incidence）
• Tax incidence is the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.
A Tax on Sellers
Price of Ice-Cream Price Cone buyers pay
$3.30
Price
3.00
without 2.80
tax
Price sellers receive
Equilibrium with tax
Tax ($0.50)
A tax on sellers
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes
• Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling:
• The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price.
Cone Equilibrium
price $3 2
0
Supply
价
格
下
限
Price
无
floor
约
束
Demand
力
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
A Market with a Price Floor
Price of Ice-Cream
Cones
Case Study
• 最低工资 • 航空总局“禁折令” • 按保护价敞开收购农民余粮
最低工资（The Minimum Wage）
• An important example of a price floor is the minimum wage. Minimum wage laws dictate the lowest price possible for labor that any employer may pay.
How Taxes on Buyers (and Sellers) Affect Market Outcomes
• Taxes discourage market activity. • 税收抑制市场活动
• When a good is taxed, the quantity sold is smaller. • 当某一种商品被征税时，销售量减少
第6章
Chapter 6
供给、需求与政府政策
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
本章内容（Contents）
• 价格控制（Controls on Prices） • 税收（Tax）
本章内容（Contents）
• 价格控制（Controls on Prices） • 税收（Tax）
Shortage
Controlled rent Demand
0
Quantity of
Apartments
价格下限
（Price Floor）
A Market with a Price Floor
(a) A Price Floor That Is Not Binding
Price of Ice-Cream
S2
shifts the supply
curve upward
S1
by the amount of the tax ($0.50).
Equilibrium without tax
Demand, D1
0
90 100
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided
Cone
$4 3
Equilibrium price
0
(b) A Price Floor That Is Binding
Supply
价
格
Surplus
下
Price floor
限
有
约
束
Demand
力
80
120 Quantity of
Quantity Quantity Ice-Cream
demanded supplied
Demand
Quantity
Elasticity and Tax Incidence
How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labor Market
Wage
Labor Supply
Equilibrium wage
0
Equilibrium employment
Labor demand
Quantity of Labor
How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labor Market
• A legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.
• 一种商品的合法的价格最小值。
价格上限
（Price Ceiling）
A Market with a Price Ceiling
(a) A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding
Wage
Minimum wage
Labor surplus (unemployment)
Labor Supply
Labor demand
0
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity of
demanded
supplied
Labor
本章内容（Contents）
• 价格控制（Controls on Prices） • 税收（Tax）
Price Price buyers pay
Price without tax Price sellers receive
0
(a) Elastic Supply, Inelastic Demand
1. When supply is more elastic than demand . . .
Supply
Supply, S1
Equilibrium without tax A tax on buyers shifts the demand curve downward by the size of the tax ($0.50).
D1 D2
0
90 100
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
• The goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable.
• One economist called rent control “the best way to destroy a city, other than bombing.”
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• 价格上限（Price Ceiling ）
• A legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.
• 一种商品的合法的价格最大值。
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• 价格下限（Price Floor）
(b) A Price Ceiling That Is Binding
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone Equilibrium
price $3 2
0
价
Supply
格
上
限
有
Shortage
Price
约
ceiling
束
Demand
力
75
Quantity supplied
125
Quantity demanded
Price sellers receive
0
(b) Inelastic Supply, Elastic Demand
1. When demand is more elastic than supply . . .
Supply
3. . . . than on consumers. Tax
2. . . . the incidence of the tax falls more heavily on producers . . .
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• Controls on Prices are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.
• 当政策制定者认为市场价格对于买方 或卖方是不合理的，通常会进行价格 控制。
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
$4 3
Equilibrium price
0
价
Supply
格
上
Price
ceiling
限
无
约
束
Demand
力
Байду номын сангаас
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
A Market with a Price Ceiling
• The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage.
Case Study
• 汽油价格上限 • 租金控制 • 禁止卖血 • 人体器官市场（教材152页）
The Market for Gasoline with a Price Ceiling
Demand
0
Quantity of
Apartments
Rent Control in the Long Run
Rental Price of Apartment
(b) Rent Control in the Long Run (supply and demand are elastic)
Supply
3. . . . the price ceiling becomes binding . . .
Demand Quantity of Gasoline
CASE STUDY: Rent Control in the Short Run and Long Run
• Rent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants.
Rent Control in the Short Run
Rental Price of Apartment
(a) Rent Control in the Short Run (supply and demand are inelastic)
Supply
Controlled rent
Shortage
(b) The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Binding
Price of Gasoline
S2 2. . . . but when
supply falls . . .
S1 P2
P1 4. . . . resulting in a shortage.
0 QS
QD Q1
Price ceiling
价格控制（Controls on Prices）
• Controls on Prices result in government-created price ceilings and floors.
• 价格控制通常包括制定： • 价格上限（price ceilings ） • 价格下限（price floors ）
• 税收归宿：税收负担在市场参与者之间 进行分配的方式。
A Tax on Buyers
Price of
Ice-Cream
Price
Cone
buyers
pay $3.30
Price
3.00
without 2.80
tax
Tax ($0.50)
Price sellers receive
Equilibrium with tax
Tax
2. . . . the
incidence of the
tax falls more
heavily on
consumers . . .
3. . . . than on producers.
Demand
Quantity
How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided
Price Price buyers pay Price without tax