常见构词法归纳
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常见构词法归纳
(1)前缀
①表示否定意义得前缀:
a、纯否定W:
un・:unable, unemployment失业力unload(卸载),uncover(发现、揭开、揭露)# unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像),unrest(不安得,动荡御力unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常得;与众不同得),uncertain(无常得、含糊得)/ unclear(不清楚御),unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, unfortable, uneasy(4?l育刁'安得),uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心得、专一得、未分开御),unreserved(无保留得、坦白御)
dis-: disllke(不喜欢).disarm(解除武装;放下武器),disconnect(vt拆开■使分离),disagree, disappeac disadvantage, dishonest, disability (残疾、无能),discover(v 发现),disobey(违反、不服从)
in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能御.无能力得),inability(无能力,无才能),inplete, incorrect, inconvenient inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道徳得力illegal(非法御).illogical(不合乎逻辑斜)(irregular; irrelative(无关系得)
non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达得■巾途不停御),non-violent(非暴力得).nonwhite(非白人),non-member(非会员). nonparty(无党派),nonsense(无意义,胡说丿发话)
b、表示错溟得意义:
mis-: mistake, mislead。
冥导),misunderstanding(n), misuse{n/vt 滥用、決用、虐待),mistrust, mistreat(虜待)
C、表示"反、防、抗”得意义:
anti-: antiknock(n/adj 防震).antiforeign(f#外斜),anti-war(adj,M战得)“ antitank(反战午得).anti-pollution(防污染,反污染斜)
②表示空间位置、方向关系得M:ward(守卫)
a・表示“在•…"之上”「向……” :aboard(在飞机上,在船上),aside(在旁边)
de-表示"在下,向下” :decrease(减少,下降),degrade(降级)
en-表示火在内,进入” :encage(入笼),enbed(上床)
ex-表示“外部,外” :exit, expand(扩张),export{输出、出口)
fore-表示“在前面” :forehead(前额),foreground(前景)“ foreleg, forefoot
in-, im-表示r句内,在内,背于":inland(内地、内陆).inside. indoor(s)(室内得,户内得;(s)在户内).import
inter-表示“在 ....间■相互” :in ternational, interact! on(相互作用),inter net, interview(接见.tfli试)
mid-表示"中,中间":midposition(中间位置)
out-表示“在外部,在外” :outlineC轮廊■大纲■概要).outside, outward(s)C外表、外ifii:(s)向外地),outdoor(s)
over-表示“在上面■在外部,向上” :overlookC忽视,眺望),overhead(在头顶上,在空中),overcoat(大衣,外奁),overdress(外辰), oversea(s)C 海外)
post-表示r句后,在后边■次":postscript附言)
pre-表示“在前■在前ifn;提前":prefix(前缀),preface(前言).preposition(介词)
super-表示“在…、、之上#超级” :superstructure上部建筑,1:部构造),supernatural超自然得■不可思议御),superpower^超强特权#
超强大国)“ superman, supermarket
trans-表示“移上,转上,在那一边” :translate, transform(转变.转换、转移力transplant移植),transportation交通)
under-表示“在…、、下|虬下得” :underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线),underground, underwater; undershirt(贴身内衣■灵式)up-表示“向匕向上面■在上” :upward(s)C向上亀上升得),uphold(支操点励).uphill(上坡),upload(上传)auto-表示“自己■独立#自动k :automobile(自动车・),autobiography^ tdbai 'D gra仃(自传)
tele-表示“远离” :television, telephone . telegram(电报).telegraph(电报川像名词)'telescopef望远镜)
③表示时间,序列关系得前缀!
fore-表示“在前ifii■先前,前面”:foreword(前言),forecast(预报),foretell(预言),foresee{预见),foreknow(先知). foreknowledgeC 先知)
mid-表示"中,中间":midnight, midsummer; mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)
post-表示乂在后,后” :postwar(战后衛战后时期力postgraduate(研处生).postdate(爭后日期,推迟日期)
pre-表示“在前■爭先■侦先 k :preheat(预先加热),p re war, p rehistory (史前),p review(预习),p rebattle, p repay(侦付)re-表示乂再一次■重新” :retell(复述),rewrite, renew(续借),reconsider(ig新考虑),reuse, remarry, recycle(再生,回收利用). rebuild(重建■改造)
④表示比较程度差别关系得前缀!
by-表示“副,次要斜” :byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)
extra-表示“超越,额外” :extraordinary(非凡斜,特别御)
over-表示“超过,过度,太” :overeat(吃过^9, oversleep(睡过头).overpraise(过奖力overwork, overact(行为过分),overdo(夸张,做得过分)
under-表示“低劣,低下":undersi2e(尺寸不足),undergrown(发育不全得).underproduction生产不足)
vice-表示“副■次":vice-president, vice -chairman,vice-monitor
⑤表示共同「相等意思得前缀:
co-表示“共同■—起” :coexist(共同生存),co-operate, co-worker; coactions(合作行动)# coauthor(合作作者)
⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
⑦表示分离「离开意思得前缀:
a・表示“分离,离开” :away, apart
de-表示火离去,处去” :depart, decolour
⑧表示“自我”:
self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowiedge
⑨表示变换词类作用得前缀:
be- befriend
en- enslave(束缚;征服),enable(使能够),enrichC使充实,使肥沃■使富足),enlargef扩大■使増大),encourage(鼓励)
⑩表示数量关系得前缀:
a、表示"飛一"「一” :
uni- uniform(统一服装).unicellular(爪细胞)
b、表示“一,两,双”:
bi- bicycle(cycle 循环,周期)
twi- twilight(昏暗得■黎明)
C、表示兮一半":
semi- semiconductor半寻休).sennicircle(半圆),semimonthly(半丿J刊),semifinal(半决赛)
d、表示“百,百分之一”:
centi- centimeter
e、表示“干,千分之一”:
kilo- kilometer; kilogram, kilowatt
f、表示“微小”:
micro- microvolt(微伏特力microputer(微机力microscope(显微镜)
g、表示“许欽复3数”:
multi- multimedia(多媒体),multicolored, multiform, multinatural
h、表示“千分之一.毫”:
milli- millimeter; milligram
K表示“微小、微型“:
mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark
(2)后缀
①名词后缀:
a、具有某种职业或动作得人:
-an, -ian, -Idan 表示“ ..... 地方得人点育通... 御人":American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian(历史学家), librariar)(图书管理员),electncia(电工)n, magician(魔术师).technician, musician, politician(政客)
-ant<ent 表示“...... 人” :merchant, servant(仆人,佣人)“ assistant, agent, student,
-ee 表示“动作承受者":employee(巔员).examinee(应试者),payee(收款人),interviewee
-eer 表示‘‘从事干.. 人” :engineer; volunteer(出愿者)
-er 表示“从爭某种职业得人,某地区#地方得人” :banker; observe^ Londoner; villager singer, driven writer, speaker, travellec buyer -or 表示 ** .. 者” :author; doctor operator; actor; visitor, inventor; educator
-ac -ary 表示“..... 得人.从爭.... 得人":scholar; liar; beggar; secretary, missionary
-ese 表示“ ..... 国人,地方得人":Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)
国人,
-ess表示“阴性人称名词” :actress(女演员).hostess(女主人),manageress(女经理)
-ist 表示“从爭 .. 研允者,信仰... 主义者":pianist, munist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist typist, receptionist
-icist 表示“ ... 家,者,能手” :physicist(物理学家),phoneticist(语音学家),technicist(技术师)
家,……断
-legist茨示“学家,研处者” :biologist(生物学家).geologist(地质学家)
b、构成具有抽欽名词御含义:
-age表示火状态,行为■身份及其结果,总称” :courage, storage, marriage, percentage
-al表示乂爭物得动作■过程R :refusal(拒绝力arrival, survival(举存),denial(否认),approval批猖认可,赞成),trial(实验)-ance, -ence 表示“性质'状况,行为,过程*总S■程度":importance, distance, avoidance(逃避,废止力appearance, performance(性能■绩效,表演),difference, obedience(顺从,服从),presence(出席,参加i), existence
-ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程” :frequency(频繁),urgency(紧急)# efficiency(高效率),
-ity表示“性质,状态,程度":purity(纯度(化学)),reality, equality(平等)
-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态":ability, possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom表示“等级,领域,状态” :freedom, kingdom(王国,界力wisdom(智慧,才智J
-ery, -ry表示“行为,状态,习性淮质":bravery(勇敢,勇气).slavery(奴役)
-hood表示"资格,身份.年纪#状态":childhood, girlhood(少女时期),boyhood(少年时代),manhood(男子气概)
-ice表示“行为,性质,状态” :notic巳justice(司法)“ service
-ing 表示“动作得过程■结果” :building, writing, learning
-ion, -ation# -ition, -sion 表示“行为斜过程,结果#状况":suggest!on, action, solution, invention, direction(方向■拆导), correction (改正』务正力collection, instruction(指令■抬示),destruction (破坏)# introduction, congratulation , dictation(听写,口述)■ invitation (邀请),pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation(饿死,绝伶),satisfaction, relation, determination(决心,果断),preparation, imaginatlon, explanation(说明■解释),opposition(反对),petition(竞赛’比赛),description, decision, division(除法),conclusion, impression(印荻),expression(表达■表示),admission(承认),permission(允许,许可),discussion
-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果":disappointment(失望).treatment, movement judgment, punishment, argument, agreement(协议),government, development, improvement(改进,改善),requirement(婆求,必要条件),encouragement
-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness(adj,善良■辎华),kindness, tiredness, friendliness(友谊)# business, illness, happiness(幸福).willingness(乐意,心卄情愿),weakness, fairness(公平)
-ism表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰■行为” :socialism(枕会主义).criticism^比评),heroism(英勇),tourism, munism(共产主义),Marxism(马克思主义)
•ship表示“情况■性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业” :hardship(困苦,苦难),relationship, membership (资格,会员身份friendship, ownership (所有权).scholarship(奖学金)#
-th,表示“动作,性质,过程,状态” :strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth(温Bg), youth
-ure 表示“行为■结果” :exposure(暴露),pressure(压力),failure, procedure(f-续力mixture
-craft 表示“工艺” :aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft
c、带有场所,地方得含义:
-age表示火住所,地点” :village, cottage(小屋■村舍)
-ary表示“住所,场地"library, granary (谷仓)
-ory 表示“工作场所#住处” :factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory(天文台■气彖台)
②形容词后缀!
a、帶有“属性,倾向,相关”得含义:
-able, -ibie: movable, fortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable(可适用得),visible(可见物). responsible, terrible(可怕得).horrible(恐怖御)
-al: natural, additional额外御,附加得).educational, national国家得,国民御)
-ant -ent: distant, important, excellent
•ing(表示特征:令人觉御):moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing
・ed(表示情绪:觉斜):pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined(决定『得,果断得),delighted(ft兴得,欣喜御)
-ish: foolish, bookish(岀木上御#好读书得),selfish
-ive: active, impressive(感人得,令人钦佩得力decisive(决定性亂果断得力active,expensive, progressive(改革得■进步得)
b、表示“相象,类似"得含义:
-ish: boyish, childish(幼稚得,孩子去得)
-like: manlikeC有男子气概得■像男子徇),childlike天真浪漫得■像孩子得)
-some: troublesome{麻烦得■讨厌得).handsome
-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy(有雾得,模糊得),healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody(rfii脛得),funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly(发臭御),hilly(丘陵得,龊得)
-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly. Ionely, orderly, lovelyC可爱得■令人愉快得).livelyC活泼斜,生动得),likelyC很可能得),scholarly(博学衛学着风度得)
C、表示“充分斜”含义:
-ful: beautiful, wonderfuL helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful(仁慈御,宽容御)
-OUS: dangerous, courageous{有胆址御,勇敢得齐nervous(紧张不安得),mountainous{多山斜),humorous(诙谐御■幽默徇), various (各种各样御)
d、表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产斜含义:
-en: wooden, golden, woolen(羊毛御)
e、表示方向御含义:
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern
-ward: downward(向下1^), forward
f、表示“数g关系”得含义:
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth, fiftieth
g、表示国籍」吾种,宗教得含义:
-an: Roman, European
-ese: Chinese, Japanese
-ish: English, Spanish
h、表示否定:
-less; countless(无数得,数不尽得力stainless(不锈斜).wireless, useless, endless(无止境得,连续御),priceless(无价魚贵垂得h hop eless
③动词后缀!
-ize, ise 表示“做成■变成. .. 化” :moderni2e(现代化力democratize(民主化),organize, apologize, realize
-en表示r吏成为,引起,使有k :quicken■(加快)weaken, soften, harden(变硕,变坚强)
-fy 茨示“使 ... 化,使成” :beautify, purify(净化),intensify, signify, simplify(简化),satisfy
④副词后缀:
-ly: possibly, swiftly(很快地).simply(简*TUtfe)
-ward(s): down ward, inwards(向内地),upward(向上地,上升地)
-ways: always, sideways(向侧tfli得■—旁御)
-wise: otherwisef另外御,否则,adj,adv), clocl<wise(顺时针方向地)
注®:有斜爪词有双重后缀,如:
use(用途)iuseless(无用得)一uselessness(无用)
self(自己)iselfish(自私得)iselfishness(自私)
有御飛词则就是前后缀同时使川,如:
importan t—importa nc e^unim portance
regular(有规律得,有规则徇)一irregula"无规律得,不规则斜)一irregularity(无规律,不规则)
2 •合成法
boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-drivec playground, radioactive(放射性斜力headmaster(校长),sunshine, notebook, armchair(扶于•杨力wheelchair(轮椅力postcard(明信片力football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter(消防队员力fireman, gateman(瞧门人,售票员力chairman(主席■会长),weatherman, businessman, armyman(军人),postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket(扒于・),she-goat(雌性山羊),editor-in-chief(主编),daybreak(破晓). handshake(握手齐silkworm(蚕),outbreak(爆发)
由三个词构成御合成形容词:heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long
3•转化法
(1) 名词一动词
hand (于•一传递) charge (费
用一收费) flood (洪水一淹没) P aint (油漆一刷漆)
pin (别针一装订) face (脸
一面对) interest (兴趣-使兴趣) taste {味道一品尝)
break (短暂休息一折断) (2) 形容词一动词
Clean (干净一使干净,打扫) dirty (脏一弄脏) empty {空
斜一倒空) slow (慢御一放慢) cool (凉得一冷却)
back (背部,后面一支抜后
退) copy (抄札复印件一抄弓,复印) heat (热址一加热) phone (电话一打电话)
waste (废物一浪费) use (用
途一使丿|]) surprise (惊讶一便惊讶) smell (气味一闻) P resent
(礼物一赠送)
4、截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将爪词缩写,词义与词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
aerop lane —pla ne omnibus —bus
2)去尾
mathematics^ maths
examination —exam
3)载头去尾
5.混含法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词.后半部分表示主休;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast —newscast 新闻广播 television broadcast-*telecast 电视播送
coop erate —coyp
kilogram^kilo
taxicab-* taxi
clear (清楚一清理) dry (F 燥一烘晒巧 free (自
由一使自由,释放)
warm (暖与一使賤与) quiet (安Spi 使安静)
telephone —P hone
laboratory^ lab influenza^ 什 u
refrigerator —fridge p rescriptio n —script
smoke and fog—smog 烟雾helicopter airport—heliport 直升飞机场
6、It尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即川词首尾字即组成一个新词。
读音主要右两种形式川卩各字母分别读音;作为一个《^词读音。
very important person—VIP (读字(^音)耍人;大人物
television-TV (读字每音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language—TOEFL 托福
练习
work—(工作者)sina—(耿千•)teach—f教师)drive—
write—f作家)dance—(舞蹈家)
win—f快胜者)run—(審?H者)swim—f游泳者)
act—(演员)collect—f收家)direct•一住管)
visit•一(参观者)invent—(发明彖)translate—(佣译家)educate—(教育)describe—f描述)Dredit—(预言)collect—f收藏)invent—(发明)build—f建筑物)
mea n—— f 矗:怨)meet—(会议)cross—f路口)
turn—(转弯处)decide•—f决定)die—(死亡)
fiv——f飞行)know…f知识)please—f髙兴)
pronou nce-・・(发音)mix…(混合物)
Diease—(令人商兴得卜一(感到商兴御)
surprise—f令人惊讶御得)—(k喪到惊讶得)
excite—(令人兴奋得)—(感到兴奋御)
interest—(令人感兴趣得卜一(感兴趣得)
worry—(令人担忧御)—(感到担忧得)
amaze, annoy, bore, disappoint, embarrass, frustrate, relax, terrify, thrill, tire 等
形容词毎变化。
A:形容词变副词。
Quick—( )strona——(} heavy••-anarv— f ) happv- - ()luckv—healthv—( } nolsv- - ( } usual—careful—( )real— f )successful—terrible—( )possible…( )
B:形容词变名词。
Kind—( )haDDY—— f )
ill—( )safe—( )
confident—( limoortant- — f )
different—( Hrue—( )
动词变名词
high——(司机)
巩固练习
lx That man was enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job、
A
、
care B、careful C、careless Dx carelessness
The soldier died for saving the child,so his. Is heavier than Mount Tai.
A
、
die B. dead C、died D、death
The child looked at his brother who was badly wounded、
A 、 sadly
B 、 sadness
C 、saddly
D 、 sad
4、 He is an exoert at chemistry^ We all call him a 、
A 、 chemistry
B 、chemical
C 、chemist
Dx physician
5. The three- chair isn' t suitable for a vouna child. He mav fall off 、 A 、 legging
B 、legged
C 、legs
D 、 leged
6. Steohenson became the
railway engineer in the world.
A 、 lead
B 、 leader
C 、 leading
D 、 leadership
7、When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problemjack looked
600 words;a 600-words B. 600-word;a 600-words
Lett!ng that animal escape was no accident;you did it
My TV is out of order 、Can you tell me what is the
A 、 intend
B 、 intention
C 、 intentionally
D 、 intentional
13. The shop owner weled all the guests with a smile 、 A 、 practice B 、 practise Cx practical D 、 practiced 14、 The ordered him to pay a $100 fine 、
A
、
judger
Bx judgment
C 、 judge
D 、judgement
A
、
lately
B 、latest
C 、later
D 、 latter
16、 The Great Wall is more than 6000 li
In
A
、
Ion ger
Bx length
C 、 long
Dx long!ng
17、 To my ,4 passed the exam easily 、 A
、
joy
Bx joyful
C 、joyless D
、
joyness
18、 Canada is mainly an.
COun try 、
about at his classmates.
A 、 proud
B 、 proudly
C 、pride
D 、 pridely
8、
To every one* s ,,the girl finished the job quite well 、 A 、 satisfied
B 、satisfactory
C 、satisfying Dx satisfaction
—What are you doing here?
Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about in English. —You can write passage in English?
A 、
C 、 600 words;a 500-word
D 、 600 words;a 600-words
10、 No one should enter the spot without the. of the policex A 、 p ermit
B 、 permission
C 、 permitting
D 、 permittence
11、 You must e with us to the police
、Our head Is waiting for you 、
A 、 headquarters
B 、 headline
C 、 headmaster
D 、 headache 12、
news about Iraq War?
A
、
En glish-s peaki ng B、speak-English C、spokervEnglish D、English-spoken
19、How he is! He is always acting .He Is really a
A
、
foolish;foolishly;fool B、fool;foolish;fool C、foolish;fool;fool D、foolishly;foolish;fool
20、The necklace that she lost is very expensive^ If s of great
A
、
valuable Bx value C、valueless Dx unvaluable
21、There were fish in the river in South America、
A
、
in dan ger Bx danger C、dangerous Dx dangerless
22、The letter 5" in the word “doubt"Is
A
、
sound Bx silent C、silence D、sounded
23. The child looked at me
A
、
Stranger B、strangely C、strange D、strangeless
24、The black people were against slavery and fought for their bravely X
A
、
free Bx freely Cx freedom Dx frees
25、What you said sounded but in fact it was untrue、
A
、
reasonable Bx reasonful C、reasonless Dx unreason
26、We have to learn technology from other countries、
A
、
advance B、advancing C、advantage Dx advaneed
27、The children live in a village 、They e here almost every day、
A
、
nearby Bx near Cx nearly Dx near by
28、Mr Black is an In the army,not an in the government. You can not easily find him in his
A
、
official;officer;office B、officer;office;official
official:official;official D、officer; official; office
29、You' d better give up smoking if you want to keep
A
、
health B、healthy C、healthily Dx healthier 30、speakingj didn't do it on purpose.
A
、
Honestly B、Honest C、Honesty Dx Dishonest [参考答案]1・5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DA。