文艺复兴时期一

1. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms：
1. The Renaissance：The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally，it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy，with the flowering of painting，sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance，which means "rebirth" or "revival，" is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture，the new discoveries in geography & astrology，the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance，therefore，in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe，to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie，& to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
文艺复兴时期标志了从中世纪到近代史的转变，指的是14世纪到17世纪。

起源于意大利，伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学的兴起。

从意大利蔓延到整个欧洲。

文艺复兴寓意着重生或复活，实质上是有一些历史性运动引起的。

比如对古罗马、古希腊文化的重新发现，在地理和天文方面的新发现以及宗教改革和经济扩张。

因此文艺复兴实质上是一个历史时期，欧洲人文主义思想和研究者尝试着摆脱中世纪欧洲的封建主义思想，引进代表新兴资产阶级利益的新思想，恢复早期腐败的罗马教会后的纯洁。

2. Humanism：
Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious，intellectual side，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning，humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment，but the human values
represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question，explore，and enjoy. Thus，by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life，they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More，Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists
人文主义是文艺复兴的精髓。

3. Spenserian stanza：
Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines，with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter，rhyming ababbcbcc.
斯宾塞诗体是有埃德蒙德.斯宾塞创立的。

他是九行诗，前八行是五步抑扬格，最后一行是六步抑扬格，ababbcbcc押韵。

4. Metaphysical poetry：
The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit，the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods，and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved，with God，or with himself.
玄学派诗歌通常是指17世纪在约翰.多恩的影响下写的作品。

拥有着反抗精神，玄学派诗人尝试着去打破伊丽莎白时代的爱情诗的传统习惯。

诗人的措辞采用简洁的白描法，大大区别于伊丽莎白时期或新古典主义时期的诗歌风格，并反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。

诗中的意向是从现实中提取的。

诗歌的形式经常都是以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。

5. The Renaissance hero：
A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition，facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays，who
seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will，he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power，knowledge，and glory，the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.
文艺复兴时期英雄是指克里斯托弗.马洛在他的戏剧中创造的人物。

像这样的英雄一般都是有个人主义和满腹雄心的，能够勇敢面对来自上帝和人类的挑战。

它体现了马洛对于人的尊严和能力的人文主义思想。

与中世纪的悲剧英雄是不一样的，他们通过救助和深的意志走向通往天堂的路，而文艺复兴时期的英雄违反传统道德设法通过自己的努力到达天堂。

拥有无尽的愿望与力量,知识,荣耀,诠释了人文主义精神。

帖木儿和浮士德是典型的具有这样精神的人物。

1. Edmund Spenser
1. 一般识记
Brief Introduction to the Author English poet，born in London，England，about 1552，and died in London，Jan 13，1599.
2. 识记
His Major Works Spenser's most important work & masterpiece is The Faerie Queene， a great poem of its age. A complex moral，religious，& political allegory，it is also an epic that exalts Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation. According to Spenser's own explanation，his principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentleman："to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous & gentle discipline." Its principal hero is the Arthur of medieval legend. The six books of the poem illustrate the nature of particular virtues，such as，temperance & justice. Other major works of Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender （1579），a poem consisting of 12 eclogues-corresponding to the 12 months of the year；Epithalamion （1595），a poem expressing the deep personal feelings occasioned by the poets second marriage；Amoretti （1595），a series of sonnets.
3. 领会
His Influence
1）Main qualities of Spenser's poetry
①a perfect melody
②a rare sense of beauty
③a splendid imagination
④a lofty moral purity & seriousness
⑤a dedicated idealism
2）In his writing，Spenser drew on the conventions & thought of Classical，medieval，& Renaissance literature. However，he added to his fusion of these diverse elements much that was original，& his works inspired many later English poets. He created a new stanza，called the Spenserian stanza，which is well suited to narrative verse. His skills in writing melodious English verse & his combination of emotion，erudition，& spiritual vision have won him the admiration of generations of English poets. It is his idealism，his love of beauty，&his exquisite melody that make him known as "the poets' poet."
4. 应用
The Faerie Queene：
1）It is a long，allegorical poem. In the poem，Spenser dramatized political，religious，& moral themes by personifying them，or making them characters.
2）Plot：The story，which is set against a background of Arthur & medieval legend，deals with the adventures of six knights of the court of the fairy queen named Gloriana，who represents Queen Elizabeth Ⅰof English. The faerie Queen was left unfinished at Spenser's death. It was originally planned as a 12-book poem. But only 6 books were completed. The poem is particularly admired for the melodic beauty of its language & for its rich content of philosophical & mythological material presented in the form of vivid narratives. 来源:考试大-自II. Christopher Marlowe
1. 一般识记
Brief Introduction
English dramatist & poet，born in Canterbury，England，Feb，6，1567，died in Deptford，England，May 30，1593. Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy，one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions & ambitions.
2. 识记
His Major Works
His most famous tragedies are Doctor Faustus，The Jew of Malta，Tamburlaine & Edward Ⅱ。

In his plays，Marlowe used blank verse，which he molded into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. After his development of blank verse it became the standard medium for English dramatic & epic poetry. His non-dramatic poetry includes Hero & Leander，"the Passionate shepherd to His love，" & a verse translation of Ovid's Amores.
Marlowe's Doctor Faustus （about 1589），generally considered his best play，was based on a real Dr. Faustus，who was later associated with a medieval legend of a man selling his soul to the devil. The play's dominant moral is human rather than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge，power & happiness；it also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. The last scene，in which Faustus confronts his doom，brilliantly renders the fear & agony of a condemned man.
The Jew of Malta （about 1589）illustrates Marlowe's outstanding portrayal of character. Its hero，Barabas the Jew，served as the model for Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. In about 1592. Marlowe wrote one of the first successful English historical dramas，Edward Ⅱ。

It is his most dramatically mature play & exhibits his mastery of characterization，stage craft & rhetoric.
Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious & pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering King. By depicting a great hero with high ambition & sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another，Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power & authority.
3. 领会
His Achievements & Influence
Achievements：Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse & made it the principal medium of English drama.
His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. The theme of his works is the praise of the Renaissance spirit.
His influence：A man of wide learning，Marlowe was one of the extra ordinary poets & playwrights of his time. "Marlowe's mighty line，" as Ben Jonson called his blank verse，was one of the most important contributions to the art of English literature.
4. 应用
Dr. Faustus
The selection of ActⅠfrom Dr. Faustus is mainly about Faustus is showing his great ambition，that is，if he had many souls，he would give them all to the Devil so that he could control the world. In portraying Faustus，a more introspective & philosophical figure than Tamburlaine，Marlowe praises his soaring aspiration for knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God & trust in Devil.
来源:考试大-自考
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