英语国家概况-谢福之-课后答案-简答题

第三大题
Chapter?2
1.WhatwereQueenVictoria’smajorachievements?
QueenVictoriamadetremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspect.Shepromotedfurtherindustria lization,thebuildingofrailwaysandthegrowthoftradeandcommerce.Duringherreign,Britaindevelopedin toanempireincluding aboutaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandaquarteroftheworld’slandmass.
2.WhatwerethetwocampsinWorldWarⅠ?
InWorldⅠthetwocampsweretheCentralPowers-mainlyGermany,Austria-Hungary,TurkeyandtheAllie s-mainlyFrance,GreatBritain,Russia,Italyandfrom1917,theUnitedStates.
3.WhydidBritaincooperatecloselywiththeUnitedStatesafterWorldWarⅡ?
BritaincooperatedcloselywiththeUnitedStatesafterWorldWarⅡsincetheywerealliedduringWorldWa rⅡandsharedthesameconcernsabouttheSovietUnion.
Chapter?5
1.WhatusedtobethemajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsandvocationalschoolsinBritain?
Grammarschoolsweretotrainthemostacademicallycapablestudentsandpreparethemforuniversity,w hereasvocationalschoolsweretohelpthelesssuccessfulstudentstolearnatrade.
2.WhatkindofsubjectsdoBritishcomprehensiveschoolsprovide?
Britishcomprehensiveschoolsprovideageneraleducation,offeringbothacademicsubjectslikeliterature andscience,andmorepracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.
3.InwhatwaysdoBritishuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedom?
Britishuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedombecausetheycanappointtheirownstaff,decidewhi chstudentstoadmit,providetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.
4.WhatroledoesthemediaplayinBritishleisureculture?
ThemediaplaysanessentialroleinBritainleisureculturesinceithelpstoshapethepublic’sopinion,determ inepeop le’smoralandpoliticalorientationandconsolidateorunderminetheruleofagovernment. Chapter?10
1.What?are?the?two?characteristics?of?the?U.S.?constitution???
One?is?“checks?and?balances”,?the?other?is?that?the?power?of?the?federal?government?and?of the?state?governments?are?specifiedintheConstitution.??
2.What?are?the?qualifications?for?a?senator?and?a?representative?respectively???
A?senator?must?be?over?30?years?old,a?U.S.?citizen?for?at?least?nine?years,?and?a?resident?
in?the?state?which?they?represent?.?A?representative?should?be?at?least?25?years?old?and?a?U.
S.?citizen?for?no?less?than?seven?years.??
3.What?are?the?major?powers?of?the?supreme??court???
a)to?interpret?laws
b)?to?hear?appeals?from?any?federal?court?cases;?
c)to?hear?appeals?from?state?court?cases?that?involve?the?constitution?or?national?laws??
d)maydeclare?a?law?unconstitutional??
e)?may?declare?a?presidential?act?unconstitutional.??
4.What?is?the?difference?between?the?democrats?and?the?republicans?in?terms?of?political?opi
nions?
Generally?speaking,theDemocratsPartyhasaliberalideology,whiletheRepublicansPartyismorecons ervative.The?democrats?want?the?government?to?play?an?important?role?in?the?economy?and?
emphasize?full?employment?as?a?matter?of?national?concern??they?favor?civil?rights?laws?,?a?s trong?social?security??system?which?gives?enterprises?a?greater?freedom?and?demand?that?the ?government?control?inflation.?They?stress?the?need?for?law?and?order,?and?oppose?complete?
government?social?programs?and?free?choice?of?abortion??they?also?favor?a??strong??military?
posture?and?assertive?stand?in?international?relations.?
Chapter?11?
1.What?industry?developments?took?place?during?the?colonial?period?of?America??
During?the?colonial?period?,the?secondary?industries?developed?as?the?colonies?grew?.?a?va riety?of?specialized?sawmills?and?gristmills?appeared.?Colonists?established?shipyards?to?build?f ishing?fleets?and?trading?vessels?.?they?also?built?small?iron?forges?.?by?the?18th?century?,?re gional?patterns?of?development?in?America?had?become?clear.??
2.How?did?the?civil?war?affect?the?American?economy???
After?the?civil?war?,?the?large?southern?cotton?plantations?became?much?less?profitable?.?no rthern?industries?,?which?had?expanded?rapidly?because?of?the?demands?of?the?war?,surged?a head.??
3.Why?does?America?try?to?reduce?trade?barriers???
Because?the?united?states?has?increasingly?realized?that?open?bilateral?trade?will?not?only?ad vance?its?own?economic?interests,?but?also?enhance?domestic?stability?and?its?peaceful?relations hip?with?other?nations.?
Chapter?12??
1.How?does?an?American?university?choose?its?applicants???
a)their?high?school?records;?
b)?recommendations?from?their?high?school?teachers;?
c)?the?impression?they?make?during?interviews?at?the?university;
d)?their?scores?on?the?SAT.???
2.What?functions?do?American?higher?education?institutions?perform???
Higher?education?institutions?in?the?united?states?have?three?functions:?teaching?,?research?
and?public?service?,?and?each?has?its?own?emphasis?with?regard?to?its?function?.??
3.What?similarities?do?four?famous?university?share???
They?all?have?a?long?history?,?they?all?have?an?excellent?faculty?,?a?large?number?of?studen ts?and?have?made?extensive?academic?achievements.?Some?of?their?graduates?are?very?success ful?or?influential?in?some?areas?such?as?politics,?arts?and?business.?
4.What?are?the?origins?of?thanksgiving?day???
Thanksgiving?is?associated?with?the?time?when?Europeans?first?came?to?the?new?world?,?in?
1620,the?mayflower?arrived?and?brought?about?150?pilgrims.?Life?at?the?beginning?was?very?h ard?and?there?was?not?enough?food?,?so?many?of?them?died.?During?the?following?summer?t he?native?America?helped?them?and?then?they?had?a?bountiful?harvest.?So?they?held?a?big?ce lebration?to?thank?god?and?the?native?Americans.???
第四大题
Chapter?2
1.WhatweretheresultsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain?
TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedBritaininmanyways.First,itsindustrialproductivityincreaseddramati cally.Britainbecamethemostadvancedindustrialcountryintheworld.Second,urbanizationtookplace.Ma nynewcitiessprangup.Third,itcausedgreatchangesinthesocialclassstructure.Thecapitalistclassbecamet hemostimportantforceinthecountryandtheproletariatclassemerged.
2.ExplaintheriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire.
ColonizationofNewfoundlandin1583markedthebeginningoftheBritishEmpire.By1837,Britainhadbe enanempirewhichincludethecoloniesinCanada,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies.Duringthe mid-19th century,theBritishgovernmentconsolidatedtheexistingcoloniesbybringingthemunderthedirec
tcontrolofthegovernment.Bytheendofthe19th century,theBritishEmpireincludedaboutaquarterofthegl obalpopulationandaquarteroftheworld’slandmass.BeforeWorldWarⅠ,Britainwasthelargestcoloniale mpireintheworld.However,BritainsufferedagreatlossofitsmanpowerinthetwoWorldWarsandexhauste ditsreservesofgold,dollarsandoverseasinvestment.MostofBritain’scolonies gainedindependenceasares ultofWorldWarⅡ,whichinevitablyledtofalloftheBritishEmpire.
Chapter?5
1.WhatarethegeneralfeaturesofBritain’sindependentschools?
Britain’sindependentschoolsrequirefeesfromstudents.AlthoughtheNationalCurriculumisoptionalint heindependentsystem,mostindependentschoolsteachwhatthecurriculumdemands.Independentschoo lsgettheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectoraswellastuitionfees,withminimalgovernmentassistance.Sinc ethearegenerallybetterfundedthanmoststateschools,theyarelikelytorecruitthebestteachersandprovid esuperiorfacilities.However,thehightuitionfeeshavebecomeanobstacleformanystudentstoenrollalthou ghgraduatesofindependentschoolsaremorelikelytobeacceptedbyfamousuniversities.
2.Whatarethe“qualitypress”andthe“tabloids”inBritain?
Amongthe10dailynational newspapersinBritain,abouthalfofthemareregardedasthe“qualitypress”sin cetheycarryin-deptharticlesofpoliticalandsocialimportance,reviewsandfeaturearticlesabout‘highcultur e”,andtheyaregenerallyreadbywell-educatedpeople.TheTimes,TheGuardianandTheDailyTelegraphareg oodexamples.The“tabloids”,withcolorphotosandstrikingheadlines,usuallycoverscandalsandgossipabou tcelebrities.AtypicalexampleisTheSunonSunday.
Chapter?10?
1.How?is?the?American?President?voted?into?office??What?are?your?ideas?about?the?American
?election???
Each?party?holds?its?national?convention?every?four?years?to?choose?a?candidate?for?preside ncy.To?win?a?presidential?election,a?candidate?has?to?spend?millions?of?dollars,travel?all?over?th e?country?to?make?speeches?and?debate?on?television?with?the?rival.The?general?election?is?te chnically?divided?into?two?stages.During?the?first?stage,presidential?electors?for?each?state?will?
be?chosen.In?the?second?stage?the?electors?meet?and?vote?a?President.Since?the?second?stage ?is?only?a?kind?of?formality,everyone?knows?who?will?be?the?next?President?an?soon?as?the?fir st?stage?is?over.??
I?think?the?candidates?spend?too?much?money?on?the?electoral?campaigns.And,?the?election ?cannot?solve?the?social?and?economic?problems?of?the?U.S.?as?some?candidates?do?not?keep?t heir?word?after?they?become?President.??
2.What?was?President?Eisenhowers?foreign?policy?and?what?were?the?consequences??? Chapter?11?
1.How?did?the?U.S?constitution?lay?the?groundwork?for?American’s?economic?development???
2.Cite?examples?to?illustrate?the?role?of?government?intervention?in?America's?economic?devel
opment.??
The?government?has?always?played?an?active?and?important?role?in?America’s?economic?dev elopment.In?the?early?1930s,thr?United?States?suffered?the?worst?economic?depression?in?Amer ican?history.President?Roosevelt?introduced?the?New?Deal?to?tackle?the?financial?crisis.Besides,h e?set?up?the?New?York?State?Emergency?Relief?Commission?to?help?those?in?desperate?need?a nd?tried?to?relieve?the?serious?problems?of?the?jobless.At?the?end?of?1970s,?the?American?eco nomy?again?suffered?a?recession.The?Reagan?administration?combated?inflation?by?controlling?g overnment?spending?deficit,cutting?taxes?and?raising?interest?rates.Both?policies?mentioned?abo ve?helped?to?set?the?country’s?economic?development?on?its?ri ght?course,In?all,the?interventio n?of?the?government?has?ensured?that?economic?opportunities?are?fair?and?accessible?to?the?
people.It?has?prevented?flagrant?abuses?of?the?system,dampened?the?effects?of?inflation?and?s
timulated?economic?growth.?
Chapter?12?
1.What?are?the?ideals?that?guide?the?American?educational?system??
The?first?ideal?is?that?as?many?people?as?possible?should?receive?as?much?education?as?pos sible?.The?second?ideal?is?that?of?ptoducing?a?society?that?is?totally?literate?and?of?local?contr ol?.?The?third?ideal?is?that?scholars?and?students?should?work?to?discover?new?information?or ?conceive?new?ways?to?understand?what?is?already?known?.?
2.How?does?America?carry?out?multicultural?education???
American?schools?routinely?teach?the?experiences?and?values?of?many?ethnic?cultures.Curren t?textbooks?incorporate?a?variety?of?ethnic?individuals?who?have?achieved?success.Struggle?for?
equality?are?vividly?depicted,and?past?racism?is?bluntly?acknowledged.Cultural?pluralism?is?now?
generally?recognized?as?the?organizing?principle?of?education.Schools?at?all?levels?offer?student s?opportunities?to?learn?about?different?cultures.?。