Judeo-Christian

A monument at the Texas State Capitol depicting the Ten Commandments revered in Judaismand Christianity
Judeo-Christian
Judeo-Christian is a term used since the 1950s to stress the common ethical standards of Christianity and Judaism, such as the Ten Commandments. It has become part of American civil religion and is often used to promote inter-religious cooperation.
The Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments are found in the Bible and are central to the Christian faith. They are believed to be the word of God and to have been handed down to his people through the prophet Moses. They set out a basic ethical system of moral and social behavior, governing the standards of family relations, regard for human life, sex, property, speech and thought.
The first four commandments are: I am the Lord your God; Thou shalt not worship any other God but me; Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain; Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day (the day of rest-Sunday).
The Christian faith still maintains the first 4 which insist upon belief in only one God.
Commandment 5-10 are: Love thy father and thy mother; Do not commit murder; Do not commit adultery; Do not steal; Do not accuse others falsely; Do not desire another man’s property of anything that he owns.
Commandment 5-10 are still the basic moral principles accepted by most British people and many of the laws of the land can be seen to have been derived from them. 第一条：“我是耶和华－你的上帝，曾将你从埃及地为奴之家领出来，除了我之外，你不可有别的神。

”
第二条：“不可为自己雕刻偶像，也不可做什么形象仿佛上天、下地，和地底下、水中的百物。

不可跪拜那些像，也不可事奉它，因为我耶和华－你的上帝是忌邪的
上帝。

恨我的，我必追讨他的罪，自父及子，直到三四代；爱我、守我戒命的，我
必向他们发慈爱，直到千代。

”
第三条：“不可妄称耶和华－你上帝的名；因为妄称耶和华名的，耶和华必不以他
为无罪。

”
第四条：“当记念安息日，守为圣日。

六日要劳碌做你的工，但第七日是向耶和华－你上帝当守的安息日。

这一日你和你的儿女、仆婢、牲畜，并你城里寄居的客旅，无论何工都不可做；因为六日之内，耶和华造天、地、海，和其中的万物，第七日便安息，所以耶和华赐福与安息日，定为圣日。

”
第五条：“当孝敬父母，使你的日子在耶和华－你上帝所赐你的土地上得以长久。

”
第六条：“不可杀人。

”
第七条：“不可奸淫。

”
第八条：“不可偷盗。

”
第九条：“不可做假见证陷害人。

”
第十条：“不可贪恋人的房屋；也不可贪恋人的妻子、仆婢、牛驴，并他一切所有的。

”
The Ten Commandments are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship which play a fundamental role in Judaismand most forms of Christianity. They include
instructions to worship only God and to keep the Sabbath, and prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. According to the synoptic gospels, Christ generalised the law into two underlying principles; The first is "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one; and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength." While the second is "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."[Matthew 22:34-40][Mark 12:28-33]
These are quotes from Deuteronomy 6:4 and Leviticus 19:18. Barnes' Notes on the New Testament comments on these verses saying: "These comprehend the substance of what Moses in the law, and what the prophets have spoken. What they have said has been to endeavour to win men to the love of God and each other. Love to God and man comprehends the whole [of] religion; and to produce this has been the design of Moses, the prophets, the Saviour, and the apostles."[37]
The Ten Commandments are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God and to keep the sabbath, and prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, dishonesty, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for interpreting and numbering them.
The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. According to the story in Exodus, God inscribed them on two stone tablets, which he gave to Moses on Mount Sinai. Modern scholarship has found likely influences inHittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them.
The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in both Judaism and Christianity: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honor to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft).[18]
The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles.[18][19][20][16] They are not as explicit[18] or detailed as rules [21] or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation.[21]
The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Old Testament laws in several ways. They have a uniquely terse style.[22] Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone[22] were "written with the finger of God" (Exodus 31:18). And lastly, the stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:21).[22]
Christians believe the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid, though they have different interpretations and uses of them.[34] Through most of Christian history, the decalogue has been considered a summary of God's law and standard of behavior, and has been central to Christian life, piety, and worship.[35] Golden Rule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Golden rule)
Not to be confused with the Golden Law or the Golden ratio.
For other uses, see Golden Rule (disambiguation).
Book with "Dieu, la Loi, et le Roi" on one page and the golden rule on the other, by Bernard d'Agesci (fr).
The Golden Rule or ethic of reciprocity is a maxim,[1] ethical code or morality[2] that essentially states either of the following:
One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. (Positive form)[1] One should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated (Negative form, also known as the Silver Rule)[citation needed].
This concept describes a "reciprocal", or "two-way", relationship between one's self and others that involves both sidesequally, and in a mutual
fashion.[3][4]
This concept can be explained from the perspective of psychology, philosophy, sociology and religion. Psychologically, it involves a person empathizing with others. Philosophically, it involves a person perceiving their neighbor as also "an I" or "self."[3][4] Sociologically, this principle is applicable between individuals, between groups, and also between individuals and groups. (For example, a person living by this rule treats all people with consideration, not just members of his or herin-group). Religion is an integral part of the history of this concept.[1][5]
As a concept, the Golden Rule has a history that long predates the term "Golden Rule", or "Golden law", as it was called from the 1670s.[1][6] As a concept of "the ethic of reciprocity," it has its roots in a wide range of world cultures, and is a standard way that different cultures use to resolve conflicts.[1][5] It has a long history, and a great number of prominent religious figures and philosophers have restated its reciprocal, "two-way" nature in various ways (not limited to the above forms).[1] Rushworth Kidder notes that the Golden Rule can be found in the early contributions of Confucianism (551–479 BC). Kidder notes that this concept's framework appears prominently in many religions, including "Hinduism, Buddhism,
Taoism,Zoroastrianism, and the rest of the world's major religions".[7] According to Greg M. Epstein, " 'do unto others' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely."[8] Simon Blackburn also states that the Golden Rule can be "found in some form in almost every ethical tradition".[9] All versions and forms of the proverbial Golden Rule have one aspect in common: they all demand that people treat others in a manner in which they themselves would like to be treated.
Influence on American Law
An in-depth study of how each of the Ten Commandments had a historical impact on the development of laws in America and affected the legal philosophy of our government framers. For example, the 4th Commandment-"Keep Holy the Sabbath": PENNSYLVANIA FRAME OF GOVERNMENT, April 25, 1682, Article XXII: "That as often as any day of the month...shall fall upon the first day of the week, commonly called the Lord's Day, the business appointed for that day shall be deferred till the next day, unless in the case of emergency." U.S. CONSTITUTION, 1787, Article I, Section 7, Paragraph 2 "If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law" Read how the Ten Commandments affected the views of America's leaders: "The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount contain my religion" - John Adams, Nov. 4, 1816, letter to Thomas Jefferson. "The fundamental basis of this nation's laws was given to Moses on the Mount. The fundamental basis of our Bill of Rights comes from the teachings we get from Exodus and St. Matthew, from Isaiah and St. Paul.
I don't think we emphasize that enough these days." - Harry S Truman, Feb. 15, 1950, Attorney General's Conference. See references to the Ten Commandments in court cases: "The Ten Commandments have had an immeasurable effect on Anglo-American legal development" - U.S. District Court, Crockett v. Sorenson, W.D. Va. (1983) "It is equally undeniable ...that the Ten Commandments have had a significant impact on the development of secular legal codes of the Western World." - U.S. Supreme Court, Stone v. Graham, (1980) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting) An ideal book forstudents, teachers, journalists, writers and those interested in researching the foundations of American law!
the third decisive influence is Christianity.
Jesus Christ had the profoundest effect on Western Culture. His preaching of the Golden Rule, of salvation, redemption and immortality not only affected the lives of people but their art, literature, philosophy, and architecture. The Bible became a central piece of Western literature affecting all fields within western culture; law, philosophy, education, and politics.
It is the essential of western civilization, having shaped the western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written.
It is much more than a religious book. Reflecting most extensively
western ideas and culture, the Bible is really an encyclopedia. All in one,
it is history;
it is literature,
it is record of great minds.
It has left enormous influence on the human race.
The growing sentiment in history in favor of human rights was heavily dependent on the Hebraic concept of man as image bearer of God and on the
Christian enlargement of that concept found in the life and teachings of Christ. In Jesus 'day women,artisan,and slaves had very few rights in the Graeco Roman world. Jesus demonstrated a respect forwomen wh ich was highly unusual in the Palestinian culture of His day. As the Graeco- Roman culture disintegrated,
it was the monasteries and the church which championed human
rights and dignity during the Middle Ages. From all of the above,
it is clear that ancient Greek and Roman culture and especially Christianity have had a deep and lasting influence in the development and shape ofwestern culture. As English learners, we can not learn it well without some know ledge of the culture behind the language.
American Exceptionalism
While much of Europe and North America has been profoundly shaped by Judeo-Christian values, the United States is more heavily, some would say uniquely shaped by these values than other countries in the world. The unusual political and cultural situation created by the American Revolution and the forces that shaped America has developed into an individualism, industrialism and sense of responsibility over world affairs that is variously considered admirable and arrogant.
Thomas Jefferson, in the Declaration of Independence, referred to God twice in Hebrew terms,and Congress added two more: Lawgiver, Creator, Judge and Providence. These Judeo–Christian values were especially important at the key foundational moments of the settling of America, the War for Independence and the Civil War.
In 1920s, the Judeo-Christian concept was promoted by liberal groups to fight the prevailing anti-Semitism. It gained popularity especially in political field, although it faced substantial anti-Semitic hostility and discrimination. Yet under President Franklin D. Roosevelt more Jews had entered public life than ever before. As Hitler's armies reduced European Jewish communities,the Jewish leadership firmly descended upon American Jewry.America in 1945 stood unrivaled as the largest, richest, and politically most important Jewish community in the world. Smaller Jewish communities turned increasingly to American Jewry for guidance and supports. Thousands of Jewish refugees likewise turned to America and under more liberal immigration policies many gained admission.
At the late half century of 20, the concept of Judeo-Christian Concept now is less anti-Semitic, or religious. And also become a milder concept which is beloved by America. In recent decades, modern American seems favor the value of Judeo-Christian Concept more than before. For instance, the dominant administration takes their heritage of values of Judeo-Christian as pride. One of the most famous candidates for president, McCain declares America was founded on Judeo-Christian values and principles, and the threat of Iran's nuclear program, McCain claims that, Iran doesn’
t share American Judeo-Christian value. He also declared: "Our Judeo-Christian principles dictate that we do what we can to help people who are oppressed throughout the world. The Judeo-Christian values that they hold are the strength of America。

Analysis of Judeo–Christian Value
In the American context, Judeo–Christian Value refers to the influence of the Hebrew Bible and New Testament on Protestant thought and values, most especially the Puritan, Presbyterian and Evangelist at the very early time of this country. These ideas from the Hebrew Bible, brought into American history by Protestants, are seen as supporting the American Revolution, Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. The founding generations of Americans saw themselves as heirs to the Hebrew Bible. And Hebrew teachings on liberty, responsibility, hard work, ethics, justice, equality, which have become key components of the American character, are called the “American Creed”.And also throughout the history, Americans are friendly to Jews since they are believed in the Judeo-Christian Value. First of all, the meaning of Judeo-Christian Value should be clarified. For this concept, Judeo-Christian Value, it refers to the very important Old Testament part of Bible a moral tradition based on shared religious scriptures, which is Tanakh or Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of Christians. The Old Testament is, actually the common base of Judaism and Christianity. It forms the foundation of Judeo–Christian values. It provided the God of Christianity, their supra-natural Creator, the notions of divine moral judgment and divine love, and also the God-based universal morality they advocate and try to live by, the Ten Commandments, the holy, the sanctity of human life, the belief in a God of history, and moral progress. All these and more came from the Jews and their texts. Then the Judeo-Christian Value is a concept which is the Jewish part of American Christian Value, especially the early Christian as a part of Judaism. It means the Jewish heritage of American culture, which conveys some of the religious elements of Judaism. And how did this concept influence American history? The following paragraphs will present.
When the first few settlement groups arrived in America, they didn’t only come to this newly found land for a business opportunity. With their religion oppressed by the English Church and government, the small party of religious Puritan separatists who comprised about half of the passengers on the ship desired a life where they could practice their religion freely. William Brad-
ford who was the second governor of Plymouth wrote "Of Ply-
mouth Plantation". In his book, he gave the evidence.
In American history, Judeo-Christian Culture has a great influence in shaping the national experience. It provided the founding fathers with the ideas of freedom, rights and covenants, which are implied in Hebrew Bible. Book of Exodus indicates that pilgrims ought to find a new free land to practice their own religion, just like the ancient Hebrew escaped Egypt.
The covenants between Hebrews and God also give a model for Mayflower Compact which
prevents power abuse, tyranny, and totalitarian. And also, all these above ideas give the founding generation inspiration to establish a Judeo-Christian country which is the unique character of America.
And even during World War II, America provide Jews with shelters. Americans
and Jews cooperated with American Christian to fight for the rights and freedom of Jews during Holocaust of Hitler. This creates a mild relationship between Jews and American. To Jews, America is the friendliest country at any time. As a
Judeo-Christian Country, it is the only one and also the best one.。