语言学PPT

Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.
Exceptions: Preposition is relatively open in English.
Expressions such as regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, by means of … are now recognized as
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Morpheme语素
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Identification of words
1. Stability 2. Relative uninterruptibility 3. A minimum free form
Classification of words 1. Variable and invariable words that have inflective endings
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Hale Waihona Puke 在生成语言学中，形态学和句法学同属 一个层次：语法的句法规则不仅运用于 短语和句子，而且也运用于词的结构； 形态概念只是在形态音位规则对句法部 分的输出作音位表达时才用到。
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Isolating, Inflecting and Agglutinating
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Three senses of “word”
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结构语言学(Structural Linguistics)自索绪尔起， 便或者把语素(morpheme)或者把词(word)看 作形态学的基本单位。尤其是四～五十年代美 国结构主义语言学家所使用的技术时，用作语 素学（morphemics）这个术语。从这个意义上 说，“语素分析”只是共时语言学研究的一部 分，而“形态分析”（morphological analysis） 则是一个更具有概括性的术语，也可应用于对 历史的研究。
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3. The dictionary representation of a word must include whether it is a noun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction. That is, it must specify what grammatical category, or syntactic class, it is in. A word, in this sense, is then a grammatical unit, of the same theoretical kind as morpheme and sentence.
prepositions or complex prepositions.
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Word class 词类
This is close to the notion of Parts of Speech in traditional grammar.
Lecture Four
Morphology
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Morphology: the words of language
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morphology在传统上，它跟句法学相区 分，后者研究句中词与词之间的搭配规 则。形态学可分成两个领域：屈折变化 的研究，即屈折变化形态学（inflectional morphology）；构词的研究，即词汇或 派生形态学（lexical／derivational morphology）。
E.g.: follow, follows, following, followed
words without inflective endings
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2. Closed-class words and open-
class words --- 封闭类和开放类
Pronouns, preposition, conjunctions, articles, etc. are closed items.
Knowing a word means knowing both its sound and its meaning.
1. The sounds (pronunciation) and the meaning of a word are inseparable. This was pointed out by the 19th century Swiss linguistic Ferdinand de Saussure, who discussed the arbitrary union between the sounds (form) and meaning (concept) of the linguistic sign. In this sense every word is a linguistic sign.
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2. Word is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a lexeme (an abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts).
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Lexeme ---词汇单位，词位
语言系统中的最小区别性单位。本术语原来的 用意是为了消除可用于正字/音位、语法及词 汇层次的词这个术语的歧义性，同时也是为了 设计一种更加合适的术语，以有利于对一种语 言词汇的讨论。这样，词位被假设为潜伏在如 下两组语法变体中的抽象单位：walks, walking, walked. 根据定义，成语也可考虑为 词位，如kick the bucket。按规定，词为在词 典里被列为独立的词条。