高考英语构词法课件(共54张PPT)
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8)动词+ment→名词
agree-agreement
adjust-adjustment
arrange-arrangement
manage-management
argue-argument govern-government
acknowledge-acknowledgement
punish-punishment
employ-employment
entertain-entertainment
announce-announcement appoint-appointment
embarrass-embarrassment
state-statement
encourage-encouragement
observe/consider/ transport /determine/organize/invite observation/consideration/transportation/organization/invit
ation
●注意:compete /apply/ solve /intend compete----competition apply----application solve----solution intend---intention
7、变换词类作用的前缀 (1) en-/em-:enable, enlarge, enrich, encloHale Waihona Puke Baidue,
empower (2) ad-,ac-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-, as-,at-,(ad-在c, f, g, I, n, p, r , s, t前的变 体):adapt, across, affect, appear, arrange,
assist, attend, attract
8、表示加强意义 (1) a-:ashamed, arouse, amuse (2) ad-:address, admire, advise, advance (3) be-:belong, believe
二:派生词 1 常见名词的缀 1) 动词+-er/-or→名词 villager teacher actor user performer
2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀 (1) a-,大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上 构成新词,表示“在……之上、向……、处于…… 状态”:ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。 (2) fore-,表示“在……前面”:forehead,
foreground, forearm, foreleg (3) in, il, im, ir表示“向……内 在……内”:inside,
5、表示整个、完全关系 (1) al-:alone, almost, altogether (2) over-:overall, overflow, overfall
6、表示“离、离开” (1) a-:arise, away, apart (2) de-:depart, dewater, decolour (3) se-:separate, select (4) for-:forget, forgive
current -currency
fluent -fluency
urgent-urgency
frequent-frequency
efficient-efficiency
6) 动词+(a)tion/sion→名词 ● express /graduate /impress / devote -expression/graduation/impression/devotion ● persuade/divide /decide /conclude/expand persuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion ● admit/ permit admission/permission
overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime,
overgrow (8) pre-,表示“在前”:prefix, preposition (9) pro-,表示“在(向)前”:progress,
programme (10) sur-,表示“在……上”:surface, surround
派生法
派生法又叫词缀法,即在一个单词前或其后加 上词缀,构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成 的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25%。
一、前缀 一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。
1. 否定前缀 (1) un-
a. un +形容词:unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue
c. un+动词:uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack
(2) im+形容词:impossible, impolite (3) in+形容词:incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent
(4) ir+形容词:irregular (5) mis+动词:misspell, misunderstand, mistake
overpass (7) super-,表示“极、超”:supermarket,
superpower, superman, superpower
4、表示共同、相等关系 (1) com-(在b, m, p前),col-,con-,
cor-(com在g, l, r及其它辅音前):
company, cnnect, correct (2) co-:cooperate, coexist (3) sym-:sympathy, symphony
9) 形容词/动词+th→ 名词
strong-strength wide-width long-length deep-depth warm-warmth grow-growth
10) 形容词+ ness→名词 kind-kindness happy----happiness
11)动词→al结尾的名词 arrive-arrival survive-survival approve-approval propose-proposal refuse-refusal
(6) disa. dis+名词:dishonour, disease, discomfort b. dis+形容词:dishonest, discouraged c. dis+动词:disappear, dislike, discover, disclose,
disagree, discomfort, dismiss
intelligent(intelligence)智力
confident(confidence)
patient(patience)
convenient (convenience)
elegant(elegance)
different(difference)
注意:特殊–ent结尾的形容词→ -ency结尾的名词
5)以–ent/ant结尾的形容词→ -ance/ence结尾的名词 violent(violence) distant(distance) present(presence) absent(absence)
obedient(obedience)
competent
(competence)能力,胜任,称职
(11) trans_,表示“转移”:translate (12) under-,表示“在……下”:undergraound,
underline (13) up-,表示“向上”:upward, upset, upstairs (14) be-,表示“在,靠近”:before, behind, below,
operator操作员
2) 动词+–ee→名词( 表示“受动者,行动者”)
interviewee 被采访者 trainee 培训生 payee 收(受)款人 employee
3) -ist 表示“从事……研究者;信 仰……主义者”。 如:
pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 artist艺术家 chemist药剂师 4) -dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”。如: freedom自由 kingdom王国 wisdom智慧
7)动词/形容词+y →名词
injure-injury discover-discovery
recover-recovery deliver -delivery
difficult-difficulty modest-modesty
honest-honesty 注意:safe- safety secure- security brave-bravery
b. un+副词:undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily 由un+形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外,其它词都可变为加-ly的副词(个 别形容词尾需要变动)。
include, import (4) inter-,表示“在……间、相互”:
international (5) intro-,表示“在(向)……内”:introduce
(6) out-,表示“向外”:outside, outlook,
outdoors, outflow (7) over-,表示“在上面的、在外的”:
foretell (2) mid-,表示“中间”:midnight, midsummer,
midautumn (3) post-,表示“在……后”:postwar,
postlistening (4) re-,表示“重复”:review, retell, rewrite,
replace, return, rebuild (5) extra-,表示“格外、超越”:extraordinary (6) over-,表示“超过”: overcome, overeat,
2.常见形容词的后缀 1)名词+-ful/-less(意思与原词相反) →形容词 care careful careless power powerful powerless hope hopeful hopeless pain painful painless use useful useless
blackboard
hand-made 手工制作的
语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换 的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法, 其中主要涉及到以下三条: 1. 在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语, 用 副词; 2. 在句中作定语、表语或补语, 一般用形 容词; 3. 作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语, 用 名词。
between, beyond (15)ex-,表示“向外,从……出来”:exchange,
export (16) tele-,表示“远”:telephone, television,
telegram, telegraph
3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀 (1) fore-,表示“在前,预先”:foreword, foresight,
构 词法
一:构词法分类
1派生词: 词根 (或单词) 附加前缀、后缀构成新词叫派 生词
rich-enrich home-homeless
2 转换法:把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类 back n.背- back v.支持 slow adj.慢的-slow v. 减慢
3合成法:由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词