水处理的一些英文

1) ammonia stripping tower

氨吹脱塔

1.After that the wastewater is treated by a combined process of ammonia stripping tower,flocculating settling tank,ABR,CASS and zeolite filter,the effluent quality is better than the first class criteria specified in Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978-1996).

养殖废水中有机物及氨氮浓度高,经氨吹脱塔/絮凝沉淀池/ABR复合厌氧反应器/CASS好氧反应器/沸石过滤器联合工艺处理后,各项出水指标均优于《污水综合排放标准》

(GB8978—1996)的一级排放标准。

2) ammonia stripping

氨吹脱

1.Experimental research on treatment of ammonia nitrogen wastewater by ammonia stripping in a rare earths separation factory;

氨吹脱处理稀土分离厂中氨氮废水试验研究

2.Process of ammonia stripping,powdered activated carbon-SBR and

coagulation-sedimentation was applied to the leachate from a small-scale domestic landfill in Nanjing.

以南京市某生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,采用氨吹脱/投炭SBR/混凝沉淀工艺处理小型生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液。

3.The application of the combined process of ammonia stripping/SBR/sand filtration to the treatment of sludge conditioning wastewater containing concentrated ammonia nitrogen was introduced.

介绍了氨吹脱/SBR/砂滤组合工艺在高氨氮污泥调理废水处理中的应用,实践结果表明该工艺处理效果稳定,在进水平均COD浓度为1000mg/L、NH3-N浓度为480mg/L时,对COD、NH3-N的去除率可达90%以上,出水水质达到广东省地方标准《水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26—2001)的一级排放标准。

1) deacidification and ammonia evaporating system

脱酸蒸铵系统

1.The reason for block-up and corrosion in deacidification and ammonia evaporating system of Cheng Steel is analyzed,some measures adopted from technology and equipment,better economic profit got.

分析了承钢化学产品脱酸蒸铵系统堵塞与腐蚀的原因,从工艺和设备等方面采取了有效措施,取得了较好的经济效益。

1) environmental

环境

1.Application of Environmental Monitoring and Supervision System in Fuzhou;

环境监测监控系统在福州市的应用

2.Application in Environmental Protection and Administer by Nanometre Material;

纳米材料在环境保护和环境治理方面的应用

3.An outline of environmental and management of Shenyang atmosphere;

沈阳市大气环境质量及治理概述

2) environmental

环保

1.Bring the Effect of Supervisal Network of Environmental Protection into Play,Do Well of ―One Controling and Two Criterion‖;

发挥环保监督网络作用搞好―一控双达标‖

2.Researching on Environmental Dry Vibration Material for Tundish Working Lining;

环保型中间包干式振动料的研制

3.SENGMA fiber is a new regenerated cellulosic fiber,it has particular properties for example high hygroscopic property,antimicrobial property,health protecting property and so on,it is one of fibers that they are environmental.

圣麻纤维具有独特的吸湿、抗菌、防霉、保健等性能,是一种绿色环保纤维。

1) Wastewater

废水

1.Microbiological Method and its Application on Wastewater Treatment;

废水生物处理法及在污水处理中的应用探讨

2.Advanced oxidation technologies of the removal of phenol wastewater;

苯酚废水的高级氧化处理技术

3.Preparation and characteristics of organmontmorillonite and adsorption of oily wastewater from port;

有机膨润土的制备与表征及吸附港口含油废水性能

2) waste water

废水

1.Study on energy-saving for aniline recovery process from waste water;

废水处理中苯胺回收装置的节能研究

2.The casein recovery from casein waste water by the membranes separating technique;膜分离技术回收干酪素生产废水酪蛋白的中试研究

3.Sulfate-reducing bacteria and their roles in treatment of sulfate-containing waste water;硫酸盐还原菌及在处理硫酸盐废水中的作用

3) effluent

废水

1.A study on the treatment of OCC pulping effluent with the biological contact oxidation process;

生物接触氧化法处理OCC废水研究

2.Principle and current status of nickel-containing effluent treatment using emulsion liquid membrane;

乳状液膜法处理含镍废水的原理与研究现状

3.Explanation of Mechanism of Photocatalytic Oxidation Treatment of Dye-House Effluent;印染废水光催化氧化作用机理解析

4) sewage

废水

1.Treating municipal living sewage with new type coagulant PPFS;

用新型絮凝剂聚磷硫酸铁处理城市生活废水

2.Study of Direct Determining Animal and Plant Oil in Sewage by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Method;

紫外分光光度法直接测定废水中微量油的研究

3.The design and application of sewage which contains cyanogens handicraft automatic control system;

含氰废水处理工艺自控系统的设计与应用

5) waster water

废水

1.The application and principle of ultrasound in waster water treatment are described.

功率超声技术在有机污染物废水处理中应用是一种新型技术。

2.The treatment,recovery and utilization of waster water in normal iron and steel plant are introduced,and those in Han Steel analyzed.

介绍了目前钢铁企业废水的处理方法及回用现状,对邯钢废水的处理方法及回用进行了分析。

1) environmental protection

环保

1.Study on environmental protection type surface treatment technology of electrolytic copper foil;

高精电解铜箔环保型表面处理工艺研究

2.Analysis on the safety and environmental protection problems in the whole production process of PVC;

PVC生产全过程安全与环保状况分析

3.Rare earths active compounds operated by NMR for energy-saving and environmental protection;

核磁共振处理稀土活性复合物用于燃油节能环保

2) environment protection

环保

1.Several environment protection cases in hydropower project construction in China;

抽水蓄能电站工程环保工作的若干实例

2.Safety and environment protection and economic profit of acetylene production by dry method;

干法乙炔的安全环保及经济效益

3.Treatment status of environment protection to harness PVC production;

PVC生产的环保治理情况

3) Environment-friendly

环保

1.Research Progress on Environment-friendly and High Efficient Intumescent Flame Retardants;

环保高效膨胀型阻燃剂研究进展

2.Difficulties in use promotion of energy-saving environment-friendly water-borne epoxy coatings;

节能环保型水性环氧涂料在推广应用中的尴尬

4) environment

环保

1.Increase Production of Environment Friendly Solvent Oil to Accommodate the Demand from Market Economy;

适应市场经济需求发展环保型溶剂油生产

2.Several Thinking abuot Management and Monitoring of Environment Protection;

环保管理与环境监测的几点思考

3.Application of Nonwovens in the Field of Environment Protection;

非织造布在环保领域的应用

5) environmental

环保

1.Bring the Effect of Supervisal Network of Environmental Protection into Play,Do Well of ―One Controling and Two Criterion‖;

发挥环保监督网络作用搞好―一控双达标‖

2.Researching on Environmental Dry Vibration Material for Tundish Working Lining;

环保型中间包干式振动料的研制

3.SENGMA fiber is a new regenerated cellulosic fiber,it has particular properties for example high hygroscopic property,antimicrobial property,health protecting property and so on,it is one of fibers that they are environmental.

圣麻纤维具有独特的吸湿、抗菌、防霉、保健等性能,是一种绿色环保纤维。

1) water treatment

水处理

1.Research development of photocatalytic oxidation in the water treatment;

光催化氧化技术在水处理中的研究进展

2.Application of surface chemical modificated activated carbon that in water treatment; 表面化学改性活性炭在水处理中的应用

3.Application of micron and nanon iron powder in water treatment;

微纳米级铁粉在水处理中的应用

2) wastewater treatment

水处理

1.The discussion about development strategy of wastewater treatment technology of advanced oxidation in our country;

我国水处理高级氧化技术发展战略的探讨

2.Application and development status of activated carbon adsorption and combination processes in wastewater treatment;

活性炭吸附及组合工艺在水处理中的应用和发展状况

3.Chemical mechanism of chitosan for wastewater treatment;

壳聚糖应用于水处理的化学基础

3) water processing

水处理

1.SBBR craft and its application in water processing;

SBBR工艺及其在水处理中的运用

2.Application and realization of computer control in water processing;

计算机控制在水处理中应用与实现

3.Intelligent chill water processing system for the central aircondictioning;

智能型中央空调水处理系统探索

4) water disposal

水处理

1.A study on the application of chitosan to water disposal;

壳聚糖在污水处理中的应用

2.Application of PLC in Nano-filter water disposal;

可编程控制器在纳滤水处理中的应用

3.The electromagnetic pulse water disposal technology emphasized was used to solve the scaling problem in pipes due to gas scrubbing water with high turbidity and high hardness,so as to realize water balance of the sewage circulation system of the Power Plant of Chongqing Iron & Steel Co,Ltd.

对广泛运用的物理阻垢法作了简单介绍和比较,着重就利用电磁脉冲水处理技术解决高浊、高硬度煤气洗涤水在管道中的结垢问题,实现重钢动力厂浊环水系统的水量平衡,解决污水

外排对环境的破坏,产生显著的经济和社会效益作了较为详细的阐述。

5) sewage treatment

污水处理

1.Cities sewage treatment BOT project legal loophole research;

城镇污水处理BOT项目的法律环境缺陷研究——以广东惠州为例

2.Research and application of on-line monitoring management system for urban sewage treatment;

城市污水处理在线监测管理系统的研究与应用

3.Application research of WEST software to sewage treatment;

WEST仿真软件在污水处理中的应用研究

6) wastewater treatment

污水处理

1.A mode of artificial wetland for wastewater treatment in Guangchang County;

广昌县人工湿地污水处理模型

2.Mechanism and mathematic model of constructed wetland for wastewater treatment; 人工湿地污水处理技术原理与数学模型

3.Application foreground of artificial wetland wastewater treatment technique in Ningxia; 人工湿地污水处理技术在宁夏的应用前景

1) sedimentation tank

沉淀池

1.Numerical modeling on the movement of water and SS in two-dimensional sedimentation tank s of sewage factory.;

污水厂二维沉淀池水流和悬浮物运动数值模拟

2.The design of PLC-based autocontrol system applicable to sludge water dischargers for sedimentation tank s in waterworks;

自来水厂沉淀池排泥装置PLC自控系统设计

3.Practice to reduce the turbidity of outlet water by increasing the length of sedimentation tank catch basin;

加长沉淀池集水槽降低出水浊度的实践

2) Settler

沉淀池

1.Settling mechanism and influencing factors on matte droplets in settler slag of copper flash smelting furnace;

铜闪速炉沉淀池渣中锍液滴沉降机理及其影响因素

2.To counter the problems in discharge of sludge from settlers, a new type perforated pipe with divergent tube is developed.

针对沉淀池排泥过程中所存在的问题,研制了一种新型的排泥装置———扩张管嘴排泥管。

3) settling tank

沉淀池

1.Simulation and control of sludge blanket height in settling tank s;

沉淀池污泥层高度的模拟与控制

2.Reynolds number of water flow in horizontal flow settling tank is above 3 000,and it is called turbulent flow.

平流式沉淀池内水流的雷诺数>3 000(为紊流),当利用传统的层流模型进行模拟时不能准确获得沉淀池内的流速场分布,若采用特征涡粘性雷诺数或密布网格,则可以扩展层流模型模

拟沉淀池内物理量的适用性。

3.The settling tank cost model is established by using it.

运用BP网络的非线性函数逼近功能,以沉淀池的计算表面积与计算体积为网络的输入,沉淀池的费用值为网络的输出,建立单体构筑物沉淀池的费用模型。

4) Sedimentation basin

沉淀池

1.Improvement of sedimentation effect by laying of short-tube filling in sedimentation basins;

短管填料对沉淀池沉淀效果的改进

2.In this article, authors introduce construction methods of a 50m diameter sedimentation basin and the new two-time tension technique adopted to prestressed wall concrete, and provide experiences to avoiding temperature and shrinking cracks on walls which can be referred to construction of similar preedstressed projects.

介绍了50m直径沉淀池施工工艺和池壁预应力混凝土采用二次张拉新技术,为防止施工过程中池壁产生温度和收缩裂缝提供了经验,可供同类型预应力工程施工参考。

5) precipitating tank

沉淀池

1.Design and approach on sump and precipitating tank upward and downward mining area;

上下山开采采区下部水仓及沉淀池设计探讨

2.During manufacturing in cogging workshop,it produces a lot of oxide filing, these filings get into precipitating tank through the channel.

开坯车间生产过程中产生大量氧化铁皮,这些铁皮通过冲渣沟进入沉淀池。

6) settling basin

沉淀池

1) dissolved oxygen sensor

溶解氧传感器

1.Firstly,the self-validation implementations are introduced,and then how a thermocouple and a dissolved oxygen sensor are developed under the SEVA scheme are demonstrated briefly.

自评估传感器通过自诊断和提供在线测量值及数据的有效度指示,提高了传感器的可靠性,本文首先介绍了自评估技术,然后概述了热电偶和溶解氧传感器实现自评估的方法,最后

对自评估技术作了评

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ba1698008.html,ing carbon paste film forming method, a novel all solid dissolved oxygen sensor based on MISFET structure with Pt LaF\-3 mixture film has been described.

基于碳糊成膜(carbonpastefilmforming)方法,我们研制了一种MISFET结构的Pt LaF3 混合膜全固态溶解氧传感器。

3.A Pt-LaF 3 mixture film solid-state dissolved oxygen sensor is descsibed based on FET structure by using carbon paste film forming method.

研制了一种基于FET结构的Pt- L a F3混合膜全固态溶解氧传感器。

2) dissolved oxygen

溶解氧

1.Nonlinear control of dissolved oxygen concentration in wastewater biological treatment process;

污水生化处理过程中溶解氧的非线性控制

2.Non-steady state dissolved oxygen concentration in UniTank processing;

UniTank工艺流程溶解氧浓度动态分析

3.Analysis of dissolved oxygen & velocity for the Carrousel oxidation ditch in a wastewater treatment plant;

污水厂Carrousel氧化沟溶解氧和速度分布的研究

3) dissolved oxygen

溶氧

1.Control module for dissolved oxygen in a novel bioflocculant production from Corynebacterium glutamicum;

谷氨酸棒杆菌合成新型生物絮凝剂分批发酵过程的溶氧控制模式

2.Effects of different dissolved oxygen concentrations on activities of digestive enzymes and digestibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a recirculating system;

循环养殖系统中溶氧水平对虹鳟消化酶活性及消化吸收率的影响

3.Effects of dissolved oxygen on industrial fermentation;

工业发酵中溶氧因素的探讨

4) dissolved oxygen

溶氧浓度

1.The effect of different dissolved oxygen concentration on the biomass and other fermentation parameters was investigated in the process of ethanol fermentation using stirred tank fermentor.

结果表明,溶氧浓度和通气时间是影响菌体生长和乙醇发酵强度的重要因素。

2.By this module, a fuzzy PID control system realized to perform the control of dissolved oxygen in industrial fermentation process through CIMPLICTY, a process control software of GE company.

构建了DDE模块,通过其实现了将自编的模糊PID控制程序与GE公司的过程控制组态软件CIM PLICITY进行动态数据交换,从而实现工业发酵过程溶氧浓度的优化控

5) dissolved oxygen

溶解氧（DO）

6) dissolved oxygen

溶氧量

1.The mechanism of photo catalytic reduction of Cr 6+ ions was verified by detecting the change of dissolved oxygen of the solution.

实验结果表明光催化还原过程中生成了氧气,通过测定光催化反应过程溶液中溶氧量的变化验证了Ti O2 光催化还原Cr6 +的机理。

环境污染

什么是污染

随着工业革命的到来，它所引起的环境污染也正惊人地增长。我们把污染定义为空气、水、陆地的物理、化学或生物特性的一种不利变化，这种变化可危害人或其它活的有机体的健康、生存或活动。主要有四种污染--陆地上的废弃物、水污染（既可是海洋的也可以是内陆湖泊的水）、大气污染和噪音污染。

什么是陆地污染

有许多物质都能对陆地产生污染。主要的污染物分为两类：可降解的和不可降解的。可降解的污染物如DDT和放射性物质。DDT的分解虽缓慢，但最终可被完全破坏，或被减少到无害的水平。例如：土壤中的DDT要分解到原来施用水平的25%，通常需要花四年的时间。一些能放射出有害射线的放射性物质，如碘-131可衰变为无害的污染物。其它可降解的污染物，如核电厂产生的钚-239可维持在其有害水平上达数千万年。

不可降解的污染物不能被自然过程所分解，例如：汞、铅及其化合物以及一些塑料均是不可降解的污染物。必须从根本上防止这些物质进入空气、水和土壤，或者必须把它们彻底清除出环境，使它们的含量低于有害的水平。

什么是水体污染

水体污染有多种形式。它是水体被下列污染物所污染：城市污水和工业废水；从农场和饲养场流失的化肥和粪肥；充满泡沫的溪流；由于暴雨、耕作、建筑和采矿而被冲刷的土壤沉积物；来自核电站的放射性排泄物；电厂和工厂的热水；漂流在全球海洋中的塑料小球；从服用避孕药的妇女的尿液进入供水系统的女性荷尔蒙。

虽然科学家们已开发了高灵敏度的测量仪器，但测定水质仍然是十分困难的。水中有大量的能相互作用的化学物质，其中大多数化学物质仅以微量存在。目前已商品化的大约有三万种化学物质，并且每年大约还要新增一千种化学物质。这些化学物质中的大多数迟早要进

入河流、湖泊和海洋。另外，不同的生物对各种污染物的耐受范围及阈值都不尽相同。更有甚者，虽然一些污染物可在水中被稀释到无害的水平或被一些生物或自然过程分解成无害的形式，但一些其它的污染物（如DDT、一些放射性物质和汞的化合物）会被生物富积在各种生物体中。

什么是空气污染

空气污染通常被定义为：空气中含有一种或多种化学物质，并且其浓度高到足以伤害到人类，动、植物或其它一些物质。空气中的污染物可以分为两大类，一类主要的污染物是直接混入空气中并且其浓度达到有害程度的化学物质。它既可以是空气的一种组成物，如：超过正常含量的二氧化碳；也可以是空气中不常见的物质，如铅的化合物。另一类污染物则是通过大气组分间所发生的化学反应而形成的有害化学物质。

我们常常将空气污染与烟囱和汽车联系在一起，但事实上火山、森林火灾、沙暴、沼泽、海洋和植物都会带来一些我们认为是大气污染物的化学物质。这些―自然污染物‖通常都广泛分散在地球的各个角落，因而很难累积到有害的程度。但是，一旦它们累积了起来，例如火山爆发，这些污染物一般就只能通过自然气候和化学循环来进行消除。

什么是噪音污染

当更多的人生活得越来越接近，并且人们更多地使用机械来制造休闲时，人们发现他们的休闲、甚至他们的工作时间已经被机械的副产物—噪音所损害。

控制噪音的技术难点常常来自于该问题的主、客观两方面。你可以根据一个速度表上指针的读数来定义一辆机动车的超速，但是你可以用这种方法来定义噪音超标吗? 你会发现使用任何已有的―噪音表‖，一些已被判断为发出同样大小噪音的车辆在表上可显示出相当大的偏差。

虽然解决噪声的理想方法是在将其消灭在其起源处，但这在很多情况下是不可能的。另一个措施就是在噪音传到耳朵前就将其吸收。大多数的噪音问题可通过有效地降低接收噪音处的声压水平来得到最好的解决。餐厅里的轻音乐可以掩盖陶器的碰撞声和邻桌的交谈声。电话亭里风扇的噪音可用来掩盖来自隔壁电话亭的话音干扰。通常噪声问题的解决办法就是在其声源处或是在其传播途中降低其声压水平。

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution the environmental pollution increased alarmingly. Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or

biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms. There are four major forms of pollution - waste on land, water pollution (both the sea and inland waters), pollution of the atmosphere and pollution by noise.

Land can be polluted by many materials. There are two major types of pollutants: degradable and nondegradable. Examples of degradable pollutants are DDT and radioactive materials. DDT can decompose slowly but eventually are either broken down completely or reduced to harmless levels. For example, it typically takes about 4 years for DDT in soil to be decomposed to 25 percent of the original level applied. Some radioactive materials that give off harmful radiation, such as iodine-131, decay to harmless pollutants. Others, such as plutonium-239 produced by nuclear power plants, remains at harmful levels for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Nondegradable pollutants are not broken down by natural processes. Examples of nondegradable pollutants are mercury, lead and some of their compounds and some plastics. Nondegradable pollutants must be either prevented from entering the air, water, and soil or kept below harmful levels by removal from the environment.

Water pollution is found in many forms. It is contamination of water with city sewage and factory wastes; the runoff of fertiliser and manure from farms and feed lots; sudsy streams; sediment washed from the land as a result of storms, farming, construction and mining; radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants; heated water from power and industrial plants; plastic globules floating in the world’s oceans; and female sex hormones entering water supplies through the urine of women taking birth control pills.

Even though scientists have developed highly sensitive measuring instruments, determining water quality is very difficult. There are a large number of interacting chemicals in water, many of them only in trace amounts. About 30,000 chemicals are now in commercial production, and each year about 1,000 new chemicals are added. Sooner or later most chemicals end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, different organisms have different ranges of tolerance and threshold levels for various pollutants. To complicate matters even further, while some pollutants are either diluted to harmless levels in water or broken down to harmless forms by decomposers and natural processes, others (such as DDT, some radioactive materials, and some mercury compounds) are biologically concentrated in various organisms1.

Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.

We normally associate air pollution with smokestacks and cars, but volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, marshes, oceans, and plants also add to the air chemicals we consider pollutants. Since these natural inputs are usually widely dispersed throughout the world, they normally don’t build up to harmful levels. And when they do, as in the case of volcanic eruptions, they are usually taken care of by natural weather and chemical cycles2.

As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines –namely, noise,

The technical difficulties to control noise often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple ―noise-meter‖, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.

Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb it on its way to the ear. It is true that the overwhelming majority of noise problems are best resolved by effecting a reduction in the sound pressure level at the receiver. Soft taped music in restaurants tends to mask the clatter of crockery and the conversation at the next table. Fan noise has been used in telephone booths to mask speech interference from adjacent booths. Usually, the problem is how to reduce the sound pressure level, either at source or on the transmission path.

含铬废水处理方案

一、方案依据及目标：

1、依据：

1.1 平均日处理污水量140吨，设计能力为日处理量为200吨。

1.2 要求连续处理、操作方便。

1.3 设备使用年限≥15年

2、目标：

要求采用本方案处理后的污水中

总铬含量＜1.5mg/L

六价铬含量＜0.5mg/L

PH值为6–9

磷酸盐（以P计）＜0.5mg/L

化学需氧量＜150mg/L

铜含量＜0.5mg/L

锌含量＜5mg/L

二、方案设计：

2.1 总体设想：

该方案处理方法采用的是氧化还原法处理六价铬，使其转化为三价铬，然后再用化学沉淀法除去重金属离子，该工艺运行稳定、效率高、操作简便、运行成本低。东风汽车公司许多表面处理车间采用该方法应用多年，实践证明使用效果非常好。

该项目获得中国汽车工业科技进步奖三等奖。

2.2 基本原理：

基本原理：在反应池中控制废水PH＜6时加入还原剂，使六价铬转化为三价铬，然后调节PH值到8–8.5，将废水中的三价铬、铜离子、锌离子、锰离子、铁离子等转化为氢氧化物形成沉淀，再加入絮凝剂是小颗粒沉淀絮凝成大块沉淀物，同时在这个过程中将其他一些禁止排放的物质沉淀。然后在沉淀池中进行泥水分离，清水从沉淀池上面排出，污泥经管道到污泥浓缩池，最后经压滤机将污泥压滤成块，送转厂烧砖，彻底消除污泥的二次污染。

2.3 储水池设计：

储水池容积的大小由车间水的流量，反应池处理时间，同时要兼顾系统的意外停工时间等因素决定。根据项目委托书中的要求，车间平均日废水排量为120吨，将储水池容量设计为80吨，加上两个反应池容量就能达到120吨的储水量，也就是说在正常生产情况下污水处理系统可以有一天的维修时间。储水池的设计要有利于废水的充分混合，考虑到大块悬浮物的隔离，防止堵塞管道，因此我们设计了隔油板。除了储存车间来水，储水池同时也起调整作用，即使得废水浓度相对均衡，以保证进入反应池的废水浓度相对有一个小的波动范围。在储水池的布置上充分利用厂区的高度差，采用自流方式以节约能源，同时考虑厂区美化，将储水池布置于地面下，池上覆盖草坪。

2.4 反应池的设计：

反应池由两个池组成，每个反应池的有效容积均为15吨，交替使用。这样使得其中一个池在进行氧化还原处理时，另外一个池可以接受从储水池流过来的废水，从而保证废水处理的连续性。该反应池设计在地面以下，既能保证水能自然流到池中，减少电能消耗和水泵维修，同时也使加料操作方便安全。

为了使化学反应快速均匀，缩短处理时间，在反应池中安装了空气搅拌；加料和调节PH值采用人工控制。反应完毕通过污水泵将处理合格的污水送到沉淀池进行分离。

2.5 沉淀池的设计：

沉淀池的设计在整个环节中至关重要，因为反应生成的沉淀若不能及时分离，既影响达标排放，又制约法治水处理效率。根据日处理量，我们设计的沉淀池容积为160m3，为了提高沉淀效率，在沉淀池内安装了斜管沉降器，以确保出水质量，在沉淀池底部的泥浆则通过泥浆泵或自流形式将泥浆送到污泥浓缩池，同时为便于察看沉淀效果，在沉淀池的上面设计了走道。

沉淀池的底部设计为漏斗状，便于泥浆集中于斗底，有利于排出。沉淀池的溢流槽采用三角堰出水，以消除流水造成的纹流，防止沉淀在斜管上的泥被带出，造成水质不清。沉淀池的深度则根据沉淀的四个区域来决定，即清水区、斜管沉降区、过渡区、污泥区。一般情况下，清水区的高度要在合理的范围内，可防止排水口水的流动带起斜管沉淀上的污泥。斜管沉降区则依据选择的斜管长度，斜管沉降器选用非常重要，斜管沉降器是根据浅池沉淀原理；过渡区是进水分布区，该区设计时要尽量使进水分布均匀，防止水流短路，可在进水口加装导流板，尽量延长水运动路径，污泥区应根据污泥量的排泥间隙，同时在设计时，尽量让污泥朝排泥口移动，以便排泥。

2.6 污泥浓缩池的设计：

污泥浓缩有效溶积为16m3。

2.7 污泥压滤：

污泥压滤采用板筐式压滤机，它属于标准设备，购买后安装即可使用。压滤机的使用能使污泥的体积头少到原来的5%，而且经压滤空气吹干，储存和运输都很方便，原污水处理系统无法正常运行，很关键的一条就是没有采用污泥干化技术，造成大量泥浆无法处理，压干的泥块存放到一定数量后送砖厂烧砖，从而彻底消除二次污染。

2.8 管道系统：

车间来水通过原水的排水沟直接流到储水池，储水池的水经过地下管道￠300陶管（或水泥管），通过两个阴井到反应池，第一个阴井在管道转向时防止堵塞，第二个阴井到两个反应池有两路管道，分别引向两个反应池，采用￠200钢管并加装阀门控制，以便轮流将废水排入反应池，从反应池到沉淀池通过￠80-100管道连接，并用污水泵提升，污水泵流量为25m3/小时，扬程20m。沉淀池到污泥浓缩池的污泥管道采用￠100-120管道连接，并通过污泥泵抽吸，污泥泵采用15m3/小时，扬程15m。从污泥浓缩到压滤机所用的泵及管道规格和板筐式压滤机相配套。

压缩空气来源于小功率的空压机，其规格为1–1.2m3/min，管道采用￠30的钢管，使用压缩空气的点有压滤机、反应池、及污泥浓缩池。

2.9 控制电路：

电源控制柜置于站房内，总功率为50kw，给三台水泵电机，一台油压电机，一台空压机电机及照明供电。

一、Basis and Target of the Plan

Basis:

The average daily treatment capacity shall be 140 Mt and the design capacity 200 Mt per day.

It is required to treat the waste water constantly, and the operation must be convenient.

Equipment life time ≥ 15 years

Target:

It is required that in the treated waste water

Overall chrome content < 1.5mg/L

Hexavalent chrome content < 0.5mg/L

PH value: 6-9

Phosphate (P) < 0.5mg/L

Chemical oxygen demand < 150 mg/L

Copper content < 0.5mg/L

Zinc content < 5mg/L

二、Plan Design

General:

We adopted the method of oxidation reduction to treat the hexavalent chrome, transform it to trivalent chrome, and remove the heavy metal ions by means of chemical precipitation method. This process features in its stable performance, high efficiency, simple operation and low operative costs. In the DongFeng Auto Corporation there are quite a few surface treatment workshops where this method has been put into production for years and its practical effect has been proven to be good.

This project has also been awarded as a Class-3 Advanced Industrial Technology of China Auto. Principle: Add reducer when the waste water in the reaction tank is controlled as PH < 6, transform the hexavalent chrome into trivalent chrome。Regulate the PH value to 8-8.5; transform the trivalent chrome, copper, zinc, manganese and iron ions into hydroxid to let them settle. After that add flocculating agent to make the small grain flocculation become large grain flocculation,Meanwhile ,settle other substances which are forbidden to discharge.Separate the mud and water in the settling basin, the mud is transferred to the mud condensing pool through the pipes, and then pressed into blocks by the pressing and filtering machine. Finally the secondary pollution of the mud is removed after burning it into brick.

Design of Water-storing Tank

The size of tank is determined according to the water runoff in the workshops, the treatment time in the reaction tank, and any possible interruption and disturbance. As required by the Project Entrusting Documents, the average daily waste water output is 120 Mt. In our design the tank capacity is 80Mt, in addition to the two reaction tanks; the overall water storage capacity reaches 120Mt. That means under normal production conditions the waste water system may have a One-day maintenance time.The tank design must be suitable for the fully mixing of waste water. Taking account of the separation of large suspended matter blocking the pipes, we have designed an oil-separation plate. Except the function of storing the water from the workshops, the tank may also play a regulating role to enable the waste water thickness keep a relatively balanced level that will avoid large thickness difference of the waste water in the reaction tank. For the location of tank, we have taken advantage of the altitude difference in the plant area to form automatic flow and therefore save power. Also for the purpose of the landscaping, we have designed the tank below the ground and covered by lawn. The tank structure is as follows: Design of Reaction Tank

The reaction tank is formed of two tanks, each has a 15 Mt storing capacity and they are utilized alternatively. When one is performing oxidation reduction treatment, the other may receive the waste water from the water-storing tank so as to keep a constant waste water treatment. The tank is designed below the ground and enables the water automatically flows to the tank, saving either power consumption or pump maintenance costs, and material feeding becomes simpler also.

In order to enable quick and balanced chemical reaction and shorten the treatment time, there is air mixer installed in the tank. Material feeding and PH regulating are controlled manually.Once the reaction is finished, the waste water pump transfers the treated and qualified waster water to the settling resin to separate it.

Design of Settling Besin

This is a key point, because if the settling substances resulted from the reaction is not separated immediately, then the discharge will not meet the standard and the treatment efficiency will be restricted also. Based on the daily treatment volume, we have designed a 160m3 settling resin. In order to increase the settling efficiency we have installed an oblique pipe settling device in the tank to ensure the outlet

water quality. In the tank bottom the mud is transferred to the mud condensing pool by the mud pump or automatic flow. Meanwhile, for the purpose of watching the effect we have designed walkway above the settling resin.

The resin bottom is a funnel shape which allows the mud comes to bottom and therefore is convenient to be transferred out. The overflow port of the resin is a triangle weir to avoid watermark flow that means the mud on the oblique pipe will not be taken out and the water will remain clean. The depth of the resin is determined according to the four areas of settling: Clean water area, Oblique pipe settling area, Transition area and Mud area. Most of time, the depth of the clean water area must be at a reasonable level, that will avoid the water flow to take away the mud on the oblique pipe。The settling area’s depth is determined by the length of the pipe; as a result, the selection of the settling device is important. This device is based on a shallow resin settling principle. The transition area is for inlet water; here the water must be balanced to avoid water flow short-current. It is recommended to install a diversion plate to extend the water movement. For the mud area, we should consider the time interval of mud removal。Try to lead the mud to move to the mud outlet. The settling resin structure is as follows: Design of Mud Condensing Tank

Available capacity: 16m3

Mud Press and Filtration

We use basket filter press; it is standard equipment which may be utilized immediately after installation. The filter press may decrease the mud cubage to 5%. And once it is dried the storage and transportation will be much more convenient. The reason why the original waste water treatment system could not function normally is that this technology is missed and large amount of mud could not be treated on time. In our design, the dried mud block will be burned to brick and comb-out the secondary pollution. Pipe System。

The water from the workshop flows to the storing tank from the outlet channel directly，The water in the tank then flows to the reaction tank through ￠300 underground pottery pipes (or concrete pipes)。 Through two water-transit wells, one is located in the pipe corner to avoid blocking and the other has two pipes connecting the two reaction tanks.They are ￠200 steel pipes and controlled by valves, which enable alternatively transfer the waste water to the reaction tank. The pipes connecting the reaction tank and the settling resin are ￠80-100 pipes.Waste water is pumped with a runoff of 25m3/hr, and the pump lift is 20m.The mud pipe from the settling resin to the mud condensing tank is ￠100-120 and supported by a mud pump which is 15m3/hr. (Runoff) and15m (pump lift). The spec. of the pump and pipes from the mud condensing to the filter press must match the basket filter press.

The compressed air is from a small power air compressor and its spec. is 1–1.2m3/min. The pipe

is ￠30 steel. The filter press, reaction tank and the mud condensing tank all need the compressed air. Controlling circuit。

The electrical cabinet is in the station, with a full power of 50kw, it provides power to the three pumps, one electric motor for oil pressure, one electric motor for air compressor and lighting.

活性炭生物转盘法处理化工废水外文摘要

Active carbon biodisk,a new biodisk,was manufactured by fixing granular active carbon on the disk with fixative.Stimulated chemical wastewater was treated by a single stage biodisk process. The treatment effects by active carbon diodisk,quartzite biodisk and polypropylene biodisk were c

ompared.The experimental results indicate that active carbon biodisk has better COD removal tha n the other two.Under the conditions of influent COD 600mg/L,HRT 6h and rotary speed 4r/min,th e COD removal rate by active carbon biodisk is 71.3%.In addition,active carbon biodisk also has a good shock load toleranc.In the process of wastewater treatment,active carbon hs adsorptive ac tion only during the first 7d of biofilm-forming,the main effect is biodegradation after biofilm has b een formed.

使用固定剂将颗粒状活性炭固定在盘片上，制成了一种新型生物转盘盘片——活性炭生物转盘盘片。采用一级微型生物转盘法处理模拟化工废水，对比了活性炭、石英砂、聚丙烯3种生物转盘的处理效果。实验结果表明，活性炭生物转盘对COD的去除效果好于其他两种转盘。在进水COD为600 mg/L、水力停留时间为6和、盘片转速为4 r/min的条件下，活性炭生物转盘对COD的去除率可达71.3%。此外，活性炭生物转盘还有较强的耐有机负荷冲击能力。在废水处理过程中，活性炭仅在挂膜的前7天起吸附作用，挂膜成功后生物降解起主导作用。

Wastewater Treatment Process

Preliminary Treatment

The first stage of the treatment process uses screens to remove the larger solid inorganic material such as paper and plastics. This is followed by the removal of particles such as grit and silt which are abrasive to plant equipment.

Primary Treatment

Following preliminary treatment, wastewater is passed through a primary sedimentation tank where solid particles of organic material are removed from the suspension by gravity settling.

The resultant settled primary sludge is raked to the centre of the tank where it is concentrated and pumped away for further treatment.

Secondary Treatment

This next stage is a biological process which breaks down dissolved and suspended organic solids by using naturally occurring micro-organisms. It is called the activated sludge process.

The settled wastewater enters aeration tanks where air is blown into the liquid to provide oxygen for mixing and to promote the growth of micro-organisms. The “active biomass” uses the oxygen and consumes organic pollutants and nutrients in the wastewater to grow and reproduce.

From the aeration tanks, the mixture of wastewater and micro-organisms passes into a secondary sedimentation tank (also known as a clarifier) where the biomass settles under gravity to the bottom of the tank and is concentrated as sludge.

Some of this sludge is recycled to the inlet of the aeration tank to maintain the biomass, hence the name for the process – activated sludge. The remainder is pumped to anaerobic digesters for further treatment.

The clarified wastewater is discharged from the secondary clarifier and passes through for Tertiary Treatment.

Tertiary Treatment

All wastewater treatment plants use disinfection for tertiary treatment to reduce pathogens, which are micro-organisms which can pose a risk to human health.

Chlorine is usually dosed into the treated wastewater stream for disinfection. However, Bolivar uses large ponds in which sunlight and other micro-organisms reduce the pathogens.

Additional treatment may be required if the treated wastewater is reused for purposes such as irrigation of food crops or where close human contact may result.

Tertiary treatment, such as that provided at Bolivar through the Dissolved Air Flotation Filtration (DAFF) plant, produces a much higher standard of treated wastewater suitable for these purposes.

The DAFF plant filters and disinfects the wastewater from the ponds allowing it to be used for direct irrigation of crops through the Virginia Pipeline Scheme.

Sludge Treatment

Sludge collected during the treatment process contains a large amount of biodegradable material making it amenable to treatment by a different set of micro-organisms, called anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen for growth.

This takes place in special fully enclosed digesters heated to 35 degrees Celsius, where these anaerobic micro-organisms thrive without any oxygen.

The gas produced during this anaerobic process contains a large amount of methane. At the Christies Beach plant it is used to heat the digesting sludge to maintain the efficiency of the process. Elsewhere the gas fuel is used to generate electricity, with the waste heat used to maintain the digestion process. This electricity is used in the plant, reducing our use of non-renewable energy sources.

Once the micro-organisms have done their work water is removed from the digested sludge through mechanical means such as centrifuging, or by natural solar evaporation in lagoons.

The liquid remaining at the end of the process is usually pumped back into the aeration tanks for further treatment.

The stable, solid material remaining, or biosolids, looks, feels and smells like damp earth and makes ideal conditioner for soil.

Wastewater Treatment Methods

Satisfactory disposal of wastewater, whether by surface, subsurface methods or dilution, is dependent on its treatment prior to disposal. Adequate treatment is necessary to prevent contamination of receiving waters to a degree which might interfere with their best or intended use, whether it be for water supply, recreation, or any other required purpose.

Wastewater treatment consists of applying known technology to improve or upgrade the quality of a wastewater. Usually wastewater treatment will involve collecting the wastewater in a central, segregated location (the Wastewater Treatment Plant) and subjecting the wastewater to various treatment processes. Most often, since large volumes of wastewater are involved, treatment processes are carried out on continuously flowing

wastewaters (continuous flow or "open" systems) rather than as "batch" or a series of periodic treatment processes in which treatment is carried out on parcels or "batches" of wastewaters. While most wastewater treatment processes are continuous flow, certain operations, such as vacuum filtration, involving as it does, storage of sludge, the addition of chemicals, filtration and removal or disposal of the treated sludge, are routinely handled as periodic batch operations.

Wastewater treatment, however, can also be organized or categorized by the nature of the treatment process operation being used; for example, physical, chemical or biological. Examples of these treatment steps are shown below. A complete treatment system may consist of the application of a number of physical, chemical and biological processes to the wastewater.

Some Physical, Chemical and BiologicalWastewater Treatment Methods

Physical

Sedimentation (Clarification)

Screening

Aeration

Filtration

Flotation and Skimming

Degassification

Equalization

Chemical

Chlorination

Ozonation

Neutralization

Coagulation

Adsorption

Ion Exchange

Biological

Aerobic

Activated Sludge Treatment Methods

Trickling Filtration

Oxidation Ponds

Lagoons

Aerobic Digestion

Anaerobic

Anaerobic Digestion

Septic Tanks

Lagoons

Physical methods include processes where no gross chemical or biological changes are carried out and strictly physical phenomena are used to improve or treat the wastewater.

Examples would be coarse screening to remove larger entrained objects and sedimentation (or clarification). In the process of sedimentation, physical phenomena relating to the settling of solids by gravity are allowed to operate. Usually this consists of simply holding a wastewater for a short period of time in a tank under quiescent conditions, allowing the heavier solids to settle, and removing the "clarified"

effluent. Sedimentation for solids separation is a very common process operation and is routinely employed at the beginning and end of wastewater treatment operations.While sedimentation is one of the most common physical treatment processes that is used to achieve treatment, another physical treatment process consists of aeration -- that is, physically adding air, usually to provide oxygen to the wastewater. Still other physical phenomena used in treatment consists of filtration. Here wastewater is passed through a filter medium to separate solids. An example would be the use of sand filters to further remove entrained solids from a treated wastewater. Certain phenomena will occur during the sedimentation process and can be advantageously used to further improve water quality. Permitting greases or oils, for example, to float to the surface and skimming or physically removing them from the wastewaters is often carried out as part of the overall treatment process.

In certain industrial wastewater treatment processes strong or undesirable wastes are sometimes produced over short periods of

time. Since such "slugs" or periodic inputs of such wastes would damage a biological treatment process, these wastes are sometimes held, mixed with other wastewaters, and gradually released, thus eliminating "shocks" to the treatment plant. This is call equalization. Another type of "equalization" can be used to even out wide variations in flow rates. For example, the wet well of a pump station can receive widely varying amounts of wastewater and, in turn, pump the wastes onward at more uniform rates.

Chemical treatment consists of using some chemical reaction or reactions to improve the water quality. Probably the most commonly used chemical process is chlorination. Chlorine, a strong oxidizing chemical, is used to kill bacteria and to slow down the rate of decomposition of the wastewater. Bacterial kill is achieved when vital biological processes

are affected by the chlorine. Another strong oxidizing agent that has also been used as an oxidizing disinfectant is ozone.

A chemical process commonly used in many industrial wastewater treatment operations is neutralization. Neutralization consists of the addition of acid or base to adjust pH levels back to neutrality. Since lime is a base it is sometimes used in the neutralization of acid wastes.

Coagulation consists of the addition of a chemical that, through a chemical reaction, forms an insoluble end product that serves to remove substances from the wastewater. Polyvalent metals are commonly used as coagulating chemicals in wastewater treatment and typical coagulants would include lime (that can also be used in neutralization), certain iron containing compounds (such as ferric chloride or ferric sulfate) and alum (aluminum sulfate).

Certain processes may actually be physical and chemical in nature. The use of activated carbon to "adsorb" or remove organics, for example, involves both chemical and physical processes. Processes such as ion exchange, which involves exchanging certain ions for others, are not used to any great extent in wastewater treatment.

Biological treatment methods use microorganisms, mostly bacteria, in the biochemical decomposition of wastewaters to stable end products. More microorganisms, or sludges, are formed and a portion of the waste is converted to carbon dioxide, water and other end products. Generally, biological treatment methods can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic methods, based on availability of dissolved oxygen.

The purpose of wastewater treatment is generally to remove from the wastewater enough solids to permit the remainder to be discharged to a receiving water without interfering with its best or proper use. The solids which are removed are primarily organic but may also include inorganic solids. Treatment must also be provided for the solids and liquids which are removed as sludge. Finally, treatment to control odors, to retard biological activity, or destroy pathogenic organisms may also be needed.

While the devices used in wastewater treatment are numerous and will probably combine physical, chemical and biological methods, they may all be generally grouped under six methods:

Preliminary Treatment

Primary Treatment