《谈骨气》课本原文与真正原文的区别

《谈骨气》课本原文与真正原文的区别
《谈骨气》课本原文与真正原文的区别

《谈骨气》课本原文与真正原文的区别

《谈骨气》原文共十二个自然段,选入课本时略去了第三自然段(这一段的原文是:“什么叫骨气,指的是抱有正确、坚定的主张,始终如一地勇敢地为当时的进步事业服务,遭遇任何困难,都压不扁、折不弯,碰上狂风巨浪,能够顶得住,吓不倒,坚持斗争的人。”)和第六自然段(这一段原文是:“从孟子的三句话举三个例子。”),现存的十个自然段,在阅读时可以分为三层。即:第一层(包括第1—4自然段),这一层首先直接申明“中国人是有骨气的”,继而从理论上阐明了“骨气”的含义;第二层(包括第5—9自然段)引述了三个例子,具体说明中国人是有骨气的;第三层(第10自然段),这一层在以上论述的基础上加深一步,指出“骨气”在今天时代的具体内容和在当前发扬我们民族的这一光荣传统的意义。这三层紧密衔接,互相照应,层层深入,首尾贯通,对什么是有骨气,怎样做才算得有骨气,为什么要提倡有骨气等问题,进行了生动具体的阐述。

阅读指导

学习这篇课文,应着重理解三个问题:

第一个问题是:作者对“骨气”这一概念的阐述,有什么特点?本文题为《谈骨气》,那么,什么是骨气,就必须给予明确的阐述。可是,由于我国“经过了奴隶社会、封建社会的漫长时期”,“社会不同,阶级不同,骨气的具体含义也不同。”这样,在阐述时就存在着比较复杂的情况。一般说来,有两种不同的阐述方法:一种是逐一说明“骨气”在各个不同历史时期的具体含义;另一种是抛开对这些不同特点的说明,集中去挖掘不同社会、不同阶级对“骨气”这个概念的基本含义的理解。在本文中,作者选择了后一种方法。他首先引用并解释了孟子的三句话,指出这些被人们传诵了数千年的,被大家所公认了的话,正说出了“骨气”的含义。接着话题一转,提示读者应注意“社会不同,阶级不同”会形成对“骨气”的具体含义的种种不同理解,然后,用“但是”转回到对“骨气”的基本含义的阐述上来,提出了“坚定不移地为当时的进步事业服务这一原则”,作为取得共同认识的基本点,最后谈到在今天无产阶级对于骨气一词的理解。作者这样来阐述“骨气”的含义,有三个方面的好处:首先,这样做有利于体现作者写作本文的意图。作者在1961年那样的历史环境中来谈骨气,是有着鲜明的目的的。那就是要号召我国人民在遭遇暂时困难的情况下,发扬我们中国人“有骨气”的传统,努力奋斗,振兴我们的国家。为了达到这个目的,作者就要

把议论的重点放在对传统精神的挖掘上,而不必对“骨气”在不同社会、不同阶级中的具体含义去一一加以学术性的考证与说明。其次,这样作也有利于读者接受。本文发表在1961年春天,当时为了战胜来自各方面的困难,需要加强团结,求同存异,形成统一意志,共同奋斗。如果作者把精力放在区别不同时代、不同阶级对“骨气”的不同理解上,那就会使人们在思想上造成分歧和隔阂。作者注意到这一点,因此在阐述“骨气”这一概念时,也就着重在求同上下功夫。最后,我们还可以看到,这样阐述有利于突出中心。本文虽然以挖掘我们民族“有骨气”的传统为主要内容,但其根本目的是为了今天发扬这一传统。因此,在谈及孟子的话“直到现在,还有它积极的意义”时,自然地摆出了无产阶级对“骨气”的含义的理解。这样,就在前文阐述的基础上提高了一步,突出了中心。如果是一一去介绍各个不同社会、不同阶级对“骨气”的不同理解,那就很难收到本文所要达到的效果。

第二个问题是:作者所选的三个例子互相有怎样的关系?用充分的事例来阐发深刻的道理,这是本文在议论问题时表现出的突出特点。作者在文中用三个例子来说明了“中国人是有骨气的”,从这一点来说,这三个例子都与议论的中心有着紧密的联系。但是,这三个例子彼此之间又存在着怎样的关系呢?这可以从三个方面来分析:第一,三个例子中的人物各代表着中国历史上的不同的社会阶层。文天祥是宋代著名的民族英雄,是士大夫阶层的代表人物;不食“嗟来之食”的黔敖是战国时期的一个穷苦平民的代表;民主战士闻一多是知识分子阶层的一员。从表面上看,他们所处时代不同,身份地位不同,但是把他们联系在一起,就表现出了我们民族自上至下、从古到今有着无数有骨气的人,从而具体地说明了“有骨气”是我们民族可宝贵的精神。第二,三个例子中的人物各分别针对着孟子三句话中的一句。文天祥是高官厚禄收买不了的,虽然“孟子说的几句话,在文天祥身上都表现出来了”,但拒不投降却是他精神品质的核心。黔敖在贫困中不肯放弃做人的尊严,宁可饿死,也不接受侮辱。闻一多藐视特务分子的威胁,他在最后一次公开演讲时,以义无反顾的英雄气概,指斥了国民党反动派,揭露了他们靠暗杀来威胁要求民主的人民群众,靠强暴武力来镇压人民的罪行。这三个人物所处时代不同,遇到的困难不同,但是他们的行动却恰好从三个侧面,十分具体地说明了怎样才算有骨气这个问题。第三,三个例子中的人物,各有不同的特点。文天祥在民族敌人面前,大义凛然;穷苦的黔敖在富人的施舍面前,矜持不苟;闻一多在特务的枪口面前慷慨激昂。但他们又都表现出共同的特点,那就是视死如归的英雄气概。由此看来,作者引述的三个例子既是各自独立的,又是互相联系着的;既是各有特色的,又是具有共同本质的。这正说明了作者在选材上的别具匠心。

第三个问题是:对这篇文章的结构特点,应该如何认识?本文题为《谈骨气》,怎么谈法?这首先与作者写作本文的目的紧密相关,同时,又必须遵循所谈的事物本身的客观规律。在本文里,作者并没有对“骨气”做一般的论述,而是从“中国人是有骨气的”这一结论入手,引用充分的事实,来证明我们的民族历来是有骨气的,从而达到激励人民群众发扬民族的优良传统的目的。但是,同时,作者又不能忽视“骨气”本身所需要涉及的内容,例如:什么是骨气?怎样做才算有骨气?提倡骨气有什么意义?这些问题也必须在“谈”的过程中给予必要的解答。这样一来,本文就在实际上承担了两个方面的任务。既要通过议论,阐述作者的见解,又要通过说明,讲清事物本身的实际情况。这就是本文在结构安排上必须考虑的问题。仔细阅读本文,我们就能看到,作者对上述问题做了十分得体的处理。本文是按照议论的需要来安排文章的基本结构的;开头第1段用一句话摆出议论的中心──中国人是有骨气的,接下去,作者并没有直接引出事实来证明中国人怎样有骨气,而是用了三个自然段,对什么是骨气及这种精神在我们民族发展史上的地位做了简要的说明。这样,既能使人对议论中心有一个进一步的了解,又完成了对“什么是骨气”做一番必要的说明的任务。在接下去的五个自然段中,作者用实例来证明了“中国人是有骨气的”这一判断,但同时由于作者选例适合,又达到了从不同方面,对“怎样做才是有骨气的”这个问题进行生动具体的说明的目的。最后,作者又把话题引回开头,这不但做到了首尾照应,而且在议论上自然地由追溯传统过渡到号召发扬传统,使议论既前后贯通,又深入了一步;同时,对于在今天提倡“要有骨气”的意义,也做了必要的说明。本文在结构安排上的这种精到之处,我们在阅读时应该认真体会。

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【人教版】英语课本原文(必修1~选修9)及部分翻译 必修1 第一单元Reading 阅读ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall c all my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose un til half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne Using Language? 语言运用 Reading and listening?? 读与听 1? Read the letter that Lisa wrote to Miss Wang of Radio for Teenagers and predict what Miss Wang will say. After listening, check and discuss her advice.

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