civil rights movement独立运动

1.Back ground

The African blacks were first introduced to the America to be the slaves who work at the North farms in order to remedy the shortage of the local labor. In theory, after the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, they already enquire the liberty. However, in fact, because of the poverty and lower education, they had to work for the whites to survive, especially after the Federal army left the North the African-Americans lost the shied of Federal and still remained in the racial segregation. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 .537 (1896), is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".[1]

However

They executed thoroughly the segregation but neglect the part of equality. What’s more the Racial segregation even existed in the factory, hospital, school and army.

2.Aim

The African-American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against black

Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights counted in the constitutional amendments adopted after the Civil War. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South.

An African-American man goes into the "colored" entrance of a movie theater in Belzoni, Mississippi, 1939.

An African-American man drinking at a "colored" drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City, 1939.

在历经58年后，的法律观念才被推翻；1954年联邦最高法院在“布朗诉教育委员会”一案，判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育，因此公立学校应该要种族混合。一连串的非裔美国人民权运动也正式开始。

3.Figure

4.

; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is

declared unconstitutional.

Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans

segregation on interstate trains and buses.

1956 -- Coalition of Southern congressmen calls for massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings.

1957 -- Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance. Congress approves a watered-down voting rights act after a filibuster by Southern senators.

1961 -- Freedom Rides begin from Washington, ., into Southern states. 1962 -- President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school's first black student, can attend.

The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.

The Department of Defense orders full integration of military reserve units, the National Guard excluded.