CET英语作文应试策略探讨

CET英语作文应试策略探讨
CET英语作文应试策略探讨

C E T英语作文应试策略

探讨

Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-LGUT-

浅析CET4 (新题型)英语作文应试策略

济南大学外国语学院韩晓丽

摘要:作文在四级考试中是非常重要的一个组成部分,本文针对近年出现的考试作文题目,提出了应对的策略:审题、主题句、十二句作文法、检查、卷面,另外,本文也建议考生平时从四个方面来做好备考,从容应考。

关键词:策略;审题;主题句;十二句作文法

新四级英语考试要求学生在30分钟内写出至少120字(比以前多出20字),包括书信等应用问题写作,要求文理基本通顺,表达思想清楚,无重大语法错误。通过分析历年的真题,我们不难发现:英语作文考查的类型基本包括议论文(一般为三段论式的论说文字),说明文(目前侧重于这方面的写作训练),图表作文(要求描述性的语言要贴近图表信息,真实反映语言水平)和应用文写作(包括书信、便条、通知、海报等)。而且,出题顺序上也做了明显的调整:写作作为第一项考查的内容,被提到新四级试卷的最开头。很多同学认为这只是一个顺序的问题,其实它还包含有更深层次的暗示,那就是语言的应用被放在了考试的重要位置。主观题取代客观题被放在了考试的第一位。在旧题型中,考生接受了大量的语料(特别是四篇阅读和完型填空),可以临场将这些语料的好词、好句式记录下来,用于自己的作文之中。而新题型中作文在第一部分,这种优势则不复存在。

1.近年四级英语作文文体综述

英语写作测试,其实主要还是要考查学生组织英语语言的能力,和用英语表达思想的能力,体裁不外乎议论文,说明文和应用文,主题也是在大学生熟知话题基础上的翻新或扩展。2004年6月的作文题目是要求学生以导游的身份写一篇演讲稿,不仅包含欢迎辞(表态)行程安排,(说明),而且包含安排的理由(说理)。2006年1月作文题目是校园文化旅游,要求学生就此阐述不同的观点。2005年1月是个竞选演说,如果我当选学生会主席,我会给大家做点什么事情(说明)。2006年6月17日的四级考试则是一个海报,要求考生构想一个招募志愿者的海报,其中包括应聘人必备的资历和应准备的材料等(说明)。2006年6月24日新题型的作文是传统的议论文形式,讨论大学生选择任课老师相关的问题。2006年12月作文也是传统的议论文形式,探讨对春节晚会所持的不同观点。2007年6月份是欢迎同学加入俱乐部的海报(应用文)。从上面的题目变化趋势看,描述现象、分析原因、个人看法仍是四、六级考试写作部分主要考查的重点,在今后相当长的时间内,英语写作教学和辅导的主要突破口应集中在说明文、议论文和应用文上。此外,仔细研究06年6月24日以后的四级试卷,我们还可发现,新四级的写作题目与校园生活密切相关,学生普遍感觉亲切,体裁包括两篇议论文,一篇应用文。不仅如此,新四级写作题中提供的文章框架清晰,思路比较明确,绝大多数考生都能利用“经典句型”或“万能模板”写出及格的作文。根据考试改革方案和课程教学要求的相关规定,应用文写作、说明文和议论文仍将是新四级作文的主攻方向。2.四级英语作文实战策略

2.1.审题

磨刀不误砍柴工。在落笔前花两三分钟时间进行构思,既有利于理清行文思路、也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。尤其是在应对图表类作文时,我们更是要看清图表,牢牢把握各个数据的变化和相互关系,才能够下笔。否则张冠李戴,即使文章本身

再不同凡响、语惊四座,也只会竹篮打水、甚至起到适得其反的效果。我们拿到作文后第一件要做的事就是审题。审题的作用在于使你写作不跑题(如果跑题,条理和语言再好,也得不到及格分,甚至0分。)那么审题要审什么呢1.体裁(议论文,说明文,描述文)2.根据不同体裁确定写作方法议论文;要有论点和论据,而且往往从正反两方面来论述。说明文:可以从几方面或几条来说明一个问题。描述文:以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比,本段的主语多为人称代词,要与第二段相互应进行描述。

2.2.列提纲,写主题句

通过审题,考生知道该如何确定正确的写作思路。下边笔者就谈如何写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提,只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。以2006年12月的四级作文为例,For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Spring Festival Gala on CCTV, You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1.许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会

2.但有些人提出取消春节晚会.

3.我的看法.

考生可以把这三个句子翻译成:

Many people like watching the Spring Festival Gala on the Eve of the Spring Festival.

Some propose to cancel the Spring Fesitival Gala.

My opinion is that…

四级写作时,考生一定要首先形成自己的观点,之后合理运用一些手段,如常用的有四种:陈述理由、举例说明、提供数据、下定义等,之后充分就此展开论说。这样通

过高效思考,严密组织,再辅以提纲形式的文章架构,考生一定会写出较符合规范的文章。写作之初,学生不必字斟句酌,只要脉络清楚,具备轮廓就可以了。

.十二句作文法

考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多,因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点,另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题,一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。笔者认为,四级作文都是三段式。如果在每一段写上四句,即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句,这样全篇在十二句左右,每一句大约十个词,就有120-150个字。考生可以试找一些作文题练一练。下面给出一篇范文。

Some people are in favor of the program. Those who like it have their ,they think that the gala is of tradition to us. What's more ,some feel that they can find nothing to do except watching this on the eve of the Lunar New Year. Besides. it is said that this is a good chance for a farmily to have a rest happily.

But others don’t who dislike it have their reasons .First,they say that they can find someghing else to , they argue that the spring festival gala on CCTV should not have been the most powerful program on this day.

There is some truth in both arguments. But it is likely to do more harm than good, if you maintain that it is the only thing to do at that more meaningful things can be found easily,such as parties,sharing views with farmilies,etc..Obviously,there is little doubt that further attention will be paid on this issue.

可以看出每段第一句都是各段的主题句,考生也可以用刚才翻译的句子替换每段的首句(只不过,最后一段作者省略了诸如in my opinion, my opinion is that…之类的表达

方式而已)。而且,上面画线的句子,大家可以背诵,转化为自己语言素材,可以使以后的写作轻松自如。

2.4.检查

行百里者半九十。一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲、一再修改。然而,由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制,考生绝对需要慎重对待作文的检查和修改。这里,不得不提考生检查作文时的三大“通病”,即,数字数、孤芳自赏、和做结构与内容上的修改。考生必须明确:考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到三个目的即可:1. 拼写正确,看文章中是否有汉字、多余符号、糊乱涂改、划线、和错别字;2. 搭配正确;和3. 语法正确,特别是人称、时态、和单复数的三"一致.

2.5.卷面

对于像作文这样的主观题而言,考生与阅卷老师从来就犹如搏弈,无形中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的,首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师下意识地传达个人信息。用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快)、粗细(粗线条给人以安全感),整齐划一的格式(段首或一律顶格或一律空两格),明了的段落感(每段空一行),清晰的字数感(一行以十字为宜),工整的字迹都会给任何阅读者留下深刻的正面印象,从而使考生先发制人、取得先机。

3.功夫下平时

冰冻三尺,非一日之寒;英语学习是一个长期积累的过程,短期的突击无异于舍本逐末、杯水车薪,所以平时的积累是至关重要的。许多考生畏惧作文,经常懒于动笔;还有一些考生认为写作很难提高,干脆放弃平时的训练。这些想法都是错误的。为真正提高写作水平,笔者建议大家从开始准备四级的那天起,就应有针对性地分体裁、分话

题、分阶段地进行实战模拟,强迫自己一气呵成将文章写完,不必追求完美,不必在乎自己的文稿到底语言有多么不地道或出现多少语法错误。熟能生巧。只要坚持多写、多练,平时注意扩大阅读,写作的水平自然就会提高。

前面也提过,四级作文长度要求不少于120个词,按考生作文句子的平均长度10个词估算,一般需要12 个句子。在四级作文评分标准里,对于句子长度虽然没有具体描述和量化给分,但是阅卷老师一般都会给文章里使用正确的长句子加上印象分,也会给错落有致的句式变化以奖励分数,如果考生能够在作文中恰当地使用一定难度的复杂句子,则更能起到锦上添花的作用。在写作训练中,考生其实可以欣赏范文,摘录名句,改装结构,模仿使用,直到熟练运用。笔者认为只要努力,下面的策略可以帮助立志争取作文高分的学生可以通过下面的几个措施来提高作文水平。

3.1.背诵范文。

准备一个写作专用的笔记本,从范文欣赏中摘抄自己喜欢的、老师讲评的、值得推荐的句式结构。比如:I love you not because who you are, but because who I am when I am with you.(我爱你,并不是因为你是谁,而是因为我跟你在一起时的感觉。)If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.(如果你没能做计划,你就是计划着去失败。)

3.2.套用经典句型。

鼓起勇气,说出自己想说的话,如果是母语,可能还好办,换成英语,大家最怕的是出错,出错扣分当然不好。但是利用经典句型组装一些长句子、靓句子和复杂句子对

作文高分非常有帮助。比如作文开头常用句型:It is undoubted that …; there is no doubt that…; U ndoubtedly, there is…; It is beyond doubt that …. 3.3.正确地遣词造句。

正确选择词汇非常重要,考生切不可盲目地追求大词、生词。其实,四级作文要求考生选词范围尽可能灵活宽泛,但非常忌讳以辞害义,如果能够用decrease,就别用plummet。那么考生到底怎样才能利用有限的词汇资源,写出比较鲜活的英语作文呢笔者在此推荐如下使用词汇技巧:

适当用被动替换主动。

这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. ) 。如:It

is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so,its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.

尽量使用同义词避免简单重复。

如“增加”可用 increase, rise, grow, climb, go up, soar等;“重要”可用important, critical, vital, significant, crucial等。

尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段。

和汉语一样,变化词性也是丰富英语表达的重要途径,是学习者提高英语水平的重要标志。英语学习者如果能够用to voice some different opinions 来替代to give/express

some different opinions; 或to double/triple 来表示翻倍或增加三倍则会使文章在表达上更为形象而生动。

尽量使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。

英语的构词特点就是使用前缀、后缀来完成灵活多变的语言特色。例如,it is of great importance/help/use/significance 来替代 it is very important/significant/helpful/useful 本身就是英语水平的一个综合展示。另外,考生作文如果能够出现not unnecessary/not unimportant 来表达非常重要或者必要,则更能显示考生的英语功底。

3.4.反复揣摩,完善文稿。

自己修改作文是个好习惯,从训练之初就应注重在这个方面下功夫。修改作文必须从下面几个方面把握:注意句式结构的变化(要背诵一定的经典句型,而且要能够注意套改这样的优美句型)。例如:Not because I love Caesar less, but because I love Rome more(不是我不爱凯撒,而是我更爱罗马)。需要指出的是,虽然习作中应注意使用优美或地道的句子,但不可简单地堆砌;句子长短也要错落有致,应包含一些相对复杂的句式,同时避免犯一些基础性的语言错误。

另外,考生还要注意文中运用的英语表达必须是简单且地道的(即easy but right English)。实际上,所谓这类的表达法界于词汇与句子之间,可称为语汇(英语中可

用chunk来表达)。为了提高书面语言表达的地道性,学生应经常记忆这样的语汇,如an effective system for environmental protection和an effective system to protect the environment等。笔者在此处提出这个概念,且希望同学们加强这方面语汇的记忆,是因为太多的中国考生经常使用汉语的语法、英语的单词来组合一些中式

(chinglish)表达。例如:高手(high hand)地道的英语表达是master hand; 老手(old hand)地道的英语表达则是seasoned hand;能手(can hand)的地道表达则是skillful hand, 以及you go me go, you no go me no go 等。至于如何做到语言表达地道,笔者认为只有一种办法,那就是大量阅读,分类摘抄,在具体的语境中有针对性地体验英语表达。

结语:鲁迅先生说过,世界上本没有路,走的人多了也就成了路。我们要善于在学习实践中发现、总结和运用规律,这样才能够在复习迎考的过程中事半功倍,百尺竿头、更进一步。

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