肺泡灌洗 - ICU
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performance and accuracy increase when BDG is run in parallel
with GM from BAL; moreover, the association of the 2 parameters has also the
advantage of detecting early and reliable IPA.
背景
20世纪60年代后期,可弯曲支气管镜首次应用于临床[1]。1974年Reynolds 报
道用支气管镜进行支气管肺泡灌洗术(BAL),提供了一种新的检查手段[2]。
随着临床水平的提高,进一步发现从支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中可以获取细胞
学、可溶性蛋白、酶类、细胞因子、生物活性介质等多种信息,因此BAL成为诊断某 些肺疾病如支气管肺癌、间质性肺疾病、肺部感染性疾病的重要手段[3-7]。
BALF病原体的检出率、提高肺部感染性疾病的诊治成功率,需要进一步规范支
BAL的操作流程及标本处理,以便更好地指导临床。
中华医学会呼吸病学分会感染学组撰写了“肺部感染性疾病支气管肺泡灌
洗病原体检测中国专家共识”。
参考文献 [10] Patterson TF, Thompson GR , Denning DW, et al.Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J].Clin Infect Dis,2016,63(4):e1e60.DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw326 [11] De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP.European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group,et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease fromthe European Organization for Researchand Treatment of Cancer/Invasive[J] .Clin Infect Dis,2008,46(12):1813-1821.DOI: 10.1086/588660.
Serum GM
38%
BALF GM
92%
Culture
43%
Note: Our finding that serum GM assay results were positive for 13 (38%) of 34 patients with PA was similar to the positivity rate of 41% (5 of 12 patients) reported in a previous study [8] but higher than the rate of 22% (14 of 64) reported in another study [10]. The high rate that we observed may have been attributable to the high percentage of patients with hemoptysis. Indeed, we found that the positivity of serum GM assays was significantly higher in patients with hemoptysis than in those without hemoptysis (52% vs 9%; P 5 .02).
背景
近年来,BALF中半乳甘露聚糖(GM)作为非培养性检测手段诊断侵袭性
肺曲霉病,因其良好的敏感度和特异度,成为美国感染病学会(IDSA)和欧洲
癌症研究和治疗侵袭性真菌感染协作组及美国变态反应和感染性疾病协会制定的
真菌病研究组(EORTC/MSG)推荐的诊断标准之一[10-11]。 目前国内外应用BALF检测病原体的具体操作及处理流程不同。为了增加
Infection Diseases Society
重要文献解读-ref112-115 of American Practice
Guidelines 2016 Update
在曲霉球患者中血清GM 敏感性仅为38%,BALF 敏感性为92%
paU610edt :2
gillosis
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asper
BDG 血清
88% 82%
94
GM 血清(>0.5 ) 35% 70%
94
GM BAL
70% 94%
90
In critically ill patients with immunosuppression, early diagnosis of IPA may be
improved by BDG as compared with serum GM. However, diagnostic
为规范BAL操作技术,中华医学会呼吸病学分会根据我国具体情况于2002年制定
了“支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞学检查技术规范(草案)”[8]。ATS于 2012年颁布了“支
气管肺泡灌洗液的细胞学分析在间质性肺疾病中的临床应用”[9]。
参考文献 [1] Ikeda S. Flexible bronchofiberscope. Keio J Med,1968,17(1):11-16. [2]Reynolds HY. Analysis of proteins and respiratory cells obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage. J Lab Clin Med,1974,84(4):559-573. [3]Springmeyer SC. Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Chest,1983,83(2):278-279. [4] Nguyen EV. Proteomic profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].PLoS One,2013,8(3):e58782. [5]Bradley B. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society[J]. Thorax,2008,63(Suppl 5):v1-58. [6]Drieghe S al. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage samples in a tertiary hospital[J].J Clin Virol,2014,59(3):208-211. [7]Baudel JL. Multiplex PCR performed of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increases pathogen identification rate in critically ill patients with pneumonia: a pilot study.Ann Intensive Care,2014,4(1):35. [8]中华医学会呼吸病学分会.支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞学检测技术规范(草案)[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(7):390-391. [9]Meyer KC. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: the clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis in interstitiallung disease[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012 ,185(9):1004-1014.
2014.12-2015.1249名入住ICU的免疫低下患者,可疑IPA13人(26%),其中GM血清阳性4人,BAL阳性 12人,可疑IPA的BDG值:375(103-1000pg/ml),非IPA的BDG值:64(30-105pg/ml)
血清和BAL检测BDG和GM的比较
敏感性 特异性 PPV%
115. Warren TA, Yau Y, Ratjen F, Tullis E, Waters V. Med Mycol 2012; 50:658–60
.
Clinical Infectious Diseases Advance Access published June 29, 2016
Copyright belong to Oxford journals ,Forbidden for近发生的急性冠状动脉综合征、未控制的严重高血压及恶性心律失常。 3. 主动脉瘤和食管静脉曲张有破裂危险。 4. 不能纠正的出血倾向,如严重的凝血功能障碍、大咯血或消化道大出血等。出血 高风险:血小板计数<20×109/L;出血较高风险:血小板计数20-50×109/L、凝血 酶原时间(PT)或活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)用法定计量单位>1.5倍正常值。 对于操作前血小板低下的患者,可考虑通过输注血小板后进行支气管肺泡灌洗,减少 出血风险。 5. 多发性肺大疱有破裂危险。 6. 严重消耗性疾病或状态及各种原因导致的患者不能良好配合。
本共识适用于诊断性支气管肺泡灌洗术。
适应证
2
1. 肺部感染,特别是免疫受损患者肺部机会性
感染的病原体诊断。 2. 肺部不明原因阴影、疑似肺部感染或需与其
他疾病鉴别。
禁忌证
3
1. 严重通气和(或)换气功能障碍,且未采用有效呼吸支持。建立人工气道并非禁 忌证,患者可经临床医生全面评估并在密切监护下进行。
112. Park SY, Lee SO, Choi SH, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e149–52. 114. Aquino VR, Nagel F, Andreolla HF, et al. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:163–9.
113. Shin B, Koh WJ, Jeong BH, et al. J Infect 2014; 68:494–9.
Lahmer T,et al. J Crit Care, 2016, jul 9
目 录
1 支气管肺泡灌洗术定义 2 适应证 3 禁忌证 4 操作流程
5 并发症 6 标本送检 7 临床意义 8 常见问题说明
支气管肺泡灌洗术定义
1
BAL是指通过支气管镜向支气管肺泡内注入生 理盐水并进行抽吸,收集肺泡表面液体(诊断性) 及清除充填于肺泡内的物质(治疗性),进行炎症 与免疫细胞及可溶性物质的检查,达到明确诊断和 治疗目的的技术。
4 操作流程
第一项 术前准备 第二项 灌洗操作