何为人工智能

何为人工智能

今年3月，谷歌下属公司DeepMind开发的人工智能

软件AlphaGo在围棋比赛中大胜世界围棋冠军李世石，在世界范围内引起了轩然大波。AlphaGo的胜利代表了人工智能

飞跃式的进步，人们纷纷开始担忧机器人对人类产生威胁的时代即将到来……人工智能究竟是什么东西，居然可能会有超越人类的智慧？先随下文一起来了解一下吧！

If you touch a hot metal object，you will yank1）your hand away immediately. When this happens to you the first time，the sequence of events and the result （the burning of your hand）gets stored in your brain. This is what we call an experience. When you see a hot metal object next time，you will not touch it. You will use the knowledge of your previous experience and decide to not repeat it again.

This process of learning，comparing a previous experience，making a decision and acting upon it is the key to human intelligence. We can make more and more complicated decisions by learning from our past experiences.

Ever since machines were invented，scientists have dreamt of making them learn and perform intelligent tasks―

like humans.

Artificial intelligence （AI）is a branch of science which is into2）making machines think like humans. These machines，or computers，can store large amounts of information and process them accurately and at an amazing speed. What they lack is an ability to learn and make "intelligent decisions".

What do we need to make an intelligent machine？ A memory or a space where experiences or information can be stored，and a method of applying these experiences to new ones，comparing experiences to come to logical conclusions，like holding the hot object with a glove on. That would be an intelligent machine.

Take your iron3）for example. The electric iron understands that its temperature is beyond what is required and automatically switches itself off4）. We could say that the electric iron is intelligent as it can react to a particular state （the iron being hot），make a decision based on it and switch itself off. However，since the iron has not learned this through experience，it is not a truly intelligent machine.

Scientists are creating new software programs which try to recreate the process of human learning in a computer，in an attempt to make them "think". These programs try to copy the

functioning of the brain. One such program is called a neural5）network.

摸到发烫的金属物体，你会立马猛地抽回手来。当你第一次碰到这种情况时，整个事件的经过和结果（手被烫）便会被存入你的大脑，这就是我们所说的“经历”。当你下次

看到发烫的金属物时，你就不会伸手去摸它了。你会运用先前的经历所带来的知识，决定不去重蹈覆辙。

这一“认识了解―对比过往经历―做出决策―付诸行动”的过程正是人类智能形成的关键。我们能够从以往的各种经历中汲取教训，做出愈加复杂的决策。自从机器问

世以来，科学家们就一直梦想着能让它们学习并开展智力活动――就像人类一样。

人工智能（简称AI）是一个科学分支，致力于制造可以像人类一样思考的机器。这些机器或计算机可以储存大量的信息，并能够以惊人的速度准确地对这些信息进行加工处理。它们所缺乏的是学习并做出“明智决定”的能力。

那制造一台智能机器都需要什么条件呢？一个可以存

放经历或信息的存储器或者空间，以及一种可将这些经历应用到新环境的方法，即比较各种经历以得出合理结论（比如，戴上手套去拿高温物体）。满足这些条件的机器就是智能机器。

以电熨斗为例，电熨斗感知到自身温度超出需求时就会