玛雅文化 英文

a 364 day calendar
A system of picture writing developed
Users（U）
Reporter: Ni Lin
Outline: •Location-the Strange Habitat（U4） •Important of Resource （U8） •History of use （U3） •Mysterious Prophecies of Maya
Case Study 2: Demise of the Mayas
• Soil Exhaustion • Water Loss and Erosion • Savana Grass Competition ：Continual burning of soil led to end original forest and converted into manmade grass land. Problem, Mayas did not have toil equipment.
Introduction of Maya Civilization
Maya civilization is the ancient Indian civilization in Latin America, the americas outstanding representative of the ancient Indian civilization, to the Indian named Maya.
Case Study 3: Natural Drought
Newer research from 2011, with use of high-resolution climate models and new reconstructions of past landscapes, suggests that converting much of their forest land into cropland may have led to reduced evapotranspiration and thus rainfall, magnifying natural drought. A study published in Science in 2012 found that modest rainfall reductions, amounting to only 25 to 40% in annual rainfall, may have been the tipping point to the Maya collapse.
PhD English Reading and Writing(2013)
Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems Analysis
Maya Civilization
Members of Groups 4: Nu’ermoda 努尔模达 Li Yuan 李元 Ma Jiahui 马佳慧 Ni Ling 倪琳 Jiang Yiliang 姜义亮
Disappearance of Maya Civilization
His brutal reign would foreshadow the arrival of the Spanish warriors called Conquistadors who would plunder and destroy the large, wealthy Aztec, Incan, and Maya civilizations.
Characteristics of Maya civilization
Maya civilization in material culture, science and art has a great achievement, construction engineering, etc. Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization.
Resource Units (RU)
Reporter: Li Yuan
Outline: • Some Resource Units (RU4 & RU6) • Case Study: 1. Minerals 2. Demise of the Mayas 3. NRU4) • The warm and tropical climate in which much of the Mayan Empire lived lent itself well to growing crops for food. • This allowed their culture to stay in one place rather than live a nomadic lifestyle following herds of deer. Distinctive markings (RU6) • Clays which were then used to create decorative as well as utilitarian bowls and drinking cups. • In addition to clay, the Mayas also learned how to cut the abundant stone from their natural environment to construct homes and temples.
Operational rules (GS5)
With rule by nobles and kings: The priests along with the leaders in each city-state, were the most powerful people in the Maya civilization. The Maya believed that their priests could talk to the gods. The priests decided when to plant crops and when people could marry and to whom. Before doing pretty much anything, one had to ask for a priest’s approval.
Location-the Strange Habitat
• Humans generally choose near the river on both sides of the living, the transportation is convenient, soil fertile areas Now people can't understand what the ancient Maya people to build their homes in such a harsh environment, even more incredible is that they are in a place like this created a splendid civilization highly developed.
Network structure (GS3)
Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. The Maya cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples.
Important of Resource
Unsolved Mysteries…
Young American diplomats named Stefen wirtten 《Travel documentary ─ ─ the pass and Yucatan》arouse fervor of research maya.
Constitutional rules (GS7)
The Sun God: Large Human sacrifice. Calendar based on movements of the sun A system of picture writing developed.
Pyramids were constructed to worship the Sun god.
Origin and Distribution of Maya Civilization
Maya civilization existed from 250-900 A.D. in the current geographical location of southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and some of Honduras.
Government organization (GS1)
Around 300 B.C., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, A.D. 200-900.
Outline
• • • • • Maya Civilization Resource Units （RU） Governance Systems （GS） Users （U） Maya Collapse
Maya Civilization
Reporter: Nu’ermoda
Outline: • Introduction of Maya Civilization • Origin and Distribution of Maya Civilization • Characteristics of Maya civilization • Disappearance of Maya Civilization
Case Study 1 : Minerals
• The Mayans discovered that a variety of useful minerals were available beneath the surface of the hilly. • Further discovery of stones and minerals like flint, jade, obsidian, iron pyrite, cinnabar and hematite. • Some of the minerals were used for dyes and colors in ceremonies, but others, like flint, were put to use constructing tools and weapons.
Governance System (GS)
Reporter: Ma Jiahui
Outline: • Government organization (GS1) • Network structure (GS3) • Operational rules (GS5) • Constitutional rules (GS7)