US and China Health Reform Paths中美医疗改革之路

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Payers(支付者)
• Government: Medicare and state Medicaid programs(政府:医疗保险制度和州级公共医疗补助项目)
• Health insurance programs / Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO). (医疗保险 项目及卫生维护组织)
This removes all “extra benefits” from providers and allow health insurance companies to, in theory, pass the benefits to consumers. 这排除了服务提供方的“额外收益”,而将此利益让渡给医疗保险公 司,理论上说,是消费者受益。
o Indemnity Plans (fee for service) 补偿计划(服务费用) o Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) 优先选择医疗服务 提供者组织(PPO) o Staff model HMOs(拥有医院和受薪医师的卫生维护组 织) o Employer sponsored programs(雇主资助项目) • Patients(患者)
What Do Payers Do? 支付方的工作
• Pay claims submitted by providers. 支付服务提供方提交的费用 • Establish “reasonable and customary” fee schedule. 建立“合理及常规的”收费率表 • Provider contracting based on price and quality. 以价格和质量为基础,与服务供应方订立合同 • Manage care through pre-authorization, referrals, case management, and preventive care. 通过授权、转介案例管理和预防保健,而进行的管理 工作。
What Do People/Patients Do? 人民/患者的工作
• Uninsured: seek emergency care or Medicaid(无保 险者:寻求急诊治疗或医疗补助) • Insured:(有保险者)
o Choose a family doctor from the list given by payers. 从支付方提供的清单中,选择一位家庭医生。 o Family doctor becomes the “care manager” for the patient. 家庭医生变成了此位患者的“医疗管理者”。 o Family doctor must make referral to specialists or hospitals. 家庭医生必须转介专业医师或医院。 o Make co-pay as defined by payers (office visits, generic / brand name drug, out-of-pocket maximums, etc.) 以支付标准为依据的共付制度(就诊、非专利/品牌药物、现款支 付的最高额度及其他)
A Private Third Party Payer is the key to keep US Health Care System in Balance 私营的第三支付方是 平衡美国医疗卫生体 系的关键
Three Main Parties in Health Care 医疗卫生中的三方主体
What Do Providers Do?
服务提供者的工作
• Family doctors: maintain one-to-one relationship with patients. Mostly through outpatient office visits. 家庭医生:与患者保持一对一联系。主要通过门诊看诊。 • Specialists: provide specialty care. 专科医生:提供专业医治 • Hospitals: provide inpatient and emergency care. 医院:提供住院服务和急诊。 • Drug stores: fill drug prescriptions. 药店:提供处方药物 • Pharmaceutical companies: provide drugs under a “formulary” arrangement with payers. 制药商:与支付方商定后,提供药物。
US and China Health Reform Paths 中美医疗改革之路
Presented by Jackson Tung, Ph.D. 董晓侬博士 December 15, 2010
US Health Care Spending 美国医疗卫生投入
• Total health care spending in 2008 was 2.5 trillion US$ (6.9% increase over 2007).(2008年美国医疗卫生事业投入总额为2万 5000亿美金(较2007年增长6.9%) • The 2008 figure represented 17% of GDP(占2008年GDP总值的 17%) • $8,000 per person per year of health care cost.(人均每年医疗 卫生费用为8000美金) • Health care spending accounted for 10.9 percent of the GDP in Switzerland, 10.7 percent in Germany, 9.7 percent in Canada and 9.5 percent in France. (医疗卫生经费总额占瑞士 GDP总额的10.9%,德国GDP总额的10.7%,加拿大GDP总额的9.7%, 法国GDP总额的9.5%) • According to government analysts, the nation„s total health care bill by 2015 will be more than $4 trillion, and it will be split about equally between consumers and the government. (据 政府分析人士称,国家医疗卫生投入总额至2015年将超过40000亿美 金,并把消费者与政府等分开来。)
Health Insurance Companies Keep
Provider Costs Down
医疗保险公司把服务提供方的费用降到最低
• Physician contracting(医生契约) • Hospital contracting(医院契约) • Pharmaceutical company contracting (formulary)药品制造商契约(处方)
Medicare and Medicaid 医疗保险和公共医疗补助
• Federal Government is by far the largest payer through Medicare and Medicaid.(通过医疗保险和公共医疗补助,联邦政 府尤其成为最大的支付方) • Medicare is for people 65 years of age and older. (医疗保险惠 及65岁及以上人群) • Medicare spending will more than double in the next decade, from $309 billion in 2004 to $792 billion in 2015. It will grow from 13% to 21% of the federal budget. (十年间医疗保险投入将翻一 番,从2004年的3090亿美元增至2015年的7920亿美元。财政预算将 从13%增至21%) • Medicaid spending is expected to increase from $293 billion to $670 billion during the same period(同一时期,公共医疗补助 投入有望从2930亿美金增至6700亿美金)
When Health Insurance Companies
Compete – People/patient Benefit
医疗保险公司的竞争-人/患者利益
• What benefits health insurance companies:(对医疗保险公司最有利 的事)
o People stay healthy (prenatal care)人们保持健康 (产前保健) o Diseases are diagnosed early (mammogram)早期 诊断病情(乳房X光照片) o Minimize disease complications (diabetes)减少并 发症-糖尿病
Payer 支付方
Service Provider 患者/人
Competition after Privatization 私营下的竞争
• Providers must compete for Payer business.(为争取 支付方,服务提供方间的竞争) • Payers must compete for Patient business.(为争取患 者,支付方间的竞争) • Each market must have multiple Payers (A, B, and C insurance companies)(每一市场必须有多个支付者A\B\C保险公司) • Each market must have multiple Provider networks. (每个市场必须有多个服务提供者网络体系) • Compete on both price and quality(价格与质量的 竞争)
Three Main Parties in Health Care 医疗卫生中的三方主体
Payer 支付方
Service Provider 服务提供方
Patient/ people 患者/人
Providers 服务提供方
• • • • • Doctors(医生) Hospitals(医院) Laboratories(实验室) Pharmacies(药店) Pharmaceutical Companies (formularies)制药商(处方) • Home care and other specialty care(家庭保健和其他专业保健)
Patient/people(患者/人民)
Choose health insurance programs.(选择医疗保险项目) Most programs are associated with employers. (多 数项目与雇主合作) People over 65 are covered by Medicare.(超过65岁的公 民均享受医疗保险) Consider Medicare supplement insurance.(考虑医 疗保险的补贴保险项目) • People under a certain poverty line are covered by Medicaid.(在一定贫困线以下的人们享受医疗补助) • Enroll annually (with some exceptions). 年度登记(有一 些例外) Still left 15% of the population “uninsured.” (还是有15%的 人没有保险。)
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