review of patterns
Review
• Analyzing Architecture Design
• Architecture Trade-0ff Analysis Method ATAM • Complexity
• Partitioning the Architecture • Structured Design
Component-Level Design
• DFD • Data Modeling
Design Concepts
• Design and Quality • Quality Attributes • Fundamental Concepts
• Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of concerns, Modularity, Information hiding, Functional independence, Refinement, Aspects, Refactoring, OO design concepts, Design Classes
• Design Model
Architecture Design
• Architecture Styles
• Data Centered, Data Flow, Call and Return, OO, Layered
• Architecture Design
• • • • Architecture Context Architypes Component Structure Refine Component Structure
• Quality Management
• Quality Concepts • Review Techniques • Software Testing Strategies
文献综述法和案例研究法英文
Literature Review MethodBackgroundThe literature review method is a systematic approach to gather, evaluate, and synthesize existing research studies and academic papers related to a specific topic. It involves analyzing and summarizing the findings of multiple studies to identify patterns, trends, and knowledge gaps in the field. The literature review serves as a foundation for further research by providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge.Process1.Identification of Research Question: The first step in conductinga literature review is to define a clear research question orobjective. This helps in determining the scope and focus of thereview.2.Search Strategy: The researcher identifies relevant databases,journals, and other sources to search for relevant studies.Keywords and search terms are used to narrow down the searchresults.3.Screening and Selection: The researcher screens the retrievedarticles based on their title, abstract, and keywords relevance.Only the articles that meet specific inclusion criteria areselected for further analysis.4.Data Extraction: Information from selected articles is extractedusing a standardized form or data extraction tool. This includesdetails about study design, sample size, variables measured, andkey findings.5.Analysis and Synthesis: The extracted data is analyzed usingvarious techniques such as content analysis or thematic analysis.Patterns, themes, or commonalities across studies are identified. 6.Evaluation of Studies: The quality and credibility of eachincluded study are assessed based on factors such as methodology, sample size, data collection procedures, etc.7.Writing the Review: Finally, all the findings from differentstudies are synthesized into a coherent narrative that addressesthe research question.Example Case StudyBackgroundTopic: Impact of Social Media on Mental HealthThe case study focuses on exploring the impact of social media usage on mental health among adolescents.Process1.Identification of Research Question: How does social media usageaffect mental health outcomes among adolescents?2.Search Strategy: Relevant databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, andGoogle Scholar were searched using keywords like “social media,”“adolescents,” and “mental health.”3.Screening and Selection: Articles were screened based on theirtitle, abstract, and keywords relevance. Only studies published in the last five years and focusing on adolescents aged 13-18 wereincluded.4.Data Extraction: Key information from the selected articles wasextracted, including study design, sample size, measures of social media usage and mental health outcomes.5.Analysis and Synthesis: The extracted data was analyzed usingthematic analysis. Themes such as “negative body image,”“cyberbullying,” and “social comparison” emerged from the data.6.Evaluation of Studies: Each study was evaluated based on itsmethodology, sample representativeness, and statistical analysismethods used.7.Writing the Review: A comprehensive review was written summarizingthe findings from different studies. The review highlighted thenegative impact of excessive social media usage on self-esteem,body image dissatisfaction, and increased risk of depression among adolescents.ResultsThe literature review revealed consistent evidence linking heavy social media usage with poor mental health outcomes among adolescents. Cyberbullying emerged as a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, excessive exposure to idealized body images on social media platforms led to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors.The review also identified several knowledge gaps in the existing literature, such as limited research on protective factors or interventions to mitigate the negative effects of social media on mental health.Case Study MethodBackgroundThe case study method is a research approach that involves an in-depth investigation of a specific individual, group, organization or event. It aims to provide detailed insights into real-life situations by examining multiple sources of data such as interviews, observations, documents or artifacts.Process1.Selection of Case: The researcher selects a case that is relevantto the research question and provides unique insights orrepresents a particular phenomenon.2.Data Collection: Multiple sources of data are collected, includinginterviews, observations, documents, and artifacts related to the case. The researcher may also use existing literature or reportsfor background information.3.Data Analysis: The collected data is analyzed using qualitativeanalysis techniques such as thematic analysis or grounded theory.Patterns, themes, or key issues are identified.4.Cross-Case Comparison: If multiple cases are studied, acomparative analysis is conducted to identify similarities anddifferences across cases.5.Validation: The findings are validated through member checking orseeking feedback from participants or experts familiar with thecase.6.Reporting: The case study findings are presented in a detailedreport that includes an introduction to the case, description ofdata collection methods, analysis of findings, and conclusions. Example Case StudyBackgroundCase: Transformation of a Traditional Retail Store into an E-commerce BusinessThe case study examines the transformation process of a traditionalbrick-and-mortar retail store into an e-commerce business in response to changing market dynamics.Process1.Selection of Case: A traditional retail store with a long-standingpresence in the market was selected for the study due to itssuccessful transition into e-commerce.2.Data Collection: Interviews were conducted with key stakeholdersinvolved in the transformation process, including store managers, employees, and customers. Observations were made during theimplementation phase of the e-commerce platform. Relevantdocuments such as financial reports and marketing strategies were also collected.3.Data Analysis: Thematic analysis was used to analyze interviewtranscripts and identify key themes such as challenges facedduring the transition, strategies adopted for online marketing,customer response to e-commerce platform, etc.4.Cross-Case Comparison: As there was only one case studied in thisexample, cross-case comparison was not applicable.5.Validation: The findings were validated through member checking,where participants were given an opportunity to review thefindings and provide feedback.6.Reporting: A comprehensive case study report was prepared,describing the background of the retail store, the process oftransformation, challenges faced, strategies implemented, andoutcomes achieved.ResultsThe case study revealed that the successful transformation of the traditional retail store into an e-commerce business requiredsignificant changes in business processes, technology adoption, and marketing strategies. The implementation of an online platform resulted in increased customer reach and sales revenue. However, challenges such as logistics management and competition from established e-commerce players were encountered during the transition.The case study provided valuable insights into the factors influencing the success of such transformations and highlighted the importance of aligning organizational culture with digital transformation goals.Overall, both literature review method and case study method are valuable research approaches that provide unique perspectives on different research questions. The literature review method helps in synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, while the case study method offers detailed insights into real-life situations. Researchers can choose either or both methods based on their research objectives and available resources.。
博士后出站报告书写规范
全国博士后管委会办公室关于统一博士后研究报告书写格式的通知博管办［1995J3号各博士后流动站设站单位：为加强对博士后研究人员科研工作的管理，有利于博士后研究报告的收藏中心编制了《博士后研究报告编写规则》（见附件）, 并决定从1995年4月起，统一博士后研究报告格式，对博士后研究报告进行集中收藏。
现将博士后研究人员期满出站提交博士后研究报告的有关问题通知如下：一、博士后研究人员期满出站，要对其研究工作做认真总结, 严格遵照《博士后研究报告编写规则》撰写博士后研究报告，并印刷装订成册。
研究报告应真实客观地反映其研究工作的进展、结果等情况。
二、蒙设站单位应加强对博士后研究人员科研工作的监督和管理，对期满出站的博士后研究人员提交的《博士后研究报告》进行严格审核和评议，并作为其在站期间科研工作考评、出站评定专业技术职务任职资格和聘任专业技术职务的重要依据之一。
三、各单位在为博士后研究人员办理出站手续时，除按原规定（参阅博管办［1993J12号文件）向全国博士后管委会办公室报送必要的材料外，还需提交两份《博士后研究报告》（报送博士后工作管理体制改革试点省市管理部门的应提交三份，由省市管理部门转交全国博士后管委会办公室两份）。
全国博士后管委会办公室将集中送北京图书馆收藏。
一九九五年二月二十日博士后研究报告编写规则北京图书馆学位学术论文收藏中心全国博士后管委会办公室一九九四年九月Students' School report card of affiliated middle school to WuHan UniversityGrade Grade Two className Jing shuo博士后研究报告编写规则研究报告是描述一项科学技术研究的结果或进展；或一项技术研制试验和评价的结果；或是论述某项科学技术问题的现代和发展的文件。
研究报告是为了呈送科学技术工作主管机构或科学基金会等组织或主持研究的人等。
review
Unit 4 倒装句回顾1. –Look! There ____!--Oh, yes, there ____!A. comes Tom; comes heB. Tom comes; he comesC. Tom comes; comes heD. comes Tom; he comes2. In front of the farmhouse ____A. lay a peasant boyB. laid a peasant boyC. a peasant boyD. did a peasant boy lie3. Not once since my son went to school ____ traveling with him.A. had I goneB. have I goneC. I have goneD. I had gone4. –David has made great progress recently--_____, and _____A. so he has; so you haveB. so has he; so have youC. so he has; so have youD. so has he; so you have5. Not only ____ interested in the football but _____ beginning to show an interest in it.A. the teacher himself is; all his students areB. the teacher himself is; are all his studentsC. is the teacher himself; are all his studentsD. is the teacher himself; all his students are6. Hardly ___ the house when he was caught.A. the chief had enteredB. entered the thiefC. had the chief enteredD. was the thief entering句型转换：1. He didn’t realize the importance of English till he began to work.Not _______ he ________ to work _____ he realize the importance of English. 2. If you had told him the truth, he might have made some suggestions._______ you ________ him the truth, he might have made some suggestions.3. The box could be opened only by using force._______ by using force ______ the box be opened.4. The earthquake was so serious that the UN sent medical supplies to the area.______ serious _____ the earthquake that the UN sent medical supplies to the area. 翻译句子：1. 在任何时候学生都不应考试作弊。
仁爱英语八年级下册ReviewofUnit5课本答案课件
The listening speed and account are appropriate for Grade 8 students, with clear promotion and introduction
Listening question types and skill guidance
Grammatical Structures
Key graphical structures include the use of the present simple tense to discuss general truths and the future tense to talk about plans and predictions Additionally, the passive voice is used to describe actions taken to protect the environment, such as "Waste should be recycled."
The listening materials in this unit are mainly about daily life, school life, and social interactions, which are closely related to students' actual life and learning environment
03
Detailed explanation and answer analysis in the reading comprehension section
Background introduction of reading materials
中图法与科图法简表对照一览-河海大学图书馆
写在前面春回大地，万象更新，在这春意盎然的时节里，新一期《图书馆最新资源速递》又如期与您见面了。
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本期供稿人员：周冰杨小莉宋艺丁马大勇郑林吴丽娣刘忠锦邓鸣超杨露曦熊易胡玲玲吴立志王唏红封丽陆艳洪建河海大学图书馆读者服务部2008. 4.3目录20 社会科学（C 社会科学总论） (5)中文期刊 (5)27 经济、经济学（F 经济） (9)中文期刊 (9)中文图书 (16)31/34 政治、社会生活/法律、法学（D 政治、法律） (17)中文期刊 (17)中文图书 (22)37 文化、科学、教育、体育（G 文化、科学、教育、体育） (27)中文期刊 (27)41 语言、文字学（H语言、文字） (29)中文期刊 (29)50 自然科学（N 自然科学总论） (31)中文期刊 (31)51-54 数学/力学/物理学/化学（O 数理科学和化学） (33)中文期刊 (33)中文图书 (36)外文期刊 (36)55-56 天文学/地球科学（P 天文学、地球科学） (58)中文期刊 (58)外文期刊 (60)58 生物科学(Q 生物科学) (87)中文图书 (87)65 农业科学（S 农业科学） (88)中文期刊 (88)中文图书 (89)外文期刊 (90)71-86 技术科学（T/X 工业技术/环境科学、安全科学） (91)中文期刊 (91)中文图书 (104)外文期刊 (136)外文会议录 (195)河海大学图书馆2008年新增中文现刊馆藏目录 (253)20 社会科学（C 社会科学总论）中文期刊社会科学[月刊]=Jornal of Social Sciences/上海社会科学院.—10期，2007年.—上海：上海社会科学院《社会科学》编辑部，（200020）.15.00元ISSN 0257-5833 CN 31-1112索书号：C/5 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容新苏南模式与两新·组织党建运行机制——以江苏昆山市为实例…………………王世谊 (4) 政府在公民维权中的指导责任和接受监督……………………………………………汤啸天(16) 地方政府考核：双重委托人失效及其政策含义………………………………徐风华王俊杰(25) 泛长江三角洲：世界第六大都市圈未来“一体两翼·新格局…………………………张颊瀚(34) 税费改革后农村公共服务提供机制的比较研究——基于湖北与浙江农村的调查………………………………………………………………………………伏玉林符钢战(40) 论上海发展面临的虚拟经济膨胀问题…………………………………………………高炜宇(47) 社会情境理论：贫困现象的另一种解释…………………………………………………周怡(56) 浦东新郊区建设和人口城市化再推进研究……………………………………………孙嘉丰(63) 后形而上时代的“沟通主义法律观”——啜法律的沟通之维》代译序………………邓正来(69) 单位人格刑事责任沦纲……………………………………………………………………杜文(72) 沦行政行为的代表性…………………………………………………………樊明亚赖声利 (80) 对我国学前教育改革若干问题的文化观照……………………………………………华爱华(87) 《沦语》：孔子弟子博弈之成果——兼谈战国后期儒家八派之争及荀卿的态度……李露平(96) 中西和谐社会思想之异同：经济学说史的视角………………………………………钟祥财(105) 清末新政对民生问题的恶性操作与社会矛盾的激化…………………………………陆兴龙(115) 《月令》；农耕民族的人生模型……………………………………………………………薛富(123) 书生立武勋——湘军功成的内在因素…………………………………………………李志茗(134) 塞上海柴拉报势考略……………………………………………………………………褚晓琦(147) 墓惠与商道：近代上海慈善组织兴起的原因探析……………………………………汪华(154) 走向·间性哲学·的跨文化研究…………………………………………………………周宁(162) 空间，性别与认同——女性写作的·地理学·转向…………………………………陈惠芬（170）月西方理论和方法解析中国古代诗词——叶嘉莹中西诗学研究之阐释……………徐志啸（183）法商研究[双月刊]=Studies in LAW And Business/中南财经政法大学.—第1期，2008年.—武汉市：《法商研究》编辑部，（430073）.18.00元ISSN 1672-0393 CN 42-1664/D索书号：C5/73 馆藏地：本部四楼本期目录内容“美国对华铜版纸案”述评——基于反补贴申诉的考察……………………李仲平李炼(3) 美国反补贴法适用探析——以对“非市场经济国家”的适用为考察对象…………徐泉(10) WTO法律体系下实施“双反”措施的合法性研究——由“美国对华铜版纸案”引发的思考………………………………………………………………………………………臧立(16)从立法中心主义转向司法中心主义?——关于几种“中心主义”研究范式的反思、延伸与比较……………………………………………………………………………………喻中(22) 转化型抢劫罪主体条件的实质解释——以相对刑事责任年龄人的刑事责任为视角………………………………………………………………………………………刘艳红(29) 论我国股权激励的本土创新——股权分置改革视野下的反思与重构………………官欣荣(42) 论以人为本的“人”……………………………………………………………………胡锦光(48) 限时刑法探究……………………………………………………………………………黄明儒(55) 农民土地产权资本化经营实现的法律保障……………………………………………李丽峰(61) 城市土地节约利用法律制度：现状、问题与对策……………………………………王文革(69) 论现行保证制度的局限及其完善——以成本收益分析为中心………………………许德风(78) 保护传统文化的政策目标论纲…………………………………………………………黄玉烨(86) 我国新能源与可再生能源立法之新思维………………………………………………杨解君(92) 美国监管影响分析制度述评……………………………………………………………马英娟(98) 论犯罪的相对性——从绝对理性到相对理性…………………………………………张建军(107) 基于信息的荐证广告之法律规制——以保健品广告为中心…………………………吴元元(113) 环境罚款数额设定的立法研究…………………………………………………………程雨燕(121) 委托调解若干问题研究——对四个基层人民法院委托调解的初步考察……………李浩(133) 中国法律史研究思路新探………………………………………………………………邓建鹏(141) 中国法学会商法学研究会2007年年会综述…………………………………………冯兴俊(147) 第十五届全国经济法理论研讨会综述…………………………………………………管斌(153)复印报刊资料·社会学[月刊]Sociology.—第2期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.10.00元ISSN 1001-344X CN 11-4250/C索书号：C91/3 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容理论研究中国社会发展范式的转换：普遍性与特殊性……………………………………………刘新刚(3) 欧洲社会模式的反思与展望……………………………………………(英)安东尼·吉登斯(10) 分支学科自我行动与自主经营——理解中国人何以将自主经营当作其参与市场实践的首选方式……………汪和建(21) 声望危机下的学术群体——当代知识分子身份地位研究……………………………刘亚秋(37) 中国城市教育分层研究(1949-2003) …………………………………………………郝大海(51) 法律执行的社会学模式——对法律援助过程的法社会学分析………………王晓蓓郭星华(63) 社会发展系统打造农村现代职业体系的创新探索——武汉农村家园建设行动计划和实践的社会学分析之一……………………郑杭生(69) “活着的过去”和“未来的过去”——民俗制度变迁与新农村建设的社会学视野…………………………………杨敏(76) 社会问题解决社会问题的关键：协调好社会各群体之间的关系…………………………………李强(87) 环球视窗美国式的贫困与反贫困...........................................................................张锐(89) 索引 (92)英文目录 (96)领导科学[半月刊]=Leadership Science—第21期，2007年.—河南：领导科学杂志社编辑出版，（450002）.3.80元ISSN1003-2606 CN41-1024/C索书号： C93/8 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容领导科学界的首要政治任务…………………………………………………………本刊编辑部（1）学习贯彻十七大精神把思想和行动统一到党的十七大精神上来——在2007年度省领导与社科葬专家学者座谈会上的讲话…………………………………………………………………………………徐光春（4）新一届中央领导集体治国理政的新方略(上) …………………………………………姜平（9）理论前沿关于领导、发展、以人为本的关系解读…………………………………………………王伟凯（ll）领导方法有效解决集体上访问题的思考与实践…………………………………………………陈丰林（14）引导信访户从“上访路”走上“致富路”………………………………………………邱金义（16）增强班子合力关键要合理分工…………………………………………………………枣甘（13）高校党建工作进网络的探索…………………………………………………张进超詹爱琴（17）市县领导欠发达地区构建和谐社会的着力点……………………………………………………丁善余（20）拓展农业发展思路的五种渠道…………………………………………………………盛高攀（22）乡镇领导推进乡镇党委和谐班子建设的途径……………………………………………………王晓宏（23）乡镇党委如何统揽工作全局……………………………………………………………刘久正（25）职工论坛建立体现科学发展观要求的干部政绩考核机制………………………………………盛克勤（30）组织部门信访工作机制探索……………………………………………………………钟群妹（26）用人之道有效规范干部选任初始提名工作……………………………………………李明辉韩振松（32）如何用好有过失的干部…………………………………………………………………蒋红波（34）办公室领导办公室工作如伺体现科学发展观要求…………………………………………………王合清（36）怎样在被动服务中求得主动……………………………………………………………方黎（38）学术动态中国领导科学研究会2007年年会将在上海市召开 (43)领导决策实现政府公共决策机制法治化的基本途径……………………………………………李光明（40）领导素养领导行为与对人的认识…………………………………………………………………周丽丽（42）军事领导基层政治工作如何贯彻科学发展观……………………………………………………鲁鸿飞（44）培养官兵对制度的敬畏感………………………………………………………………何洪江（46）领导鉴戒“大胜”更须戒骄………………………………………………………………………李颖（48）领导作风领导工作应坚持“三真”原则………………………………………………余丰立朱伟（47）外国政要帕蒂尔：温和印度的政治选择……………………………………………………………史泽华（50）治政史鉴朱元璋的反贪之策………………………………………………………………………韩立竖（52）特别阅读真相(中篇小说梗概) (54)热风细雨“经济提拔”与“提拔经济”…………………………………………………………江波（35）新视野(十七大的历史地位和历史意义)等7篇 (18)中国人才[半月刊]= Chinese Talents Magazine．—第10期，2007年．—北京：中国人才杂志社，（100101）．6.00元ISSN 1003-4072 CN 11-2455/C索书号：C96/5 馆藏地：西康校区四楼江宁校区二楼本期目录内容人才精论“以人才为本”是人才开发的核心 (1)瞭望要闻.政策法规.声音.动态.数字信息 (4)考录：严把公务员“入口”关倡培养造就高素质公务员队伍 (10)人才市揭：为人才成长提供良好机遇与环境 (12)高校毕业生就业服务成效显著 (14)聚焦人事争议仲裁制度迈向新的发展 (15)完善人事争议仲裁构建和谐社会——《人事争议处理规定》解读 (16)努力开创人事争议仲裁工作新局面 (20)“六大人才高峰”彰显人才集聚效应 (21)高技能人才从何而来 (23)造福于民方能造福于己 (25)以.三最.为民生轴心彰显科学发展 (25)理论研究区分公共服务与经营性服务的理论思考 (26)探寻人才科学开发之道 (29)如何实施人才激励 (31)人才铺就小康路·走进昆山实施“人才强市”大战略加速“两个率先”新征程——本刊专访中共昆山市委书记张国华 (38)广纳八方英才创新昆山发展 (42)人才亮点点亮昆山 (44)名家在线科学大家平民本色——记中国测绘科学研究院名誉院长、中国工程院院士刘先林眉 (56)群星闪烁 (59)公务员管理提高公务员考试科学性 (61)加强县乡公务员队伍建设必须从优化人员结构入手 (63)“在线学习”引领干部培训“网络化” (66)事业单位聘用制推行中常见问题与对策分析 (68)如何做好当前外国专家管理与服务工作 (68)西部地区海外引才的一道亮丽风景线 (70)巧用职称评聘“杠杆”支撑人才活力 (72)人才资源配置流动人员人事档案管理难点与对策 (74)搞好毕业生人事档案管理 (77)县域人才开发如何与国际化接轨 (79)集团文化建设落地的关键点 (80)国有企业“二线”人员的开发 (81)简明定位“薪”事不再重重 (83)公备员在受处分期间受到新的处分，处分期如何计算 (85)未满服务期辞职应如何承担违约责任 (86)27 经济、经济学（F 经济）中文期刊世界经济[月刊]=The Journal of World Economy /中国经济学会中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所．—第2期，2008年2月．—北京：《世界经济》编辑部，（100732）．15.00元ISSN1002-9621 CN11—1138/F索书号：F1/45本期目录内容国际贸易与国际投资研发全球化与本土知识交流：对北京跨国公司研发机构的经验分析…………………………………………………………………梁正，薛澜，朱琴，朱雪炜(3) 区际壁垒与贸易的边界效应…………………………………………赵永亮，徐勇，苏桂富(17) 国际金融国际分工体系视角的货币国际化：美元和日元的典型事实……………………徐奇渊，李婧(30) 存在金融体制改革的“中国模式”吗…………………………………………………应展宇等(40) 宏观经济学习惯形成与最优税收结构…………………………………………………………邹薇，刘勇(55) R&D溢出渠道、异质性反应与生产率：基于178个国家面板数据的经验研究……………………………………………………………………………高凌云，王永中(65) 中国经济三种自主创新能力与技术进步：基于DEA方法的经验分析……………李平，随洪光(74) 经济史明代海外贸易管制中的寻租、暴力冲突与国家权力流失：一个产权经济学的视角……………………………………………………………………………………郭艳茹(84) 会议综述第一届青年经济学家研讨会(YES)综述 (95)经济与管理研究[月刊]=Research on Economics and Management/首都经济贸易大学．—第2期，2008年2月．—北京：《经济与管理研究》编辑部，（100026）．10.00元ISSN1000-7636 CN11—1384/F索书号：F2/8本期目录内容会议纪要努力探索中国特色国有公司治理模式——中国特色国有公司治理高层论坛综述 (5)专题论坛改革开放与国有经济战略性调整………………………………………………………王忠明(13) 股权多元化的国有控股公司治理结构特点及其构建………………………………魏秀丽(21) 剩余权的分配与国企产权改革……………………………兰纪平，罗鹏，霍立新，张凤环(28) 企业创新需求与我国自主创新能力的形成：基于收入分配视角………………………张杰，刘志彪(33) 集成创新过程中的三方博弈分析……………………………………………宋伟，彭小宝(38) 创新与企业战略制定模式的演进………………………………………刘鹏，金占明，李庆(43) 企业管理大型国际化零售企业经营绩效的影响因素分析………………………………蔡荣生，王勇(49) 跨团队冲突与组织激励机制分析………………………………………………李欣午(54) 运用基尼系数增强企业薪酬制度的公平性……………………………王令舜，马彤(59) 三农研究乡村旅游发展的公共属性、政府责任与财政支持研究……………单新萍，魏小安(64) 论失地农民长效保障机制的构建………………………………………………魏秀丽(69) 资本市场外资银行进入与东道国银行体系的稳定性：以新兴市场国家为例………………张蓉(74) 挤兑风险与道德风险的权衡：显性存款保险制度下最优保险范围的制定…冯伟，曹元涛(80) 贸易经济在反倾销中对出口商利益的考量………………………………………………金晓晨(86) 我国加征出口关税政策思辨…………………………………………夏骋祥，李克娟(90) 名刊要览公司治理和并购收益 (94)规制——自由化的必由之路：以色列电信市场1984-2005 (94)金融与收入分配不平等：渠道与证据 (94)特别主题论坛：重新审视组织内部和组织自身的“污名”问题 (95)经济理论与经济管理[月刊]= Economic Theory and Business Management.—第11期，2007年.—北京：《经济理论与经济管理》编辑部，（100080）.8.00元ISSN 1000-596X CN 11-1517/F索书号：F2/12 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容深入贯彻落实科学发展观的经济视阈……………………………………………………张雷声(5) 科学发展观与中国特色社会主义经济理论体系的创新与发展…………………………张宇(9) 关于转变经济发展方式的三个问题……………………………………………………方福前(12) 统筹城乡协调发展是落实科学发展观的重大历史任务………………………………秦华(16) 中国进出口贸易顺差的原因、现状及未来展望………………………………王晋斌李南(19) 劳动力市场收入冲击对消费行为的影响………………………………………杜凤莲孙婧芳(26) 中国经济增长中土地资源的“尾效”分析……………………………………………崔云(32) 货币需求弹性、有效货币供给与货币市场非均衡模型解析“中国之谜”与长期流动性过剩……………………………………………………………………………………李治国 (38) 全流通进程中的中国股市全收益率研究………………………………………陈璋李惊(45) 金融体系内风险转移及其对金融稳定性影响研究……………………………………许荣(50) 金融衍生品交易监管的国际合作……………………………………………………谭燕芝等(56) 税收饶让发展面临的挑战及我国的选择………………………………………………张文春(61) 区域产业结构对人民币升值“逆效应”的影响………………………………………孙伯良(66) 企业社会责任管理新理念：从社会责任到社会资本……………………………………易开刚(71) 关于建设创新型国家的讨论综述………………………………………………………杨万东(76)经济理论与经济管理[月刊]= Economic Theory and Business Management.—第1期，2008年.—北京：《经济理论与经济管理》编辑部，（100080）.8.00元ISSN 1000-596X CN 11-1517/F索书号：F2/12 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容经济热点中国宏观经济形势与政策：2007—2008年………………………中国人民大学经济学研究所(5) 理论探索出口战略、代工行为与本土企业创新——来自江苏地区制造业企业的经验证据…张杰等(12) FDI在华独资化的动因——基于吸收能力的分析……………………………秦凤鸣张中楠(20) 学术前沿主权财富基金的发展及对21世纪初世界经济的影响………………………宋玉华李锋(27) 公共经济环境税“双重红利”假说述评……………………………………………………………司言武(34) 基于合谋下的税收征管激励机制设计………………………………………………岳朝龙，等(39) 金融研究内生货币体系下房价波动对货币供求的冲击…………………………………丁晨屠梅曾(43) 基于DEA的中小企业债务融资效率研究………………………………………曾江洪陈迪宇(50) 区域经济地区经济增长中的金融要素贡献的差异与金融资源配置优化——基于环北部湾(中国)经济区的实证分析…………………………………范祚军等(54) 工商管理基于价值链的预算信息协同机制研究………………………………………………张瑞君，等(59) 公司特征、行业特征和产业转型类型的实证研究……………………………王德鲁宋学锋(64) 国际经济基于市场体系变迁的中国与欧洲银行业发展比较……………………………胡波郭艳(70) 动态与综述我国发展现代农业问题讨论综述………………………………………………………王碧峰(75) 全国马克思列宁主义经济学说史学会第十一次学术研讨会纪要……………………张旭(80)国有资产管理[月刊]= State assets management /中国人民共和国财政部.-第1期，2008年.—北京：《国有资产管理》杂志社，(100036) .10.00元ISSN 1002-4247 CN 11-2798索书号：F2/51 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容贯彻落实科学发展观开创中央企业又好又快发展新局面.................................李荣融（4）努力做好新形势下的监事会工作..................................................................黄丹华（8）资产评估行业发展的重要里程碑...............................................................朱志刚（13）加快评估立法步伐加强评估法律体系建设................................................石秀诗（15）资产评估行业将进入新的发展时期............................................................李伟（16）提升资产评估执业质量促进资本市场健康发展..........................................李小雪（17）评估准则对中国不动产及相关资产评估的作用..............................埃尔文.费南德斯（18）发挥评估准则对中国资产评估行业健康发展的作用.......................................林兰源（20）正确发展适合中国国情的评估准则..........................................格来格.麦克纳马拉（21）财政部国资委关于印发《中央企业国有资本收益收取管理暂行办法》的通知 (22)财政部关于印发《中央国有资本经营预算编报试行办法》的通知 (25)力口快建立国有资本经营预算推动国民经济又好又快发展..............................贾谌（28）关于国有企业改制和整体上市..................................................................季晓南（30）加快建立科学规范的财务监督体系............................................................孟建民（39）贯彻科学发展观’开创财务监督管理工作新局面..........................................赵杰（43）寓监管于服务之中——对做好四川国资监管工作的思考.................................李成云（47）努力实现广西区国资国企健康发展............................................................尹建国（49）新企业会计准则对国资监管可能带来的影响................................................安玉理（52）2007年宏观经济形势分析及2008年展望 (54)央企人力资源管理的“蜕变”......................................................周放生张应语（57）推进预算管理与资产管理相结合的实践探索.......................................广东省财政厅（60）规范事业资产管理保障水利事业可持续发展..............................水利部财务经济司（63）全面提高产权管理水平推动中国石化快速发展.....................中国石油化工集团公司（66）规范运作加快整合提高控股上市公司的核心竞争力......中国航空工业第一集团公司（69）强化产权制度建设实现产权规范有序流转.................................国家开发投资公司（71）加强国有资产评估管理确保国有资产有效流转...........................中国电信集团公司（74）上市公司国有股价值变化的信息披露.............................................文宗瑜谭静（77）进一步提高中央企业安全生产管理水平 (80)国有资产管理[月刊]= State assets management /中国人民共和国财政部—2期，2008年.—北京：《国有资产管理》杂志社，(100036) .10.00元ISSN 1002-4247 CN 11-2798索书号：F2/51 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容进一步提高中央企业安全生产管理水平.........................................................黄淑和（4）关于中央企业履行社会责任的指导意见 (10)深入贯彻落实科学发展观更好地推进中央企业履行社会责任工作——国务院国资委就《关于中央企业履行社会责任的指导意见》答记者问 (12)完善体制机制和政策措施促进经济发展方式转变.......................................陈柱兵（17）转变国有经济发展方式实现国有资产保值增值.......................................郭复初等（21）国有独资公司董事会的重塑.....................................................................赵大鹏（25）加强沟通交流提高监督质量......................................................张仆杨中静（29）以科学发展理念构建地方国资监管体系的思考.............................................汤光强（31）2008年宏观经济增长趋势展望及政策建议...................................................课题组（34）强化资产安全与效益监管服务交通事业又好又快发展........................交通部财务司（38）积极探索整合资源加强事业单位国有资产处置管理........................湖南省财政厅（41）全面开创国有资产管理工作新局面...................................................河南省财政厅（43）在实践中不断捉高集团公司产权管理水平.................................中国核工业集团公司（46）规范产权管理做好主辅分离助推企业发展........................中国冶金科工集团公司（49）公司治理与企业竞争力...........................................................................周放生（53）中国资产评估协会关于印发《资产评估准则——评估报告》等7项资产评估准则的通知 (55)国有公司治理结构存在的问题及其法律风险防范……………………………………王玉宝（61）加强对外投资及多种经营监管…………………………………………………………张凯（64）盈余管理对企业有益性的探讨…………………………………………………………葛晓红（66）国有企业引进战略投资者的策略……………………………………………屈艳芳郭敏（68）促进我国企业内部控制的建设………………………………………………张宜霞文远怀（71）企业年金信托管理的治理结构研究(一) ……………………………………李连仁周伯岩（74）美英国家政府绩效考评对我国的启示与借鉴…………………………………………聂常虹（76）复印报刊资料·外贸经济、国际贸易[月刊]=Economy of Foreign Trade And Internaional Trade.—第1期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.11.00元ISSN 1001-3407 CN 11-4289/F索书号：F7/17 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容本刊综述2007年国际贸易与我国对外贸易问题综述………………………………………………王亚星(3) 研究与探讨试论新贸易理论之新……………………………………………………………郭界秀朱廷捃(9) 比较优势理论的有效性：基于中国历史数据的检验……………………………………管汉晖(14) 制度分析视角中的贸易开放与经济增长——以投资效率为中心……………………盘为龙(23) 国际贸易、外国直接投资、经济增长对环境质量的影响——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线研究的回顾与展望…………………………胡亮潘厉(30) 贸易政策贸易模式与国家贸易政策差异…………………………………………………………曹吉云(37) 分工演进对贸易政策的影响分析——基于交易成本的考虑…………………张亚斌李峰(44) 中国贸易结构的变化特点、决定要素以及政策建议……………………………………章艳红(50) 专题：进出口贸易二元经济结构、实际汇率错位及其对进出口贸易影响的实证分析……………………吕剑(56) 人民币汇率波动性对中国进出口影响的分析……………………………………谷宇高铁梅(66) 中国对外贸易出口结构存在的问题……………………………………………………魏浩(75) 服务贸易国际知识型服务贸易发展的现状、前景及我国对策分析……………………潘菁刘辉煌(80) 国际服务外包趋势与我国服务外包的发展……………………………………李岳云席庆高(86) 文摘加快我国资本输出和经济国际化的建议......................................................裴长洪(90) 双赢的中美经贸关系缘何被扭曲...............................................................李若谷(91) 索引 (93)英文目录 (96)复印报刊资料·市场营销 [月刊]=Marketing.—第2期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.6.00元ISSN 1009-1351 CN 11-4288/F索书号：F7/26 馆藏地：西康校区四楼视点营销资讯 (4)特别关注激情燃烧的岁月——行将远去的2007…………………………………………………刘超等(6) 营销创新数字营销上路……………………………………………………………………………岳占仁(12) 手机广告：精准营销的黄金地段…………………………………………………………王浩(15) 论坛营销分析中小企业网上营销安全问题分析...............................................................潘素琼(17) 如何克服电子邮件营销中的广种薄收.........................................................郝洁莹(19) 国产洗发水何以走出迷局? (21)营销人物校长茅理翔………………………………………………………………………………叶丽雅(23) 营销策略博客营销策略……………………………………………………………………………缪启军(26) 企业社会责任标准下的出口营销策略转变……………………………………于晓玲胡日新(29) 品牌管理品牌管理的价值法则……………………………………………………………………辰平(30) 品牌延伸：中国企业需要补课……………………………………………………………曾朝晖(33) 渠道管理渠道模式：一半是火焰一半是海水………………………………………………………钱言(36) 弱势品牌渠道拓展之路…………………………………………………………吴勇毅陈绍华(39) 销售管理销售经理管控销售队伍的四种工具……………………………………………………谢宗云(41) 遭遇难题，见招拆招……………………………………………………………虞坚老树(44) 销售冠军是怎样炼成的——专访苏宁朝阳路店店长刘玉君…………………………齐鹏(47) 成功策划“右手之戒”成就戴比尔斯 (49)拉芳舍一个休闲餐饮王国扩张之谜……………………………………………………王翼(51) 阿尔迪最赚钱的“穷人店”………………………………………………………………杨育谋(53) 个案解读LG巧克力手机得失之间…………………………………………………………………林景新(56) 南京菲亚特：四面楚歌……………………………………………………………………陈宇祥(58) 奥克斯：反思“三大败笔”…………………………………………………………………刘步尘(62)财经科学[月刊]=Finance And Economics—第4期，2007年.—成都：《财经科学》编辑部，（610074）.8.00元ISSN1000-8306 CN51-1104/F索书号： F8/19 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼。
实用任务型学术写作课件Unit9LiteratureReview
2. What is the significance of the review?
It is now known that this pleiotropic hormone has profound effects on plasticity in the developing and adult brain.
Task Preparation 1
Fill in the following table using a key sentence.
Key
Review Topic Many theories have been proposed to explain what
motivates human behavior.
These themes are: incorporation of the self-concept into traditional theories of motivation, the influence of rewards on motivation, the increasing importance of internal forces of motivation, autonomy and selfcontrol as sources ofmotivation, and narcissism as an essential component of motivation. Although the literature represents these themes in a variety of contexts, this paper will primarily focus on their application to self-motivation.
pattern recognition under review
pattern recognition under reviewPattern recognition is a field of study that focuses on the identification and interpretation of patterns in data. It involves the use of algorithms and statistical techniques to detect and extract various patterns from a given dataset.There are various applications of pattern recognition, including image and speech recognition, machine learning, computer vision, and data mining. Pattern recognition algorithms are designed to analyze and interpret the data, finding patterns that can be used for classification, prediction, or decision-making purposes.In order to evaluate the effectiveness of pattern recognition algorithms, researchers often conduct experimental studies and compare the performance of different approaches. This involves collecting datasets, designing experiments, implementing algorithms, and analyzing the results. The review process involves experts in the field assessing the methodological soundness, novelty, and significance of the research.Pattern recognition research papers typically undergo a thorough peer-review process before they are accepted for publication in academic journals or presented at conferences. During the review process, the paper is evaluated by experts in the field who assess the quality and validity of the research. Reviewers provide feedback and critique, suggesting improvements and pointing out any shortcomings.The review process helps ensure the quality and reliability of pattern recognition research. By subjecting papers to rigorousscrutiny, it improves the accuracy and credibility of the published results. It also helps researchers to refine their methodology, address any limitations, and make their work more accessible to the scientific community.Overall, the review of pattern recognition research plays a crucial role in advancing the field, promoting high-quality research, and facilitating knowledge dissemination. It helps researchers to stay updated on the latest advancements and contributes to the overall growth and development of pattern recognition as a discipline.。
英文文献引用规范
英文文献引用规范1、文献引证参考文献引用的规范按（the American Psychological Association）规范，本节提供部分实例，供参考。
1.1 正文中的引证学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。
1.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，如：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文着作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005)1.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。
英文审稿意见
英文审稿意见【篇一：一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板】一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿，第一次做这个工作，还有点不知如何表达。
幸亏遇上我的处女审稿，我想不会枪毙它的，给他一个major revision后接收吧。
呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。
it is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical english editing paying particular attention to english grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。
in general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的rationale:also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨：the conclusions are overstated. for example, the study did not show if the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定：a hypothesis needs to be presented。
英语作文书评模板
英语作文书评模板English Essay Book Review TemplateReading a book can be a transformative experience, allowing us to step into new worlds, explore different perspectives, and gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the human condition. As an avid reader, I have had the privilege of delving into a vast array of literary works, each one leaving a lasting impression on my mind. In this essay, I will provide a template for crafting a comprehensive book review, sharing the key elements that I believe are essential for a well-rounded and insightful analysis.The first and perhaps most crucial aspect of a book review is the summary of the plot or central narrative. This section should provide a concise yet detailed overview of the story, introducing the main characters, the central conflict or theme, and the key events that drive the plot forward. It is important to strike a balance, offering enough information to give the reader a clear understanding of the book's essence without revealing too many spoilers that could diminish the reading experience for potential readers.Following the plot summary, the next crucial element is theexploration of the book's themes and messages. This is where the reviewer delves deeper, examining the underlying ideas and concepts that the author seeks to convey. What are the central themes that the book explores, and how do they resonate with the reader's own experiences and understanding of the world? How do these themes contribute to the overall meaning and significance of the work? By delving into the thematic layers of the book, the reviewer can offer valuable insights that enhance the reader's appreciation and understanding.Closely tied to the thematic analysis is the examination of the book's characters. A well-crafted book often features a cast of complex and multidimensional characters who drive the narrative and embody the themes of the work. The reviewer should delve into the development and evolution of the main characters, analyzing their motivations, struggles, and the ways in which they change or are transformed throughout the story. This character analysis can provide valuable insights into the human condition and the author's exploration of the human experience.Another crucial aspect of a book review is the evaluation of the writing style and literary techniques employed by the author. This includes an examination of the author's use of language, the rhythm and flow of the prose, the effective use of descriptive imagery, and the overall narrative structure. A skilled reviewer can identify thestylistic choices that enhance or detract from the reading experience, and offer constructive feedback on the strengths and weaknesses of the author's writing.In addition to the narrative and stylistic analysis, a comprehensive book review should also include the reviewer's personal response to the work. This section allows the reviewer to share their own thoughts, feelings, and reactions to the book, and to explain how the work has impacted them on a personal level. Did the book resonate with the reviewer's own experiences and beliefs? Did it challenge their preconceptions or offer a new perspective? By sharing their personal reflections, the reviewer can provide a more nuanced and engaging evaluation of the book.Finally, the book review should conclude with a overall assessment of the work, highlighting the reviewer's final verdict on the book's merits and shortcomings. This section should synthesize the various elements of the review, offering a balanced and well-reasoned judgment on the book's quality, significance, and recommended readership. The conclusion should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the reviewer's perspective and a sense of whether the book is worth exploring.In this template, I have outlined the key components that I believe are essential for a comprehensive and insightful book review. Byaddressing the plot summary, thematic analysis, character development, writing style, personal response, and overall assessment, the reviewer can provide a well-rounded and engaging evaluation that enhances the reader's understanding and appreciation of the literary work. Ultimately, the goal of a book review is to share the reviewer's unique perspective and to inspire others to discover the transformative power of literature.。
英语语法5大最基本句型PPT课件
five basic sentence patterns • Summary and Review
contents
目录
• introduction • Overview of the Five Basic
Example sentence
"John gave a book to Mary."
Analysis
This pattern includes a subject (John), a predicate (gave), and an object (a book) that receives the action.
01 introduction
01 introduction
Purpose and background
Purpose
To provide a clear understanding of the 5 most basic sentence patterns in English grammar.
Good grammar is a prerequisite for strong writing skills. It lays the foundation for clear, coherent, and wellstructured writing.
Confidence
A good grasp of grammar gives one confidence in their writing and speaking abilities, allowing them to express themselves more freely and creatively.
inquire about review progress -回复
inquire about review progress -回复Review ProgressIntroduction:Review progress plays a crucial role in the success of any project or task. It helps in assessing the current status, identifying bottlenecks, and setting new goals. In this article, we will discuss thestep-by-step process of reviewing progress and its importance in achieving desired outcomes.1. Define the purpose of the review:Before starting the review process, it is essential to define the purpose or objective of the review. Clearly stating the goal will enable the team to focus on specific areas and set realistic expectations.2. Gather relevant data:The next step involves collecting all the necessary data and information related to the project or task. This can include project reports, performance metrics, feedback from stakeholders, and any other relevant documentation. It is crucial to have accurate andup-to-date data to ensure an objective review.3. Analyze the data:Once all the relevant data is gathered, it is time to analyze it thoroughly. This step involves identifying trends, patterns, and areas of improvement. By analyzing the data, the team can gain insights into what is working well and what needs to be changed or enhanced.4. Identify strengths and weaknesses:During the review process, it is important to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of the project or task. Recognizing strengths helps in maintaining and leveraging them, while identifying weaknesses assists in devising strategies for improvement. A comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses serves as a foundation for setting future goals.5. Set new objectives:Based on the analysis of data and identification of strengths and weaknesses, the next step is to set new objectives. These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, andtime-bound (SMART). Setting SMART goals ensures clarity andprovides a roadmap for the team to follow.6. Develop an action plan:After setting the new objectives, it is crucial to develop an action plan outlining the steps required to achieve those goals. This plan should include specific tasks, responsible individuals, deadlines, and resources required. A well-structured action plan helps in effective implementation and ensures accountability.7. Implement the action plan:The action plan developed in the previous step is put into action in this stage. The team members execute the tasks assigned to them, ensuring timely progress. Regular communication and coordination among team members are essential to ensure smooth implementation.8. Monitor progress:Monitoring the progress throughout the implementation phase is vital to ensure that the set objectives are being achieved. This can be done by tracking performance metrics, conducting periodic reviews, and seeking feedback from stakeholders. Regular monitoring helps in identifying any deviations from the plan andallows for timely corrective actions.9. Review and recalibrate:The final step in the review progress process is to review and recalibrate the plan as required. This step involves analyzing the progress made, assessing the effectiveness of the action plan, and making any necessary adjustments. Reviewing and recalibrating regularly helps in adapting to changing circumstances and improving overall performance.Conclusion:Reviewing progress is a critical component of any project or task. It allows teams to assess their performance, identify areas for improvement, and set new goals. By following a structured process of defining the purpose, gathering data, analyzing, identifying strengths and weaknesses, setting objectives, developing an action plan, implementing, monitoring, and reviewing, teams can ensure continuous improvement and achieve desired outcomes.。
Literature,Review,of,Prefabricated,Chunks
Literature,Review,of,Prefabricated,Chunks おお作者简介：何微微（1980-），女，汉族，四川自贡人，助教，硕士，主要从事应用语言学、英语教学法研究。
Abstract：This article provides an overview of the research on prefabricated chunks both at home and abroad.It describes the definition of prefabricated chunks，its classifications，and the related research in this field.This paper emphasizes that the application of prefabricated chunks has important implications to English teaching and learning in China.Key words：prefabricated chunks；definition；classifications；SLA researchオ1.IntroductionIn recent years，the role of prefabricated chunks in language teaching and learning has been in the focus of attention of many language teachers and researchers.The ever awareness of prefabricated chunks in native-speaker performance leads to rethinking the approaches to language teaching and learning.Prefabricated chunks are language units which exit with high frequency in language.They are composites of grammar，semantics and pragmatics.They play a vital role in everyday communication，contributing to the ease，fluency and appropriateness in listening，speaking，reading and writing.Therefore，teaching prefabricated chunks is a new language pedagogical theory，and it is based on the rationale that language consists not of traditional grammar and vocabulary but often of multi-word prefabricated chunks.2.The definition of prefabricated chunksAttempts have been made to explore the phenomenon of prefabricated chunks in both first and second language acquisition.The particular language is characterized with“ready-made”or“unanalyzed whole”.Different commentators use overlapping terms to describe this phenomenon，such as prefabricated chunks（Becker，1975&Bolinger，1976），formulaic utterances （Fillmore Wong，1976），formulaic speech（Ellis，1985），routine formulas （Yorio，1980），lexical chunks（Michael Lewis，1993），formulaic expression （Fillmore Wong，1976），speech formulas（Peters，1977）.However，no coherent term and definition have yet emerged.Many applied linguists have tried to define prefabricated chunks.The following are some important ones：Concerning the prefabricated chunks，Lyons（1968）paid attention to the phenomenon of formulaicity and described it as“expressions which are learned as unanalyable wholes and employed on particular occasions…”However，he did not provide a specific name for these expressions.In the1970s，Becker（1975）&Bolinger（1976）initially proposed the term“prefabricated chunks”，which refers to the multi-word，fixed or semi-fixed formulaic"chunks"of language，between the traditional grammar and lexis.Pawley and Syder（1983）described this phenomenon of language as“a unit of clause length or longer whose grammatical form and lexical content is wholly or largely fixed”.According to them，they regard it as the key to fluent and idiomatic control of a language.In consideration of the nature of prefabricated chunks，Wray（2002）gave a specific definition，that is，“a sequence，continuous or discontinuous of words or other meaning elements，which is，or appears to be，prefabricated：that is，stored or retrieved whole from memory at the time of use，rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar.”The key notion in the above definition is the following words"stored or retrieved whole from memory at the time of use，rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar."Apparently，Wray"s definition is moreoriented towards explanation of the formation of the certain language sequences and it resorts to psycholinguistics to prove that prefabricated chunks offer processing benefits to speakers and hearers by providing a short cut to production and comprehension.3.The classifications of prefabricated chunksBecause of different definitions given by different scholars from various focuses，the generally-accepted classifications of prefabricated chunks are still far from perfection.Becker（1975）classified prefabricated chunks into the following six categories：（1）polywords which are short phrases，like oldest profession，for good;（2）phrasal constraints，for instance By sheer coincidence;（3）meta-messages which are phrases employed to replace the whole passage，like For that matter…，….that is all；（4）sentence builders，like I think that…（5）situational utterances which refer to pragmatic phrases used in certain intercommunicated circumstances，such as How can I ever pay you?（6）verbatim texts which are selected and stored whole from verbatim record，like Better later than never.Although the classification given by Becker（1975）is not specific and do not clearly distinguish the two differences between function andstructure，it is no denying that the classification by Becker（1975）provides a valuable framework for further academic research in this field.Howarth（1998）gives a much more specific classification from functional perspective.He classified prefabricated chunks into the following four categories：（1）functional expressions;（2）composite units;（3）lexical collocations;（4）grammatical collocations.Howarth（1998）fully takes the variability of formulaic language into consideration and regards prefabricated chunks as a continuum from fixity to innovation，which makes important breakthroughs from the previousresearches.But he does not fully distinguish the differences between structure and function.Among all of the classifications，this kind of classifications given by James R.Nattinger&Jeanette S.Decarrico（1992）seems to be more accepted.Prefabricated chunks are categorized into four formal types by Nattinger& Decarrico（1992）from pragmatic perspective：（1）.polywords which are short phrases functioning like individual lexical items and allow no variability，for example，by the way;（2）.institutionalized expressions which are proverbs，aphorisms，formulas for social interactions，all of which a speaker has found efficient to store as units，like How do you do?（3）.phrasal constraints which are short-to-medium length phrases and allow variation of lexical and phrasal categories，like as well as…;（4）sentence builders which are formulaic expressions that provide the framework for a whole sentence，for instance，in my opinion…，it seems that….4.The related research on prefabricated chunks4.1The related research abroadThe realization of the dualism of language gave prominence to the importance of prefabricated chunks in second language acquisition.In the late 1980s，Widdowson（1989）advocates the learning of prefabricated chunks is more important than learning grammar.To great extent，language learning is basically prefabricated chunks learning，while grammar is not generative but plays the function of corresponding.In the following decades，many scholars（Howarth，1998;Lewis，1993; Pawley&Syder，1993;Weinert，1995;Wray，2000）have done theoretical research and pinpointed the lack of prefabricated chunks in L2learners and call for attaching importance to prefabricated chunks learning.4.2The related research in chinaThe history of research on prefabricated chunks in China is not long，and the research in this field mainly focuses on the illustration of theimportance and function of prefabricated chunks and encourages second language teachers to adopt the method of teaching in terms of prefabricated chunks.4.2.1Theoretical ResearchPu-Jianzhong&Wei-Naixing（2000）emphasized“learning English with words as the starting point and the use of words as the focus of attention”and LianJie（2001）acknowledged“English lexical phrases play an important role in the learning of English as a second language.”The above two studies stress the importance of prefabricated chunks in the learning of second language acquisition.Pu-Jianzhong（2003）advocated“the emphasis of vocabulary instruction should be put on prefabricated chunks”and other researchers（Ding-Yanren& QiYan，2001，HuangQiang，2002）also did the research on the acquisition of prefabricated chunks in the process of second language acquisition.4.2.2Empirical ResearchEmpirical research in China is relatively limited，and in the following parts，a typical empirical example is selected to show the relation between prefabricated chunks and the quality of EFL learners"oral output.ExampleOral English empirical study by Wen-Qiufang（2006）The general description of this researchWen-Qiufang（2006）did the study on speaking vocabulary development.The study analyzed56English majors"spoken English data from a longitudinal perspective in an attempt to reveal patterns of change in speaking English vocabulary breath，word variation and fluency.Their spoken English data was collected four time in the year of2001，2002，2003and2004，and then their changes were calculated on terms of three periods Year1-Year2，Year2-Year 3，Year3-Year4.The56subjects in each period could display eight different patterns，each of which include three indexes which either progress or regress.According to the total number of progress index in three consecutive periods，the subjects were classified into different groups.The results and discussionThis research yielded that the English majors invested do show some patterned behaviors in their speaking vocabulary development：（1）the students who have poor master of English when they enter university made rapid progress while the progress of those who do well in English before is much slower.（2）The better their English is，the less benefit they gain in the course of teaching procedures.The result reflects a prevalent problem existing in college instructionfor English Majors，that is，the students who have good master of English when they enter university are ignored by college teachers in the course of teachers"instruction，but it should not blame these college teachers，because the number of students in one class are large and teachers cannot payattention to all the students which are at different levels in their English proficiency，and in addition，those at lower levels are in bad need of teachers"help.ments on previous studies on prefabricated chunksAfter taking a close look at the previous studies on prefabricated chunks presented above，it requires little effort to notice some limitations，which justify further research on such an issue.Firstly，all the studies had not given a clear definition to the concept of prefabricated chunks.The absence of a clear definition would make it difficult to identify what negative factors can be counted as prefabricated chunks while others cannot.An extreme instance may be that different researchers might have quite different ideas in mind when talking about prefabricated chunks and this disadvantage may make the research findings difficult to generalize.As for Wray"s tentative definition（2002）his elaboration might need modifications to make the concept of prefabricated chunks more accommodative and conclusive.Secondly，because of different definitions given by different scholars，the classifications of prefabricated chunks are different，so the results of these scholars are difficult to popularize.Thirdly，the research in this field by Chinese scholars is limited and most of their studies are theoretical not empirical.Therefore，more studies，especially empirical studies are needed so that the research findings can be easy to generalize in China.Last but not least，Chinese scholars advocate to the application of prefabricated chunks to English writing course.To an extent，the research of speaking ability is ignored，maybe the key reason is that oral English research is hard to carry out and the research period needed is a bit long，but it is believed that the findings of prefabricated chunks used in oral English course will be more valuable both to the teachers and the students.オReferences：［1］Becker，J.1975.The Phrasal Lexicon.In R.Shank& B.L.Nash-Webber （Eds.）Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing.Cambridge，MA：Bolt Berank and Newman.［2］Bolinger，D.1976.Aspects of Language12nd edition.New York：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.［3］Ellis，R.1985.Understanding Second Language Acquisition.Oxford：Pergamon Institute of English.［4］Howarth，P.1998.Phraseology and Second Language Proficiency.Applied Linguistics19.24-44.［5］Lewis，M.1993.The Lexical Approach：the State of ELT and a Way forward.Hove：Language teaching publications.［6］Lyons，J.1968.Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics.Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.［7］Nattinger，J.R.&J.S.Decarrico.1992.Leical Phrases and Language Teaching.Oxford：Oxford University Press.［8］Peters，Ann nguage-Learning Strategies：Does the whole equal the sum of the parts?Language53，560-73.［9］Pawley，A.&Syder，F.H.1993.Two Puzzles for Linguistic Theory：Native-like Seletion and Native-like Influence.In J.Richards&R.Schmit （Eds.），Language and Communication.London：Longman.［10］Weinert，R.1995.The role of Formulaic language in Second Language Acquisition a Review.Applied Linguistics16：180-205.［11］Wong Fillmore.1976.The Second Time Around：Cognitive and Social Strategies in Second Language Acquisition.Stanford UniversityPh.D.dissertation.［12］Wray，A.2000.Formulaic Sequences in Second Language Teaching Principles and Practice.Applied Linguistics21：463-89.［13］Wray.A.2002.Formulaic Language and the Lexicon.Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.［14］Yorio，C.1980.Conventionalized Forms and the Development of Communicative Competence，TESOL Quarterly，XIV（4），433-442［31］.［15］黄强.2002.高年级英语学生词汇搭配习得的实证性研究.《解放军外国语学院学报》（4）：73-76.［16］廉洁.2001.词汇短语对第二语言习得的作用.《外语界》（4）：29-34.［17］濮建忠&卫乃兴.2000.词汇和语法.《解放军外国语学院学报》（2）：1-4.［18］濮建忠.2003.英语词汇教学中的类联接、搭配及词块.《外语教学与研究》（6）：439-445.［19］戚焱.2005.预制语块与大学英语写作.《山东外语教学》（5）：64-66.［20］文秋芳.2006.英语专业学生口语词汇进步模式研究.《外语电化教学》（8）：3-8.。
英语必修三二单元作文review常用句型
英语必修三二单元作文review常用句型Title: Review of Common Sentence Patterns in English Unit 3, Book 2In English Unit 3 of Book 2, we covered a variety of sentence patterns that are commonly used in writing and speaking. These sentence patterns are essential for effective communication and can help you convey your thoughts clearly and concisely. In this review, we will break down some of the common sentence patterns in Unit 3 and provide examples to help you understand how to use them correctly.1. Subject + Verb + ObjectThis is the most basic sentence pattern in English. It consists of a subject, a verb, and an object. For example:- She (subject) loves (verb) reading books (object).2. Subject + Verb + AdverbIn this sentence pattern, an adverb is used to modify the verb. For example:- He (subject) plays (verb) the piano (adverb) beautifully.3. Subject + Verb + AdjectiveAn adjective is used to describe the subject in this sentence pattern. For example:- The (adjective) children (subject) are (verb) playful.4. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct ObjectThis sentence pattern includes both an indirect object and a direct object. For example:- She (subject) gave (verb) me (indirect object) a book (direct object).5. Subject + Verb + Object + ComplementA complement is used to complete the meaning of the sentence. For example:- He (subject) made (verb) her (object) happy (complement).6. Subject + Verb + Object + ObjectIn this sentence pattern, two objects are used to show both the recipient and the thing received. For example:- She (subject) sent (verb) him (indirect object) a letter (direct object).Overall, these sentence patterns are essential for building strong, clear, and effective sentences in English. By masteringthese sentence structures, you will be able to communicate your ideas more effectively and improve your overall writing and speaking skills. Practice using these patterns in your daily conversations and writing to enhance your English proficiency and confidence.。
九年级英语旅游文化体验单选题40题
九年级英语旅游文化体验单选题40题1.Which of the following is NOT a famous tourist attraction in London?A.Big BenB.The Eiffel TowerC.Buckingham PalaceD.The Tower of London答案：B。
本题考查伦敦的著名旅游景点。
选项A“Big Ben”（大本钟）是伦敦的著名景点；选项C“Buckingham Palace” 白金汉宫）是伦敦的著名景点；选项D“The Tower of London”（伦敦塔）是伦敦的著名景点。
而选项B“The Eiffel Tower” 埃菲尔铁塔）是在巴黎，不是在伦敦。
2.In which country can you visit the Great Wall?A.IndiaB.ChinaC.JapanD.The United States答案：B。
本题考查长城所在的国家。
长城是中国的著名景点，选项 A 印度、选项C 日本、选项D 美国都没有长城。
3.Which is a famous tourist city in Australia?A.SydneyB.New YorkC.TokyoD.Beijing答案：A。
本题考查澳大利亚的著名旅游城市。
选项A“Sydney” 悉尼）是澳大利亚的著名城市；选项B“New York”（纽约）是美国的城市；选项C“Tokyo”（ 东京）是日本的城市；选项D“Beijing”（ 北京）是中国的城市。
4.Which of the following is a famous tourist island in Thailand?A.Hainan IslandB.Phuket IslandC.Hawaii IslandD.Iceland答案：B。
本题考查泰国的著名旅游岛屿。
选项A“Hainan Island” 海南岛）是中国的岛屿；选项C“Hawaii Island” 夏威夷岛）是美国的岛屿；选项D“Iceland”（ 冰岛）是一个国家。
inventory periodic review system
inventory periodic review systemInventory Periodic Review SystemIntroduction:In today's fiercely competitive business environment, efficient inventory management is critical for the success of any organization. Inventory management involves maintaining optimal levels of inventory to meet customer demands while minimizing costs and avoiding stockouts or excess inventory. One popular method used by businesses to achieve this balance is the Inventory Periodic Review System. This system relies on periodic reviews of inventory levels to determine when and how much to reorder. In this article, we will explore the key components of this system, its advantages and disadvantages, and how to implement it effectively.Key Components of the Inventory Periodic Review System:1. Review Period:The first component of the Inventory Periodic Review System is the review period. This is the time interval between successive reviews of inventory levels. The length of the review period depends on various factors such as the lead time for replenishment, demand variability, and the desired level of stockout risk. A shorter review period reduces the risk of stockouts but may lead to higher ordering costs, while a longer review period may increase the risk of stockouts but minimizes ordering costs.2. Review Quantity:The review quantity is the amount of inventory to be orderedduring each review period. It is determined by considering factors such as the average demand during the review period, the desired service level, and the lead time for replenishment. The review quantity should be sufficient to meet expected demand for the next review period while taking into account the variability in demand and lead time.3. Reorder Point:The reorder point is the inventory level at which a new order is placed. It is calculated by adding the expected demand during the lead time to the safety stock. The safety stock acts as a buffer to account for demand variability and lead time uncertainty. The reorder point determines when to initiate the review process and place a replenishment order.Advantages of the Inventory Periodic Review System:1. Simplicity:One of the main advantages of the Inventory Periodic Review System is its simplicity. The system does not require real-time tracking of inventory levels but relies on periodic reviews, which makes it easier to implement and maintain. This simplicity makes it a suitable choice for small and medium-sized businesses with limited resources and expertise in inventory management.2. Cost Savings:By reviewing and ordering inventory at regular intervals, the Inventory Periodic Review System helps businesses avoid costly excessive stock levels and stockouts. Maintaining excessive stock ties up working capital and incurs additional holding costs, whilestockouts can lead to lost sales and customer dissatisfaction. The system helps strike a balance between these two extremes, resulting in cost savings for the organization.3. Flexibility:The periodic nature of the Inventory Periodic Review System allows businesses to adjust their order quantities based on changing market conditions and demand patterns. As the review period is determined internally, the system provides more flexibility compared to systems that rely on fixed order quantities at fixed intervals. This flexibility helps businesses respond better to market fluctuations and customer demands.Disadvantages of the Inventory Periodic Review System:1. Risk of Stockouts:One notable disadvantage of the Inventory Periodic Review System is the risk of stockouts. Since the system relies on periodic reviews, there is a possibility of running out of stock between two reviews if there is higher-than-expected demand or delays in replenishment. Although safety stock is included in the calculation, it may not always be sufficient to mitigate unforeseen variations.2. Holding Costs:While the Inventory Periodic Review System helps reduce inventory holding costs, it still requires maintaining some level of safety stock. Holding costs include expenses such as storage, insurance, and obsolescence. By keeping a buffer stock, businesses incur these costs even during periods of low demand or slow sales. The challenge lies in finding the right balance between holdingenough stock to satisfy customer demand and minimizing holding costs.Effective Implementation of the Inventory Periodic Review System:To implement the Inventory Periodic Review System effectively, businesses should consider the following steps:1. Data Collection and Analysis:Collecting accurate and reliable data is crucial for successful inventory management. Gather information on historical demand patterns, lead times, and other relevant factors. Analyze this data to determine the review period, review quantity, and reorder point that best suit your organization's requirements and objectives.2. Establishing Safety Stock Levels:Calculate the appropriate safety stock level by considering demand variability and lead time uncertainty. Different statistical techniques such as standard deviation can be employed to estimate the safety stock requirements. Review and update safety stock levels periodically based on changes in demand or lead time.3. Monitoring Performance:Regularly monitor the performance of the Inventory Periodic Review System by comparing actual inventory levels with the calculated reorder points. This will help identify any deviations or discrepancies that may require adjustments in review periods, review quantities, or safety stock levels.4. Collaboration and Information Sharing:Ensure effective collaboration and communication between different departments involved in the inventory management process, such as purchasing, sales, and warehouse. By sharing information about customer demand, lead times, and stock availability, these departments can align their efforts and improve the accuracy of inventory forecasting and planning.Conclusion:The Inventory Periodic Review System offers a practical approach to managing inventory levels in an organization. By periodically reviewing and adjusting inventory quantities, businesses can strike a balance between customer demand and cost optimization. While the system has several advantages such as simplicity, cost savings, and flexibility, it is not without its drawbacks, such as the risk of stockouts and holding costs. By implementing the system effectively, businesses can maximize the benefits and improve their overall inventory management practices.。
Writing Review(整理打印版)
Writing ReviewⅠ. Writing Process——Chapter 1z Prewritingz Draftingz Revisingz Editingz A final draftGood essay writing is a flexible process usually consisting of at least five main non-linear stages,usually called prewriting, drafting, revising,editing, and producing a final draft.Ⅱ. Thesis statement——Chapter 2For the writing process, the thesis statement, even when it’s implied and not openly stated, is the most important idea of your composition; it outlines the central purpose of your writing in one place.Ⅲ. Rhetorical Patterns of Writing——Chapter 3z Descriptionz Narrationz Exposition---Exemplification, Comparison, and Contrast, Cause and Effect, Process, Classification and Division, Definitionz Argumentation and Persuasion1. Description——Chapter 5z Pure description is like a painting, where time stands still; while skillful descriptive is like shooting a scene, and it can appeal to all our five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch.z Description is the record of our five senses in vivid language.z Order: Space, Time(Chronological), Order of importance2.Narration——Chapter 6z Narration, along with description and exposition(writing that explains), is one of the three classes of writing.---Narration means telling of an event/incident or a series of events/incidents.z Order: straightforward (chronological order), flashback (a jump back in time), flash-forward (a jump forward in time)---Compressing (speeding up of time gone by) and expanding (slowing down of time) are two more tactics that writers use to create the desire effect for certain portions of their story.z Purposez Dialogue/conversation---Dialogue or conversation lends realism to narration passage.z Point of view---Generally narrative essays are written from the first person point of view.---Biographies and histories have to use the third person.---Fiction embraces both points of view.3. Exposition/Expository writingNarration, description and exposition (writing that explains) are the three general classes of writing.3.1 Exemplification——Chapter 7z Exemplification, sometimes called illustration, or writing with examples, is a very common and powerful form of expository writing that presents and elaborates on an idea or opinion through memorable examples.z Types of examples:---Qualitative Examples①extended examples or anecdotes(传闻，逸事)；An anecdote is a brief, sometimes entertaining narrative, or a brief and concise accountof a person experience unconnected to any larger narrative.②analogies(类比)；An analogy is an extended comparison, usually between two things which are verydifferent, but which share a common quality.③allusions(暗喻，隐喻)；Allusions are references to things outside of the essay.④hypothetical examples(假想例子).Oftentimes hypothetical examples are used in scientific writing as a way of generalizing the qualities of a variety of specific cases.---Quantitative Examples①descriptive examples②lists3.2 Comparison and Contrast—— Chapter 8z Comparison and contrast is a rhetorical pattern which presents either the similarities or the differences between two objects or ideas.z In a comparison and contrast composition, the significance or value of the presentation lies in the reason for doing the comparison and contrast.3.3 Cause and Effect——Chapter 9z A cause and effect pattern of organization presents the reasons and factors that contribute toa particular event or phenomenon, or the results of an event or phenomenon that has occurred,or is likely to occur.z The thesis of a cause and effect presentation focuses on the importance, or relevance, of those results. For this reason, a cause and effect composition usually follows non-linear or indirect patterns of organization.3.4 Process——Chapter 10z A process rhetorical pattern of organization explains methods in sequential order. Process writing explains to readers how something is done, how it works, or how it occurs.z There are two types of process compositions——directional or prescriptive and informational.3.5 Classification and Division——Chapter 11z A classification and division pattern of organization is a rhetorical pattern which divides an object into several types and classifies each one of them into a particular group or category.3.6 Definition——Chapter 12z A definition pattern of organization presents an extended definition or explanation of a concept or idea.4. Argumentation and Persuasion——Chapter 13z Persuasion is based on three appeals, logos, pathos and ethos, perfected by Greek classical scholars. Logos refers to reason; Pathos is an attempt to manipulate your emotions; Ethos refers to the character of the person making the appeal.z Argumentation/Persuasion attempts to convince readers to follow the ideas or views of a writer.Ⅳ. Common Writing errors1. Its / It’s confusionIts time to go home. →It’s time to go home.Every idea has it’s own idea. →Every idea has its own idea.2. Possessive apostrophe errorThey--- her’s, their’s your’s →Hers, theirs, yours3. Missing comma in a series of thingsHong Kong, Macao, Zhongshan and Guangzhou are all cities in the prosperous Canton Delta. →Hong Kong, Macao, Zhongshan, and Guangzhou are all cities in the prosperous Canton Delta.4. Missing comma after an introductory phrase.After two weeks of rail the West River flooded several cities in the South.→After two weeks of rain, the West River flooded several cities in the South.5. Comma sliceI really enjoyed my trip to Yunnan, it was so beautiful and peaceful there.→I really enjoyed my trip to Yunnan; it was so beautiful and peaceful there.The young waiter saved money, and went to evening classes.→The young waiter saved money and went to evening classes.6. Missing comma in compound sentences with different subjects.Mr. Chen spent a good deal of time with the Indian businessman in Shanghai and the two of them talked a lot about economic development.→Mr. Chen spent a good deal of time with the Indian businessman in Shanghai, and the two of them talked a lot about economic development.7. Student writers must distinguish between an essential (restrictive) clause and a non-essential (non-restrictive) clause.My cousin, who is in the blue uniform, likes coffee.My cousin who is in the blue uniform likes coffee.8. ArticlesComputer is useful. →A computer is (Computers are) useful.She is student. →She is a student.Give me idea. →Give me an idea.He gave me an information. →He gave me some information.The nature is an asset to Yunnan tourism. →Nature is an asset to Yunnan tourism.9. Not knowing the distinction between countable and uncountable nouns causes problems.I gave him many advices. →I gave him much advice.The transportations in China are efficient. →The transportations in China is efficient.She wears many expensive jewelries. →She wears much expensive jewelry.10. Unclear pronoun referenceThe girl and her friend knew that she should leave.→The girl and her friend knew that she herself should leave.→The girl and her friend knew that her friend herself should leave.→The girl and her friend knew that Helen should leave.11. Wrong / Missing prepositionsDifferent fromDifferent thanWhich one is more correct?12. There is no distinction between gerunds and infinitives in Chinese, so they are often used incorrectly with certain verbs.I agreed doing this. →I agreed to do this.I expect graduating in June. →I expect to graduate in June.She delayed to go home. →She delayed going home.He practiced to drive a car. →He practiced driving a car.13. Wrong or missing endings (inflections)Who & WhomWho is the speaker today?To whom am I speaking to?14. The verb to be.He good. →He is good.They here yesterday. →They were here yesterday.We going now. →We are going now.15. Inappropriate word choiceGeorge is a very strong and pretty man. Helen is an attractive and handsome woman.→George is a very strong and handsome man. Helen is an attractive and pretty woman.16. Nouns and adjectives often have the same form in Chinese, but not in English.He is very success. →He is very successful.To go there at night is danger. →To go there at night is dangerous.That is a beauty painting. →That is a beautiful painting.17. Subjects, pronouns in particular, are often omitted in Chinese, whereas they are rarely omitted in English sentences.Came early yesterday afternoon. →He came early yesterday afternoon.Good for us to be here. →It is good for us to be here.Is an excellent university in Hong Kong.→It / The Chinese University is an excellent university in Hong Kong.18. Tense shift (Tense in Chinese is not usually indicated by verb inflections or endings. Adverbs or adverbial phrases of time or the discourse context are generally sufficient markers of tense.)I traveled to Hunan last year. I eat much delicious and spicy food when I am there.→I traveled to Hunan last year. I ate much delicious and spicy food when I was there.19. Wrong tenseLast week I fly to Beijing. →Last week I flew to Beijing.I give you the money back next week. →I will give you the money next week.Last year we go to Singapore. →Last year we went to Singapore.He visit me yesterday. →He visited me yesterday.20. Subject-verb agreement (Chinese does not require noun-verb agreement for person, number, and gender, so it is often ignored in English.)The audience need to have a tea break. →The audience needs to have a tea break.She study science right now. →She studies science right now.David seek a job in Beijing. →David seeks a job in Beijing.Angela is the boss; he is in charge. →Angela is the boss; she is in charge.21. Unnecessary shift in personWhen one reads the daily English newspaper, you should not always use the dictionary.→When one reads the daily English newspaper, he (or she) should not always use the dictionary.22. Pronoun agreement errorEveryone is entitled to their own opinion. →Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion.23. Plural forms in Chinese are optional.Many time he came to see me. →Many times he came to see me.I’ve got fifty dollar. →I’ve got fifty dollars.I’ve completed several lab assignment. →I’ve completed several lab assignments.24. In Chinese, adjective clauses precede the nouns they modify, producing some incorrect word order in English.He is a getting wise person. →He is a person who is getting wise.It is the left-side book. →It is the book on the left-side.The from America fast food is unhealthy to eat on a daily basis.→The fast food from America is unhealthy to eat on a daily basis.25. Sentence fragmentsEating rice daily. →I eat rice daily.26. Run-on sentencesResearchers investigated several possible vaccines for the avian flu virus then they settled on the one developed in the laboratory of Guangzhou Respiratory Research Institute a very prestigious medical research institute located in the heart of Guangzhou.→ Researchers investigated several possible vaccines for the avian flu virus, and then they settled on the one developed in the laboratory of Guangzhou Respiratory Research Institute, a very prestigious medical research institute located in the heart of Guangzhou.Ⅴ. Rhetoric/Figures of Speechz simile(明喻)Simile: like, as, as~ as, as if , as thoughMy brain was powerful as dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as scalpel.as sharp as a needleas tight as a drumas cool as a cucumberz metaphor（暗喻）Metaphor: be, get, turn, becomeThe empress of natural science is mathematics. The crown of mathematics is number theory.And Goldbach’s conjecture is the most precious jewel on the crown.Laws are like cobwebs, they catch flies but let hornets go free.z Personification（拟人）A widow bird sat mourning for her love.z hyperbole（夸张）His legs bestride the ocean; his reared arm crested the world.z understatement（保守陈述）--- litotesIt isn’t very serious, I have this tiny tumor on the brain.z synecdoche（提喻、举隅）A hungry stomach has no ears.China beat Italy in the football match.A mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French person.The law came to catch the armed robber.She made her living by her needle.A weak creatureThe knight plunged his steel into the bandit’s throat.z metonymy（转/ 换喻）The kettle boils.The chair is calling for order.Only the knife can save him.Grey hairs--- old ageA complete Shakespeare--- worksMinds--- brainPaper and ink--- written wordsz euphemism（委婉）Die , W.C.亡，故，卒，弱，逝，殪，毙，殂，陨，薨，崩，殁，殒perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, croak, depart, drown, fall, hang, demisez parallelism（排比）The first degree of folly is to hold one’s self wise, the second to profess it, the third to despise counsel.z antithesis（对偶）That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.一孤舟，二客商，三四五六水手，扯起七八叶风蓬，下九江，还有十里十里运，九里香，八七六五号轮，虽走四三年旧道，只二日，胜似一年z alliteration（头韵）Apt alliteration’s artful aid is often an occasional ornament in prose.sink or swimweal and woehem and hawForewarned, forearmed.z oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）--- Paradox（精警）A deafening silencea mournful optimistsweetest bitternessAll great truths begins as blasphemies.z transferred epithet（移就）Jubilant bonfiressleepless nights酒入愁肠，化作相思泪。
英文文献综述的格式
英文文献综述的格式The format of an English literature review is a critical component in presenting a comprehensive and well-structured analysis of existing research on a specific topic. A literature review serves to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge, identify gaps or areas that require further investigation, and establish the context for the researcher's own work. In the realm of academic writing, the format of a literature review follows a standardized structure to ensure clarity, coherence, and adherence to established academic conventions.The typical format of an English literature review generally encompasses the following key elements:1. Introduction:The introduction sets the stage for the literature review by providing a clear and concise overview of the topic under investigation. This section should establish the significance and relevance of the research question or problem, outline the scope and objectives of the review, and introduce the organization andstructure of the paper.2. Search Methodology:This section outlines the systematic approach used to identify and select the relevant literature. It should include details on the databases or search engines utilized, the keywords or search terms employed, the inclusion and exclusion criteria applied, and any other relevant methodological considerations that guided the literature search process.3. Literature Review:The main body of the literature review presents a critical analysis and synthesis of the existing research on the topic. This section should be organized thematically, chronologically, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the research question and the identified patterns or trends in the literature.a. Thematic Organization:In a thematic approach, the literature review is structured around key themes or concepts that emerge from the existing research. Each theme is discussed in a separate subsection, with the aim of highlighting the similarities, differences, and relationships between the various studies within each theme.b. Chronological Organization:A chronological organization of the literature review presents the research in a sequential manner, typically following a historical timeline. This approach allows the reader to understand the evolution of the research on the topic, the emergence of new theories or methodologies, and the progression of the scholarly discourse over time.c. Critical Analysis:The literature review should not merely summarize the existing research but rather engage in a critical analysis of the literature. This involves evaluating the quality, validity, and limitations of the studies, identifying gaps or inconsistencies in the current knowledge, and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the various theoretical and methodological approaches employed.4. Synthesis and Discussion:In this section, the literature review should move beyond a simple summary of the existing research and strive to provide a cohesive and integrative synthesis of the key findings, themes, and implications. This section should highlight the overall patterns, trends, and relationships observed in the literature, and discuss the broader significance and potential implications of the research.5. Conclusion:The conclusion of the literature review should concisely summarizethe key insights and takeaways from the review, reiterate the significance and relevance of the research topic, and identify potential avenues for future research. This section should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the current state of knowledge and the direction for further investigation.6. References:The literature review should include a comprehensive list of all the sources cited throughout the paper, formatted according to the appropriate academic citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).It is important to note that the specific formatting and structure of a literature review may vary depending on the discipline, the journal or publication requirements, and the preferences of the individual researcher or institution. However, the core elements outlined above provide a general framework for the format of an English literature review.Adherence to this format ensures that the literature review is well-organized, comprehensive, and effectively communicates the researcher's understanding of the existing body of knowledge on the topic. By following this structure, the literature review can serve as a valuable resource for both the researcher and the reader, facilitating a deeper understanding of the research landscape and guiding the formulation of future research directions.。
英语论文评语大全
英语论文评语大全【篇一：英语作文评语大全】英语作文激励性评语大全一、宏观性评价1.整体印象类评语super！excellent！perfect！wonderful！fantastic！marvelous！采用整体印象类评语对于起始阶段的学生有较好的激励作用，但若千篇一律使用此类评语，就会使学生无法正确认识自己的写作水平，最终导致教师的评语失去应有的作用。
2.规范导知类评语beautiful.clear. wonderful.good hand-writing.you’re careful of using pronunciation.glad to see your improvement in handwriting.i’m expecting clearer/more beautiful hand-writing from younext time. you’d better pay more attention to word order.better be more careful of your spelling.it’s impo rtant to compose a graft beforehand.3.情感调控类评语i appreciate your handwriting.you have a good knowledge of english proverbs.you are quite aware of making meaningful sentences.you are richer than others in collecting and using typical sentences and idioms.i’m expecting greater progress from you in writing .come on.if you need my help,never hesitate to come to me.警句：hard work leads to success.not to advance is to go back.no one is without faults.keeping is harder than winning.keep it up.二、微观写作技能方面的评语1.专项点拨类评语it’s proper to use the proverb in para.2 quite clever.you are good at using attributive clauses in your writing.the “struck” sentence is perfectly used.you’d better use “third person” in the first para.it’s good to use the past tense in your writing.2.佳句欣赏类评语教师可以在句尾统一标注赞美性的符号（如e—excellent）或标识不同星级等。
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Chapter 2 On Quality of the GoodsBUYER:1.I come here to discuss the quality of your goods, your goods are superior/of good/excellent/oftop grade in quality compared with others. However, we find the the color/shape/structure/flavor/chemical composition/physical and mechanical properties/biological features,etc.. unsuitable for our market.2.We would like to have you offer us….If your quality is satisfactory/good/excellent/superior,we may place regular orders.Prices are fixed according to their quality, aren’t they? As long as the quality is good, it hardly matters if the price is a little bit higher.SELLER:1.Our goods are superior/marketable/excellent/ of top grade/good in quality, and are in linewith/come up to the international standard. Also goods with different qualities are availabe,too.We’ll improve the products if defective goods are found. Although the price is a little bit higher, the quality is best.We even have valid Certificate of Quality.2.Let’s check/talk about the quantity. We can consider mak ing some concessions if the quantityyou oder is large/considerabe/reasonable. Also, we are able to satisfy our customers quantatively. Our maximum number is… and minimum is….A small one is also accepted. We can give you a discount if you order…On Quality of the GoodsThe quantity depends on your prices.What would you say if it is over…? You’ll issue a certificate of quantity and weight. For such a quantity, you should give a discount.CHINESE VERSION OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY:我来此讨论你方产品质量问题I come here to discuss the quality of your goods/products.你产品质量上乘。
然而，颜色/形状/结构/品味/化学成分/物理机械性能/生物特性不适合市场Your products are superior/of good/excellent/of top grade in quality.However, we find the the color/shape/structure/flavor/chemical composition/physical and mechanical properties/biological features,etc.. unsuitable for our market.我方产品质量上乘/有市场/优良/高级/,符合国际标准Our goods are superior/marketable/excellent/ of top grade/good in quality, and are in line with/come up to the international standard尽管价格偏高，质量最好，我们有有效质量证明书Although the price is a little bit higher, the quality is best.We even have valid Certificate of Quality如果你方订货数量大，我方可以考虑让步We can consider making some concessions if the quantity you oder is large/considerabe/reasonable如果订购数为…我方给于折扣We can give you a discount if you order…Chapter 3 PACKINGThe buyer:1.Please make sure that the packing is strong enough to withstand rough handling.2.The fragile goods should be wrapped in soft material and firmly packed in cardboard box.3.I’m afraid the c artons are not strong enough.4.Could you reinforce the packing with metal straps?5.The packing must be seaworthy.6.Correct and clear marking on the outside container is (absolutely) necessary.The seller:1. We’ll pack the goods according to your instructions.2. All the cases are strongly packed in compliance with your request.3. Please be assured that ( We assure you that) the packing is strong enough to withstandrough handling.4. Packing charges are for the buyer’s account on cost basis.5. We’ll reinforce them with metal/nylon straps.EXERCISE 3:下面我想提出包装问题讨论一下。
关于鱼食的包装，我方希望能用木箱打包，因为上次我们接到的货物中，有几件受潮了。
Next I’d like to bring up/raise the problem of packing for discussion. With regard to/Concerning the packing of fish food, we hope it can be packed in wooden cases because last time we received some articles that were rottened.是的，我们也注意到了这点，而且我们这次已经改进了包装。
虽然我们仍然使用纸箱，但这次我们在纸箱的内部做了塑料层。
每个小包都单独用聚乙烯纸包好，每两打再用纸盒包装。
此外，在纸板箱….Yes, we have also noticed that, so we improved our packing this time. Although we still use cartons, we have made plastic sheets inside them. Each one is packed with polyethene. Each two dozens are packed in a paper carton. In addition, we’ve put a “Keep Dry” sign on the outside. So we think cartons will be just as good. We sure can use wooden cases, if you want us to, but the charge will be much higher.噢，这样的话就好办了，那就还用纸板箱吧是,但这批货物要运到两个不同的港口:纽约和旧金山. 并且货要得很急,我们不得不请你们加快运输速度。
Well, that’s easy to do. Let’s still use cartons. But the goods this time are to be shipped to two different ports: New York and San Francisco, and as the order is so urgently required, we have to ask you to expedite shipment.那你们就得承担分批运输的额外费用。
In this case, you have to bear the additional charge for the partial shipment.我们愿意为此付额外费用，只要你们马上运货。
We are willing to pay additional fee for immediate delivery.我们答应的话，我们收到信用证后马上安排运输。
If that is settled, we will arrange the shipment immediately after receipt of the relative L/C Chapter 4 LogisticThe buyer:How long does it usually take you to make delivery?Is it possible to effect shipment during February?A timely delivery means a lot to us.I hope that goods can be shipped promptly after you get our L/C.The order is so urgently required that we must ask you to expedite shipment.Shipment by the middle of October will be too late for us.We would appreciate your trying to arrange to ship the goods at an earlier date.The seller:I’ll ship the order as quickly as possible.We shall make shipment within the time the contract stipulates.The earliest delivery we can is in March, but we can assure you that we’ll do our best to advance the shipment.T o meet your demand, we’ll manage to advance the shipment from April to March.I’m sorry to say that we can’t meet your requirement. The trouble is that there will be no shipping space next month.We’ll ship the goods duly, but your L/C must reach us in tim e我方希望你方在收到信用证后货物及时运出。