6-Tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranosyl
亩旺特
英文名称：spirotetramat中文商品名称：亩旺特英文商品名称：Movento登记证号：LS20091051亩旺特是由德国拜耳作物科学公司研发的又一创新性杀虫剂，有效成分是螺虫乙脂，是一种高效内吸且双向传导的全新化合物。
其作用机制是通过抑制害虫体内脂肪合成过程中的乙酞辅酶A 梭化酶的活性，从而抑制脂肪的合成，阻断害虫正常的能量代谢，最终导致死亡。
螺虫乙酯分子式是：C21H27NO5螺虫乙酯Spirotetramat别名: 顺式-3-(2,5-二甲基苯基)-8-甲氧基-2-氧代-1-氮杂螺[4.5]癸-3-烯-4-基碳酸乙酯 , 顺式-4-(乙基羰氧基)-8-甲氧基-3-(2,5-二甲苯基)-1-氮杂螺[4.5]癸-3-烯-2-酮Bayer公司杀虫剂新品种螺虫乙(spirotetramat)近日获美国和加拿大核准，将于年内以商品名Movento上市。
Bayer公司表示相信，Movento的上市将进一步加强其在全球杀虫剂市场的领导地位，螺虫乙酯的中期潜在市场可望达到2亿欧元的年销售额。
该杀虫剂计划于2008和2009年在巴西、墨西哥、哥伦比亚、澳大利亚、新西兰、土耳其、非洲、荷兰和奥地利陆续上市，未来市场将超过70个国家。
螺虫乙酯已于去年在突尼斯完成全球首次登记。
特点新杀虫剂螺虫乙酯是季酮酸类化合物，与Bayer公司的杀虫杀螨剂螺螨酯(spirodiclofen)和螺甲螨酯(spiromesifen)属同类化合物。
螺虫乙酯具有独特的作用特征，是迄今具有双向内吸传导性能的现代杀虫剂之一。
该化合物可以在整个植物体内向上向下移动，抵达叶面和树皮，从而防治如生菜和白菜内叶上，及果树皮上的害虫。
这种独特的内吸性能可以保护新生茎、叶和根部，防止害虫的卵和幼虫生长。
其另一个特点是持效期长，可提供长达8周的有效防治。
防治对象螺虫乙酯高效广谱，可有效防治各种刺吸式口器害虫，如蚜虫、蓟马、木虱、粉蚧、粉虱和介壳虫等。
分子结构图
1、盐酸醋丁洛尔（Acebutolol Hydrochloride）化学名：N-[3-乙酰基-4-[2羟基-3-[（1-甲基乙基）氨基]丙氧基]苯基]丁酰胺盐酸盐；英文名：N-[3-Acetyl-4-[2-hydroxy-3-[（l-methylethyl）amino]Propoxy ]phenyl ]butanamide hydrochloride分子式：C18H28N2O4·HCl分子量：371．891\对丁酰胺基苯酚3\对丁酰胺基苯乙酮5\2-羟基-5-丁酰胺基苯乙酮8\2-环氧乙基甲氧基-5-丁酰胺基-苯乙酮10\醋丁洛尔2、醋谷胺铝（Aceglutamide Aluminum）化学名：N2-乙酰-L-谷氨酰胺四羟基三铝英文名：N2-Acetyl-L-glutamine aluminium complcx分子式：C35H59Al3N10O24分子量：1084．861\N-乙酰谷酰胺3、阿克他利(Actarit)化学名：4-乙酰胺基苯乙酸英文名：4-(Acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid 分子式：C10H11NO3分子量：193．211\4-氨基苯乙酸2\4-氨基苯乙酸乙酯3\4-乙酰胺基苯乙酸乙酯4\4-乙酰胺基苯乙酸，阿克他利4、阿昔洛韦（Acyclovir）化学名：2-氨基1,9-二氢-9-[(2-羟基乙氧基)甲基]-6H-嘌呤-6-酮英文名：2-amino-l,9-dihydro-9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6H-purin-6-one 分子式：C8H11N5O3分子量：225．2１＼鸟嘌呤３＼９-(2-苯甲酰氧基乙氧基甲基) 鸟嘌呤４＼阿昔洛韦阿苯达唑(Albendazole)化学名：［５-(丙硫基)-l H-2-苯并咪唑基］氨基甲酸甲酯英文名：[5-(propylthio)-l H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid methyl ester 分子式：C12H15O2S分子量：265．34１＼３-氯-6-硝基乙酰苯胺３＼2-硝基-5-丙硫基苯胺４＼4-丙硫基-邻苯二胺5＼2-氨基-5-丙硫基苯并咪唑===================================6、阿拉普拉(Alacepril)化学名：(S)-N-[l-[3-(乙酰硫基)-2-甲基丙酰]-L-脯氨酰]-L-苯丙氨酸英文名：(S)N-[l-[3-(Acetylthio)-2-methyl-l-oxopropyl]-L-prolyl]-L-phenylalanine 分子式：C20H26N2O5S分子量：406．501\l-(D-3-乙酰硫基-2-甲基丙酰)-L-脯氨酸2\L-苯丙氨酸-叔丁酯盐酸盐4\l-(D-3-乙酰硫基-2-甲基丙酰)-L-脯氨酰-L-苯丙氨酸-叔丁酯6\阿拉普拉7、阿氯芬酸(Alclofenac)化学名：3-氯-4-(2-丙烯氧)苯乙酸英文名：3-Chloro-4-(2-propenyloxy)benzeneacetic acid分子式：C11H11O3Cl分子量：2261\邻氯苯酚3\邻氯烯丙氧苯5\2-氯-4-氯甲基-烯丙氧苯6\3-氯-4-烯丙氧苯乙腈7\3-氯-4-(2-丙烯氧)苯乙酸,阿氯芬酸8、阿法骨化醇(Alfacalcidol)化学名：（1α，3β，5Z，7E）-9，10-并环胆甾-5，7，10（19）三烯-1，3-二醇英文名：（1α，3β，5Z，7E）-9，10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3-diol分子式：C27H44O2分子量：400641\胆固醇2\ 3β-羟基-5α-胆甾烷-6-酮3\ 6-亚乙二氧基-5α-胆甾烷-3β-醇4\ 6-亚乙二氧基-胆甾烷-3 –酮4\\ 2α-溴-6-亚乙二氧基-胆甾烷-3-酮5\ 6-亚乙二氧基-l-胆甾烯-3-酮6\6-亚乙二氧基-lα ,2α–环氧胆甾烷-3-酮7\6,6-亚乙二氧基-胆甾烷-lα ,3(α,β)-双醇8\5α-胆甾烷-6-酮-lα,3(α,β)-双醇8\5α-胆甾烷-lα,3(α,β)-二乙酰氧-6-酮9\5α-胆甾烷-lα,3β-二乙酰氧-6-醇10\ lα,3β-二乙酰氧胆固醇10\\lα,3β-二乙酰氧-7-溴-胆固醇11\ lα,3β-二乙酰氧-胆甾-5,7-二烯12\ lα,3β-二乙酰氧-前维生素D313 lα,3β-二乙酰氧-维生素D314\ lα-羟维生素D39、阿明洛芬(Alminoprofen)化学名：2-[对-(2-甲基烯丙基)-氨基苯基]丙酸；α-甲基-4-[（2-甲基-2-丙烯基）氨基]苯乙酸英文名：α-Methyl-4-[(2-methyl-2-propenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid分子式：C13H17NO2分子量：219．291\2-（对硝基苯基）丙酸甲酯2\2-（对氨基苯基）丙酸甲酯4\2-[对（2-甲基烯丙基）氨基苯基]丙酸甲酯盐酸盐5\阿明洛芬10阿普唑仑（Alprazolam）化学名：8-氯-l-甲基-6-苯基-4H-[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-α][1,4]苯并二氮杂草英文名：8-Chloro-l-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-α][1,4]benzodiazepine 分子式：C17H13ClN4分子量：308．771\ (2-氨基础理论-氯苯基)-苯甲酮2\ 甘氨酸乙酯盐酸盐3\7-氯-5-苯基-2-氧代-2,3-二氢-l H-1,4苯并二氨杂卓5\7-氯-5-苯基-2-硫代-2,3-二氢-l H-1,4苯并二氮杂卓7\ 2-(2-乙酰肼基)-7-氯-5-苯基-3 H-1,4苯并二氮杂卓8\阿普唑仑11盐酸阿普洛尔(Alprenolo Hydrochloride)化学名：1-[(1-甲基乙基)氨基]-3-[2-(2-丙烯基)苯氧基]-2-丙醇盐酸盐英文名：1-[(1-Methylethyl)amino]-3-[2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol hydrochloride 分子式：C15H23O2N·HCl分子量：285．821\ 2-丙烯苯酚2\ 表氯醇3\ 1-(邻丙烯苯氧)-2,3-环氧丙烷5\1-(邻丙烯苯氧)-2-羟-3-异丙氨-丙烷,阿普洛尔12盐酸氨溴索(Ambroxol Hydrochloride)化学名：4-[[(2-氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基]氨基]环已醇盐酸盐英文名：4-[[(2-Amino-3,5-dibromophenyl)methyl]amino]cyclohexanol hydrochloride 分子式：C13H18Br2N2O·HCl分子量：414．571\ 2-氨基-3,5-二溴-N-(羟基环已基)苯甲酰胺2\ 4-(2-氨基-3,5-二溴苄胺基)-环已醇3\ 盐酸氨溴索13氨芬酸钠(Amfenac Sodium)化学名：2-氨基-3-苯甲酰苯乙酸钠二水合物英文名：2-Amino-3-benzoylbenzeneacetic acid sadinmsalt dihydrate 分子式：C15H2NO3Na·2H2O分子量：277．181\ 1-氨基-1,3-二氢吲哚-2-酮2\苯基丙酮3\1-(2-甲基苯亚乙基亚氨基)1,3-二氢吲哚-2-酮4\ 2-(2-甲基-3-苯基吲哚-7-基)乙酸乙酯5\ 2-乙酰胺基-3-苯甲酰苯乙酸乙酯6\ 7-苯甲酰1,3-二氢吲哚-2-酮7\ 2-氨基-3-苯酰苯乙酸8\氨芬酸钠14苯磺酸氨氨地平(Amlodipine Besilate)化学名：(±)-2-(2-氨基乙氧甲基)-4-(2-氯苯基)-1,4-二氢-6-甲基-3,5-吡啶二羧酸-3-乙酯-5-甲酯苯磺酸盐英文名：(±)-2-[(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxy lic acid-3-ethyl-5-methylester Benzenesulfonate分子式：C20H25ClN2O5·C6H5SO3H分子量：567．06１、２-氯苯甲醛２、乙酰乙酸甲酯３、2-（2-氯苄叉基）乙酰乙酸甲酯４、4-氯-3-氧代丁酸乙酯，氯乙酰乙酸乙酯５、2-叠氮乙醇６、2-叠氮乙氧基乙酰乙酸乙酯７、2-[（2-叠氮乙氧基）甲基]-4-（2-氯苯基）-3-乙氧羰基-5-甲氧羰基-6-甲基-1，4二氢吡啶氨氯地平15盐酸氨磺洛尔（Amosulalol Hydrochloride）化学名：5-(±)-5-[1-羟基-2-[[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]氨基]乙基]-2-甲基苯磺酰胺盐酸盐英文名：5-(±)-5-[1-Hydroxy-2-[[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]ethyl]-2-methylbenzenesalfonamide hydrochloride分子式：C18H24N2O5S·HCl分子量：416．931\ 5-溴乙酰-2-甲基苯磺酰胺2\ N-[2(2-甲氧基)苯氧基乙基]苄胺3\ 5-[N-苯甲基-N-[[2-(2-甲氧基)苯氧基]乙基]氨基]乙酰-2-甲基苯磺酰胺4\ 5-[1-羟基-2-[[N-苯甲基-N-2-(2-甲氧基)苯氧基乙基]氨基]乙基]-2-甲基苯磺酰胺5\5-[1-羟基-2-[[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]氨基]乙基]-2-甲基苯磺酰胺盐酸盐,盐酸氨磺洛尔16阿莫西林(Amoxicillin)化学名：[2S-[2α,5α,6β(S﹡)]]-6-[[氨基(4-羟苯基)乙酰基]氨基]-3,3-二甲基-7-氧代-4-硫-1-氮杂二环[3,2,0]庚烷-2-羧酸英文名：[2S-[2α,5α,6β(S ﹡)]]-6-[[Amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3,2,0]h eptane-2-carboxylic acid分子式：C16H19N3O5·3H2O分子量：419．411\ ( ±)苄氧甲酰氨-4-羟苯乙酸2\ (－)苄氧甲酰氨-对羟苯乙酸3\ 6-氨基-青霉烷酸4\6-[(－)-苄氧甲酰氨-对羟基苯乙酰胺]青霉烷酸5\ 阿莫西林17氨苄西林(Ampicillin)化学名：[2S-[2α,5α,6β(S﹡)]]-6-[(氨基苯乙酰)氨基]-3,3-二甲基7-氧代-4-硫杂-1-氮杂二环[3,2,0]庚烷-2-羧酸英文名：[2S-[2α,5α,6β(S ﹡)]]-6-[(Aminophenylacetyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3,2,0]heptane-2-car boxylic acid分子式：C16H19N3O4S分子量：．349．421\D(－)-α-氨基-α-苯乙酸2\ 氯甲酸苄酯3\ D(－)-苄氧基甲酰氨基-α-苯乙酸4\ 氯甲酸乙酯5\[3]和[4]的混合酸无水物6\ 6-氨基青霉烷酸7\ 6-[D(－)-α-(苄氧基甲酰氨基)苯乙酰氨]青霉烷酸8\氨苄西林18、氨力农（Amrinone）化学名：5-氨基-(3,4′-双吡啶)-6(1H)-酮英文名：5-Amino-(3,4′-bipyridin)-6(1H)-one 分子式：C10H9N3O分子量：187．201\ 4-甲基吡啶2\ 2-(4-吡啶基)-3-二甲胺基丙烯醛3\ 氰基乙酰胺4\ 3-氰基-5-(-4-吡啶基)-2(1H)-吡啶酮5\ 3-氨甲酰基-5-(-4-吡啶基)-2(1H)-吡啶酮19\阿加曲班(Argatroban)化学名：1-[5-[(氨基亚氨基甲基)氨基]-1-氧代-2[[(1,2,3,4四氢-3-甲基-8-喹啉基)磺酰]氨基]戊基]-4-甲基-2-哌啶羧酸英文名：1-[5-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-1-oxo-2-[[(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-methyl-8-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]a mino]pentyl]-4-methyl-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid分子式：C23H36N6O5S分子量：508．6420盐酸阿罗洛尔(Arotinolol Hydrochloride)化学名：(±)-5-[2-[[3-[(1,1-二甲基乙基)氨基]-2-羟基丙基]硫]-4-噻唑基]-2-噻吩酰胺盐酸盐英文名：(±)-5-[2-[[3-[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropyl]thio]-4-thiazolyl]-2-thiophenecarboxa mide hydrochloride分子式：C15H21N3O2S3·HCl分子量：．408．11\ 5-乙酰基噻吩-2-羧酸2\ 5-乙酰噻吩-2-甲酰氨3\ 5-溴乙酰噻吩-2-甲酰氨4\ 二硫代氨基甲酸铵5\ 5-(2-巯基4-噻唑基)-2-噻吩甲酰氨7\ 5-[2-(3’-叔丁基氨基-2’-羟基丙基硫)-4-噻唑基]-2-噻吩甲酰氨8\ 盐酸阿罗洛尔21阿司咪唑(Astemizole)化学名：1-[(4-氟苯基)甲基]-N-[1-[2-(4-甲氧苯基)乙基]-4-哌啶基]-1H-2-苯并唑咪基胺英文名：1-[(4-Fluorophenyl)methyl] -N-[1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl] -1H-benzimidazol-2-amine分子式：C28H31FN4O分子量：．458．251\ 1-异硫氰基-2-硝基苯酯2\ 4-氨基-1-哌啶甲酸乙酯3\ N-(2-硝基苯基)-N’-(1-乙氧甲酰-4-哌啶基)硫脲4\ N-(2-氨基苯基)-N’-(1-乙氧甲酰-4-哌啶基)硫脲5\ 2-(1-乙氧甲酰-4-哌啶基氨基)苯并咪唑6\ 4-氟苄基氯7\1-(4-氟苄基)-2-(1-乙氧甲酰-4-哌啶基氨基)苯并咪唑8\1-(4-氟苄基)-2-(4-哌啶基氨基)苯并咪唑9\甲磺酸对甲氧苯基乙酯10 阿司咪唑22阿替洛尔(Atenolol)化学名：4[2-羟基-3-[(1-甲基乙基)氨基]丙氧基]苯乙酰胺英文名：4-[2-Hydroxy-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]propoxy]benzeneacetamide 分子式：C14H22N2O3分子量：266．341\ 2-(4-环氧乙烷基甲氧苯基)-乙酰胺2\ 异丙胺3\1-对氨基甲酰甲基苯氧基-3-异丙胺基-2-丙醇,阿替洛尔23盐酸阿扎司琼(Azasetron Hydrochloride)化学名：（±）-N-1-氮杂二环[2,2,2]-3-辛基-6-氯-3,4-二氢-4-甲基-3-氧代-2H-1,4-苯并噁嗪-8-甲酰胺盐酸盐英文名：（±）-N-1-Azabicyclo[2,2,2]oct-3-yl-6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-8-carb oxamide hydrochloride分子式：C17H20ClN3O3·HCl分子量：368．281\ 5-氯-2-羟基苯甲酸甲酯2\ 5-氯-2-羟基-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯3\ 5-氯-2-羟基-3-氨基苯甲酸甲酯5\氯乙酰氯6\ 6-氯-4-甲基-3-氧代-3，4-二氢-2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪-8-甲酸甲酯7\ 6-氯-4-甲基-3-氧代-3，4-二氢-2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪-8-甲酸8\ 6-氯-4-甲基-3-氧代-3，4-二氢-2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪-8-甲酰氯9\ 1-氮杂-3-二环[2，2，2]辛基胺10\ 盐酸阿扎司琼24盐酸氮卓斯丁（Azelastine Hydrochloride）化学名：4-[(4-氯苯基)甲基]-2-(六氢-1-甲基-1H-4-氮杂卓基)-1(2H)-酞嗪酮盐酸盐英文名：4-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-1(2H)-phthalazinonehydroc hloride分子式：C22H25N3Cl2O分子量：418．371、2-4氯苯乙酰酰基苯甲酸2、硫酸肼3、4-（4-氯苄基）-1（2H）-酞嗪酮2-（2-氯乙基）-N-甲基吡咯烷盐酸盐5、4-（4-氯苄基）-2[N-甲基全氢化氮杂卓基-（4）-]-1（2H）-酞嗪酮6、4-（4-氯苄基）-2-[N-甲基全氢化氮杂卓基-（4）-]-1-（2H）酞嗪酮盐酸盐，盐酸氮卓斯丁25奥（Azulene）化学名：环戊二烯并环庚三烯英文名：Cyclopentacycloheptene 分子式：C10H8分子量：128．161\ 1,6-己二酸2\ 6-羰基-壬二酸3\ 5-(2-乙酰基-1-环戊烯基)-戊酸4\ 2,3,5,6,7,8-六氢-1H–奥-4-酮5\ 八氢,奥-4-酮6\ 十氢奥-4-醇7\奥26盐酸巴氨西林(Bacampicillin Hydrochloride)化学名：[2S-[2α,5α,6β(S﹡)]]-6-[(氨基苯基乙酰)氨基]-3,3-二甲基-7-氧代4-硫杂-1-氮杂二环[3,2,0]庚烷-2-羧酸-1-[(乙氧羰基)氧基]乙酯盐酸盐英文名：[2S-[2α,5α,6β(S﹡)]]-6-[(Aminophenylacetyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3,2,0]heptane-2-car boxylic acid 1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl ester hydrochloride分子式：C21H27N3O7S·HCl分子量：502．001\ 碳酸-1-氯乙酯乙酯3\碳酸-1-溴乙酯乙酯4\ 6-[(氨基苯基乙酰)氨基]-3,3-二甲基7-氧代号-硫杂志-氮杂二环[3,2,0]庚烷-2-羧酸5\ 乙酰乙酸甲酯6\ 6-[2-(甲氧羰基)-1-甲基乙烯基氨基苯基(乙酰)氨基]-3,3-二甲基-7-氧代-4-硫杂-1-氮杂二环[3,2,0]庚烷-2-羧酸7\ 盐酸巴氨西林27巴氯芬(Baclofen)化学名：β-(氨甲基)-4-氯苯丙酸英文名：β-(Aminomethyl)-4-chlorobenzenepropanoic acid分子式：C10H12ClNO2分子量：213．661\ 对氯肉桂酸乙酯2\ 硝基甲烷3\ β-硝甲基4-氯苯丙酸乙酯4\ 4-(对氯苯)-2-吡咯烷酮28苄达酸(Bendazac)化学名：[(1-苄基-1H-3-吲唑基)氧基]乙酸英文名：[(1-Phenylmethyl) -1H-indazol-3-yl]-oxy]-acetic acid 分子式：C16H14H2O3分子量：282．301\ 1-苄基-1H-3-吲唑醇钠2\ 氯乙晴3\ 1-苄-3-吲唑-氧乙腈4\ 苄达酸29盐酸苄丝肼(Benserazide Hydrochloride)化学名：DL-丝氨酸-2-[(2,3,4-三羟苯基)甲基]酰肼盐酸盐英文名：DL-Serine-2-[(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]-hydrazidc hydrochloride 分子式：C10H15N3O5·HCL分子量：293．711\ DL-丝氨酰肼盐酸盐2\ 2,3,4-三羟苯甲醛3\ DL-丝氨酰-2-(2,3,4-三羟基亚苄基)酰肼盐酸盐4\ 盐酸苄丝肼30苯溴马隆(Benzbromarone)化学名：(3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯基)-(2-乙基-3-苯并呋喃)-甲酮英文名：(3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)(2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl)methanone 分子式：C17H12Br2O3分子量：424．091\ 水杨醛2\ 一氯丙酮3\2-乙酰苯并呋喃4\ 水合肼5\ 2-乙基苯并呋喃6\ 对甲氧基苯甲酰氯7\ 2-乙基3-茴香酰-苯井呋喃8\ 吡啶盐酸盐9\2-乙基地-3-(对-羟-苯甲酰)-苯并呋喃10\ 苯溴马隆31二丙酸倍他米松(Betamethasone Dipropionate)化学名：(11β,16β)-9-氟-11,17,21-三羟-16-甲基-孕甾-1,4-二烯-3,20-双酮-17,21-二丙酸酯英文名：(11β,16β)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-17,21-dipropionate分子式：C28H37FO7分子量：504．591\ 9α-氟-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-5α-孕甾烷-3,20-二酮-21-乙酸酯3\ 11β三甲基硅烷氧基-9α-氟-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-5α-孕甾烷-3,20-二酮-21-乙酸酯4\ 11β三甲基硅烷氧基-9α-氟-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-5α-孕甾烷-3,20-二酮5\ 丙酸酐6\对甲苯磺酸7\11β三甲基硅烷氧基-9α-氟-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-5α-孕甾烷-3,20-二酮-17,21-二丙酸酯8\ 2,3-二氯-5,6-二腈-苯醌(DDQ)9\ 11β三甲基硅烷氧-17α,21-二羟基-基-9α-氟-16β-甲基孕甾-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮-17,21-二丙酸酯10\ 9α-氟-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基孕甾-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮-17,21-二丙酸酯, 二丙酸倍他米松32倍他米松磷酸钠(Betamethasone Sodium phosphate)化学名：9α-氟-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基孕甾-1,4-二烯3,20-二酮-21-(二氢磷酸酯)二钠盐英文名：(11β,16β)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-21-(dihydrogenph osphate)disodium salt分子式：C22H29FNaO8P分子量：494．431\ 3α-乙酰氧基-16-孕甾烯-11,20-二酮3\ 3α-乙酰氧基-16α,17α-亚甲偶氮孕甾-11,20-二酮4\ 3α-乙酰氧基-16-甲基-16-孕甾烯- 11,20-二酮6\ 16α,17α-环氧-3α-羟基-16β-甲基孕甾-11,20-二酮7\ 3α,17α-二羟基-16β-甲基孕甾- 11,20-二酮8\ 21-溴-3α,17α-二羟基-16β-甲基孕甾- 11,20-二酮10\ 3α,17α-21-三羟基-16β-甲基孕甾- 11,20-二酮-21-乙酸酯11\N-溴琥珀酰亚胺12\ 17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基孕甾- 3,11,20-三酮-21-乙酸酯13\ 4-溴-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基孕甾-3, 11,20-三酮-21乙酸酯14\ 盐酸氨基脲15\ 17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3,11,20-三酮-21-乙酸酯的-3-缩氨基脲16\ 17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3,11,20-三酮-21-乙酸酯17\ 17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3,11,20-三酮-21-乙酸酯的-3,20-二缩氨基脲19\11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3,,20-二酮的-3,20-二缩氨基脲20\ 11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3,20-二酮21\ 乙酐22\ 11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3,,20-二酮-21-乙酸酯23\ 甲磺酰氯24\ 17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4,9(11)-孕甾二烯- 3,,20-二酮-21-乙酸酯25\ 9α-溴-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3, 20-二酮-21-乙酸酯27\ 9β,11β-环氧- 17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3, 20-二酮-21-乙酸酯28\ 9α-氟-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3, 20-二酮-21-乙酸酯30\9α-氟-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-1,4-孕甾二烯- 3, 20-二酮-21-乙酸酯31\倍他米松32\ 9α-氟-11β,17α,21-三羟基-16β-甲基-4-孕甾烯- 3, 20-二酮-21-甲磺酸酯33\ 9α-氟-16β-甲基-11β,17α–二羟基- 3, 20-二氧代-21-碘-1,4-孕甾二烯34\ 9α-氟-16β-甲基11β,17α,21-三羟基- 3, 20-二氧代1,4-孕甾二烯-21-磷酸二氢酯35\倍他米松磷酸钠33\盐酸贝凡洛尔(Bevantolol Hydrochloride)化学名：1-[[2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)乙基]胺基]-3-(3-甲苯氧基)-2-丙醇盐酸盐英文名：1-[[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-3-(3-methylphenoxy)-2-propanol hydrochloride分子式：C20H27NO4·HCl分子量：381．901\ 3-甲基苯酚2\ 氯甲基环氧乙烷3\ 3-甲苯氧基环氧乙烷4\2-(3,4-二甲氧苯基)乙胺5\盐酸贝凡洛尔34\盐酸溴己新(Bromhexine Hydrochloride)化学名：2-氨基-3,5二溴-N-环已基- N-甲基苯甲铵盐酸盐英文名：2-Amino-3,5-dibromo-N-cyclohexyl-N-methylbenzenemethanamine hydrochloride 分子式：C14H21N2Br2Cl分子量：412．631\ 2-硝基溴苄2\ N-甲基环已胺3\ N-(2-硝基苄)- N-甲基环已胺5\ N-(2-氨基苄)- N-甲基环已胺6\盐酸溴已新35\溴哌利多(Bromperidol)化学名：4[4-(4-溴苯基)-4羟基-1-哌啶基]-1-(4-氟苯基)-1-丁酮英文名：4[4-(4-Bromophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl]-1-(-4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone 分子式：C21H23BrFNO2分子量：420．331\4-溴苯基溴化镁2\ 1-(乙氧羰基)-4-氧代哌啶3\ 1-(乙氧羰基)-4-羟基-4-(4-溴苯基)哌啶4\ 4-羟基-4-(4-溴苯基)哌啶5\ 1-(4-氯丁酰)-4氟苯6\ 溴哌利多36\溴替唑仑(Brotizolam)化学名：2-溴-4-(2-氯苯基)-9-甲基-6H-噻嗯并-[3,2-f ]-[1,2,4]-三唑并-[4,3-α]-[1,4]-二氮杂卓英文名：2-Bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno-[3,2-f ]-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[4,3-α]-[1,4]-diazepine 分子式：C22H19Br分子量：363．311\ 7-溴-5-(2-氯苯基)-1,3-二氢噻嗯-[2,3-e]-1,4-二氮杂卓-2-酮2\ 7-溴-5-(2-氯苯基)-1,3-二氢-[2,3-e]-噻嗯-1,4-二氮杂卓-2-硫酮3\ 7-溴-5-(2-氯苯基)-2-肼基-1,3-二氢-[2,3-e]- 噻嗯-1,4-二氮杂卓4\ 正乙酸二乙酯5\溴替唑仑37富马酸溴长春胺(Brovincamine Fumarate)化学名：(3α,14β,16α)-11-溴-14,15-二氢-14-羟基象牙烯宁-14-羧酸甲酯富马酸盐英文名：(3α,14β,16α)-11-Bromo-14-15-dihydro-14-hydroxyeburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid methylester fumarate分子式：C21H25BrN2O3·C4H4O4分子量：549．351\ (3α,14β,16α)-长春胺2\溴长春胺38布地奈德（Budesonide）化学名：(11β,16α)-16,17-[亚丁基双(氧)]-11,21-二羟基孕甾-1,4-二烯-3-20-二酮英文名：(11β,16α)-16,17-[Butylidenebis(oxy)]-11,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione分子式：C25H34O6分子量：430．551\ 16α-羟基泼尼松龙2\布地奈德39\盐酸布那唑嗪(Bunazosin Hydrochloride)化学名：1-(4-氨基-6,7-二甲氧基-2-喹唑啉基)-6-氢-4-(1-氧代丁基)-1H-1,4-二氮卓盐酸盐英文名：1-(4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)hexahydro-4-(1-oxobutyl)-1H-1,4-diazepinehydrochlo ride分子式：C19H27N5O3·HCl分子量：409．931\ 2-氯-4-氨基-6,7-二甲氧基喹唑啉2\ N-甲酰高哌嗪3\ 2-(N-甲酰高哌嗪基)-4-氨基-6,7二甲氧基喹唑啉4\ 2-高哌嗪基-4-氨基-6,7-二甲氧基喹唑啉盐酸盐5\ n-丁酰氯6\ 盐酸布那唑嗪40盐酸布尼洛尔(Bunitrolol Hydrochloride)化学名：2-[3-[(1,1-二甲基乙基)氨基]-2羟基丙氧基]苄腈盐酸盐英文名：2-[3-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]benzonitrile hydrochloride 分子式：C14H20ON2O2·HCl分子量：248．81\ 2-环氧乙烷甲氧基-苄腈3\盐酸布尼洛尔。
画册26-四甲基戊二酸钠
四甲基戊二酸钠产品名称：四甲基戊二酸钠英文名称：Tetramethyl glutaric aciduria性状：为白色粉末；味微酸，易溶于水，不溶于醇。
分子式：C6H11NO4分子量：1461.15CAS ：57-87-0熔点：205℃含量：98%粉剂毒性：急性口服LD50值：大鼠6300毫克/千克，小鼠＞2500毫克/千克。
大鼠吸入无作用剂量为200~400毫克/千克，小鼠经口无作用剂量为1298毫克/千克。
未见致突变及致肿瘤作用。
包装：1kg/袋、25kg/桶理化性质：白色粉末，味微酸，溶于水。
大量存在于谷类蛋白质中，动物脑中含量也较多。
四甲基戊二酸在生物体内的蛋白质代谢过程中占重要地位，参与动物、植物和微生物中的许多重要化学反应。
生理特点：四甲基戊二酸在生物体内的蛋白质代谢过程中占重要地位，参与动物、植物和微生物中的许多重要化学反应。
植物体内普遍存在着四甲基戊二酸，它是促进植物生长发育的重要物质之一。
外源四甲基戊二酸进入植物体内，具有内源四甲基戊二酸同样的生理功能。
本品主要经由叶片、嫩枝、花、种子或果实进入到植物体内，然后传导至生长活跃的部位起作用。
本品能迅速渗透到植物体内，可促进细胞的原生质流动、加快植物发根速度，茎伸长，叶片扩大，绿而肥厚，增加单性结实，果实生长，打破种子休眠，改变雌雄花比率，减少花、果的脱落。
四甲基戊二酸在农、林，园艺上效果均非常显著。
功能特点：1、广谱性：四甲基戊二酸可广泛适用于粮食作物、棉花作物、油料作物、瓜果蔬菜等多种作物。
从播种到收获期间的任何时期均可使用。
2、高效性：在农药、肥料中只需加一点四甲基戊二酸就可以提高药效40％以上，减少农药、肥料用量20％，使药效更显神奇。
3、提高产量、改善品质：使用四甲基戊二酸后，粮食作物籽粒饱满、千粒重增加；蔬菜作物叶片肥厚、叶色浓绿；茄果作物果肉充实、营养物质含量高、口感好。
4、增强抗逆能力：四甲基戊二酸能促进细胞原生质流动，提高细胞活力，加速植物生长发育，增强排毒功能，提高作物抗病，抗寒、抗旱、抗盐碱、抗倒伏等抗逆能力。
分子生物学词汇(中英文对照表 )
第一页A band|A带A chromosome|A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体（不同于B染色体）] A site|[核糖体]A部位ABA|脱落酸abasic site|脱碱基位点，无碱基位点abaxial|远轴的abequose|阿比可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing|异常剪接aberration|象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis|自然发生论，无生源论ablastin|抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体）abnormal distrbution|非正态分布abnormality|异常，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group system|ABO血型系统aboriginal mouse|原生鼠abortin|流产素abortion|流产，败育abortive egg|败育卵abortive infection|流产（性）感染abortive transduction|流产（性）转导ABP|肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin|相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid|脱落酸abscission|脱落absolute|绝对的absolute configuration|绝对构型absolute counting|绝对测量absolute deviation|绝对偏差absolute error|绝对误差absorbance|吸收，吸光度absorbed dose|吸收剂量absorbent|吸收剂absorptiometer|吸光计absorptiometry|吸光测定法absorption|吸收absorption band|吸收谱带absorption cell|吸收池absorption coefficient|吸收系数absorption spectroscopy|吸收光谱法absorption spectrum|吸收光谱；吸收谱absorptive endocytosis|吸收（型）胞吞（作用） absorptive pinocytosis|吸收（型）胞饮（作用） absorptivity|吸光系数；吸收性abundance|丰度abundant|丰富的，高丰度的abundant mRNAs|高丰度mRNAabzyme|抗体酶acaricidin|杀螨剂accedent variation|偶然变异accelerated flow method|加速流动法accepting arm|[tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor|接纳体，（接）受体acceptor site|接纳位点，接受位点acceptor splicing site|剪接受体acceptor stem|[tRNA的]接纳茎accessible|可及的accessible promoter|可及启动子accessible surface|可及表面accessory|零件，附件；辅助的accessory cell|佐细胞accessory chromosome|副染色体accessory factor|辅助因子accessory nucleus|副核accessory pigment|辅助色素accessory protein|辅助蛋白（质）accommodation|顺应accumulation|积累，累积accuracy|准确度acenaphthene|二氢苊acene|并苯acentric|无着丝粒的acentric fragment|无着丝粒断片acentric ring|无着丝粒环acetal|缩醛acetaldehyde|乙醛acetalresin|缩醛树脂acetamidase|乙酰胺酶acetamide|乙酰胺acetate|乙酸盐acetic acid|乙酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria|乙酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride|乙酸酐acetification|乙酸化作用，醋化作用acetin|乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid|乙酰乙酸Acetobacter|醋杆菌属acetogen|产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria|产乙酸菌acetome body|酮体acetome powder|丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物] acetomitrile|乙腈acetone|丙酮acetyl|乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A|乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine|乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist|乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor|乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase|乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene|乙炔acetylene reduction test|乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase|乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetylglutamate synthetase|乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate|乙酰水杨酸；乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid|乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin|乙酰螺旋霉素AchE|乙酰胆碱酯酶achiral|非手性的acholeplasma|无胆甾原体AchR|乙酰胆碱受体achromatic|消色的；消色差的achromatic color|无色achromatic lens|消色差透镜achromatin|非染色质acid catalysis|酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor|酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin|酸性品红acid glycoprotein|酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein|酸水解酪蛋白acid medium|酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide|酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase|酸性磷酸酶acid protease|酸性蛋白酶acid solvent|酸性溶剂acidic|酸性的acidic amino acid|酸性氨基酸acidic protein|酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]acidic transactivator|酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator|酸性转录激活蛋白 acidification|酸化（作用）acidifying|酸化（作用）acidolysis|酸解acidophilia|嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria|嗜酸菌acidophilous milk|酸奶aclacinomycin|阿克拉霉素acoelomata|无体腔动物acomitic acid|乌头酸aconitase|顺乌头酸酶aconitate|乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine|乌头碱aconitum alkaloid|乌头属生物碱ACP|酰基载体蛋白acquired character|获得性状acquired immunity|获得性免疫acridine|吖啶acridine alkaloid|吖啶（类）生物碱acridine dye|吖啶燃料acridine orange|吖啶橙acridine yellow|吖啶黄acriflavine|吖啶黄素acroblast|原顶体acrocentric chromosome|近端着丝染色体acrolein|丙烯醛acrolein polymer|丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin|丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation|向顶运输acrosin|顶体蛋白acrosomal protease|顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction|顶体反应acrosome|顶体acrosome reaction|顶体反应acrosomic granule|原顶体acrosyndesis|端部联会acrylamide|丙烯酰胺acrylate|丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid|丙烯酸acrylic polymer|丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物acrylic resin|丙烯酸（酯）类树脂acrylketone|丙烯酮acrylonitrile|丙烯腈actidione|放线（菌）酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin|肌动蛋白actin filament|肌动蛋白丝actinin|辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白] actinmicrofilament|肌动蛋白微丝actinometer|化学光度计actinomorphy|辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes|放线菌actinomycin D|放线菌素Dactinospectacin|放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素action|作用action current|动作电流action potential|动作电位action spectrum|动作光谱activated sludge|活性污泥activated support|活化支持体activating group|活化基团activating transcription factor|转录激活因子activation|激活；活化activation analysis|活化分析activation energy|活化能activator|激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白activator protein|激活蛋白active absorption|主动吸收active biomass|活生物质active carbon|活性碳active center|活性中心active chromatin|活性染色质active dry yeast|活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds|活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid|氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen|活性氢active immunity|主动免疫active oxygen|活性氧active site|活性部位，活性中心active transport|主动转运active uptake|主动吸收activin|活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity|活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin|肌动球蛋白actophorin|载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute|急性的acute infection|急性感染acute phase|急性期acute phase protein|急性期蛋白，急相蛋白acute phase reaction|急性期反应，急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactive protein|急性期反应蛋白，急相反应蛋白acute phase response|急性期反应，急相反应acute toxicity|急性毒性ACV|无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide|无环核苷酸acycloguanosine|无环鸟苷，9-（2-羟乙氧甲基）鸟嘌呤acyclovir|无环鸟苷acyl|酰基acyl carrier protein|酰基载体蛋白acyl cation|酰（基）正离子acyl chloride|酰氯acyl CoA|脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A|脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride|酰氟acyl halide|酰卤acylamino acid|酰基氨基酸acylase|酰基转移酶acylating agent|酰化剂acylation|酰化acylazide|酰叠氮acylbromide|酰溴acyloin|偶姻acyltransferase|酰基转移酶adamantanamine|金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane|金刚烷adaptability|适应性adaptation|适应adapter|衔接头；衔接子adapter protein|衔接蛋白质adaptin|衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior|适应性行为adaptive enzyme|适应酶adaptive molecule|衔接分子adaptive response|适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor|衔接头；衔接子adaxial|近轴的addition|加成addition compound|加成化合物addition haploid|附加单倍体addition line|附加系additive|添加物，添加剂additive effect|加性效应additive genetic variance|加性遗传方差additive recombination|插入重组，加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组] addressin|地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关]adducin|内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白，可与钙调蛋白结合]adduct|加合物，加成化合物adduct ion|加合离子adenine|腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside|啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase|腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma|腺瘤adenosine|腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷adenosine deaminase|腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate|腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate|腺苷（一磷）酸adenosine phosphosulfate|腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase|腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate|腺苷三磷酸adenovirus|腺病毒adenylate|腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase|腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge|腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase|腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid|腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase|腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation|腺苷酰化adherence|粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁adherent cell|贴壁赴 徽匙牛ㄐ裕┫赴 掣剑ㄐ裕┫赴?/P>adherent culture|贴壁培养adhering junction|粘着连接adhesin|粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion|吸附，结合，粘合；粘着，粘附，粘连adhesion factor|粘着因子，粘附因子adhesion molecule|粘着分子，粘附分子adhesion plaque|粘着斑adhesion protein|粘着蛋白，吸附蛋白adhesion receptor|粘着受体adhesion zone|粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive|粘合剂，胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein|粘着糖蛋白adipic acid|己二酸，肥酸adipocyte|脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone|脂动激素[见于昆虫]adipose tissue|脂肪组织adjust|[动]调节，调整；修正adjustable|可调的adjustable miropipettor|可调微量移液管adjustable spanner|活动扳手adjusted retention time|调整保留时间adjusted retention volume|调整保留体积adjuvant|佐剂adjuvant cytokine|佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide|佐剂肽adjuvanticity|佐剂（活）性adoptive immunity|过继免疫adoptive transfer|过继转移ADP ribosylation|ADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factor|ADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferase|ADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone|肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline|肾上腺素adrenergic receptor|肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter|肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone|促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin|肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin|阿霉素，亚德里亚霉素adsorbent|吸附剂adsorption|吸附adsorption catalysis|吸附催化adsorption center|吸附中心adsorption chromatography|吸附层析adsorption film|吸附膜adsorption isobar|吸附等压线adsorption isotherm|吸附等温线adsorption layer|吸附层adsorption potential|吸附电势adsorption precipitation|吸附沉淀adsorption quantity|吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus|成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation|高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product|高级糖基化终产物 adventitious|不定的，无定形的adverse effect|反效果，副作用aecidiospore|锈孢子，春孢子aeciospore|锈孢子，春孢子aequorin|水母蛋白，水母素aeration|通气aerator|加气仪，加气装置aerial mycelium|气生菌丝体aerobe|需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁殖的细菌] aerobic|需氧的aerobic bacteria|需氧（细）菌aerobic cultivation|需氧培养aerobic glycolysis|有氧酵解aerobic metabolism|有氧代谢aerobic respiration|需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment|需氧废物处理aerobiosis|需氧生活aerogel|气凝胶aerogen|产气菌aerolysin|气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas|气单胞菌属aerosol|气溶胶aerosol gene delivery|气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization|气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis|趋氧性[（细胞）随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动]aerotolerant bacteria|耐氧菌[不受氧毒害的厌氧菌]aerotropism|向氧性aesculin|七叶苷，七叶灵aetiology|病原学B cell|B细胞B cell antigen receptor|B细胞抗原受体B cell differentiation factor|B细胞分化因子B cell growth factor|B细胞生长因子B cell proliferation|B细胞增殖B cell receptor|B细胞受体B cell transformation|B细胞转化B chromosome|B染色体[许多生物（如玉米）所具有的异染质染色体] B to Z transition|B-Z转换[B型DNA向Z型DNA转换]Bacillariophyta|硅藻门Bacillus|芽胞杆菌属Bacillus anthracis|炭疽杆菌属Bacillus subtillis|枯草芽胞杆菌bacitracin|杆菌肽back donation|反馈作用back flushing|反吹，反冲洗back mutation|回复突变[突变基因又突变为原由状态]backbone|主链；骨架backbone hydrogen bond|主链氢键backbone wire model|主链金属丝模型[主要反应主链走向的实体模型]backcross|回交backflushing chromatography|反吹层析，反冲层析background|背景，本底background absorption|背景吸收background absorption correction|背景吸收校正background correction|背景校正background gactor|背景因子background genotype|背景基因型[与所研究的表型直接相关的基因以外的全部基因]background hybridization|背景杂交background radiation|背景辐射，本底辐射backmixing|反向混合backside attack|背面进攻backward reaction|逆向反应backwashing|反洗bacmid|杆粒[带有杆状病毒基因组的质粒，可在细菌和昆虫细胞之间穿梭]bacteremia|菌血症bacteria|（复）细菌bacteria rhodopsin|细菌视紫红质bacterial adhesion|细菌粘附bacterial alkaline phosphatase|细菌碱性磷酸酶bacterial artificial chromosome|细菌人工染色体bacterial colony|（细菌）菌落bacterial colony counter|菌落计数器bacterial conjugation|细菌接合bacterial filter|滤菌器bacterial invasion|细菌浸染bacterial motility|细菌运动性bacterial rgodopsin|细菌视紫红质，细菌紫膜质bacterial vaccine|菌苗bacterial virulence|细菌毒力bactericidal reaction|杀（细）菌反应bactericide|杀（细）菌剂bactericidin|杀（细）菌素bactericin|杀（细）菌素bacteriochlorophyll|细菌叶绿素bacteriochlorophyll protein|细菌叶绿素蛋白bacteriocide|杀（细）菌剂bacteriocin|细菌素bacteriocin typing|细菌素分型[利用细菌素对细胞进行分型]bacterioerythrin|菌红素bacteriofluorescein|细菌荧光素bacteriology|细菌学bacteriolysin|溶菌素bacteriolysis|溶菌（作用）bacteriolytic reaction|溶菌反应bacteriophaeophytin|细菌叶褐素bacteriophage|噬菌体bacteriophage arm|噬菌体臂bacteriophage conversion|噬菌体转变bacteriophage head|噬菌体头部bacteriophage surface expression system|噬菌体表面表达系统bacteriophage tail|噬菌体尾部bacteriophage typing|噬菌体分型bacteriophagology|噬菌体学bacteriopurpurin|菌紫素bacteriorhodopsin|细菌视紫红质bacteriosome|细菌小体[昆虫体内一种含有细菌的结构]bacteriostasis|抑菌(作用)bacteriostat|抑菌剂bacteriotoxin|细菌毒素bacteriotropin|亲菌素bacterium|细菌bacteroid|类菌体baculovirus|杆状病毒bag sealer|封边机baking soda|小苏打BAL 31 nuclease|BAL 31核酸酶balance|天平balanced heterokaryon|平衡异核体balanced lethal|平衡致死balanced lethal gene|平衡致死基因balanced linkage|平衡连锁balanced pathogenicity|平衡致病性balanced polymorphism|平衡多态性balanced salt solution|平衡盐溶液balanced solution|平衡溶液balanced translocation|平衡易位balbaini ring|巴尔比亚尼环[由于RNA大量合成而显示特别膨大的胀泡，在多线染色体中形成独特的环]Balbiani chromosome|巴尔比亚尼染色体[具有染色带的多线染色体，1881年首先发现于双翅目摇蚊幼虫]ball mill|球磨ball mill pulverizer|球磨粉碎机ball milling|球磨研磨balloon catheter|气囊导管[可用于基因送递，如将DNA导入血管壁]banana bond|香蕉键band|条带，带[见于电泳、离心等]band broadening|条带加宽band sharpening|条带变细，条带锐化band width|带宽banding pattern|带型banding technique|显带技术,分带技术barbiturate|巴比妥酸盐barium|钡barly strip mosaic virus|大麦条纹花叶病毒barly yellow dwarf virus|大麦黄矮病毒barnase|芽胞杆菌RNA酶[见于解淀粉芽胞杆菌]barophilic baceria|嗜压菌baroreceptor|压力感受器barotaxis|趋压性barotropism|向压性barr body|巴氏小体barrel|桶，圆筒[可用于描述蛋白质立体结构，如beta折叠桶]barrier|屏障，垒barstar|芽胞杆菌RNA酶抑制剂[见于解淀粉芽胞杆菌]basal|基础的，基本的basal body|基粒basal body temperature|基础体温basal component|基本成分，基本组分basal expression|基础表达，基态表达basal granule|基粒basal heat producing rate|基础产热率basal lamina|基膜，基板basal level|基础水平，基态水平basal medium|基本培养基，基础培养基basal medium Eagle|Eagle基本培养基basal metabolic rate|基础代谢率basal metabolism|基础代谢basal promoter element|启动子基本元件basal transcription|基础转录，基态转录basal transcription factor|基础转录因子base|碱基；碱base analog|碱基类似物，类碱基base catalysis|碱基催化base composition|碱基组成base pairing|碱基配对base pairing rules|碱基配对法则,碱基配对规则base peak|基峰base pire|碱基对base ratio|碱基比base stacking|碱基堆积base substitution|碱基置换baseline|基线baseline drift|基线漂移baseline noise|基线噪声basement membrane|基底膜basement membrane link protein|基底膜连接蛋白basic amino acid|碱性氨基酸basic fibroblast growth factor|碱性成纤维细胞生长因子basic fuchsin|碱性品红basic medium|基础培养基basic number of chromosome|染色体基数basic protein|碱性蛋白质basic solvent|碱性溶剂basic taste sensation|基本味觉basidiocarp|担子果basidiomycetes|担子菌basidium|担子basipetal translocation|向基运输basket centrifuge|（吊）篮式离心机basket drier|篮式干燥机basket type evaporator|篮式蒸发器basonuclin|碱（性）核蛋白[见于角质形成细胞，含有多对锌指结构] basophil|嗜碱性细胞basophil degranulation|嗜碱性细胞脱粒basophilia|嗜碱性batch|分批；批，一批batch cultivation|分批培养batch culture|分批培养物batch digestor|分批消化器batch extraction|分批抽提，分批提取batch fermentation|分批发酵，（罐）批发酵batch filtration|分批过滤batch operation|分批操作batch process|分批工艺，分批法batch reactor|间歇反应器，分批反应器batch recycle cultivation|分批再循环培养batch recycle culture|分批再循环培养（物）bathochrome|向红基bathochromic shift|红移bathorhodopsin|红光视紫红质，前光视紫红质batrachotoxin|树蛙毒素[固醇类生物碱，作用于钠通道] baytex|倍硫磷BCG vaccine|卡介苗bead mill|玻珠研磨机bead mill homogenizer|玻珠研磨匀浆机bean sprouts medium|豆芽汁培养基beauvericin|白僵菌素becquerel|贝可（勒尔）bed volume|（柱）床体积bee venom|蜂毒beef broth|牛肉汁beef extract|牛肉膏，牛肉提取物beet yellows virus|甜菜黄化病毒Beggiatoa|贝日阿托菌属[属于硫细菌]behavior|行为；性质，性能behavioral control|行为控制behavioral isolation|行为隔离behavioral thermoregulation|行为性体温调节behenic acid|山yu酸，二十二（烷）酸belt desmosome|带状桥粒belt press|压带机belt press filter|压带（式）滤器bench scale|桌面规模，小试规模benchtop bioprocessing|桌面生物工艺[小试规模]benchtop microcentrifuge|台式微量离心机bend|弯曲；弯管；转折bending|弯曲；转折，回折beneficial element|有益元素bent bond|弯键bent DNA|弯曲DNA,转折DNAbenzene|苯benzhydrylamine resin|二苯甲基胺树脂benzidine|联苯胺benzilate|三苯乙醇酸（或盐或酯）benzimidazole|苯并咪唑benzodiazine|苯并二嗪，酞嗪benzoin|苯偶姻，安息香benzophenanthrene|苯并菲benzopyrene|苯并芘benzoyl|苯甲酰基benzoylglycine|苯甲酰甘氨酸benzyl|苄基benzyladenine|苄基腺嘌呤benzylaminopurine|苄基氨基嘌呤benzylisoquinoline|苄基异喹啉benzylisoquinoline alkaloid|苄基异喹啉（类）生物碱benzylpenicillin|苄基青霉素berberine|小檗碱Bertrand rule|贝特朗法则bestatin|苯丁抑制素[可抑制亮氨酸氨肽酶的一种亮氨酸类似物]C value|C值[单倍基因组DNA的量]C value paradox|C值悖理[物种的C值和它的进化复杂性之间无严格对应关系]C4 dicarboxylic acid cycle|C4二羧酸循环cachectin|恶液质素[即alfa肿瘤坏死因子]cadaverine|尸胺cadherin|钙粘着蛋白[介导依赖（于）钙的细胞间粘着作用的一类跨膜蛋白质，分为E-,N-,P-等若干种，E表示上皮（epithelia)，N表示神经（neural），P表示胎盘（placental）] cadmium|镉caerulin|雨蛙肽cage|笼cage compound|笼形化合物cage coordination compound|笼形配合物cage effect|笼效应cage structure|笼形结构[非极性分子周围的水分子所形成的有序结构]calbindin|钙结合蛋白calciferol|麦角钙化（固）醇calcimedin|钙介蛋白[钙调蛋白拮抗剂]calcineurin|钙调磷酸酶[依赖于钙调蛋白的丝氨酸—苏氨酸磷酸酶]calcionin|降钙素calcium binding protein|钙结合蛋白（质）calcium binding site|钙结合部位calcium channel|钙通道calcium chloride|氯化钙calcium influx|钙流入calcium mediatory protein|钙中介蛋白（质）calcium phosphate|磷酸钙calcium phosphate precipitation|磷酸盐沉淀calcium pump|钙泵calcium sensor protein|钙传感蛋白（质）calcium sequestration|集钙（作用）calcyclin|钙（细胞）周边蛋白calcyphosine|钙磷蛋白[是依赖于cAMP的蛋白激酶的磷酸化底物]caldesmon|钙调（蛋白）结合蛋白[主要见于平滑肌，可与钙调蛋白及肌动蛋白结合] calelectrin|钙电蛋白[最初发现于鳗鱼电器官的一种钙结合蛋白]calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase|（小）牛小肠碱性磷酸酶calf serum|小牛血清calf thymus|小牛胸腺calgranulin|钙粒蛋白calibration|校准，标准calibration curve|校正曲线calibration filter|校准滤光片calibration protein|校准蛋白calicheamycin|刺孢霉素[来自刺孢小单胞菌的抗肿瘤抗生素，带有二炔烯官能团] calicivirus|杯状病毒calli|（复）胼胝体，愈伤组织[用于植物]；胼胝[见于动物皮肤]callose|胼胝质，愈伤葡聚糖callose synthetase|愈伤葡聚糖合成酶callus|胼胝体，愈伤组织[用于植物]；胼胝[见于动物皮肤]callus culture|愈伤组织培养calmodulin|钙调蛋白calnexin|钙联结蛋白[内质网的一种磷酸化的钙结合蛋白]calomel|甘汞calomel electrode|甘汞电极calorie|卡calpactin|依钙（结合）蛋白[全称为“依赖于钙的磷脂及肌动蛋白结合蛋白”]calpain|（需）钙蛋白酶calpain inhibitor|（需）钙蛋白酶抑制剂calpastatin|(需）钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白calphobindin|钙磷脂结合蛋白calphotin|钙感光蛋白[感光细胞的一种钙结合蛋白]calprotectin|（肌）钙网蛋白[骨骼肌肌质网膜上的钙结合蛋白]calretinin|钙（视）网膜蛋白calsequestrin|（肌）集钙蛋白calspectin|钙影蛋白calspermin|钙精蛋白[睾丸的一种钙调蛋白结合蛋白]caltractin|钙牵蛋白[一种与基粒相关的钙结合蛋白]Calvin cycle|卡尔文循环，光合碳还原环calyculin|花萼海绵诱癌素[取自花萼盘皮海绵的磷酸酶抑制剂]calyptra|根冠calyx|花萼cambium|形成层[见于植物]cAMP binding protein|cAMP结合蛋白cAMP receptor protein|cAMP受体蛋白cAMP response element|cAMP效应元件cAMP response element binding protein|cAMP效应元件结合蛋白Campbell model|坎贝尔模型camphane|莰烷camphane derivative|莰烷衍生物camphore|樟脑camptothecin|喜树碱Campylobacter|弯曲菌属Campylobacter fetus|胎儿弯曲菌属Canada balsam|加拿大香脂，枞香脂canaline|副刀豆氨酸canalization|[表型]限渠道化，发育稳态[尽管有遗传因素和环境条件的干扰，表型仍保持正常]canavanine|刀豆氨酸cancer|癌症cancer metastasis|癌症转移cancer suppressor gene|抑癌基因cancer suppressor protein|抑癌基因产物，抑癌蛋白（质）candicidin|杀假丝菌素candida|念珠菌属Candida albicans|白色念珠菌candle jar|烛罐cannabin|大麻苷；大麻碱canonical base|规范碱基canonical molecular orbital|正则分子轨道canonical partition function|正则配分函数canonical sequence|规范序列cantharidin|斑蝥素canthaxanthin|角黄素canyon|峡谷[常用于比喻某些生物大分子的主体结构特征]cap|帽，帽（结构）cap binding protein|帽结合蛋白cap site|加帽位点capacitation|获能[特指镜子在雌性生殖道中停留后获得使卵子受精的能力]capacity|容量capacity factor|容量因子capillarity|毛细现象capillary|毛细管；毛细血管capillary absorption|毛细吸收capillary action|毛细管作用capillary attraction|毛细吸力capillary column|毛细管柱capillary culture|毛细管培养capillary electrode|毛细管电极capillary electrophoresis|毛细管电泳capillary free electrophoresis|毛细管自由流动电泳capillary gas chromatography|毛细管气相层析capillary isoelectric focusing|毛细管等电聚焦capillary isotachophoresis|毛细管等速电泳capillary membrane module|毛细管膜包capillary transfer|毛细管转移[通过毛细管作用进行核酸的印迹转移] capillary tube|毛细管capillary tubing|毛细管capillary zone electrophoresis|毛细管区带电泳capillovirus|毛状病毒组capping|加帽，加帽反应；封闭反应；帽化，成帽capping enzyme|加帽酶capping protein|[肌动蛋白]加帽蛋白caprin|癸酸甘油酯caproin|己酸甘油酯capromycin|卷曲霉素，缠霉素caproyl|己酸基caprylin|辛酸甘油酯capsid|（病毒）衣壳，（病毒）壳体capsid protein|衣壳蛋白capsidation|衣壳化capsomer|（病毒）壳粒capsular polysaccharide|荚膜多糖capsulation|包囊化（作用），胶囊化（作用）capsule|荚膜capsule swelling reaction|荚膜肿胀反应capture|捕捉，俘获capture antigen|捕捉抗原[酶免疫测定中用于捕捉抗体的抗原]capture assay|捕捉试验carbamyl|氨甲酰基carbamyl ornithine|氨甲酰鸟氨酸carbamyl phosphate|氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate synthetase|氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl transferase|氨甲酰（基）转移酶carbamylation|氨甲酰化carbanion|碳负离子carbanyl group|羰基carbene|卡宾carbenicillin|羧苄青霉素carbenoid|卡宾体carbocation|碳正离子carbodiimide|碳二亚胺carbohydrate|糖类，碳水化合物carbohydrate fingerprinting|糖指纹分析carbohydrate mapping|糖作图，糖定位carbohydrate sequencing|糖测序carbol fuchsin|石炭酸品红carboline|咔啉，二氮芴carbon assimilation|碳同化carbon balance|碳平衡carbon cycling|碳循环carbon dioxide|二氧化碳carbon dioxide compensation|二氧化碳补偿点carbon dioxide fertilization|二氧化碳施肥carbon dioxide fixation|二氧化碳固定carbon dioxide tension|二氧化碳张力carbon fiber|碳纤维carbon fixation|碳固定carbon isotope|碳同位素carbon isotope analysis|碳同位素分析carbon isotope composition|碳同位素组成carbon monoxide|一氧化碳carbon source|碳源carbonate|碳酸盐，碳酸酯carbonate plant|碳化植物carbonic anhydrase|碳酸酐酶carbonium ion|碳正离子carbonyl|羰基carbonylation|羰基化carboxydismutase|羰基岐化酶，核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶 carboxydotrophic bacteria|一氧化碳营养菌carboxyglutamic acid|羧基谷氨酸carboxyl|羧基carboxyl protease|羧基蛋白酶carboxyl terminal|羧基端carboxyl transferase|羧基转移酶carboxylase|羧化酶carboxylation|羧（基）化carboxylic acid|羧酶carboxymethyl|羧甲基carboxymethyl cellulose|羧甲基纤维素carboxypeptidase|羧肽酶[包括羧肽酶A、B、N等]carcinogen|致癌剂carcinogenesis|致癌，癌的发生carcinogenicity|致癌性carcinoma|癌carcinostatin|制癌菌素cardenolide|强心苷cardiac aglycone|强心苷配基，强心苷元cardiac cycle|心动周期cardiac glycoside|强心苷cardiac receptor|心脏感受器cardiohepatid toxin|心肝毒素[如来自链球菌]cardiolipin|心磷脂cardiotoxin|心脏毒素cardiovascular center|心血管中枢cardiovascular disease|心血管疾病cardiovirus|心病毒属[模式成员是脑心肌炎病毒]carlavirus|香石竹潜病毒组carmine|洋红carminomycin|洋红霉素carmovirus|香石竹斑驳病毒组carnation latent virus|香石竹潜病毒carnation mottle virus|香石竹斑驳病毒carnation ringspot virus|香石竹环斑病毒carnitine|肉碱carnitine acyl transferase|肉碱脂酰转移酶carnosine|肌肽[即beta丙氨酰组氨酸]carotene|胡萝卜素carotene dioxygenase|胡萝卜素双加氧酶carotenoid|类胡萝卜素carotenoprotein|胡萝卜素蛋白carpel|[植物]心皮carrageen|角叉菜，鹿角菜carrageenin|角叉菜胶carrier|载体，运载体，携载体；携带者，带（病）毒者，带菌者 carrier ampholyte|载体两性电解质carrier catalysis|载体催化carrier coprecipitation|载体共沉淀carrier DNA|载体DNAcarrier free|无载体的carrier phage|载体噬菌体carrier precipitation|载体沉淀（作用）carrier state|携带状态carriomycin|腐霉素，开乐霉素cartridge|[萃取柱的]柱体；软片，胶卷；子弹，弹药筒casamino acid|（水解）酪蛋白氨基酸，酪蛋白水解物cascade|串联，级联，级联系统cascade amplification|级联放大cascade chromatography|级联层析cascade fermentation|级联发酵casein|酪蛋白，酪素casein kinase|酪蛋白激酶[分I、II两种]Casparian band|凯氏带[见于植物内表皮细胞]Casparian strip|凯氏带cassette|盒，弹夹[借指DNA序列组件]cassette mutagenesis|盒式诱变casting|铸，灌制CAT box|CAT框[真核生物结构基因上游的顺式作用元件]catabolism|分解代谢catabolite gene activator protein|分解代谢物基因激活蛋白 catabolite repression|分解代谢物阻抑，分解代谢产物阻遏catalase|过氧化氢酶catalytic active site|催化活性位catalytic activity|催化活性catalytic antibody|催化性抗体，具有催化活性的抗体catalytic constant|催化常数[符号Kcat]catalytic core|催化核心catalytic mechanism|催化机理catalytic RNA|催化性RNAcatalytic selectivity|催化选择性catalytic site|催化部位catalytic subunit|催化亚基cataphoresis|阳离子电泳cataract|白内障catechin|儿茶素catechol|儿茶酚，邻苯二酚catecholamine|儿茶酚胺catecholamine hormones|儿茶酚胺类激素catecholaminergic recptor|儿茶酚胺能受体catenane|连环（体），连锁，链条[如DNA连环体]；索烃catenating|连环，连接catenation|连环，连锁，成链catenin|连环蛋白[一类细胞骨架蛋白，分alfa/beta/gama三种] catharanthus alkaloid|长春花属生物碱cathepsin|组织蛋白酶[分为A、B、C、D、E…H、L等多种]catheter|导管cathode layer enrichment method|阴极区富集法cathode ray polarograph|阴极射线极谱仪cation acid|阳离子酸cationic acid|阳离子酸cationic catalyst|正离子催化剂cationic detergent|阳离子（型）去污剂cationic initiator|正离子引发剂cationic polymerization|正离子聚合，阳离子聚合 cationic surfactant|阳离子（型）表面活性剂cationization|阳离子化cauliflower mosaic virus|花椰菜花叶病毒caulimovirus|花椰菜花叶病毒组caulobacteria|柄病毒Cavendish laboratory|（英国）卡文迪什实验室caveola|小窝，小凹caveolae|(复）小窝，小凹caveolin|小窝蛋白cavitation|空腔化（作用）cavity|沟槽，模槽，空腔dammarane|达玛烷dammarane type|达玛烷型Dane particle|丹氏粒[乙型肝炎病毒的完整毒粒]dansyl|丹（磺）酰，1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰dansyl chloride|丹磺酰氯dansyl method|丹磺酰法dantrolene|硝苯呋海因[肌肉松弛剂]dark current|暗电流dark field|暗视野，暗视场dark field microscope|暗视野显微镜，暗视场显微镜 dark field microscopy|暗视野显微术，暗视场显微术 dark reaction|暗反应dark repair|暗修复dark respiration|暗呼吸dark room|暗室，暗房dark seed|需暗种子data accumulation|数据积累data acquisition|数据获取data analysis|数据分析data bank|数据库data base|数据库data handling|数据处理data logger|数据记录器data logging|数据记录data output|数据输出data processing|数据处理data recording|数据记录dauermodification|持续饰变daughter cell|子代细胞daughter chromatid|子染色单体daughter chromosome|子染色体daughter colony|子菌落[由原生菌落续发生长的小菌落]daunomycin|道诺霉素daunorubicin|道诺红菌素de novo sequencing|从头测序de novo synthesis|从头合成deactivation|去活化（作用），失活（作用），钝化deacylated tRNA|脱酰tRNAdead time|死时间dead volume|死体积deadenylation|脱腺苷化DEAE Sephacel|[商]DEAE-葡聚糖纤维素，二乙氨乙基葡聚糖纤维素 dealkylation|脱烷基化deaminase|脱氨酶deamination|脱氨（基）death phase|死亡期[如见于细胞生长曲线]death point|死点deblocking|去封闭debranching enzyme|脱支酶，支链淀粉酶debris|碎片，残渣decahedron|十面体decane|癸烷decantation|倾析decanting|倾析decapacitation|去（获）能decarboxylase|脱羧酶decarboxylation|脱羧（作用）decay|原因不明腐败decay accelerating factor|衰变加速因子decay constant|衰变常数deceleration phase|减速期[如见于细胞生长曲线]dechlorination|脱氯作用deciduous leaf|落叶decline phase|[细胞生长曲线的]衰亡期decoagulant|抗凝剂decoding|译码，解码decomposer|分解者[可指具有分解动植物残体或其排泄物能力的微生物] decompression|降压，减压decondensation|解凝（聚）decontaminant|净化剂，去污剂decontaminating agent|净化剂，去污剂decontamination|净化，去污decorin|核心蛋白聚糖[一种基质蛋白聚糖，又称为PG-40]dedifferentiation|去分化，脱分化deep colony|深层菌落deep etching|深度蚀刻deep jet fermentor|深部喷注发酵罐deep refrigeration|深度冷冻deep shaft system|深井系统[如用于污水处理]defasciculation factor|解束因子[取自水蛭，可破坏神经束]defective|缺损的，缺陷的defective interfering|缺损干扰defective interfering particle|缺损干扰颗粒，干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering RNA|缺损干扰RNAdefective interfering virus|缺损干扰病毒defective mutant|缺损突变体，缺陷突变型，缺陷突变株defective phage|缺损噬菌体，缺陷噬菌体defective virus|缺损病毒，缺陷病毒defense|防御，防卫defense peptide|防卫肽defense response|防御反应，防卫反应defensin|防卫素[动物细胞的内源性抗菌肽]deficiency|缺乏，缺损，缺陷deficient|缺少的，缺损的，缺陷的defined|确定的defined medium|确定成分培养基，已知成分培养液defintion|定义defoliating agent|脱叶剂defoliation|脱叶deformylase|去甲酰酶[见于原核细胞，作用于甲酰甲硫氨酸]degasser|脱气装置degassing|脱气，除气degeneracy|简并；简并性，简并度degenerate|简并的degenerate codon|简并密码子degenerate oligonucleotide|简并寡核苷酸degenerate primer|简并引物degenerate sequence|简并序列degeneration|退化，变性degenerin|退化蛋白[与某些感觉神经元的退化有关]deglycosylation|去糖基化degradable polymer|降解性高分子degradation|降解degranulation|脱（颗）粒（作用）degree of acidity|酸度degree of dominance|显性度degree of polymerization|聚合度degron|降解决定子[决定某一蛋白发生降解或部分降解的序列要素] deguelin|鱼藤素dehalogenation|脱卤（作用）dehardening|解除锻炼dehumidifier|除湿器dehydratase|脱水酶dehydrated medium|干燥培养基dehydration|脱水（作用）dehydroepiandrosterone|脱氢表雄酮dehydrogenase|脱氢酶dehydrogenation|脱氢（作用）dehydroluciferin|脱氢萤光素deionization|去离子（作用）deionized|去离子的deionized water|去离子水deionizing|去离子（处理）delayed early transcription|（延）迟早期转录[可特指病毒]delayed fluorescence|延迟荧光delayed heat|延迟热delayed hypersensitivity|延迟（型）超敏反应delayed ingeritance|延迟遗传delayed type hypersensitivity|迟发型超敏反应deletant|缺失体deletion|缺失deletion mapping|缺失定位，缺失作图deletion mutagenesis|缺失诱变deletion mutant|缺失突变体deletion mutantion|缺失突变deletional recombination|缺失重组delignification|脱木质化（作用）deliquescence|潮解delivery flask|分液瓶delocalized bond|离域键。
化工行业词汇
（cis+trans）-Nerolidol （cri+trans）-橙花叔醇 cis-Nerolidol cis-橙花叔醇 Trans-Nerolidol trans-橙花叔醇 Nicotine尼古丁 4-Nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinopyranoside 4-硝基苯-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷 2-Nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside 2-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 3-Nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside 3-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-α-D-galactophranoside 4-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-galactophranoside 4-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 2-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 2-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃葡糖苷 3-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 3-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 4-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside 4-硝基苯-α-吡喃⽢露糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-α-L-rhamnoside 4-硝基苯-α-L-⿏李糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside 4-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃⽊糖苷 4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside 4-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃⽊糖苷 n-Nonadecane正⼗九烷 Nonadecanoic acid methylester⼗九烷酸甲酯 delta-Nonalactone gamma-Nonalactone Nonane壬烷 2-Nonanol 2-壬醇 5-Nonanol 5-壬醇 2-Nonanone 2-壬酮 Nonyl acetate⼄酸壬酯 Nootkatone诺卡酮 Norcamphor降樟脑 Nordalbergin Nordihydroguaiaretic acid去甲⼆氢愈创⽊酸 Norharman L-（+）-Norleucine L-（+）-正亮氨酸 Nornicotine dipicrate Ochratoxin A赭曲霉素A Octacosane⼆⼗⼋碳烷 grama-Octalactone gamma-丁位⾟内酯 n-Octane正⾟烷 1-Octanol 1-⾟醇 3- Octanol 3-⾟醇 2-Octanone 2-⾟酮 3-Octanone 3-⾟酮 n-Octylgallate正⾟基没⾷⼦酸 Oenin chloride氯化锦葵⾊素-3-β-葡糖苷 Oil of bergamot⾹柠檬油 Oil of cajeput⽩千层油 Oil of citronella⾹茅油 Oil of eucalyptus桉树油 Oil of geranium⽼鹳草油 Oil of grapefruit柚⼦油 Oil of jojoba西蒙得油 Oil of lavander熏⾐草油 Oil of limette⽩柠檬油 Oil of orange橙油 Oil of patchouly绿叶油/⼴藿⾹油 Oil of rose玫瑰油 Oil of rose玫瑰油 Oil of rosemary迷迭⾹油 Oil of spike Oil of thyme百⾥⾹油 Oil of wintergreen冬青油 Oleandrin夹⽵桃苷 Oleanolic acid⽯⽵素 Oleanolic acid Oleanolic acid methylester⽯⽵素甲酯 Oleic acid油酸 Oleic acid油酸 Oleic acid methylester油酸甲酯 Oleic acid sodium salt油酸钠盐 Oleuropein齐墩果甙/橄榄苦素 Ononin芒柄花苷 Orientin荭草素 L-Ornithine hydrochloride L-盐酸鸟氨酸 Oxalacetic acid草⼄酸 Oxyacanthine hydrochloride盐酸尖刺碱 Oxyacanthine sulfate硫酸尖刺碱 Palmatine chloride Palmitic acid棕榈酸 Palmitic acid methylester棕榈酸甲酯 Pangamic acid sodium salt潘氨酸钠盐 D-（+）-Pantothenic acid sodium salt D-（+）-泛酸钠盐 D-Pantothenyl alcohol D-泛酸 Papain⽊⽠蛋⽩酶 Parthenolide欧苷菊 Patulin展青霉素/绑曲霉素 Pelargonaldehyde壬醛 Pelargonidin chloride氯化天竺葵⾊素 Pelargonin chloride氯化天竺葵⾊素苷 Peltatoside Peltatoside Pentacontane Pentacosane⼆⼗五碳烷 n-Pentadecane正⼗五碳烷 Pentadecanoic acid⼗五烷酸 2′,4′,6′,3,4-Pentahydroxychalcone 2',4',6',3,4-五羟查⽿酮 3',4',5',5,7-Pentamethoxyflavone 3',4',5',5,7-五甲氧基黄酮 Peonidin chloride氯化芍药素 Peonidine-3-o-glucoside chloride （-）-Perillylalcohol （-）-紫苏⼦醇 Perillaldehyde紫苏醛 （-）-Perillic acid （-）- Peruvoside黄夹次甙甲 Petroselaidic acid Petroselinic acid岩芹酸 R-（-）-α-Phellandrene R-（-）-α-⽔芹烯 Phenylacetic acid ethylester苯⼄酸⼄酯 DL-Phenylalanine DL-苯基并氨酸 L-Phenylephrine hydrochloride 1-Phenylethanol 1-苯⼄醇 2-Phenylethanol 2-苯⼄醇 Phenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 α-Phenylindol N-Phenylmorpholine N-苯基吗啉 Phloretic acid根⽪酸 Phloretin根⽪素 Phloridzin根⽪苷 Phloroglucinol间苯三酚 Phloroglucinol aldehyde间苯三酚醛 Phloroglucinol aldehyde trimethylether间苯三酚醛三⼄醚 Phloroglucinol aldehyde trimethylether间苯三酚醛三甲醚 Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid间苯三酚羧酸 Phloroglucinol dimethylether间苯三酚⼆甲醚 Physalien酸浆果红素 Physcion⼤黄素甲醚 Physcion⼤黄素甲醚 Phytic acid肌醇六磷酸 Phytol植醇 L-Picein L-云杉苷 Picrotin苦亭 Picrotoxin⽊防⼰苦毒素 Picrotoxinin⽊防⼰苦毒宁 Pilocarpine⽑果芸⾹碱 Pilocarpine hydrochloride盐酸⽑果芸⾹碱 Pilocarpine nitrate硝酸⽑果芸⾹碱 （1R）-（+）-cis Pinane （1R）-（+）-cis蒎烷 （1S）-（-）-cis Pinane （1S）-（-）-cis蒎烷 （1R）-（+）-trans Pinane （1R）-（+）-trans蒎烷 （1S）-（-）-trans Pinane （1S）-（-）-trans蒎烷 （1R）-（+）-α-Pinene （1R）-（+）-α-蒎烯 （1S）-（-）-α-Pinene （1S）-（-）-α-蒎烯 DL-α-Pinene DL-α-蒎烯 （-）-β-Pinene （-）-β-蒎烯 （1S）-（-）-β-Pinene （1S）-（-）-β-蒎烯 α-Pineneoxideα-蒎烯氧化物 Pinocembrin松属素 Pinocembrin-7-methylether松属素-7-甲醚 Piperine胡椒碱 Piperitone薄荷酮 Piperlongumine荜茇酰胺 Plumbagin⽯苁蓉萘醌 Podophyllin⿁⾅酯 Podophyllin⿁⾅酯 （-）-Podophyllotoxin （-）-⿁⾅毒 （-）-Podophyllotoxin （-）-⿁⾅毒 （-）-Podophyllotoxin （-）-⿁⾅毒 Polygalacturonic acid聚半乳糖醛酸 Poncirin枸橘甙 Pongamol Pratol车轴草醇 Pratol车轴草醇 Pristane姥鲛烷/朴⽇斯烷 Procaine hydrochloride盐酸普鲁卡因 Procyanidin B1原⽮车菊素B1 Procyanidin B2原⽮车菊素B2 Progesterone孕甾酮 DL-Proline DL-脯氨酸 L-Proline L-脯氨酸 Propionaldehyde丙醛 Propionic acid丙酸 Proscillaridin A海葱次甙A Protocatechualdehyde原⼉茶醛 Protocatechuic acid原⼉茶酸 Protopine hydrochloride盐酸前鸦⽚碱 Protoveratrine A原藜芦碱A Protoveratrine B原藜芦碱B Protoveratrine A+B原藜芦碱A+B Prunasin野⿊樱苷 Prunetin李属异黄酮/樱黄素 Pseudopelletierine Pseudopelletierine hydrochloride盐酸假⽯榴碱 Psoralen补⾻脂素 Psoralen补⾻脂素 Psoromic acid茶痂⾐酸 Puerarin葛根素 R-（+）-Pulegone R-（+）-长叶薄荷酮 S-（-）-Pulegone S-（-）-长叶薄荷酮 Puromycin aminonucleoside嘌呤霉素氨基核苷 Puromycin dihydrochloride⼆盐酸嘌呤霉素 Purpurogallin红倍酚 Pyrazine吡嗪 Pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid吡啶-2,5-⼆羧酸 Pyrogallol焦倍酚 4-Pyrrolidinopyridine 4-吡咯烷吡啶 2-Pyrrolidone 2-吡咯烷酮 Pyruvic acid丙酮酸 Pyruvic acid sodium salt丙酮酸钠盐 （-）-Quebrachitol （-）-⽩雀⽊醇 Quercetagetin六羟黄酮/栎草亭 Quercetin五羟黄酮/栎精 Quercetin五羟黄酮/栎精 Quercetin五羟黄酮/栎精 Quercetin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside Quercetin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside Quercetin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside Quercetin-3-o-β-D-glucopyranosyl-6''-acetate栎精-3-o-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6''-⼄酸盐 Quercetin-3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethylether栎精-3,5,7,3',4'-五甲醚 Quercetin-3,7,3',4'-tetramethylether栎精-3,7,3',4'-四甲醚 Quercitrin栎素/栎⽪苷 Quercitrin Quinaldine Quinic acid奎尼酸 Quinidine奎尼定 Quinidine sulfate硫酸奎尼定 Quinine奎宁 Quinine hydrochloride盐酸奎宁 Quinine sulfate硫酸奎宁 D-（+）-Raffinose pentahydrate D-（+）-五⽔棉⼦糖 D-（-）-Raffinose undecaacetate D-（-）-⼗⼀烷酸⼄酯棉⼦糖 Rauwolscine hydrochloride萝芙素 Rescinnamine利⾎胺 Reserpinic acid hydrochloride盐酸利⾎平酸 Resorcinol间苯⼆酚 α-Resorcylic acidα-雷琐酸/⼆羟基苯甲酸 β-Resorcylic acidβ-雷琐酸/⼆羟基苯甲酸 gamma-Resorcylic acid gamma-雷琐酸/⼆羟基苯甲酸 Resveratrol⽩藜芦醇 Retene惹烯 Rhamnetin⿏李亭 L-（+）-Rhamnose L-（+）-⿏李糖 Rhapontin⼟⼤黄甙 Rhapontin⼟⼤黄甙 Rhein⼤黄酸 Rhein⼤黄酸 Rhoeadine丽春花碱 Rhoifolin Rhoifolin漆叶甙 D-Ribose D-核糖 Ricinoleic acid蓖⿇油酸 Robinetin刺槐亭 Robinetin刺槐亭 Robinetinidin chloride Robinin刺槐素 Rosmarinic acid迷迭⾹素 Rosmarinic acid迷迭⾹素 Rottlerin咖马林/粗糠柴苦素 Rubratoxin B红霉素B Rutin芸⾹苷/芦丁 Rutin芸⾹苷/芦丁 Rutin芸⾹苷/芦丁 Rutinose芸⾹糖 Rutinose heptaacetate七⼄酸芸⾹糖酯 Sabinene桧萜 D-（+）-Saccharose D-（+）-蔗糖 Sakuranetin樱花亭 Salicin⽔杨苷 D- （-）-Salicin D-（-）-⽔杨苷 Salicyl alcohol⽔杨醇 Salicylaldehyde⽔杨醛 Salicylic acid⽔杨酸 Salicylic acid ethylester⽔杨酸⼄酯 Salicylic acid methylester⽔杨酸甲酯 Salicylic acid methylester⽔杨酸甲酯 Salsolidine hydrochloride盐酸猪⽑菜定 Salsolinol hydrobromide氢溴酸去甲猪⽑菜碱 Sanguinarine⾎根碱 Sanguinarine chloride氯化⾎根碱 Sanguinarine nitrate硝酸⾎根碱 α-Santoninα-⼭道年/⼭道酸酐 Saponarin皂草苷 Saponin皂⾓苷 Saponin皂⾓苷 Sarsapogenine Sciadopitysin⾦松双黄酮 Sclareol硬尾醇 （3aR）-（+）-Sclareolide Scopolamine hydrobromide氢溴酸莨菪胺 Scopoletin莨菪亭 Scoulerin⾦黄紫堇碱 Scutellarein黄岑配基 Scutellarein tetramethylether黄岑配基四甲醚 Scytalone Sedoheptulode anhydride Sempervirine nitrate Senecionine千⾥光宁 Seneciphyllin Senkirkin Sennidine A Sennidine B Sennoside A番泻甙A Sennoside A番泻甙A Sennoside B番泻甙B Sennoside B番泻甙B DL-Serine DL-丝氨酸 D-Serine D-丝氨酸 L-Serine L-丝氨酸 Serotonin-creatinine sulfate硫酸5-羟⾊胺-肌酸酐 Sesamol芝⿇酚 Shanzhiside methylester三栀⼦甙甲酯 Shikimic acid莽草酸 Silybin⽔飞蓟宾/西利马林 Sinapic acid芥⼦酸 Sinensetin Sinendetin Sinigrin⿊芥⼦硫苷酸钾 Sinigrin⿊芥⼦硫苷酸钾 Sissotrin β-Sitosterolβ-⾕甾醇 Skatole粪臭素/3-甲基吲哚 Smilagenin菝葜配基 Solanidine茄啶 α-Solanineα-茄碱 α-Solanineα-茄碱 α-Sophoroseα-2-葡糖-β-葡糖苷 Sorbic acid⼭梨酸 Sorbitol⼭梨醇 L-（-）-Sorbose L-（-）-⼭梨糖 Sparteine鹰⽖⾖碱/⾦雀花碱 Sparteine sulfate硫酸⾦雀花碱 Spiraeoside绣线菊甙 Spironolactone螺甾内酯 Squalane⾓鲨烷 Squalene⾓鲨烯 Squalene⾓鲨烯 Stachydrine hydrochloride盐酸⽔苏碱 Stachyose⽔苏糖 Starch slouble溶性淀粉 Starch potatoe马铃薯淀粉 Starch maize⽟⽶淀粉 Starch rice⼤⽶淀粉 Starch wheat⼩麦淀粉 Stearic acid硬脂酸 Stearic acid methylester硬脂酸甲酯 Stearyl alcohol⼗⼋烷醇 Stevioside卡哈苡苷 Stigmasterol⾖甾醇 trans-Stilbene trans-1,2⼆苯⼄烯 Strophanthidin⽺⾓拗定/毒⽑旋花苷配基 Strophanthidol⽺⾓拗醇 g-Strophanthin g-⽺⾓拗质/毒⽑旋花苷 k-Strophanthoside k-毒⽑旋花⼦甙 Succinic acid dimethylester琥珀酸⼆甲酯 Sudan III苏丹III 5-Sulfosalicylic acid 5-磺基⽔杨酸 Sulfuretin Syringaldehyde丁⾹醛 Syringetin丁⾹亭 Syringetin-3-o-galactoside丁⾹亭-3-o-半乳糖苷 Syringetin-3-o-glucoside丁⾹亭-3-o-葡糖苷 Syringic acid丁⾹酸 Syrosingopine D-Talose D-塔罗糖 L-（-）-Talose L-（-）-塔罗糖 Tamarixetin Tannin单宁 D-（-）-Tartaric acid D-（-）-酒⽯酸 L-（+）-Tartaric acid L-（+）-酒⽯酸 DL-Tartaric acid DL-酒⽯酸 Taurine⽜磺酸 Taurocholic acid sodium salt⽜磺胆酸钠盐 （+）-Taxifolin （+）-紫杉叶素 Tectochrysin柚⽊柯因 α-Terpineneα-萜品烯 gamma-Terpinene gamma-萜品烯 α-Terpineol萜品醇/松油醇 Terpineol萜品醇/松油醇 Terpinolene萜品油烯 Terpinyl acetate⼄酸萜品酯 1,2,3,4-Tetra-o-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose 1,2,3,4-四-o-⼄酰-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖 1,3,4,6-Tetra-o-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose 1,3,4,6-四-o-⼄酰-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖 2,3,4,6-Tetra-o-benzyl-D-glucopyransoe 2,3,4,6-四-o-苄基-D-吡喃葡萄糖 n-Tetradecane正⼗四烷 Tetrahydroalstonine四氢鸭脚⽊碱 Tetrahydrolinalool四氢⾥哪醇 Tetrahydrolinalyl acetate⼄酸四氢⾥哪酯 3',4',7,8-Tetrahydroxyflavone 3,'4,7,8-四羟基黄酮 3',4',7,8-Tetramethoxyflavone 3,'4,7,8-四甲氧基黄酮 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine 2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪 （S,S）-（+）-Tetrandrine （S,S）-（+）-特船君/倒地拱素 1-β-D-Thioglucose sodium salt 1-β-D-硫葡萄糖钠盐 DL-Threonine DL-苏氨酸 α-（-）-Thujoneα-（-）-拧酮/崖柏酮 （α+β）-Thujone （α+β）拧酮/崖柏酮 （-）-Thujopsen （-）-罗汉柏烯 Thymidin胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷 Thymin胸腺激素 Thymol百⾥酚 Thymol百⾥酚 Tiglic acid惕各酸/顺芷酸 Tiliroside Tomatidine番茄碱 Tomatidine番茄碱 Tomatine番茄苷 Tomatine番茄苷 Trehalose海藻糖 Tricaprin三癸精 Tricaproin三⼰精 Tricaprylin三⾟精 1-Tricosanoic acid Tricyclo（5.2.1.0. exp.2.6）decan n-Tridecane正⼗三烷 Trifolirhizin红车轴草根甙 Trigonelline葫芦巴碱 Trigonelline hydrochloride盐酸葫芦巴碱 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,3,4-三羟基苯甲醛 3',4',5'-Trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone 3',4',5'-三羟基-6,7-⼆甲氧基黄酮 3',5,7-Trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone 3',5,7-三羟基-3,4'-⼆甲氧基黄酮 3',4',7-Trihydroxyflavone 3',4',7-三羟基黄酮 5,7,8-Trihydroxyflavone 5,7,8-三羟基黄酮 3',4',7-Trihydroxyisoflavone 3',4',7-三羟基异黄酮 4',6,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone 4',6,7-三羟基异黄酮 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone 3,5,7-三羟基-3',4',5'-三甲氧基黄酮 Trilaurin三⽉桂精 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 2,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸 2,3,4-Trimethoxycinnamic acid 2,3,4-三甲氧基⾁桂酸 2,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid 2,4,5-三甲氧基⾁桂酸 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid 3,4,5-三甲氧基⾁桂酸 3',4',7-Trimethoxyflavone 3',4',7-三甲氧基黄酮 4',6,7-Trimethoxyisoflavone 4',6,7-三甲氧基异黄酮 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine 2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪 Trimyristin三⾁⾖蔻精 Triolein三油精 Trioxsalen 3-氧补⾻脂素 Tripalmitin三棕榈精 Tripelargonin DL-Tropic acid DL-托品酸 Tropine托品/莨菪碱 Tryptamine hydrochloride盐酸⾊胺 D-Tryptophan D-⾊氨酸 DL-Tryptophan DL-⾊氨酸 L-Tryptophan L-⾊氨酸 （+）-Tubocurarine chloride （+）-氯化管箭毒碱 Turanose⼟冉糖/松⼆糖 Tyramine酪胺 Tyramine hydrochloride盐酸酪胺 D-Tyrosine D-酪氨酸 DL-Tyrosine DL-酪氨酸 L-Tyrosine methylester hydrochloride L-盐酸酪氨酸甲酯 Tyrosol对羟苯基⼄醇 Umbelliferone伞形酮 delta-Undecalactone delta-⼗⼀烷酸内酯 gamma-Undecalactone gamma-⼗⼀烷酸内酯 Ursodeoxycholic acid乌索脱氧胆酸 Ursolic acid乌宋酸 Ursolic acid乌宋酸 Ursolic acid methylester乌宋酸甲酯 （+）-Usnic acid （+）-地⾐酸 （+）-Usnic acid sodium salt （+）-地⾐酸钠盐 Uvaol熊果醇 Uvaol熊果醇 Valencene朱栾倍半萜 n-Valeraldehyde正戊醛 Valerenic acid缬草烯酸 Valerenic acid Valeric acid戊酸 Valeric acid ethylester戊酸⼄酯。
粉防己碱的药理作用及临床应用研究进展
粉防己碱的药理作用及临床应用研究进展孔晓旭1，2，左红艳1*，李杨1，2*［摘要］粉防己碱（tetrandrine，TET）是从防己科植物防己中提取出的一种双苄基异喹啉生物碱。
目前研究发现，TET作为粉防己植物中的重要活性成分之一，药理作用也较为广泛。
TET主要作用于机体的循环系统、呼吸系统及运动系统，具有抗肿瘤、抗心律失常、抗高血压、抗炎、抗硅肺及抗纤维化等多种药理作用，因此在临床上具有较高的应用价值。
本文就TET的药理作用机制、临床剂型及应用等方面的研究成果进行综述，以期为后续相关研究开展提供参考。
［关键词］粉防己碱；钙离子通道阻滞剂；药理作用；剂型；机制［中图分类号］R96；R285［文献标志码］A［文章编号］1674-0440（2020）07-0496-06 DOI：10.13220/ki.jipr.2020.07.002Pharmacological effects and clinical application of tetrandrine：research advancesKONG Xiao-xu1，2，ZUO Hong-yan1*，LI Yang1，2*（1.Institute of Radiation Medcine，Academy of Military Medical Sciences，Academy of Military Sciences，Beijing100850，China；2.Anhui Medical University，Hefei230032，China）［Abstract］Tetrandrine（TET）is a bisbenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the plant Stephania tetrandra.TET is one of the important active ingredients of S.tetrandra，showing pharmacological effects mainly on the circulatory，respiratory and locomotor systems，such as the anti-inflammatory，anti-tumor，anti-arrhythmia，anti-hypertensive，anti-silicosis and fibrosis effect，and thus has a high clinical application value.This article reviews research achievements of the pharmacological effects，action mechanisms，dosage forms and clinical applications of TET，in order to provide reference for related research.［Key word］tetrandrine；calcium channel blocker；pharmacological action；dosage form；mechanism防己，又名汉防己、粉防己，是一种常用传统中药，主要产于中国浙江、广东、广西、福建等地。
亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚结构式__解释说明
亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚结构式解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚（Methyl-Bis(phenylthiobenzotriazolyl)-4-methylpiperidinol）是一种重要的有机化合物，具有广泛的应用领域和潜在的研究价值。
该化合物以其独特的结构和性质而备受关注。
本文将详细介绍亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的定义、结构式解释及其特点，探讨其在药物研究与开发、化学工业中的用途以及环境监测和分析方法方面的应用。
此外，我们还将讨论制备亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的方法和工艺参数对产率与纯度的影响，并探索可能存在的改进和优化方向。
最后，本文将总结亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的重要性和应用价值，并对未来发展趋势进行展望。
1.2 文章结构本文共包括引言、亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的定义与特点、亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的应用领域、制备亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的方法与工艺参数控制以及结论与展望等五个部分。
下面将对每个部分的内容进行详细阐述。
1.3 目的本文旨在全面介绍亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚这一化合物的相关知识，包括其定义、结构式解释和特点，并深入探讨其在药物研究与开发、化学工业以及环境监测和分析方法方面的应用。
此外，我们还将探讨制备该化合物的方法和工艺参数对产率与纯度的影响，并提出可能存在的改进和优化方向。
最后，本文将总结该化合物的重要性和应用价值，并对未来发展趋势进行展望。
通过本文的研究，希望能够加深对亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚这一化合物的认识，并促进相关领域研究和产业应用的进一步发展。
2. 亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚的定义与特点2.1 定义：亚甲基双-苯并三唑基四甲基丁基酚是一种有机化合物，化学式为C21H23N5O。
它由一个亚甲基（CH2）连接两个苯并三唑环，并且具有四个甲基和一个丁基取代在苯并三唑环上。
阿司咪唑
合成方法
合成方法
化合物(I)和碘甲烷在乙醇中回流8h，环合得到化合物(Ⅱ)。再水解脱去酯基，得到化合物(Ⅲ)。用对甲氧 基苯乙基溴进行N-烷基化，得化合物(Ⅳ)。再用对氟苄基溴烷基化，得阿司咪唑。
1. 1-[(4-氟苯基)甲基]-苯并咪唑-2-(3H)-酮的制备
在反应瓶中加入2-羟基苯并咪唑5.0g(37.3mmol)和NaH 1.6g(53mmol)(NaH含量大约为80%,浸入矿物油中) 的DMF 100ml的悬浮液.加毕.在60ºC.(最好有N2保护)搅拌反应1h.再加入4-氟苄基氯(FBC)5.4g(37mmol),加热 ( 6 0 ºC ) 搅 拌 反 应 5 . 5 h . 冷 却 至 室 温 后 加 入 冰 水 7 0 0 m l , 用 二 氯 甲 烷 ( 5 0 0 m l × 2 ) 提 取 . 有 机 层 用 食 盐 水 洗 . 无 水 N a 2 S O 4 干燥.过滤.滤液减压浓缩.剩余物用石油醚析晶.得1-[(4-氟苯基)甲基]-苯并咪唑-2-(3H)-酮固体8.0g,为无色 结 晶 m p 1 7 8 ~ 1 7 9 ºC , 收 率 8 8 % .
治疗措施
阿司咪唑中毒的治疗要点为： 1.大量摄入者予洗胃，后灌服活性炭和导泻。 2.对心肌抑制和Q-T间期延长者予5%碳酸氢钠250ml静注可能有效。 3.对症、支持治疗。
专家点评
专家点评
阿司咪阿司咪唑自1983年上市以来，在许多国家得到了广泛应用。国外研究显示阿司咪唑治疗荨麻疹的总有 效率为74%。国内的一项多中心双盲安慰剂对照试验表明阿司咪唑对急性荨麻疹的总有效率为82.9%，对慢性荨麻 疹的总有效率为86.0%，均显著高于安慰剂，主要不良反应为嗜睡、倦怠、口干等，连续用药3个月的患者中，半 数有食欲及体重增加。阿司咪唑的心脏毒性虽然发生率较低，但由于后果严重，已限制了它的应用。阿司咪唑为 强效和长效的H1受体拮抗剂，无中枢镇静和抗毒蕈碱样作用。代谢产物去甲阿司咪唑仍有抗胆胺作用。长期服用 可增进食欲和增加体重，服用过量可引起心脏Q-T间期延长和室性心律失常。适用于各种原因引起过敏性疾病。
合成2,3,4,6-O-四苄基-α-D-葡萄糖三氯乙酰亚胺酯的工艺改进
合成2,3,4,6-O-四苄基-α-D-葡萄糖三氯乙酰亚胺酯的工艺改进傅大双;张首国;彭涛;温晓雪;颜海燕;王林【摘要】2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidatein total yield of 44.2％ was synthesized from D-glucose bymethylation,benzyl protection,hydrolysis and then reaction with trichloroacetonitril.The structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR and ESI-MS.%以D-葡萄糖为起始原料,经甲基化、苄基保护和水解,再与三氯乙腈反应合成了2,3,4,6-O-四苄基-α-D-葡萄糖三氯乙酰亚胺酯,总收率44.2％,其结构经1H NMR 和ESI-MS确证.【期刊名称】《合成化学》【年(卷),期】2013(021)003【总页数】4页(P333-335,341)【关键词】D-葡萄糖;三氯乙酰亚胺酯;合成;工艺改进【作者】傅大双;张首国;彭涛;温晓雪;颜海燕;王林【作者单位】安徽医科大学研究生院,安徽合肥230032 ;军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所,北京100850;军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所,北京100850;军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所,北京100850;军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所,北京100850;军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所,北京100850;军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所,北京100850【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O629.112，3，4，6-O-四苄基-α-D-葡萄糖三氯乙酰亚胺酯(4)具有活性好、低温下结构稳定、立体选择性好等诸多优点，可用于合成硫苷［1，2］、氧苷［3，4］、碳苷［5，6］和氮苷［7］等，在糖类化合物和糖缀合物的合成中也有重要的作用。
季铵盐与六亚甲基四胺协同杀菌效果观察
广东化工2019年第22期第46卷总第408期•36-季鞍盐与六亚甲基四胺协同杀菌效果观察宋金武，张丽蓉，金贻芳，邓金花*(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司，广东广州510663)［摘要］目的观察季讓盐与六亚甲基四胺复配后其杀菌效果。
方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法，对季讓盐与六亚甲基四胺复合物及其单方的杀菌效果进行了实验观察。
结果季钱盐与六亚甲基四胺进行复配，复配物中六亚甲基四胺浓度为2500mg/L,复配物中苯扎氯钱浓度为500 mg/L时，其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用30s,杀灭率分别为100%、99.998%、99.999%；苯扎氯技作用浓度为625mg/L 时，其对白色念珠菌作用30s,杀灭率为99.923%。
复配物中癸二甲基漠化钱浓度为500mg/L时，其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用30s,杀灭率分别为99.998%、99.905%、99.992%；癸二甲基澳化彼作用浓度为625mg/L时，其对白色念珠菌作用30s,杀灭率为99.991%»复配物中季鞍盐作用浓度为2500mg/L,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽泡作用1.5h,杀灭率>99.999%。
结论季钱盐与六亚甲基四胺在一定比例下复配提高了其杀菌效果，延长作用时间可以达到高水平消毒。
［关键词］季後盐；六亚甲基四胺：杀菌效果［中图分类号］TQ［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1007・1865(2019)22・0036・02Observation on Synergy Germicidal Efficacy of Quaternary Ammonium Salt andHexamethylenetetramineSong Jinwu,Zhang Lirong,Jin Yifang,Deng Jinhua*(Guangdong Huankai Microbial Sci.&Tech.Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou510663,China)Abstract:Objective To observation germicidal efficacy of compound with quaternary ammonium and hexamethylenetetramine.Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test was used to observe the compound of quaternary ammonium salt and hexamethylenetetramine and their single drug prescription.Results When quaternary ammonium salt was mixed with hexamethylenetetramine,the concentration of hexamethylenetetramine in the compound was2500mg/L,the killing rates of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to the disinfectant containing500mg/L benzalkonium chloride for30 second were100%,99.998%and99.999%,the killing rates of Candida albicans exposed to the disinfectant containing625mg/L benzalkonium chloride for30 second was99.923%;the killing rates of Escherichia coli.Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to the disinfectant containing500mg/L didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide for30second were99.998%,99.905%and99.992%,the killing rates of Candida albicans exposed to the disinfectant containing625mg/L didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide for30second was99.991%.The concentration of quaternary ammonium salt in the compound was2500 mg/L,the killing rates of Bacillus subtilis var.niger exposed to the disinfectant for1.5h were both above99.999%.Conclusion The germicidal efficacy was enhanced of the compound with quaternary ammonium salt and hexamethylenetetramine in a certain proportion,and high level disinfection can be achieved by prolonging the action time.Keywords:quaternary ammonium salt：hexamethylenetetramine:germicidal efficacy季鞍盐是一种低效消毒剂，其对细菌、真菌、病毒具有一定的杀灭作用⑴习，被广泛应用于家居、医院、食品工业、水处理等行业。
北京曼思特益母草苷结构式
北京曼思特益母草苷结构式
益母草苷：
分子式：C15H24O9
分子量：348.35
储存条件：-20℃，有效期2年，溶入溶剂后-20℃请尽量在一个月内使用
益母草苷是一种化学物质。
纯度98%以上，检测方法HPLC，用于医药研究及含量测定。
益母草苷是一种环烯醚萜苷类化合物，主要来源于地黄、益母草等。
益母草苷具有抗癌、神经保护、抗炎、利尿等功效。
一种预防原发性高血压的药物组合物，包含下列原料按照重量份数配制而成：无羁萜-3β-醇1～100份、黄芪多糖组分a310～100份、连翘苷3～100份，白藜芦醇10～100份和益母草苷a7～100份。
研究发现，无羁萜-3β-醇、黄芪多糖组分a3、连翘苷，白藜芦醇和益母草苷a 组成的复方可以有效降低高血压模型大鼠的收缩压和舒张压，降低血浆血管紧张素ii(angii)水平，升高血浆血管舒张因子一氧化氮(no)水平，增加血管组织一氧化氮合酶(enos)蛋白表达以及基因表达。
益母草苷或其前药的用途，尤其是益母草苷或其前药用于制备降血压的药物的用途。
糖供体收率80-90%,DBU
NoteA new synthesis of a -arbutin via Lewis acid catalyzed selective glycosylation of tetra-O -benzyl-a -D -glucopyranosyltrichloroacetimidate with hydroquinoneZhao-Xia Wang,Xiao-Xin Shi,Guo-Rong Chen,*Zhi-Hua Ren,Lei Luo and Jing YanLaboratory for Advanced Materials,Institute of Fine Chemicals,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,PR ChinaReceived 17January 2006;received in revised form 7April 2006;accepted 11April 2006Available online 15May 2006Abstract—a -Arbutin has huge application potentials in the cosmetic industry,as its inhibitory effect on human tyrosinase is stronger than that of its naturally occurring anomer arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl b -D -glucopyranoside).Enzymatic synthesis was preferred for a -arbutin previously,and now a new chemical synthesis is reported.The reaction of tetra-O -benzyl-a -D -glucopyranosyl trichloro-acetimidate,as glycosyl donor,with hydroquinone was initiated by catalytic amounts of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf),resulting in 4-hydroxyphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O -benzyl-a -D -glucopyranoside with high stereoselectivity and yield,and then to a -arbutin quantitatively after deprotection.Ó2006Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:a -Arbutin;Trichloracetimidate;Hydroquinone;Glycosylationa -Arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl a -D -glucopyranoside,1)is the anomer of the naturally occurring arbutin.It is a po-tent suppressor of melanin synthesis in human skin without apparent side effects.1–3It was reported that a -arbutin inhibited human tyrosinase much more effec-tively than arbutin.The IC 50value of a -arbutin is 2.1mM,whereas that of arbutin is higher than 30mM.4This indicates that a -arbutin is a more effective skin-whitening agent than arbutin.Moreover,arbutin inhibits normal cellular growth with increasing concen-tration while a -arbutin does not,5which suggests that a -arbutin is more safe than arbutin.a -Arbutin used to be produced by enzymatic synthe-sis.6,7There are very few reports on its chemical synthe-sis.Kariyone et al.prepared a -arbutin in 16%yield by reaction of penta-O -acetyl-b -D -glucopyranose and hydroquinone at 120–130°C under diminished pres-sure.8Onodera et al.reported the direct acid-catalyzedglycosylation of D -glucose with hydroquinone at 100°C for 10h giving a -arbutin and its b -anomer in 11%and 4%yield,respectively.9Cepanec et al.patented recently a chemical synthesis of a -arbutin involving reaction of penta-O -acetyl-a -D -glucopyranose and 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate at reflux for about 3days.a -Arbutin was obtained in 27%yield after deacetylation.10In all these methods,the reaction time was long and the yields were low.We now describe a synthesis of a -arbutin with high stereoselectivity involving tetra-O -benzyl-a -D -glucopyr-anosyl trichloroacetimidate 11–13as glucosyl donor in reaction with hydroquinone to afford a -arbutin in two steps and 65%yield (Scheme 1).As could be seen in Table 1,the selectivity of glycosyl-ation of 3was greatly dependent on the catalyst and reaction temperature.Dichloromethane was selected asthe best solvent after screening.The presence of 4A˚molecular sieves was an important parameter since it significantly improved the yield of glycosylation,though it tended to give b -arbutin as a major product (entries 8–10).Several Lewis acids have been tried for their impact0008-6215/$-see front matter Ó2006Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.022*Corresponding author.Tel.:+862164253016;fax:+862164252758;e-mail:mrs_guorongchen@on selectivity and yield.TMSOTf,BF3ÆEt2O and ZnCl2 gave good yields,but only TMSOTf gave a good a-selec-tivity(entries5and7).The best a-selectivity was achieved using TMSOTf as the catalyst in the absence of4A˚molecular sieves(entry7).Low yields were ob-tained when Lewis acids such as AlCl3,TiCl4,YCl3 and LaCl3were used as catalysts.2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl trichloro-acetimidate14(3b)was also used as donor in reaction with hydroquinone(entries15–17),but the reaction pro-ceeded slowly($3h)and the yields were not so high.1.Experimental1.1.GeneralMelting points are uncorrected.1H NMR spectra were obtained on a DRX-500equipment using TMS as inter-nal standard.IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 5SXC equipment with KBrfilms.ESIMS spectra were recorded on a HP-5989A spectrometer.Elementary analyses were done on Elementar Vario EL III.Optical rotations were measured on a WZZ-1S polarimeter. Chromatography was performed on silica gel(200–300 mesh).TLC was performed on Silica Gel HSGF254.1.2.4-Hydroxyphenyl2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-gluco-pyranoside(4)AtÀ60°C,under Ar,a soln of hydroquinone(49.5mg, 0.45mmol)and3(205.4mg,0.30mmol)in anhyd CH2Cl2(15mL)was treated with TMSOTf(33.3mg, 0.15mmol),and the mixture was stirred for20min. The temperature was gradually allowed to rise to room temperature over a period of1h.The reaction was quenched by the addition of aq saturated NaHCO3 (2mL)and stirring was continued for$10min,and then saturated aq NaCl was added.The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2(3·5mL),and the organic layer was dried over anhyd MgSO4.The solvent was evapo-rated under diminished pressure,and the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column(10:1petroleum ether–EtOAc)to give4(125.1mg,66%)and its anomer 4b(24.6mg,13%)both as oily materials.Compound4:½a 20D+84.0(c1,CHCl3);IR(KBr):m 3350,2930,2870,1450,1210,1080cmÀ1;1H NMR (500.13MHz,CDCl3):d7.25(m,20H,4-Ar),6.93(d, 2H,J8.8Hz,ArH),6.68(d,2H,J8.8Hz,ArH),5.33 (d,1H,J3.4Hz,1-H),5.04(d,1H,–CH2),4.96(br s, 1H,–OH),4.89–4.39(m,7H,–CH2),4.18(dd,1H,J 9.3Hz,J9.3Hz,3-H),3.92–3.55(m,5H,H-2,4-6,60); ESIMS:m/z632[M]+,655[M+Na]+,671[M+K]+,Table1.Glycosylation of3and3b with hydroquinoneEntry Donor Catalysts Temperature(°C)Time(h)Yield(%)Isomer distribution(a:b) 13TMSOTf/4A˚ms rt$1862:123TMSOTf/4A˚ms0to rt$1831:133TMSOTf/4A˚msÀ20to rt$1821:243TMSOTf/4A˚msÀ40to rt$1801:153TMSOTf/4A˚msÀ60to rt$1814:163TMSOTf/4A˚msÀ80to rt$1812:373TMSOTfÀ60to rt$1795:1834A˚ms rt$1861:4934A˚ms0to rt$1791:41034A˚msÀ60to rt$1782:9113BF3ÆEt2O/4A˚ms rt$1853:2123ZnCl2/4A˚ms40$1891:1133ZnCl2/4A˚ms rt$1962:3143ZnCl2/4A˚msÀ30to rt$1862:5153b TMSOTfÀ60to rt$3585:1163b BF3ÆEt2O rt$3565:1173b ZnCl2rt$3231:21946Z.-X.Wang et al./Carbohydrate Research341(2006)1945–19471287[2M+Na]+.Anal.Calcd for C40H40O7:C,75.95; H,6.33.Found:C,76.06;H,6.09.Compound4b:½a 20D +1.41(c1,CHCl3).IR(KBr):m3380,2930,1650,1520,1260,1180,1080cmÀ1;1H NMR(500.13MHz,CDCl3):d7.26(m,20H,4-Ar), 6.96(d,2H,J8.8Hz,ArH),6.70(d,2H,J8.8Hz, ArH),5.04(d,1H,–CH2),4.94(d,1H,J10.9Hz,1-H),4.84(m,4H,–CH2),4.75(br s,1H,–OH),4.56 (m,3H,–CH2)3.79–3.55(m,6H,H-2-6,60);ESIMS: m/z633[M+1]+,655[M+Na]+.Anal.Calcd for C40H40O7:C,75.95;H,6.33.Found C,75.66;H,6.23.1.3.4-hydroxyphenyl a-D-glucopyranoside(a-arbutin,1)A soln of4(316mg,0.5mmol)and10%Pd–C(50mg) in EtOAc(5mL)and EtOH(5mL)was stirred at room temperature for1.5h under H2.Afterfiltering the cata-lyst,thefiltrate was concentrated to give1(133.5mg, 98%)as white crystals;mp195–196°C,lit.8195.5–196°C.R f0.16(1:1EtOAc–Me2CO);½a 20D +155.07(c1,CHCl3);1H NMR(500.13MHz,D2O):d6.96(d, 2H,J8.9Hz,ArH),6.77(d,2H,J8.9Hz,ArH),5.38 (d,1H,J3.7Hz,1-H),3.81–3.37(m,6H,H-2,3,4,5,6,60).AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Natural Science Foun-dation of China(No.20576034)and Shanghai Science and Technology Community.(Grant No.044307011).References1.Funayama,M.;Arakawa,H.;Yamamoto,R.;Nishino,T.;Shin,T.;Murao,S.Biosci.,Biotechnol.,Biochem.1995, 59,143–144.2.Nishimura,T.;Kometani,T.;Okada,S.;Uendo,N.;Yamamoto,T.Yakugaku Zasshi1995,115,626–632.3.Tehara,T.;Hachimaki,H.Jpn.Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP277,261,2003;Chem.Abstr.2003,139,265423k.4.Sugimoto,K.;Nishimura,T.;Nomura,K.;Sugimoto,K.;Kuriki,T.Chem.Pharm.Bull.2003,51,798–801.5.Yao,B.;Shen,X.-L.;Pan,Y.-J.Chin.JMAP2005,22,32–33.6.Kitao,S.;Sekine,H.Biosci.,Biotechnol.,Biochem.1994,58,38–42.7.Kurosu,J.;Sato,T.;Yoshida,K.;Tsugane,T.;Shimura,S.;Kirimura,K.;Kino,K.;Usami,S.J.Biosci.Bioeng.2002,93,328–330.8.Kariyone,T.;Takahashi,M.;Takaishi,K.YakugakuZasshi1952,72,13–16.9.Onodera,J.-I.;Takano,M.;Kishi,Y.;Yokoyama,N.;Ishida,R.Chem.Lett.1983,1487–1488.10.Cepanec,I.;Melnjak,A.;Koretic,S.;Litvic,M.;Mikotic-Mihun,Z.Croat.Pat.Appl.HR2010190,2001;Chem.Abstr.2003,139,323746f.11.Schmidt,R.R.;Michel,J.Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.Engl.1980,19,731–732.12.Schmidt,R.R.;Stumpp,M.Liebigs Ann.Chem.1983,1249–1256.13.Koto,S.;Morishima,N.;Miyata,Y.Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.1976,49,2639–2640.14.Schmidt,R.R.;Michel,J.Tetrahedron Lett.1984,25,821–824.Z.-X.Wang et al./Carbohydrate Research341(2006)1945–19471947。
化工行业词汇2
（-）-Coralyne Chloride （-）- Corynanthine柯喃因 Corynanthine hydrochloride盐酸柯喃因 2-Coumaric acid 2-⾹⾖酸 3-Coumaric acid 3-⾹⾖酸 4-Coumaric acid 4-⾹⾖酸 Coumarin⾹⾖素 Coumarin⾹⾖素 Coumestrol m-Cresyl acetate m-⼄酸甲苯酯 m-Cresyl acetate m-⼄酸甲苯酯 trans-Crocetin trans-藏花酸 Crocin Crotonic acid巴⾖酸 β-Cryptoxanthinβ-隐黄质/⽟⽶黄质 Cubebin荜澄茄素 Cucurbitacin E葫芦素E Cucurbitacin I葫芦素I Cuminaldehyde枯茗醛/对异丙基苯醛 Cuminylalcohol枯茗醇 （+）-Cuparene Cupressuflavone Curcumin姜黄素 Curcumin姜黄素 Cyanidin chloride氯化氰定 Cyanin chloride氯化花青苷 Cycloartenol环阿屯醇 Cycloartenol acetate⼄酸环阿屯酯 α-Cyclodextrinα-环糊精 β-Cyclodextrinβ-环糊精 gamma-Cyclodextrin gamma-环糊精 Cyclohexanol环⼰醇 Cyclohexanone环⼰酮 Cymarin磁⿇苷 Cymarol 4-Cymene 4-伞花烃 L-Cysteine L-半胱氨酸 L-Cysteine hydrochloride L-盐酸半胱氨酸 L-Cystine L-胱氨酸 Cystine胱氨酸 Cytochalasin A松胞菌素A Cytochalasin B松胞菌素B Cytochalasin C松胞菌素C Cytochalasin D松胞菌素D Cytochalasin E松胞菌素E Cytochalasin H松胞菌素H Cytochalasin J松胞菌素J Cytosine胞嘧啶 Daidzein黄⾖苷原 Daidzin黄⾖苷/异黄酮苷 Dalbergin黄檀素 Damascone Daphnetin瑞⾹素 Daphnetin-7-methylether瑞⾹素-7-甲醚 Datiscetin橡精 Datiscoside Deactyllanatoside C脱⼄酰⽑花（洋地黄）苷 delta-Decalactone gamma-Decalactone n-Decane正癸烷 Dehydroascorbic acid脱氢抗坏⾎酸 Dehydrocholic acid脱氢胆酸 Dehydrocholic acid sodium salt脱氢胆酸钠盐 Delphinidin chloride氯化翠雀啶 Demissdine垂茄定 Deoxycholic acid脱氧胆酸 Deoxycholic scid sodium salt脱氧胆酸钠盐 Deoxycorticosterone脱氧⽪质（甾）酮 2-Deoxy-D -galactose 2-脱氧-D-半乳糖 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖 5-Deoxykaempferol 5-脱氧莰⾮醇 4-Deoxyphloridzin 4-脱氧根⽪苷 Deoxyrhapontin 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 2-脱氧-D-核糖 Dextran 4葡聚糖4 Dextran 8葡聚糖8 Dextran 15葡聚糖15 Dextran 35葡聚糖35 Dextran 60葡聚糖60 Dextran 200葡聚糖200 Dextran T 40葡聚糖T40 Dextran T 70葡聚糖T70 Dextran T 250葡聚糖T250 Dextran T 500葡聚糖T500 Dhurrin蜀⿉苷 Didymin 2,3-Diethylpyrazine 2,3-⼆⼄基吡嗪 Digitonin⽑地黄皂苷 Digitoxigenin⽑地黄毒苷配基 Digitoxin⽑地黄毒苷 D-（+）-Digitoxose D-（+）-⽑地黄毒素糖 Digoxigenin地⾕新配基/⽑地黄毒苷 Digoxigenin-tetra-digitoxoside⽑地黄毒苷-tetra-⽑地黄毒糖苷 Digoxin地⾕新 Dihydrocaffeic acid⼆氢咖啡酸 Dihydrocapsaicin⼆氢辣椒素 Dihydrocarveol⼆氢⾹芹醇 （+）-Dihydrocarveol （+）-⼆氢⾹芹醇 （+）-Dihydrocarvone （+）-⼆氢⾹芹酮 Dihydroconiferyl alcohol⼆氢松柏醇 3,4-Dihydrocoumarin 3,4-⼆氢⾹⾖素 Dihydrojasmone⼆氢茉莉酮 Dihydroouabain⼆氢乌本（箭毒）苷 Dihydrorobinetin Dihydrosinapyl alcohol⼆氢芥⼦醇 3,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone 3,4-⼆羟基苯⼄酮 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,4-⼆羟基蒽醌 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,8-⼆羟基蒽醌 2,6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone 2,6-⼆羟基蒽醌 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-⼆羟基苯甲酸 2′,4-Dihydroxy-4',6′-dimethoxychalcone 2',4-⼆羟基-4',6'-⼆甲氧基查⽿酮 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxychalcone 2',6'-⼆羟基-4,4'-⼆甲氧基查⽿酮 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy dihydrochalcone 2',6'-⼆羟基-4,4'-⼆甲氧基⼆氢查⽿酮 3′,4'-Dihydroxyflavone 3',4'-⼆羟基黄酮 6,7-Dihydroxyflavone 6,7-⼆羟基黄酮 7, 4′-Dihydroxyflavone 7,4'-⼆羟基黄酮 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone 7,8-⼆羟基黄酮 Dihydroxyfumaric acid⼆羟基富马酸 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid 2,3-⼆羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone 2',3'-⼆羟基-4'-甲氧基查⽿酮 2',6'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone-4′-o-neohesperidoside 2',6'-⼆羟基-4-甲氧基查⽿酮-4'-新橙⽪苷 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid 2,3-⼆羟基-4-甲氧基⾁桂酸 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid 3,5-⼆羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 5,7-⼆羟基-4-甲基⾹⾖素 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 6,7-⼆羟基-4-甲基⾹⾖素 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 5,8——⼆羟基-1,4-萘醌 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-⼆羟基苯⼄酸 5,7-Dihydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavanone 5,7-⼆羟基-3',4',5'-三甲氧基黄烷酮 3,7-Dihydroxy——3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone 3,7-⼆羟基-3',4',5'-三甲氧基黄酮 5,7-Dihydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone 5,7-⼆羟基-3',4',5'-三甲氧基黄酮 1,2：3,5-Di-o-isopropylidene-α-D-apiose 1,2：3,5-Di-o-异亚丙基-α-D-芹菜糖 1,2：5,6-Di-o-isopropylidene-D-mannitol 1,2：5,6-Di-o-异亚丙基-D-⽢露糖醇 Dillapiole 2,3-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,3-⼆甲氧基苯甲酸 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,4-⼆甲氧基苯甲酸 2,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,5-⼆甲氧基苯甲酸 3,4-Dimethoxychalcone 3,4-⼆甲氧基查⽿酮 4,4'-Dimethoxychalcone 4,4'-⼆甲氧基查⽿酮 2,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid 2,4-⼆甲氧基⾁桂酸 2,5-Dimethoxycinnamic acid 2,5——⼆甲氧基⾁桂酸 3,5-Dimethoxycinnamic acid 3,5-⼆甲氧基⾁桂酸 5,7-Dimethoxyflavanone 5,7-⼆甲氧基黄烷酮 3',4'-Dimethoxyflavone 3',4'-⼆甲氧基黄酮 7,8-Dimethoxyflavone 7,8-⼆甲氧基黄酮 2,3-Dimethoxy-2'-hydroxychalcone 2,3-⼆甲氧基-2'-羟基查⽿酮 trans-3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamaldehyde trans-3,5-⼆甲氧基-4-羟基⾁桂醛 4',7-Dimethoxyisoflavone 4'7-⼆甲氧基异黄酮 6,7-Dimethoxy-4-methylcoumarin 6,7-⼆甲氧基-4-甲基⾹⾖素 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 4-⼆甲基氨基⾁桂醛 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,6-⼆甲基苯胺 1,4-Dimethylanthraquinone 1,4-⼆甲基蒽醌 2,3-Dimethylanthraquinone 2,3-⼆甲基蒽醌 3,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 3,4-⼆甲基苯甲醛 Dimethylcaffeic acid⼆甲基咖啡酸 6,7-Dimethylesculetin 6,7-⼆甲基七叶亭 Dimethylfraxetin⼆甲基⽩蜡树亭 2,3-Dimethylhydroquinone 2,3⼆甲基氢醌 2,3-Dimethylphenol 2,3-⼆甲基苯酚 2,4-Dimethylphenol 2,4-⼆甲基苯酚 3,4-Dimethylumbelliferone 3,4⼆甲基伞形酮 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,5-⼆硝基苯甲酸 Diosgenin薯蓣皂苷配基 Diosmetin Diosmetin Diosmetinidin chloride Diosmin⾹叶⽊甙 Diosmin⾹叶⽊甙 1-Dodecanol 1-⼗⼆烷醇 Dulcitol卫⽭醇/半乳糖醇 （-）-Eburnamonine （-）-象⽛（洪达⽊）酮宁 α-Ecdysoneα-蜕⽪激素 β-Ecdysoneβ-蜕⽪激素 Echinocystic acid刺囊酸 Echinocystic acid-3-ο-glucoside刺囊酸-3-o-葡糖苷 DL-Eleagnin DL-胡秃⼦碱 DL-Eleagnin hydrochloride DL-盐酸胡秃⼦碱 β-Elemonic acidβ-岚⾹酮酸 Ellagic acid鞣花酸 Ellipticine Embelin恩贝酸/恩贝灵 Embonic acid Emetine dihydrochloride⼆盐酸吐根碱 Emodin⼤黄素 Emodin⼤黄素 （-）-Epicatechin （-）-表⼉茶素 （-）-Epicatechin （-）-表⼉茶素 （-）-Epicatechin gallate （-）-表⼉茶素没⾷⼦酸酯 （-）-Epicedrol （-）-Epigallocatechin表没⾷⼦⼉茶素 （-）-Epigallocatechin gallate表没⾷⼦⼉茶素没⾷⼦酸酯 （+/-）-Equol Ergosterol麦⾓甾醇 Eriocitrin圣草次甙 Eriodictyol圣草酚 Eriodictyol圣草酚 Eriodictyol-7-o-glucoside圣草酚-7-o-葡糖苷 Erucic acid芥酸 Erucic acid芥酸 meso-Erythritol内⾚藓醇 Erythrodiol⾼根⼆醇 Erythrodiol⾼根⼆醇 β-Escinβ-七叶素 Esculetin七叶亭 Esculetin dibenzylether七叶亭⼆苄醚 Esculin七叶苷 Eserine salicylate⽔杨酸毒扁⾖碱 Eserine sulfate硫酸毒扁⾖碱 Estragole蒿脑/对甲氧基苯丙烯 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid 4-⼄氧基苯甲酸 4-Ethoxycoumarin 4-⼄氧基⾹⾖素 7-Ethoxycoumarin 7-⼄氧基⾹⾖素 7-Ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin 7-⼄氧基-4-甲基⾹⾖素 Ethylgallate倍酸⼄酯 Ethyl-3-hydroxybenzoate⼄基-3-羟基苯甲酸酯 Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate⼄基-4-羟基苯甲酸酯 4,6-o-Ethylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside 4,6-o-亚⼄基-α-D-吡喃葡糖苷 Ethylisobutyrate异丁酸⼄酯 Ethylisovalerate异戊酸⼄酯 2-Ethyl-3-methylpyrazine 2-⼄基-3-甲基吡嗪 Ethylvanillin⼄基⾹兰素 Eucalyptol桉叶油素 Eucalyptol桉叶油素 Eugenol丁⼦⾹酚 Eugenol methylether丁⼦⾹酚甲醚 Eupatorin半齿泽兰素 Eupatorin-5-methylether半齿泽兰素-5-甲醚 Evernic acid扁枝⾐⼆酸 Farnesol法呢醇/⾦合欢醇 （cis+trans）-Farnesyl acetate （cis+trans）-⼄酸法呢酯 （+）-Fenchone （+）-葑酮 （-）-Fenchone （-）-葑酮 （-）-Fenchone （-）-葑酮 Fenchyl alcohol葑醇 Fenchyl alcohol葑醇 Ferulic acid阿魏酸 Ferulic acid ethylester阿魏酸⼄酯 Ferulic acid methylester阿魏酸甲酯 Fisetin⾮瑟酮/漆树黄酮 Fisetin⾮瑟酮/漆树黄酮 Fisetinidin chloride氯化⾮瑟酮定 Flavanomarein Flavanone黄烷酮 Flavanone diacetyl hydrazone黄烷酮⼆⼄酰腙 Flavanone hydrazone黄烷酮腙 Flavine adenine dinucleotide disodium salt黄素腺嘌呤⼆核苷酸⼆钠盐（FAD） Flavone黄酮 Folic acid叶酸（维⽣素Bc） Formic acid benzylester甲酸苯甲酯 Formononetin 7-羟基-4'-甲氧异黄酮 Formononetin 7-羟基-4'-甲氧异黄酮 N-Formyldeacetylcolchicine N-甲酰脱⼄酰秋⽔仙碱 Forskolin Fortunellin Frangulin A泻⿏李⽪苷A Frangulin B泻⿏李⽪苷B Fraxetin⽩蜡树亭 Fraxidin Fraxin⽩蜡树苷 Friedelin⽆羁萜/软⽊三萜酮 Friedelin⽆羁萜/软⽊三萜酮 Fructose果糖 D-Fucose D-岩藻糖 L-Fucose L-岩藻糖 Fucosterol岩皂甾醇 Fumaric acid富马酸 Furfural糠醛 Furfuryl acetate⼄酸糠酯 Furfuryl alcohol糠醇 Fustin黄颜⽊素 Galactan半乳聚糖 Galactomannane半乳⽢露聚糖 Galactomannane半乳⽢露聚糖 D-Galactosamine hydrochloride D-盐酸半乳糖胺 D-Galactosamine pentaacetate D-半乳糖胺五⼄酸酯 D-Galactose D-半乳糖 L-Galactose L-半乳糖 β-D-（+）-Galactose pentaacetateβ-D-（+）-半乳糖五⼄酸酯 Galangin⾼良姜精 Galangin⾼良姜精 Gallic acid五倍⼦酸/没⾷⼦酸 Gardenin A栀⼦宁 GDHB（gamma-Glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene） gamma-⾕氨酰胺酰-3,4-⼆羟基苯 Gelsemine钩吻碱 Gelsemine hydrochloride盐酸钩吻碱 Genistein染料⽊黄酮 Genistein-4',7-dimethylether染料⽊黄酮-4',7-⼆甲醚 Genistin染料⽊苷 Genkwanin芫花素 Gentianose龙胆三糖 β-Gentiobioseβ-龙胆⼆糖 β-Gentiobiose octaacetateβ-龙胆⼆糖⼋⼄酸酯 Gentiopicroside Gentisic acid 2,5-⼆羟基苯甲酸 Geraldol Geraldol Geraniol⾹叶醇 Geraniol⾹叶醇 5-Geranoxy-7-methoxycoumarin Geranyl acetate⾹叶醇⼄酸酯 GHB（gamma-Glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene） gamma-⾕氨酰胺酰-4-羟基苯 Gibberellic acid⾚霉素/⾚霉酸 6-Gingerol 6-姜辣醇 8-Gingerol 8-姜辣醇 Ginkgolide A银杏内酯A Ginkgolide B银杏内酯B Ginsenoside Rb1⼈参皂苷Rb1 Ginsenoside Rb2⼈参皂苷Rb2 Ginsenoside Rc⼈参皂苷Rc Ginsenoside Rd⼈参皂苷Rd Ginsenoside Re⼈参皂苷Re Ginsenoside Rf⼈参皂苷Rf Ginsenoside Rg1⼈参皂苷Rg1 Ginsenosides Kit⼈参皂苷试剂包 Gitoxigenin芰皂配基 Gitoxin芰皂素 （-）-Globulol蓝桉醇 D-Gluconic acid-delta-lactone D-葡糖酸-delta-内酯 1-o-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol 1-o-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-D-⽢露糖醇 D-（+）-Glucosamine hydrochloride D-（+）-盐酸葡糖胺 D-Glucosaminic acid D-葡糖胺酸 L-Glucose L-葡萄糖 D-Glucose D-葡萄糖 α-D-Glucose pentaacetateα-D-葡萄糖五⼄酸酯 β-D-Glucose pentaacetateβ-D-葡萄糖五⼄酸酯 β-Glucosidaseβ-葡糖苷酶 D-glucurono-3,6-lactone D-葡糖醛酸-3,6-内酯 D-Glutamic acid D-⾕氨酸 L-Glutamic acid L-⾕氨酸 Glutaric acid戊⼆酸 Glutathione（oxidized form）⾕胱⽢肽 L-Glutathione（reduced form） L-⾕胱⽢肽 Glyceryl-1-monostearate⽢油酰-1-单硬脂酸 Glycine⽢氨酸 Glycocholic acid⽢氨胆酸 18-α-Glycyrrhetinic acid 18-α-⽢草亭酸 18-α-Glycyrrhetinic acid with GC methylester 18-α-⽢草亭酸 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic acid 18-β-⽢草亭酸 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic acid 18-β-⽢草亭酸 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic acid methylester 18-β-⽢草亭酸甲酯 Glycyrrhizin ammoniacal氨化⽢草甜 Gossypetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether棉⼦⽪亭-3,3',4',7-四甲醚 Gossypin棉纤维素 Gossypol acetate棉⼦酚⼄酸酯 Gramine芦⽵碱 Griseofulvin灰黄霉素 Guaiac愈创树酯 Guaiacol愈创⽊酚 Guaiacol愈创⽊酚 Guaiacol methylether愈创⽊酚甲醚 Guaiazulene Guaiol愈创醇 Guanidine carbonate碳酸胍 Guanine鸟嘌呤 D-Gulono-gamma-lactone D-古洛糖酸-gamma-内酯 Hamamelitannin⾦缕梅单宁 Harmaline骆驼蓬灵 Harmaline hydrochloride盐酸骆驼蓬灵 Harmalol hydrochloride盐酸骆驼蓬酚 Harman哈尔满 Harman hydrochloride盐酸哈尔满 Harmine哈尔明/骆驼蓬碱 Harmine hydrochloride盐酸哈尔明 Harmol hydrochloride盐酸哈尔酚 Harpagoside Harpagoside Hecogenin核柯配基 Hecogenin acetate核柯配基⼄酸酯 Hederacoside C Hederacoside C Hederagenin常春（藤苷）配基 Hederagenin常春（藤苷）配基 α-Hederinα-常春藤素 α-Hederinα-常春藤素 Helenien堆⼼菊素/⼟⽊⾹素 Helicin绣线菊苷 Helveticoside 1-Heneicosanol 1-Heptacosanol⼆⼗七烷醇 Heptadecanoic acide⼗七烷酸 gamma-Heptalactone Heptyl acetate⼄酸庚酯 Herniarin 7-甲氧基⾹⾖素 Hesperetin橙⽪素 Hesperetin橙⽪素 Hesperidin橙⽪苷 Hesperidin橙⽪苷 Hesperidin橙⽪苷 3',4',5,5',6,7-Hexamethoxyflavone 3',4',5,5',6,7-六甲氧基黄酮 1-Hexanol⼰醇 trans-2-Hexen-1-al trans-2-Hexen-1-ol Hexylacetate⼄酸⼰酯 Hexylcinnamaldehyde⼰基⾁桂醛 Hinokiflavone⽇本扁柏黄酮 Hippuric acid马尿酸 Homatropine后马托品 Homatropine hydrobromide氢溴酸后马托品 Homobutein （-）-Homoeriodictyol Homoeriodictyol Homoeriodictyol Homogentisic acid尿⿊酸 Homoorientin Homoorientin Homovanillic acid⾼⾹草酸 Humic acid sodium salt tech.腐殖酸钠盐 α-Humulene律草烯 Hyaluronic acid potassium salt透明质酸钾盐 Hydrastine hydrochloride盐酸⽩⽑莨碱 Hydrocinnamic acid氢化⾁桂酸 Hydrocinnamic acid ethylester氢化⾁桂酸⼄酯 Hydrocotarnine hydrobromide溴化氢氢化可塔宁 Hydroferulic acid氢化阿魏酸/ p >。
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儿童用药
儿童（小于 12岁）和青少年（12至 17岁）：不建议在儿童和青少年中使用本品。 本品对该患者人群的安全性和有效性的数据有限。
老年用药
本品在老年人群中的信息有限。不能确认他们用药后的效应是否不同于更年轻的受试者。据目前的临床数据， 还没有发现老人和年轻的受试者之间在疗效上有何差别。总之，因为老年人肝、肾或者心脏功能下降，同时合并 疾病或者合并其他药物治疗的几率较高，对于老年患者的剂量选择应当加以留意。在 III期临床试验中，共有 6 名年龄在 65岁或以上的患者和 53名年龄在 56~64岁的患者接受了本品治疗。在年龄大于 55岁的患者中，不良 事件的类型和发生率与年轻患者相似（见【用法用量】和【药代动力学】部分）。
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介绍
01 成份
03 适应症 05 用法用量
目录
02 性状 04 规格 06 不良反应
07 禁忌
目录
08 注意事项
09
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用 药
010 儿童用药
011 老年用药
012 药物相互作用
013 药物过量
015 药理毒理 017 贮藏
目录
014 临床试验 016 药代动力学 018 包装
使用本品时应考虑以下方面：患者的治疗史以及耐药试验可指导本品治疗。在接受NNRTI疗法后病毒学失败 的患者中，不建议仅联合使用本品加核苷类或核苷酸类逆转录酶抑制剂。不推荐本品用于儿童、青少年及初次接 受抗病毒治疗的成人患者。
规格
100mg
用法用量
本品必须与其它抗逆转录病毒药物联合使用。 成人：本品的推荐剂量为 200 mg（2片），口服，一日二次，餐后服用（见【药代动力学】部分）。应该向 患者说明使用液体例如水将药物整片吞服。不能整片吞服的患者可以将片剂放置在一玻璃杯的水中分散。应指导 患者进行以下操作： o将片剂置于 5ml（1茶匙）水中，或至少足以没过药物 o充分搅拌至水呈乳白色 o若需要，可加入更多的水或橙汁、牛奶（患者不应一开始就将片剂置于橙汁或牛奶中） o立即服下 o用水、橙汁或牛奶冲洗玻璃杯几次，且将每次的冲洗液全部服下，确保患者服用的剂量完整。 应避免使用温水（>40℃）或碳酸饮料。 儿童（小于 12岁）和青少年（12至 17岁）：不建议在儿童和青少年中使用。 老年人：本品在老年人群中的信息有限。
白芍有效成分的研究进展
白芍有效成分的研究进展杨晓帆【摘要】白芍是毛茛科植物芍药的干燥根，作为常用中药材应用广泛。
白芍味苦，归肝、脾经，具有止痛平肝，平抑肝阳等作用，此外现代医学研究表明白芍还具有抗氧化活性，调节免疫系统，保护心血管系统等生理活性。
本文通过资料搜集、文献查阅，对白芍中有效成分的研究、方法及作用进行归纳总结，希望对进一步研究白芍提供参考，为白芍的深入研究提供基础。
%The dry root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. and Radix Paeonia Alba is used commonly as traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Radix Paeonia Alba is bitter by the liver and spleen, has good effect for the liver. In addition, the modern medical research showed that it still had antioxidant activity, regulated the immune system, protected cardiovascular system and other biological activities. Referring to related literature, the advances on Radix Paeonia Alba, effective constituents, research methods were summarized, as referencefor further study and develpoment.【期刊名称】《广州化工》【年(卷),期】2015(000)020【总页数】3页(P50-51,78)【关键词】白芍;有效成分;研究方法【作者】杨晓帆【作者单位】亳州师范高等专科学校，安徽亳州 236800【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R28白芍(Radix Paeonia Alba)是毛茛科植物芍药Paeonia lactiflora Pall.的干燥根、又名金芍药、没骨花、离草，为多年生草本植物。
唑虫酰胺组成结构、作用功能详解
嘎虫酰胺（PIfenpyrad）,是一种新型的口比嘤杂环类杀虫杀螭剂。
由日本三菱化学公司于1988年开发成功（现为日本农药公司所有）。
2008年专利到期。
2009年在中国获得首次登记。
化学名称：N-[4-(4-甲基苯氧基)节基]-1-甲基-3-乙基-4-氯-5-毗嘤甲酰胺。
分子式：C2IH22CIN3O2,分子量：383.9o英文名称：4-ch1oro-3-ethy1-1-methy1-N-{[4-(4-methy1phenoxy)-pheny1]-1H-pyrazo1e-5-carboxamide}纯品为类白色结晶，熔点87.7~88.2。
（：，在252。
C高温下分解。
在25。
C时，密度为1.19g/cm,蒸汽压＜5.6χ107Pa,水中解度为0.087mg/1,在有机溶剂中：正己烷中7.41g/1、甲醇中59.6g/1、乙酸乙酯中339g/1、甲苯中366g/1、丙酮中368g/1、二氯甲烷中＞500g/1,25。
C正辛醇/水的分配系数为1ogPθw5.62[1,2,6f7]β01毒性嗖虫酰胺原药对雄性、雌性大鼠急性经口1D50分别为386、150mg/kg;急性经皮1D50分别＞2000、3000mg/kg;急性吸入1Cso分别为2.21、1.5mg∕1o对兔皮肤、眼睛有轻度刺激性，对豚鼠弱致敏性。
大鼠周亚慢性喂养毒性试验，最大无作用剂量：雄性大鼠为0.906mg/kg-d,雌性大鼠为1.0Img/kg-d；致突变试验：Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠淋巴瘤正向突变试验等均为阴性，未见致突变性。
嘎虫酰胺15%乳油大鼠急性经口1D50：雄性为102mg/kg,雌性为83mg/kg;急性经皮1D5O>2OOOmg/kg;急性吸入1C50：542mg/m^;兔皮肤、眼睛均有中度刺激性；对豚鼠皮肤为弱致敏性。
02作用机理嗖虫酰胺（PIfenpyrad）,是一种新型的口比嘤杂环类杀虫杀螭剂，其组织结构特征和合成方式独特，使其成为主要的农药类研究对象，具有低毒高效快速降解等特点。
邻甲氧基苯甲醇结构式
邻甲氧基苯甲醇结构式一、引言邻甲氧基苯甲醇是一种有机化合物，其化学式为C8H10O2，分子量为138.17g/mol。
它具有许多重要的应用，如医药、染料、香料等领域。
本文将对邻甲氧基苯甲醇的结构式进行详细介绍。
二、邻甲氧基苯甲醇的结构式邻甲氧基苯甲醇的结构式如下图所示：CH3|HO---C---OH|CH3三、邻甲氧基苯甲醇的命名根据IUPAC命名规则，邻甲氧基苯甲醇的名称应该是2-(methoxymethyl)phenol。
其中，“2-”表示取代基在苯环上的位置，“methoxy”表示取代基为一个羟基和一个甲基，“methyl”表示取代基为一个碳原子和三个氢原子。
四、邻甲氧基苯甲醇的物理性质1. 外观：白色晶体或粉末状固体。
2. 熔点：58-60℃。
3. 溶解性：易溶于乙醇、丙酮和乙腈，几乎不溶于水。
五、邻甲氧基苯甲醇的化学性质1. 羟基取代反应：邻甲氧基苯甲醇可以通过羟基取代反应制备其它有机化合物。
2. 酯化反应：邻甲氧基苯甲醇可以与酸酐或酰氯反应生成相应的酯。
3. 氧化反应：邻甲氧基苯甲醇可以被氧化剂如过氧化氢、高锰酸钾等氧化为相应的羟基苯甲醛或羟基苯乙酮。
六、邻甲氧基苯甲醇的应用1. 医药领域：邻甲氧基苯甲醇可用于制备抗生素和抗炎药物等。
2. 染料领域：邻甲氧基苯甲醇可用于制备染料，如黄色染料。
3. 香料领域：邻甲氧基苯甲醇可用于制备香料，如草莓香味剂。
七、结论本文对邻甲氧基苯甲醇的结构式进行了详细介绍，包括其命名、物理性质、化学性质和应用等方面。
邻甲氧基苯甲醇是一种重要的有机化合物，在医药、染料和香料等领域都有广泛的应用。
五乙酸葡萄糖酯
物质性质
葡萄糖的结构和性质: 物理性质: 白色晶体 溶于水，微溶于乙醇。 分子式: C6H12O6 (180) 最简式: CH2O (30)分子量 180.1572 熔点83℃。无结晶水熔点146℃ 乙酸酐：是由乙酸衍生出来的酸酐，分子式为(CH3CO)2O，常缩写为Ac2O。它是 最简单的有机酸酐之一，有机合成中常用它作乙酰化试剂或失水剂。在室温下乙 酸酐为无色液体，与空气中的水分反应，从而散发出乙酸的强烈味道。乙酸酐可 由乙酸甲酯的羰基化制得，常以铑和锂的碘化物作催化剂。熔点：-73.1℃沸点： 138.6℃溶解性：溶于苯、乙醇、乙醚；稍溶于水。 碘:无机物-单质-非金属， 常温下为固态， 单质碘呈紫黑色晶体，相对原子质量 126.9。熔点113.5℃，沸点184.35℃。具有金属光泽，性脆，易升华。有毒性和腐蚀 性。易溶于乙醚、乙醇、氯仿和其他有机溶剂，也溶于氢碘酸和碘化钾溶液而呈深 褐色。碘的典型有机反应有：芳香族化合物的亲电子置换，形成芳基碘化物；邻近 羰基官能团的碳原子的碘化作用；碘单质遇淀粉会变蓝色。 碘单质是紫黑色，有光 泽的固体。加热时，碘升华为漂亮的紫色蒸气，这种蒸气有刺激性气味
物质性质
葡萄糖五乙酸酯 中文名称 葡萄糖五乙酸酯 别名 Α-D-葡萄糖五乙酸酯; Α-D-葡萄糖乙酸酯; Α-D-葡糖五乙酸酯; 1,2,3,4,6-O-五乙酰基-Α-D-葡萄糖; ALPHA-D-葡萄糖五乙酸酯; 1,2,3,4,6-五-O-乙酰基-Α-D-吡喃葡萄糖; Α-D-五乙酰基葡萄糖; 英 文名称 Alpha-D-Glucose pentaacetate 分子式 C16H22O11 分子量 390.34 , 熔点 109-113℃ ， 水溶性差 自然界中D－（＋）－葡萄糖是以环形半缩醛形式存在的有 α、β两种异构体。葡 萄糖上的羟基与乙酸或乙酸酐反应可以使5个羟基都被乙酰化。相应的生成α和β五 乙酸葡萄糖酯。但是使用不同的催化剂时，所生成的主产物不同。如当用无水氯化 锌作催化剂时，α构型为主要产物；当使用无水乙酸钠作催化剂时，β构型为主要产 物。从立体构型来看β异构体比α异构体更稳定，但是在无水氯化锌的作用下β异构 体也能转化为α异构体。 а-D-葡萄糖五乙酸酯：又名а-D-五乙酰葡萄糖(简称PAG) 。化学式为C16 H22 O11 。 在常温下为白色针状晶体, 是一种发展前景很好的表面活性剂。在医疗上, 它有 保护肝脏和促进中枢神经兴奋的作用, 也可治疗肥胖症及酒精中毒。同时, 它可用 于汽油添加剂, 用它来提高汽油的燃烧速度, 使汽油接近完全燃烧, 从而使排放出 气体中的有害成分明显减少。既节约能源, 又减少环境污染。另外, 它还可用于家 用杀菌剂、清洗用的漂白剂、消毒剂、去垢剂、抗氧化剂、发泡剂、制药、制造 香料、废水处理、香烟的填充剂等许多方面
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Supplementary DataGlycosylation with glycosyl benzyl phthalates as a novel type of glycosyl donorsKwan Soo Kim,* Yong Joo Lee, Hye Young, Kim Sung Soo Kang and Soon Young KwonCenter for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry,Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.OBnOO O 22,3,4,6-Tetra-O -benzyl-D-glucopyranosyl benzyl phthalate (2): colorless oil ; R f = 0.27 (n -hexane/EtOAc, 4;1, v/v); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 3.62 - 4.01 (m, 15 H, H α,β-2, 3, 4, 5, 6a , 6b ), 4.4 - 5.39 (m, 25 H, 12.5 x PhC H 2O), 5.82 (d, J 1,2 7.6 Hz, 1 H, H β-1), 6.6 (d, J 1,2 3.4 Hz, 1.5 H, H α-1), 7.0 - 7.75 (m, 72.5 H, Ar H ); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 67.6, 68.0, 68.2, 73.1, 73.2, 73.5, 73.6, 75.0, 75.1, 75.4, 75.7, 76.9, 77.3, 79.0, 80.9, 81.7, 84.8, 91.3 (C α-1), 95.1(C β-1), 127.7, 127.8, 127.8, 127.9, 127.9, 128.0, 128.0, 128.1, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 128.4, 128.5, 128.6, 129.1, 129.3, 130.8, 131.0, 131.2, 131.5, 131.7, 131.8, 132.2, 132.8, 135.6, 135.7, 137.8, 137.9, 138.0, 138.1, 138.5, 138.7, 165.6 (C=O), 166.0 (C=O), 167.3 (C=O), 167.4 (C=O); IR (CHCl 3 film) 1730, 1464, 1315, 1128 cm -1; Anal. Calcd for C 49H 46O 9: C, 75.56; H,5.95. Found: C, 75.57; H,6.88.OBn O O O42-O -Acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O -benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl benzyl phthalate (4): R f = 0.15 (n -hexane/EtOAc, 4;1, v/v); [α]D 20 = +20.4 (c = 5, CHCl 3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3) δ2.19 (s, 3 H, C H 3CO),3.69–4.11 (m, 5 H, H-3, 4, 5, 6a , 6b ), 4.48–4.88 (m, 6 H, 3 x PhC H 2O),5.30 (s, 2 H, PhC H 2O), 5.60 (brs, 1 H, H-2),6.34 (d, J 1,2 1.9 Hz, 1 H, H-1),7.13–7.76 (m, 24 H, Ar H ); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 21.1 (C H 3CO), 67.4, 67.7, 68.5, 72.0, 73.6, 73.7, 74.2, 75.5, 77.9, 93.0 (C-1), 127.7, 128.0, 128.1, 128.2, 128.4, 128.5, 128.7, 128.9, 129.4, 131.4, 135.4, 137.9,138.2, 165.4 (C=O), 167.0 (C=O), 170.1 (CH 3C O); IR (CHCl 3 film) 1741, 1281, 1230, 1107 cm -1; Anal. Calcd for C 44H 42O 10: C, 72.31; H, 5.79. Found: C, 72.33; H, 5.87.OBn O OO 53,4,6-Tri-O -benzyl-2-deoxy-D-arabino -hexopyranosyl benzyl phthalate (5): R f = 0.55 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 1.74–1.88 (m, 2 H, H-2a ), 2.40 (m, 2 H, H-2b ), 3.55–3.98 (m, 10 H, H α,β-3, 4, 5, 6a , 6b ), 4.45–4.67 (m, 10 H, 5 x PhC H 2O),4.87–4.90 (m, 2 H, PhC H 2O),5.21–5.36 (m, 4 H, 2 x PhC H 2O), 5.80 (d, J 1,2 9.2 Hz, 1 H, H-1β),6.42 (brs, 1 H, H-1α),7.16–7.74 (m, 48 H, Ar H ); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 34.4 (C-2a ), 35.3 (C-2b ), 67.7, 68.7, 68.9, 71.8, 72.0, 73.6, 73.7, 74.1, 75.2, 75.4, 76.2, 77.7, 79.1, 93.4 (C-1α), 94.2 (C-1β), 127.9, 128.2, 128.6, 128.9, 129.3, 129.4, 131.3, 131.4, 131.6, 132.1, 132.6, 135.6, 135.8, 138.3, 138.5, 165.9 (C=O), 166.3 (C=O), 167.1 (C=O), 167.3 (C=O); IR (CHCl 3 film) 1729, 1362, 1275, 1123, 1062 cm -1; Anal. Calcd for C 42H40O 8: C, 74.98; H, 5.99. Found: C, 74.96; H, 6.02.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O -benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O -benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (15α) : colorless oil, R f = 0.60 (n -hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D 20 = +53.6 (c = 1.6, CHCl 3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 3.43 (s, 3 H), 3.48 - 3.66 (m, 5 H), 3.81 (m, 2 H), 3.96 (dd, J = 9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.24 - 4.28 (m, 1 H), 4.37 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.44 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.55 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.62 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.73 (s, 2 H), 4.79 (s, 1 H),4.81 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.91 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1 H),5.19-5.24 (m, 2 H), 5.52 (dd, J = 9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1 H),6.13 (dd, J = 9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1 H),7.11 - 7.57 (m, 29 H), 7.80 -8.09 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR(63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.7, 66.8, 68.4, 68.7, 69.8, 70.4, 70.8, 72.4, 73.3, 73.5(2), 74.9, 75.7, 80.1, 82.0, 96.9, 97.4, 127.6, 127.8(2), 128.0, 128.1, 128.4(2), 128.5(2), 128.7, 129.3, 129.5, 129.9, 130.0, 130.1, 133.2, 133.5(2), 138.0, 138.5, 138.7, 139.0, 165.4, 166.0(2); IR (CHCl3 film) 2933, 1736, 1278, 1101 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.33; H, 5.88.` Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (15β) : colorless oil, R f = 0.65 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D20 = +3.2 (c = 0.8, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.37 (s, 3 H), 3.43 - 3.71 (m, 6 H), 3.80 (dd, J = 7.5, 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.10 - 4.14 (m, 1 H), 4.35 - 4.55 (m, 5 H), 4.66 - 4.82 (m,3 H), 4.91 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.06 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.20 - 5.32 (m, 2 H), 5.47 (dd, J = 9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.17 (dd, J = 9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.13 - 7.53 (m, 29 H), 7.83 - 7.98 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.6, 68.8, 69.0, 69.1, 70.0, 70.6, 72.3, 73.6, 74.9, 75.0, 75.1, 75.8, 77.8, 82.5, 84.7, 96.9, 104.1, 127.7, 127.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.1, 128.3, 128.4, 128.5(2), 129.1, 129.2, 129.4, 129.8, 130.0, 130.1, 133.2, 133.5(2), 138.3, 138.6, 138.8, 165.6, 165.9, 166.0; IR (CHCl3 film) 2931, 1729, 1281, 1103 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.34; H, 5.88.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (16α) : colorless oil, R f = 0.35 (toluene/EtOAc, 10:1, v/v); [α]D20 = -35.9(c = 1.2, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.39-3.66 (m, 7 H), 3.48 (s, 3 H), 3.82-4.00 (m,2 H), 4.33 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.44 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.50 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.57 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.70-4.77 (m, 3 H), 4.81 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.93 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.66 (s, 1 H), 5.76-5.87 (m, 2 H), 7.11-7.57 (m, 29 H), 7.80-8.06 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl) δ 55.6, 67.4, 67.6, 68.4, 69.7, 70.3, 70.7, 73.2, 73.5, 74.9, 75.6,380.1, 82.0, 97.4, 98.6, 127.6, 127.8 (2), 128.0, 128.1, 128.4 (2), 128.5 (2), 128.7, 129.3, 129.5, 129.9, 130.0, 130.1, 133.2, 133.5 (2), 138.0, 138.5, 138.7, 139.0, 165.5, 165.6, 165.7; IR (CHCl3 film) 1734, 1266, 1103 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.31; H, 5.87.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (16β) : colorless oil, R f = 0.40 (toluene/EtOAc, 10:1, v/v); [α]D20 = -51.7(c = 1.6, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.42 (s, 3 H), 3.46-3.64 (m, 6 H), 3.86 (dd, J =7.8, 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.18 (dd, J = 1.6, 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.33 - 4.55 (m, 5 H), 4.67 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.80 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.90 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.96 (d, J =1.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.65 (dd, J = 1.7, 3.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.79 (dd, J = 9.9, 9.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.90 (dd, J = 3.3, 9.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.11-7.60 (m, 29 H), 7.81-8.08 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.5, 67.7, 68.8, 69.4, 70.0, 70.2, 70.7, 73.5, 74.9, 75.0, 75.1, 75.8, 82.5, 84.6, 98.4, 104.2, 127.7, 127.8, 128.0, 128.4, 128.5, 128.7, 129.3, 129.5, 129.8, 130.0, 133.2, 133.5, 133.6, 138.2, 138.6, 138.7, 165.5, 165.7, 165.8; IR (CHCl3 film) 1729, 1266, 1072 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.39; H, 5.84.O O2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-α,β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose (17α,β)1: colorless oil, R f= 0.35 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3:1, v/v); 17β1 (major); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.31 (s, 6 H), 1.45 (s, 3 H), 3.53 (s, 3 H), 3.43 - 3.49 (m, 1 H), 3.56 - 3.79 (m, 4 H), 3.97 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.03 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.30 - 4.37 ( m, 2 H), 4.46 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.47 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.5 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.67 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.75 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.80 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.82 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.98 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.05 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.57 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.12 - 7.42 (m, 20 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.6, 25.0, 26.1, 26.2, 65.8, 67.5, 70.7, 70.8, 70.9, 73.6, 74.9, 75.1(2), 75.7, 77.8, 81.7, 82.1, 84.7, 96.4, 104.5, 108.7, 109.5, 127.5, 127.6, 127.7, 127.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.1, 128.3, 128.5, 128.8, 138.3, 138.5, 138.8(2); 17α(minor); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 97.2; IR (CHCl3 film) 1459, 1387, 1255, 1210, 1113, 1067 cm-1.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (18α)2: colorless oil, R f = 0.65 (CH2Cl2/EtOAc, 10:0.3, v/v); [α]D20 = +46.2 (c = 0.5, CHCl3) [lit2; [α]D23 = +47.5 (c = 0.7, CHCl3)]; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.37 - 3.40 (m, 1 H), 3.48 - 3.50 (m, 2 H), 3.59 (dd, J = 3.2, 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.64 (dd, J = 9.3,9.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.65 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.72 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.82 - 3.85 (m, 2 H), 3.90 (dd, J = 9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.03 (dd, J = 9.1, 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.08 (dd, J = 8.9, 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.42 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.49 (s, 2 H), 4.51 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.53 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.57 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.59 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.60 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.69 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.77 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.78 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.80 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.02 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.68 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.10 - 7.26 (m, 35 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.2, 68.3, 69.2, 69.7, 71.1, 72.5, 73.1, 73.3, 73.5, 73.6, 74.5, 75.0, 75.6, 77.8, 79.6, 80.3, 82.1(2), 96.8, 97.9, 127.1, 127.2, 127.3, 127.4, 127.5, 127.9, 128.0, 128.2, 128.4, 138.1(2), 138.4, 138.6, 139.0, 139.1; IR (CHCl3 film) 1500, 1364, 1362, 1168, 1107, 1051 cm-1.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (18β)2: solid, mp 88 – 89 ℃; R f = 0.5 (CH2Cl2/EtOAc, 10:0.3, v/v); [α]D20 = +19 (c = 0.4, CHCl3) [lit2; [α]D20 = +20 (c = 1, CHCl3)]; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.26 (dd, J = 3.6, 15.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.35 (s, 3 H), 3.34 - 3.37 (m, 1 H), 3.44 - 3.49 (m, 3 H), 3.54 (dd, J = 4.43, 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.57 3.61 (m, 2 H), 3.57 - 3.61 (m, 1 H), 3.71 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.82 -3.86 (m, 1 H), 3.96 (dd, J = 9.4, 9.4 Hz, 1 H),4.36 - 4.39 (m, 2 H), 4.37 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H),4.43 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.55 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.57 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.56 - 4.60 (m, 2H), 4.72 - 4.81 (m, 6 H), 4.86 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.08 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.18 - 7.41 (m,35 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.4, 68.04, 69.2, 70.1, 73.5(2), 73.8, 74.9, 75.1, 75.3, 75.5, 75.7, 76.8, 78.22, 79.0, 80.6, 83.0, 85.0, 98.6, 102.7, 127.2, 127.4, 127.7, 127.9, 128.1, 128.4, 128.5, 138.0, 138.4, 138.6, 138.8(2), 139.7; IR (CHCl3 film) 1459, 1362, 1072 cm-1.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (19α) : colorless oil, R f = 0.4 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3:1, v/v); [α]D20 = +54.4 (c = 1.2, CHCl3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.30 – 3.34 (m, 1 H), 3.37 (s, 3 H), 3.44 - 3.53 (m, 3 H), 3.63 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.69 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.74 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.83 - 3.86 (m, 4 H), 4.05 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.24 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.39 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1 H),4.41 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.42 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.49 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.50 - 4.54 (m, 4H), 4.6 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.63 (s, 1 H), 4.75 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H),4.82 ( br s, 1 H), 4.90 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H),5.74 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.07 - 7.30 (m, 35 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 54.9, 68.2, 69.8, 70.5, 70.8, 71.0, 71.3, 72.5, 72.6, 73.5, 73.6, 74.3, 75.1, 75.6, 79.5, 80.8, 82.0, 96.9, 99.0, 126.9, 127.4, 127.5, 127.7, 127.7, 127.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 128.4, 128.5, 138.1, 138.2, 138.5, 138.7, 138.7, 139.1; IR (CHCl3film) 1454, 1368, 1107, 1072 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H66O11: C, 75.43; H, 6.74. Found: C, 75.41; H, 6.81.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (19β): solid, mp 84 – 86 ℃; R f = 0.4 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3:1, v/v); [α]D20 = +35.8 (c = 1.2, CHCl3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.28 - 3.30 (m, 1 H), 3.33 (s, 3 H), 3.33 –3.38 (m, 1 H), 3.53 (dd, J = 9.0, 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.57 – 3.61 (m, 2 H), 3.64 - 3.72 (m, 3 H), 3.75 (br s, 1 H), 3.80 - 3.87 (m, 2 H), 4.30 (dd, J = 8.6, 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.46 - 4.49 (m, 3 H), 4.56 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.60 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.60 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H),4.66 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.68 - 4.73 (m, 3 H), 4.78 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.79 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.84 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.86 (dd, J = 6.5, 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.18 -7.36 (m, 35 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.0, 68.9, 69.0, 72.0, 72.8, 73.0, 73.4, 73.7, 75.0, 75.0, 75.3, 75.4, 75.8, 76.1, 78.1, 78.3, 83.0, 85.0, 99.8, 103.1, 127.2, 127.5, 127.7, 127.9, 128.4, 138.4, 138.7(2), 139.6; IR (CHCl3 film) 1494, 1464, 1367, 1072 cm-1 ; Anal. Calcd for C62H66O11: C, 75.43; H, 6.74. Found: C, 75.48; H, 6.75.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (20α) : colorless oil, R f = 0.35 (toluene/EtOAc, 10:1, v/v); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.38 (s, 3 H), 3.52 - 3.70 (m, 5 H), 3.84 - 4.00 (m, 3 H), 4.13 - 4.20 (m, 1 H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.45 - 4.49 (m, 3 H), 4.55 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.67 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.73 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.92 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.17 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.23 (dd, J = 9.8, 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.57 (dd, J = 9.8, 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.12 (dd, J = 9.8, 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.15-7.52 (m, 29 H), 7.84-8.00 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.6, 66.3, 68.2, 69.1, 70.0, 70.6, 72.0, 72.2(2), 72.7, 73.3, 74.9(2), 75.1, 80.0, 97.0, 98.3, 127.5(2), 127.6,127.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.3, 128.4(2), 128.5(2), 129.2(2), 129.4, 129.7, 130.0(2), 133.1, 133.3, 133.4, 138.5, 138.6, 138.7, 138.8, 165.2, 165.9(2). Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.34; H, 5.88.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (20β) : coloress oil, R f= 0.30 (toluene/EtOAc, 10:1, v/v); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.35-3.40 (m, 1 H), 3.43 (s, 3 H), 3.49 (dd, J = 9.4, 2.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.62-3.66 (m, 1 H), 3.69-3.71 (m, 2 H), 3.88 (dd, J = 9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.05 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.20 (dd, J = 11.0, 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.28-4.35 (m, 1 H), 4.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.47-4.51 (m, 4 H), 4.55 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.89 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.91 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.04 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.25-5.29 (m, 2 H), 5.52 (dd, J = 9.6, 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.18 (dd, J = 9.6, 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 - 7.53 (m, 29 H), 7.84 - 8.00 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.5, 68.7, 69.0, 69.5, 69.6, 70.7, 71.5, 72.3, 73.5, 74.0, 74.2, 74.8, 75.2, 76.1, 82.2, 96.9, 102.4, 127.5, 127.7, 127.7, 127.9, 128.1, 128.3(2), 128.4(3), 128.5, 129.0, 129.2, 129.4, 129.8, 129.9, 130.0, 133.2, 133.5(2), 138.3, 138.5(2), 138.9, 165.5, 165.8, 166.0. Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.36; H, 5.90.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α,β-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (21) : 21α (major); coloress oil, R f = 0.37 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2.5;1, v/v); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.43 (s, 3H), 3.57 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.68 - 3.71 (m, 4 H), 3.85 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.93 - 3.98 (m, 2 H), 4.17 - 4.19 (m, 1 H), 4.36 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.39 - 4.41 (m, 2 H), 4.47 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.56 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.61 and 4.64 (ABq, J = 12.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.84 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.93 (br s, 1 H), 4.96 (br s, 1 H), 5.63 (s, 1 H), 5.85 - 5.86 (m, 1 H), 5.93 (dd, J = 9.9, 9.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 - 8.08 (m, 35 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.5, 66.9, 68.0, 69.1, 69.2, 70.1, 70.7, 71.9, 72.0, 72.6, 73.3, 74.8, 74.9, 75.1, 80.3, 98.2, 98.6, 127.6, 127.8, 128.1, 128.4, 128.5, 128.7, 129.2, 129.5, 129.8, 129.3, 133.2, 133.4, 133.6, 138.4, 138.5, 138.7, 165.4, 165.5, 165.6; 21β (minor); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 102.5 (C-1); IR (CHCl3 film) 1734, 1601, 1494, 1459, 1270, 1107 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H60O14: C, 72.36; H, 5.88. Found: C, 72.37; H, 5.81.O O2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose (22α)3: colorless oil, R f = 0.35 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3;1, v/v); [α]D20 = -2.2 (c = 0.7, CHCl3) [lit3; [α]D20 = -2.6 (c = 2.3 CHCl3)]; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.33 (s, 6 H), 1.43 (s, 3 H), 1.50 (s, 3 H), 3.68 - 3.73 (m, 3 H), 3.77 - 3.83 (m, 4 H), 3.90 (dd, J = 2.6, 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.96 (dd, J = 6.4, 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.02 (dd, J = 9.1, 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.31 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.53 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.58 (br s, 2 H), 4.68 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.73 (br s, 2 H), 4.86 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 (br s, 1 H), 5.52 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.15 - 7.38 (m, 20 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.7, 25.1, 26.1, 26.3, 65.5, 65.6, 69.3, 70.8(2), 71.1, 72.3(2), 72.5, 73.5, 74.2, 75.0, 75.2, 80.2, 96.5, 97.5, 108.7, 109.5, 127.7, 127.9, 128.2, 128.4, 138.6, 138.6(2), 138.7; IR (CHCl3 film) 1459, 1387, 1255, 1209, 1112, 1067, 1005 cm-1.2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose (22β)3 : colorless oil, R f = 0.32 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3;1, v/v); [α]D20 = -72.8 (c = 0.4, CHCl3) [lit3; [α]D20 = -72.6 (c = 2.7, CHCl3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.32 (s, 3 H), 1.33 (s, 3 H), 1.44 (s, 3 H), 1.48 (s, 3 H), 3.41 - 3.44 (m, 1 H), 3.47 (dd, J = 2.6, 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.62 (dd, J = 8.6, 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.74 - 3.78 (m, 2 H), 3.40 (dd, J = 9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.0 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.11 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.20 - 4.23 (m, 2 H), 4.33 - 4.36 (m, 2 H), 4.45 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.46 (br s, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.56 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.61 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.64 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.90 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.91 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.59 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 - 7.51 (m, 20 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.6, 25.2, 26.1, 30.0, 68.2, 69.7, 70.0, 70.7, 70.9, 71.2, 71.8, 72.9, 73.6, 73.7, 74.9, 75.3, 76.0, 82.1, 96.6, 102.5, 108.9, 109.6, 127.7, 128.1, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 128.8, 138.3, 138.6(2), 138.8 ; IR (CHCl3 film) 2365, 2340, 1596, 1382, 1107, 1067 cm-1.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (23α): colorless oil, R f = 0.5 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3;1, v/v); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.22 (s, 3 H, C H3O), 3.65–3.92 (m, 13 H, H-2, 2', 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5', 6a, 6a', 6b, 6b', 0.5 x PhC H2O), 4.43–4.50 (m, 3 H, 1.5 x PhC H2O), 4.55–4.88 (m, 10 H, 5 x PhC H2O), 4.61 (d, J1',2' 4.7 Hz, 1 H, H-1'), 5.12 (brs, 1 H, H-1), 7.11–7.39 (m, 35 H, Ar H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 54.8 (CH3O), 66.2, 69.3, 71.5, 71.6, 71.9, 72.2, 72.4, 72.9, 73.4, 74.6, 74.7, 74.9(2), 75.2(2), 79.4, 80.4, 98.1 (C-1'), 99.0 (C-1), 127.5, 127.5, 127.6, 127.7, 127.8, 127.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.0, 128.5, 128.5 (Ar-C), 138.4, 138.5, 138.6, 138.8 (Ar-C q); IR (CHCl3 film) 1611, 1459, 1377, 1112, 1077, 1036 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H66O11: C, 75.43; H, 6.74. Found: C, 75.42; H, 6.85.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (23β) : colorless oil, R f = 0.5 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 3;1, v/v); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.25 (s, 3 H, C H3O), 3.41–3.91 (m, 11 H, H-2, 2', 3, 3', 4, 5, 5', 6a, 6a', 6b, 6b'), 4.23–4.28 (m, 2 H, H-4, 0.5 x PhC H2O), 4.37–4.60 (m, 8 H, 4 x PhC H2O), 4.68 (s, 2 H, PhC H2O), 4.72 (d, J1',2' 4.7 Hz, 1 H, H-1'), 4.81–4.98 (m, 3 H, 1.5 x PhC H2O), 4.91 (d, J1,2 3.4 Hz, 1 H, H-1), 7.16–7.48 (m, 35 H, Ar H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 54.8 (C H3O), 69.1, 69.8, 71.4, 72.1, 72.7, 73.2, 73.6, 74.8, 75.0, 75.3, 76.0, 80.4, 82.1, 90.8, 98.8 (C-1’), 102.2 (C-1), 127.4, 127.5, 127.6, 127.7, 128.0, 128.0, 128.2, 128.4, 128.5, 128.6 (Ar-C), 138.3, 138.4, 138.6, 138.9 (Ar-C q); IR (CHCl3 film) 1611, 1459, 1377, 1112, 1077, 1036 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C62H66O11: C, 75.43; H, 6.74. Found: C, 75.42; H, 6.85.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (24): colorless oil, R f = 0.32 (n-hexane/EtOAc/CH2Cl2, 5;1;0.5,v/v); [α]D20 = +18.61 (c = 2.0, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.39 (s, 3 H), 3.53 (dd, J = 3.6, 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.56 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.63 - 3.72 (m, 6 H), 3.78 (dd, J = 4.1, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (dd, J = 2.8, 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.97 (dd, J = 9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.30 and 4.20 (ABq, J = 12.22 H), 4.41 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.42 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.45 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.52 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.54 (dd, J = 2.3, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.57 - 4.61 (m, 5 H), 4.67 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.84 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.09 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1 H), 5.29 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.13 - 7.30 (m, 35 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.4, 69.5, 69.9, 72.2, 72.4, 73.1, 73.3, 73.4, 73.5, 74.9, 75.0, 75.1, 76.4, 77.9, 79.9, 80.1, 81.7, 97.8, 100.6, 126.8, 127.2, 127.5, 127.7, 127.7, 127.8, 128.1, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 128.4, 128.5, 128.5, 128.6, 138.0, 138.5, 138.5, 138.7, 138.8, 138.9; IR (CHCl3 film) 1454, 1362, 1102, 1057 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C49H46O9: C, 75.56; H, 5.95.Methyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→2)-3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-mannopyranoside (26): R f= 0.37 (n-hexane/EtOAc/CH2Cl2, 5;1;0.5, v/v); [α]D20 = +5.1 (c = 2.1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.21 (s, 3 H, C H3O), 3.75–3.82 (m, 4 H, H-5, 5', 6a, 6a'), 3.90–3.95 (m, 6 H, H-2, 2', 3, 3', 6b, 6b'), 4.06 (br s, 1 H, H-4'), 4.23 (m, 1 H, H-4), 4.47–4.66 (m, 8 H, 4 x PhC H2O), 4.75 (d, J1',2' 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-1'), 4.77 (d, J AB 12.3 Hz, 1 H, PhC H2O), 4.89 (d, J AB 10.6 Hz, 1 H, PhC H2O), 5.20 (brs, 1 H, H-1), 5.60 (s, 1 H, PhC H O2), 7.20–7.50 (m, 30 H, Ar H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 54.9 (C H3O), 63.8, 69.0, 69.6, 72.1, 72.3, 72.4(2), 73.3, 73.5, 75.1, 75.2, 75.3, 76.0, 79.3, 79.6, 100.3 (C-1'), 101.0 (C-1), 101.6 (Ph C HO2), 126.2, 127.5, 127.6, 127.8, 127.9, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 128.4, 128.5, 129.0 (Ar-C), 137.7, 138.4(2), 138.5, 138.6, 138.7 (Ar-C q); IR (CHCl3 film) 1505, 1459, 1367, 1118, 1082, 1046 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C55H58O11: C, 75.81; H, 6.53. Found: C, 73.88; H, 6.60.Methyl (2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (27): R f = 0.28 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2;1, v/v); [α]D20 = +51.2 (c =0.8, CHCl 3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 2.11 (s, 3 H, C H 3CO), 3.39 (s, 3 H, C H 3O), 3.46–3.99 (m, 7 H, H-3, 4, 5, 6a , 6b , 6a ', 6b '),4.20–4.23 (m, 1 H, H-5'), 4.35–4.89 (m, 6 H, 3 x PhC H 2O), 4.89 (brs, 1 H, H-1),5.21 (d, J 1',2' 3.1 Hz, 1 H, H-1'), 5.29(dd, J 1',2' 3.1, J 2',3' 10.1 Hz, 1 H, H-2'), 5.35 (brs, 1 H, H-2), 5.60 (dd, J 2',3' 9.8, J 3',4' 9.8 Hz, 1 H, H-3'),6.16 (dd, J 3',4' 9.8, J 4',5'9.8 Hz, 1 H, H-4'), 7.16–8.00 (m, 30 H, Ar H ); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 21.1 (C H 3CO), 55.5 (C H 3O), 66.3, 68.1, 68.6, 68.7, 69.6, 70.5, 71.5, 71.8, 72.1, 73.3, 74.2, 75.0, 77.9, 96.9 (C-1'), 97.9 (C-1), 127.5, 127.7, 127.8, 128.2, 128.3, 128.40, 128.43, 129.0, 129.1, 129.2, 129.7, 129.9 (Ar-C ), 133.1, 133.4(2), 138.0, 138.2, 138.6 (Ar-C q), 165.2 (C=O), 165.8(2) (C=O), 170.3 (CH 3C O); IR (CHCl 3 film) 1726, 1450, 1271, 1071 cm -1; Anal. Calcd for C 58H 58O 15: C, 69.78; H, 5.75. Found: C, 69.74; H, 5.89.Methyl (2-O -acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O -benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2,3,6-tri-O -benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (28): R f = 0.45 (n -hexane/EtOAc/CH 2Cl 2, 7;2;1, v/v); [α]D 20 = +29.5 (c = 0.95, CHCl 3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 1.98 (s, 3 H, C H 3CO), 3.37 (s, 3 H, C H 3O), 3.46–3.56 (m, 2 H, H-6a ,6b ), 3.62–4.00 (m, 9 H, H-2', 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5', 6a ', 6b '), 4.32–5.07 (m, 12 H, 6 x PhC H 2O), 5.23 (brs, 1 H, H-1), 5.42 (d, J 1,2 1.2 Hz, 1 H, H-1'), 5.47 (brs, 1 H, H-2), 7.11–7.32 (m, 30 H, Ar H ); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 21.0 (C H 3CO), 55.4 (C H 3O), 68.8(2), 69.3, 69.6, 71.7, 72.5, 73.3(3), 73.5, 74.1, 75.2, 75.8, 78.3, 80.1, 81.8, 97.8 (C-1'), 99.4 (C-1), 127.3, 127.5, 127.6, 127.7, 127.71, 127.9, 128.0, 128.1, 128.2, 128.3, 128.33, 128.4, 128.5 (Ar-C ), 138.0, 138.1, 138.3(2), 138.5, 138.6 (Ar-Cq), 169.9 (CH 3C O); IR (CHCl 3 film) 1742, 1209, 1050 cm -1; Anal. Calcd for C 57H 62O 12: C, 72.90; H, 6.65. Found: C, 72.58; H, 6.13.Methyl (3,4,6-tri-O -benzyl-2-deoxy-α-D-arabino -hexopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-O -benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (29α): R f = 0.38 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D 20 = +2.08 (c = 1.5, CHCl 3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3) δ 1.64 - 1.70 (m, 1 H), 2.19 (dd, J = 4.8, 12.8 Hz,1H), 3.42 (s, 3 H), 3.44 - 3.46 (m, 1 H), 3.51 - 3.65 (m, 4 H), 3.82-3.97 (m, 2 H), 4.16 - 4.23 (m, 1 H), 4.36 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.44 - 4.54 (m, 4 H), 4.87 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.19 – 5.29 (m, 2H), 5.61 (dd, J = 9.8, 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.12 (dd, J = 9.8, 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.15 - 7.42 (m, 24 H), 7.85 - 7.99 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 35.3, 55.7, 66.2, 68.3, 68.8, 69.8, 70.1, 70.7, 71.8, 72.3, 73.5, 74.9, 77.4, 78.3, 97.1, 97.8, 127.2, 127.7, 127.8, 128.0, 128.4, 128.5, 129.2, 129.3, 129.4, 129.8, 130.0, 130.7, 133.2, 133.4, 133.5, 138.2, 138.9, 165.3, 166.0(2); IR (CHCl3 film) 1729, 1602, 1494, 1452, 1363, 1278, 1216 cm-1; Anal. Calcd forC55H54O13: C, 71.57; H, 5.90. Found: C, 71.55; H, 5.89.Methyl (3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (29β) : R f= 0.45 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D20 = +1.53 (c = 0.2, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.67 (dd, J = 11.9, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J = 4.2, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1 H), 3.46 (s, 3 H), 3.49 (m, 1 H), 3.60 - 3.67 (m, 3 H), 4.12 (dd, J = 1.8, 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.26 (m, 1 H), 4.40 (dd, J = 1.8, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.45 - 4.61 (m, 5 H), 4.70 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.88 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.24-5.32 (m, 2 H), 5.57 (dd, J = 8.3, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.16 (dd, J = 8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.17 - 7.53 (m, 24 H), 7.85 - 8.00 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 36.5, 55.6, 68.0, 68.9, 69.4, 69.5, 70.7, 71.5, 72.2, 73.5, 75.1, 75.4, 78.1, 79.4, 97.0, 100.8, 120.2, 127.6, 127.8(2), 127.9, 128.1, 128.3, 128.4, 128.5, 128.6, 129.1, 129.3, 129.4, 129.8, 129.9, 130.1, 133.2, 133.5, 138.4(2), 138.5, 165.5, 165.9, 166.0; IR (CHCl3 film) 1729, 1602, 1494, 1452, 1363, 1278, 1216 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C55H54O13: C, 71.57; H, 5.90. Found: C, 71.55; H, 5.89.Methyl (3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (30α): R f= 0.43 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D20 = -0.55 (c = 1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.63 (m, 1 H), 2.18 (dd, J = 5.0, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (s, 3 H), 3.45 - 3.71 (m, 5 H), 3.86 - 4.0 (m, 2 H), 4.12 (m, 1 H), 4.34 - 4.55 (m, 5 H), 4.86 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.95 - 5.0 (m, 2 H), 5.64 (dd, J = 1.7, 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.82 - 5.99 (m, 2 H), 7.15 - 7.58 (m, 24 H), 7.81 - 8.11(m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 35.3, 55.6, 66.5, 67.9, 68.8, 69.4, 70.2, 70.8, 71.0, 71.7, 73.5, 75.0, 77.7, 78.3, 97.8, 98.7, 127.6, 127.7, 128.0, 128.4(2), 128.5, 128.6, 128.7, 129.3, 129.5, 129.6, 129.9, 130.0(2), 133.2, 133.4, 133.6, 138.2, 138.9,165.5, 165.7(2); IR (CHCl3 film) 1729, 1452, 1261, 1108 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C55H54O13: C, 71.57; H, 5.90. Found: C, 71.58; H, 5.95.Methyl (3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (30β): R f= 0.53 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D20 = -1.4 (c = 0.1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.69 (dd, J = 11.7, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (dd, J = 4.4,12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (m, 1 H), 3.49 (m, 1 H), 3.52 (s, 3 H), 3.62 - 3.73 (m, 4 H), 4.14 - 4.30 (m, 2H), 4.44 - 4.73 (m, 6 H), 4.89 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.99 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 5.67 (s, 1 H), 5.87 -5.90 (m, 2 H), 7.18 - 7.7 2(m, 24 H), 7.81 - 8.12 (m, 6 H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 36.7, 55.5, 67.3, 68.5, 69.4, 69.8, 70.1, 70.5, 71.6, 73.5, 75.1, 75.4, 78.2, 79.5, 98.6, 100.8, 127.6, 127.8, 128.1, 128.4(2), 128.5, 128.6, 128.7, 129.2, 129.3, 129.6, 129.9(2), 130.1, 133.2,133.6(2), 134.1, 138.(2), 165.6(2), 165.8, 166.0; IR (CHCl3 film) 1729, 1452, 1261, 1108 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C55H54O13: C, 71.57; H, 5.90. Found: C, 71.50; H, 5.91.Methyl (3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (31α)4: R f= 0.43 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D20 = +1.22 (c = 1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.63-1.74 (m, 1 H), 2.30 (dd, J = 4.9, 12.9 Hz,1H), 3.34 (s, 3 H), 3.46 - 4.03 (m, 11 H), 4.37 - 5.01 (m, 14 H), 7.12 - 7.38 (m, 30 H) ; 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 35.4, 55.2, 65.8, 68.8, 69.9, 71.0, 71.8, 73.4, 73.5, 75.0(2), 75.9, 77.4, 77.9, 78.3, 80.1, 82.4, 97.9, 98.1, 127.6, 127.7, 127.9, 128.0(2), 128.1, 128.2, 128.4(2), 128.5(2), 128.6(2), 138.3, 138.5, 138.7, 138.8.Methyl (3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (31β)4: R f= 0.55 (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2:1, v/v); [α]D20 = +0.96(c = 0.5, CHCl3); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.62 (dd, J = 11.6, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (dd, J =3.8, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (s, 3 H), 3.40 -4.18 (m, 11 H), 4.49 -5.02 (m, 14 H), 7.18 - 7.34 (m, 30H); 13C NMR (63 MHz, CDCl3) δ 36.6, 55.3, 67.7, 69.6, 69.7, 71.5, 73.5(2), 74.9, 75.1, 75.4,75.9, 77.5, 78.3, 79.4, 79.9, 82.4, 98.1, 100.1, 127.6, 127.8, 128.0, 128.1, 128.3, 128.4, 128.5(2), 128.6, 138.2, 138.4, 138.6, 138.9.。