Whitesides Group Writing a Paper
How to write a scientific paper
What is a scientific paper?
A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader
What is your objective as a researcher?
Use the active voice whenever possible.
Complete all comparisons.
• Type all papers doublespaced (not singleor oneandahalfspaced), and leave two spaces after colons, and after periods at the end of sentences. Leave generous margins. Do not translate Chinese to English directly! Use professional help as much as possible, especially if you are not short of fund.
What was measured (data)? What were the results (reduced data)? What does it all mean? What hypotheses were proved or disproved? What did I learn? Why does it make a difference?
The word "this" must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.
四川省绵阳南山中学2024_2025学年高二英语上学期开学考试试题
四川省绵阳南山中学2024-2025学年高二英语上学期开学考试试题考生留意：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的准考证号、姓名填写在答题卡上。
2.第I卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
第II卷用黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上书写作答，在试题卷上作答，答案无效。
第I卷（共75分）第一部分：听力（共两节，满分20分）做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What did the woman do last Saturday?A. She had a picnic.B. She drove to a village.C. She did some gardening.2. Where does the conversation take place?A. In a hotel.B. In a restaurant.C. In the speakers’ house.3. How did the woman’s hair look before?A. It was short.B. It was long.C. It was curly.4. What’s the earliest time of sunset in mid-December?A. 4:45.B. 5:15.C. 5:30.5. How does the woman feel?A. Excited.B. Annoyed.C. Disappointed.其次节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。
怎么写一篇好的paper
怎么写一篇好的paper 经典Whitesides Group: Writing a PaperGeorge M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA1.What is a scientific paper?A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intendedto instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your researchdoes not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done.“Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”[科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, todraw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others.Your objective is not to “collect data.”[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。
]A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed researchprogram, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If youclearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely usefulto you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paperis also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewritethese plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning,you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort tounderstand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will beimmensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data andonly start to organize them when their collection is“complete.”[论文并不仅是收集研究结果，也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架][好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。
PRL_editor_talk
How to write a good paper? Abstract
• • • • Clear, brief the scientific problem, the main, new results, importance, implications.
How to write a good paper? Introduction
Successful Letters in Physical Review Letters: An editor's perspective
Manolis Antonoyiannakis Physical Review Letters manolis@
24 September 2008 Physics Department, University of Tokyo
A journal editor reveals the most common mistakes academics make when they submit manuscripts.
(3) Strunk and White, The Elements of Style (MacMillan: New York 1979, 3rd ed.
Nobel Prize Winning Papers in PRL*
Decade 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 1973
Physics 1976 1979
Chemistry
1980 (1982) 1985 1988 (1989) 1990 (1993, 1994) 1995 1997 1998 (2001) 2002 2004 2005 (2006) 2007
a dynamic and personable colleague who has a Ph.D. and some postdoctoral experience particle, nuclear, astrophysics, or quantum information .
How to read a paper(如何阅读一篇文章)
How to Read a PaperS.KeshavDavid R.Cheriton School of Computer Science,University of WaterlooWaterloo,ON,Canadakeshav@uwaterloo.caABSTRACTResearchers spend a great deal of time reading research pa-pers.However,this skill is rarely taught,leading to much wasted effort.This article outlines a practical and efficient three-pass method for reading research papers.I also de-scribe how to use this method to do a literature survey. Categories and Subject Descriptors:A.1[Introductory and Survey]General Terms:Documentation.Keywords:Paper,Reading,Hints.1.INTRODUCTIONResearchers must read papers for several reasons:to re-view them for a conference or a class,to keep current in theirfield,or for a literature survey of a newfield.A typi-cal researcher will likely spend hundreds of hours every year reading papers.Learning to efficiently read a paper is a critical but rarely taught skill.Beginning graduate students,therefore,must learn on their own using trial and error.Students waste much effort in the process and are frequently driven to frus-tration.For many years I have used a simple approach to efficiently read papers.This paper describes the‘three-pass’approach and its use in doing a literature survey.2.THE THREE-PASS APPROACHThe key idea is that you should read the paper in up to three passes,instead of starting at the beginning and plow-ing your way to the end.Each pass accomplishes specific goals and builds upon the previous pass:The first pass gives you a general idea about the paper.The second pass lets you grasp the paper’s content,but not its details.The third pass helps you understand the paper in depth.2.1Thefirst passThefirst pass is a quick scan to get a bird’s-eye view of the paper.You can also decide whether you need to do any more passes.This pass should take aboutfive to ten minutes and consists of the following steps:1.Carefully read the title,abstract,and introduction2.Read the section and sub-section headings,but ignoreeverything else3.Read the conclusions4.Glance over the references,mentally ticking offtheones you’ve already readAt the end of thefirst pass,you should be able to answer thefive Cs:1.Category:What type of paper is this?A measure-ment paper?An analysis of an existing system?A description of a research prototype?2.Context:Which other papers is it related to?Whichtheoretical bases were used to analyze the problem?3.Correctness:Do the assumptions appear to be valid?4.Contributions:What are the paper’s main contribu-tions?5.Clarity:Is the paper well written?Using this information,you may choose not to read fur-ther.This could be because the paper doesn’t interest you, or you don’t know enough about the area to understand the paper,or that the authors make invalid assumptions.The first pass is adequate for papers that aren’t in your research area,but may someday prove relevant.Incidentally,when you write a paper,you can expect most reviewers(and readers)to make only one pass over it.Take care to choose coherent section and sub-section titles and to write concise and comprehensive abstracts.If a reviewer cannot understand the gist after one pass,the paper will likely be rejected;if a reader cannot understand the high-lights of the paper afterfive minutes,the paper will likely never be read.2.2The second passIn the second pass,read the paper with greater care,but ignore details such as proofs.It helps to jot down the key points,or to make comments in the margins,as you read.1.Look carefully at thefigures,diagrams and other illus-trations in the paper.Pay special attention to graphs.Are the axes properly labeled?Are results shown with error bars,so that conclusions are statistically sig-nificant?Common mistakes like these will separate rushed,shoddy work from the truly excellent.2.Remember to mark relevant unread references for fur-ther reading(this is a good way to learn more about the background of the paper).The second pass should take up to an hour.After this pass,you should be able to grasp the content of the paper. You should be able to summarize the main thrust of the pa-per,with supporting evidence,to someone else.This level of detail is appropriate for a paper in which you are interested, but does not lie in your research speciality.Sometimes you won’t understand a paper even at the end of the second pass.This may be because the subject matter is new to you,with unfamiliar terminology and acronyms. Or the authors may use a proof or experimental technique that you don’t understand,so that the bulk of the pa-per is incomprehensible.The paper may be poorly written with unsubstantiated assertions and numerous forward ref-erences.Or it could just be that it’s late at night and you’re tired.You can now choose to:(a)set the paper aside,hoping you don’t need to understand the material to be successful in your career,(b)return to the paper later,perhaps after reading background material or(c)persevere and go on to the third pass.2.3The third passTo fully understand a paper,particularly if you are re-viewer,requires a third pass.The key to the third pass is to attempt to virtually re-implement the paper:that is, making the same assumptions as the authors,re-create the work.By comparing this re-creation with the actual paper, you can easily identify not only a paper’s innovations,but also its hidden failings and assumptions.This pass requires great attention to detail.You should identify and challenge every assumption in every statement. Moreover,you should think about how you yourself would present a particular idea.This comparison of the actual with the virtual lends a sharp insight into the proof and presentation techniques in the paper and you can very likely add this to your repertoire of tools.During this pass,you should also jot down ideas for future work.This pass can take about four orfive hours for beginners, and about an hour for an experienced reader.At the end of this pass,you should be able to reconstruct the entire structure of the paper from memory,as well as be able to identify its strong and weak points.In particular,you should be able to pinpoint implicit assumptions,missing citations to relevant work,and potential issues with experimental or analytical techniques.3.DOING A LITERATURE SURVEYPaper reading skills are put to the test in doing a literature survey.This will require you to read tens of papers,perhaps in an unfamiliarfield.What papers should you read?Here is how you can use the three-pass approach to help.First,use an academic search engine such as Google Scholar or CiteSeer and some well-chosen keywords tofind three to five recent papers in the area.Do one pass on each pa-per to get a sense of the work,then read their related work sections.You willfind a thumbnail summary of the recent work,and perhaps,if you are lucky,a pointer to a recent survey paper.If you canfind such a survey,you are done. Read the survey,congratulating yourself on your good luck. Otherwise,in the second step,find shared citations and repeated author names in the bibliography.These are the key papers and researchers in that area.Download the key papers and set them aside.Then go to the websites of the key researchers and see where they’ve published recently.That will help you identify the top conferences in thatfield because the best researchers usually publish in the top con-ferences.The third step is to go to the website for these top con-ferences and look through their recent proceedings.A quick scan will usually identify recent high-quality related work. These papers,along with the ones you set aside earlier,con-stitute thefirst version of your survey.Make two passes through these papers.If they all cite a key paper that you did notfind earlier,obtain and read it,iterating as neces-sary.4.EXPERIENCEI’ve used this approach for the last15years to read con-ference proceedings,write reviews,do background research, and to quickly review papers before a discussion.This dis-ciplined approach prevents me from drowning in the details before getting a bird’s-eye-view.It allows me to estimate the amount of time required to review a set of papers.More-over,I can adjust the depth of paper evaluation depending on my needs and how much time I have.5.RELATED WORKIf you are reading a paper to do a review,you should also read Timothy Roscoe’s paper on“Writing reviews for sys-tems conferences”[1].If you’re planning to write a technical paper,you should refer both to Henning Schulzrinne’s com-prehensive web site[2]and George Whitesides’s excellent overview of the process[3].6.A REQUESTI would like to make this a living document,updating it as I receive comments.Please take a moment to email me any comments or suggestions for improvement.You can also add comments at CCRo,the online edition of CCR[4]. 7.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThefirst version of this document was drafted by my stu-dents:Hossein Falaki,Earl Oliver,and Sumair Ur Rahman. My thanks to them.I also benefited from Christophe Diot’s perceptive comments and Nicole Keshav’s eagle-eyed copy-editing.This work was supported by grants from the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada,the Canada Research Chair Program,Nortel Networks,Microsoft,Intel Corporation,and Sprint Corporation.8.REFERENCES[1]T.Roscoe,“Writing Reviews for SystemsConferences,”http://people.inf.ethz.ch/troscoe/pubs/review-writing.pdf.[2]H.Schulzrinne,“Writing Technical Articles,”/hgs/etc/writing-style.html.[3]G.M.Whitesides,“Whitesides’Group:Writing aPaper,”http://www.che.iitm.ac.in/misc/dd/writepaper.pdf. [4]ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication ReviewOnline,/ccr/drupal/.。
如何阅读论文 How to read a paper
如何阅读论文∗作者：S.KeShav†，译者：计军平‡摘要学者们需花费大量时间阅读论文。
然而，很少有人传授这项技能，导致初学者浪费了大量时间精力。
本文提出了一种高效实用的论文阅读方法——“三轮阅读法”。
同时，本文也描述了如何采用该方法进行文献综述。
1概述学者们出于各种原因阅读论文，比如为了准备一场学术会议或者一堂课，为了紧跟自己所在领域的研究进展，或者为了了解新领域而进行的文献综述。
一般而言，一名学者每年会花数百小时来阅读论文。
高效阅读论文是一项极其重要但却很少被人传授的技能。
因此，初学者不得不在自己的摸索中学习这项技能。
结果是他们在此过程中浪费了很多精力，并且常常陷入深深的挫败感之中。
多年以来，我一直使用一种简单有效的方法来阅读论文。
本文对这种“三轮阅读法”进行了说明，并介绍了该方法在文献综述中的应用。
2三轮阅读法该方法的关键点在于分三轮阅读一篇论文，而非仔细地从头看到尾。
每一轮阅读都在上一轮的基础上达成特定的目的：第一轮了解论文的大意，第二轮了解论文的主要内容（而非细节），第三轮深入理解论文。
∗S.Keshav,2007.How to Read a Paper.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 37(3):83-84.†David R.Cherition School of Computer Science,University of Waterloo‡北京大学深圳研究生院环境与能源学院12三轮阅读法2 2.1第一轮阅读第一轮属于鸟瞰式阅读，快速浏览论文。
由此决定是否需要进入后两轮阅读。
这一轮使用5至10分钟，包括以下四个步骤：1.仔细阅读题目、摘要及导言；2.阅读章节标题，略过其他内容；3.阅读结论；4.粗略地看一下参考文献，识别出你已经读过的文献。
在第一轮的最后，你应该能回答以下五个问题：1.类别：这篇论文属于什么类别？是实证量化分析？还是对现有方法进行改进？亦或是提出了一个新的理论？2.背景：这篇论文与哪些论文有关联？分析的理论基础有哪些？3.正确性：凭经验判断，这篇论文的前提假设是否成立？4.贡献：这篇论文的主要贡献是什么？5.清晰度：这篇论文的文字表述是否清晰？基于上述信息，你可能决定不再阅读这篇文章。
SARSAS White Paper v10 March 12, 2015
SARSAS White Paper v10 March 12, 2015March 12, 2015 Contact: Jack Sanchez *********************530-888-0281 SARSAS White Paper: Auburn Ravine High Potential for Salmon Restoration The beautiful foothill and valley stream known as Auburn Ravine flows 33 miles from the Cityof Auburn through the City of Lincoln, and into the Sacramento River at Verona. We are confident that Auburn Ravine has the potential to sustain a much larger population of wild salmon and steelhead than it does at present. The Facts In the fall of 2012, after a partial barrier to salmon migration at the Lincoln Gauging Station was removed, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CFW) conducted a survey of Fall Run Chinook Salmon (FRCS) in Auburn Ravine. As a result of that survey, they published a conservative estimate that about 160 salmon were able to reach spawning areas above the Lincoln Gauging Station. They counted 45 actual spawning redds in the streambed, each consisting of one or more nests. Of those 45 redds, 3 were observed above Hemphill Dam which is about 2.5 miles upstream from Lincoln. Using CFWs ratio of about 3.6salmon per redd, we can estimate that approximately 11salmon made it past the Hemphill Dam. This means that in the1/ 14fall of 2012, which was a good high water timeframe, about 7% of the salmon got over Hemphill Dam. The section of Auburn Ravine from Lincoln upstream to Hemphill Dam has marginal-to-fair spawning areas. The 5-mile section fromHemphill Dam up to Gold Hill Damhas good-to-excellent spawning areas. The section from Gold Hill Dam to the City of Auburn is about 4 miles long and has excellent spawning areas.The ability of these areas of Auburn Ravine to support large numbers of salmon and steelhead is supported by surveys conducted by CFW in 2004 and 2005. The Potential If the Hemphill Dam could be removed or remediated, salmon could migrate as far as the Gold Hill Dam which would give them almost twice as much spawning area as they have now. Factoring in the higher quality of the spawning gravels above Hemphill Dam, we estimate that the annual salmon migration could be quadrupled to 640 within 4 years. Similarly, if salmon could also get above the Gold Hill Dam, the high quality spawning and rearing areas in that section could increase the return rate in Auburn Ravine to about 1,000 per year by the eighth year after salmon are able to get past both Hemphill and Gold Hill dams on a regular basis. We had two unconfirmed sightings of steelhead this season below Hemphill Dam, and one sighting a few years ago above it. Thereare historical reports of salmon and steelhead migrating the entire length of Auburn Ravine. Map of Auburn Ravine from the City of Auburn through Lincoln to Verona. The Goal Save Auburn Ravine Salmon and Steelhead (SARSAS) is an all-volunteernon-profit 501(C)3 corporation whose mission is to enhance salmon and steelhead populations in Auburn Ravine with the ultimate goal of restoring them to their entire historic range within the watershed, including two parks in the center of Auburn (Ashford Park andthe Auburn School Park Preserve). The Problem Adult salmon swimming upstream to spawn need to have obstacles that block their way removed or remediated. Young salmon swimming downstream to reach the ocean need to have fish screens installed on all canals so they will not be sent on dead-end trips into fields, golf courses, and community landscaping systems. They also need modifications to the diversion dams that will allow them to feel the pull of current downstream, and a good flow of water in Auburn Ravine to help them get to the Sacramento River. Success to Date When SARSAS was founded in 2007, salmon and steelhead faced many barriers as they attempted to migrate upstream from the Sacramento River. There were 7 seasonal diversion dams3/ 14below Lincoln that were not consistently removed on October 15 as required by regulations, and the Nevada Irrigation District (NID) Gauging Station in Lincoln blocked migration except at very high water levels after winter storms. Diversion dam showing boards that can be removed during spawning season. SARSAS worked with Loren Clark of Placer County, Placer Legacy, and several state and federal agencies and particularly with NOAA Special Agent Don Tanner to get the owners and operators of the 7 seasonal dams to remove these barriers from October 15 to April 15 each year. However, most of these dams still sweepmany young salmonmigrating to the Pacific Ocean out into irrigation ditches each spring where they die in hot stagnant water. While these diversion dams are not owned by NID, these dams are used to convey water for NIDs partners so we are asking NID to work with their partners to eliminate the damage these diversions are causing. The one diversion that has already had a fish screen installed is on the Scheiber property west of the new Highway 65 Bridge. The owner of that property, Albert Scheiber, arranged to have a self-cleaning rotary cone screen installed at the intake to the diversion on his property. Further downstream at the Aitken Ranch, Brad Arnold of South Sutter Water District has a plan to install similar screeningat the intake to the Pleasant Grove canal by October 2015. None of the diversion dams have been modified to help young salmon find their way past them and on down toward the ocean. Examples of self-cleaning rotary screens for irrigation canal intakes. Community Support After the seasonal dams began to be consistently removed each October,SARSAS established the Calling Back the Salmon Celebration at McBean Park in Lincoln in 2010. Community organizations joined with federal and state agencies, and local, regional and national environmental groups to celebrate the return of salmon to Auburn Ravine. Ty Gorre and Bill Jacobson performed a Native American Calling Back the Salmonceremony as salmon swam into Lincolns Auburn Ravine Park. Overthe next 2 years, the Celebration grew significantly. As the Celebration continued to grow, SARSAS collaborated with the Wildlife Heritage Foundation of Lincoln to take over management of the event. The celebration continuesto grow. In 2014, attendance totaled nearly 1,000 people (not counting the SARSAS team and the dozens of other organizations that providedbooths at the event). The celebration is now called the Salmon Celebration and is scheduled this year for Saturday, October 4 at McBean Park.5/ 14Lincoln Gauging Station Remediated Once the flashboard dams were removed each fall, salmon reached the NID Gauging Station in Lincoln. In 2011 Placer Legacy, Dry Creek Conservancy, Granite Bay Fly Casters, the Nevada Irrigation District (NID), and other groups raised funds to install a fish passage project at the Gauging Station in Auburn Ravine Park in Lincoln. This fish passage allowed salmon access to 2.5 miles of marginal-to-fair spawning gravels from there up to Hemphill Dam where further upstream migration is severely limited. Fish Passage system installed at Lincoln Gauging Station. Hemphill Dam Major Blockage Based on CFWs ratio of slightly more than 3.5 salmon per redd, and their observation of 3 redds above Hemphill Dam in 2012,it is reasonable to assume that about 11 salmon were able to surmount the 8 foot high Hemphill Dam to reachthe prime spawning gravels upstream. This is supported by video taken that year by SARSAS near Stonewood Road in Newcastle (see video at e to see the 12 to 18 Kokanee during the September-October spawning season. Visitors to Taylor Creek viewing migrating salmon. (Photo courtesy of US Forest Service.) How do these figures apply to Auburn and Lincoln? Highway 80 runs right through Auburn. Lincoln is only 7 miles from Highway 80. When hundreds of salmon are spawning in theparks of Lincoln and Auburn, Highway 80 travelers will be able to make easy side-trips to see them. These people will discover the beautiful cities of Lincoln and Auburn and patronize local businesses as a result. It is not unreasonable to predict that Auburn and Lincoln will become as popular, or more popular, than Taylor Creek, given their proximity to Sacramento and the Bay Area, and the fact that the wild Chinook (King) salmon that come up Auburn Ravine are great leapers and are twice as big as the average Kokanee. Next Steps Before this dream can be realized, three actionsneed tooccur. Each is dependent on the Nevada Irrigation District. Hemphill Dam must be made passable for salmon and steelhead. Gold Hill Dam must be made passable for salmon and steelhead. Diversions at those sites, and the seasonal diversions downstream from Lincoln need to be screened to prevent diversion of young salmon and steelhead into irrigation ditches, and modified to help young salmon find their way downstream toward the ocean. At Hemphill, an infiltration gallery upstream of the dam site could allow removal of the dam. It would allow both upstream and downstream migration, and allow continued water deliveries to NIDs customers from the Hemphill Canal. An alternative7/ 14might be to install a series of riffles and pools below Hemphill Dam similar to the design that was used at the Lincoln Gauging Station. Thiswould involve raising the stream bed below the HemphillDam to within about one foot of the existing sill and then creating a seasonal notch at the appropriate place in the sill. A fish ladder around the dam is also an option. At Gold Hill, the steeper gradient of the stream in this area, and the nearly impassible terrain on its south side will present greater challenges. The existing Gold Hill Canal possibly could be modified on the north side of the streamand become part of a seasonal fish ladder. An infiltration gallery should be considered. Since the Gold Hill Dam, at present, has zero storage capacity, an alternative solution would be to move the entrance to the Gold Hill canal upstream to a location where a new low impact diversion structure could be constructed. This change would allow for removal of the Gold Hill Dam. Funding In addition to existing grant programs, and the new Prop 1 (Water Bond) funding, consideration should be given to the probable value of the gold deposits presently trapped above both Hemphill Dam and Gold Hill Dam. Historically, Auburn Ravine was very rich in gold deposits, so the cost of any contract to remove the sediment behind each dam should considerthe potential value of the gold that could be extracted during that process. The net value of any gold extracted should be used to offset payments to the contractors, and contracts should stipulate that if the value of the gold extracted exceeds the bid price, the excess will be returned pro rata to the funding organizations. Present and Future SARSAS operations. Current projects include: o Restoration of North Ravine o Educational Outreach Program o Citizen Science Program o Environmental Outreach Program The North Ravine Restoration Program is under the supervision of Robert Hane.North Ravine is the largest tributary of Auburn Ravine and the one closest to Auburn. It joins Auburn Ravine a quarter mile below Wise Powerhouse and the Auburn Wastewater Treatment Plant. Robert works in conjunction with Damion Ciotti from the Auburn office of Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). FWS provided $7,000 to initiate the restoration. With the help of the California Conservation Corp and volunteers from The Sierra Native Alliance, three sections of the ravine were cleared of Himalayan blackberries and other invasive plants. Robert is working in conjunction with Jeff Darlington of Placer Land Trust to createa public parkforviewing the migrating steelhead9/ 14and salmon that will spawn in NorthRavine once fish passage is completed atNIDs two dams currently blocking upstream migration. The descendants of wild steelhead are still resident in North Ravine. More funding may be in the offing from FWS and the Placer Land Trust (PLT) to complete Roberts vision of a comprehensive restoration of North Ravine. North Ravine will become another area in Auburn where the public may enjoyobserving salmon. The second program is the Judge William Newsom SARSAS Educational Outreach Program to the Youth in the Auburn Community. The Program is named after a man well-connected to Auburn. Judge Newsom is a retired state appeals court judge, administrator of the Getty family trust, and the father of former San Francisco Mayor and current Lieutenant Governor of California Gavin Newsom. In 1975, Jerry Brown appointed Newsom to the Superior Court bench in Auburn, CA Placer County and later to the state Court of Appeals in San Francisco, where he served until 1995. SARSAS sends its teachers and volunteers to Auburn schoolsto educateour youth about salmon and the numerousbenefits of having salmon in the streams located in the Auburn community. Soon, these young citizens will be pillars of the community equipped with a firm grasp of what it means to have suchprecious natural resourceslike salmon in our community. The third program is our SARSAS Citizen Science Program (CSP), which is modeled on the century old Audubon Christmas Bird Count. This program was the brainchild of SARSAS volunteer, Phil Robertson. A grant was obtained from Patagonia, Inc. by SARSAS Board Member, Steve Hubbard. The program was developed by James Haufler who now also coordinates it. James leads a team of 20 volunteers who gather data each week at designated sites on Auburn Ravine. The team records data including turbidity, temperature, flow levels, and the quantities of any salmon and steelhead they observe. This Auburn Ravine data is then posted at ponent will begin in September 2015 with SARSAS presenting the Patagonia film entitled Damnation, which outlines the history of dam building and its effects on fisheries in the US. The film presentationat the Old Auburn State Theater in conjunction with Auburn Placer Performing Arts Center (APPAC) will be followed by a question and answer session. Replication on other streams SARSAS believes that the progress it is making to help salmon and steelhead thrive in Auburn Ravine will inspire other similar organizations touse the SARSAS model to enhance migration and spawning successes on other streams in California.11/ 14Thiswill produce a remarkable gift to the ecology and to peopleof California now and for generations to come. Since manytributaries to the Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers arepartially,and sometimes totally,blockedby diversion dams,salmon and steelhead currentlycannot spawn in themin anysignificantnumbers. Other organizationsusing the SARSASmodel for Auburn Ravine can open their streams to salmon andsteelhead which will have significant benefits for all Californians. Unemployed commercial fishermen will be back intheir boats. Sport fishing businesses will be rejuvenated. Anutritious food source will be protected. And Californianswill have done something to help themselves, their children,the fish, and the environment. Conclusion SARSAS is askingall agencies (public and private), and the citizens of Placer,Sutter, and Nevada Counties to collaborate to eliminate impediments to salmon and steelhead migration in Auburn Ravine.If salmon are saved by the people of California working cooperatively, not only will the gift to our fellow citizensbe significant, but the gift to our children will be of historicmagnitude and nothing less than heroic. As Norman Macleanwrotein A River Runs Through It: Eventually, all things merge intoone, and a river runs through it. ... I am haunted by waters.Chinook Salmon Attempting to Surmount the 8 foot high Hemphill Dam. (Photograph by Phil Robertson) See the following page for what YOU can doto help salmon and steelhead thrive in the entire length of Auburn Ravine. What YOU can do to help salmon and steelhead thrive in the entire length of Auburn Ravine: 1. Send a tax deductible donation to SARSAS at PO Box 4269, Auburn, CA 95604. 2. Go to monly known as The Domes. 4. Contact SARSAS President and Founder, Jack Sanchez (e-mail: **********************,phone: 530-888-0281) to volunteer to work on any of the SARSAS projects mentioned above or to assist with: Grant research and/or grant writing. Community events and/or presentations. Web site design and/or operations. Social media engagement (Facebook, Twitter, etc.). Taking meeting minutes at SARSAS General Meetings or Board Meetings. Leading tours of Auburn Ravine sites. Writing documents like this and/or improving this document. Attending meetings of city councils, water agencies, etc. Creating new SARSAS projects to support watershed health, and the diversity of the riparian environment in general. Taking photos or video to support of any of the above. Etc., etc., etc. Acknowledgements: Authors: Jack Sanchez, James13/ 14Haufler, Steve Hubbard Editors: Gary Mapa, Roger Bryan, Phil Robertson Photos: Phil Robertson, Steve Hubbard, U.S. Forest Service Auburn Ravine Map courtesy of Gene Davis, Regional Water Quality Control Board Photo diagram of rotary screens courtesy of Rocko Brown, ESA | Environmental Hydrology Copyright SARSAS, Inc., 2015。
HOW TO WRITE A WHITE PAPER 怎么写白皮书 英语指南
HOW TO WRITE A WHITEPAPER如何写白皮书All set to write a white paper? If you are still preparing and searching for ways to compile a company’s deep knowledge of its industry and present it to your users as a white paper, this article may help you with white paperwriting.White papers are useful to highlight the expertise of a company. It is undoubtedly one of the most valuable tools of marketing.But what is the right way to make a white paper? You can take some references from business reports as white papers are quite similar to them. To write a flawless one, you must know what it is,why people need a white paper and what all is needed for white paper writing.If you are eager to know all these things, go ahead:What is a white paper?A white paper is a detailed guide or report of a particular topic and the problems it has. It is written to inform the audience and make them understand the topic, its problems, and solutions.This was a layman definition, a structured one as per the world of marketing would go like this:A white paper is a piece of content resembling an eBook. Opinions and facts included in white papers are supported by research and statistics derived from reliable sources. They include visuals as well, such as tables, images, graphs, charts, and manymore.The white paper is generally longer, detailed, and technical than an eBook.Backstory of White PaperThe term “white papers” traces its origin in England’s government-issued documents. One of the widely popular examples is the Churchill White Paper, 1922, which was commissioned by Winston Churchill.In businesses, especially inB2B, consulting, financial, sectors, white papers are used for communicating the philosophy of a company on a certain topic. It makes the case for the goodness of their product.White papers can be considered as an editorial than other forms of content. It has a deep foundation of research which gives it an authoritative tone. This is the reason why they promote thought leadership.What is the use of white paper?Businesses prepare white papers with two major intentions:To record expertise* To market themselvesThey are dedicated to an audience outside the range of business. This is why they act as a medium to attract new readers to the company as potential consumers by providing them with industry knowledge.A white paper is not a sales pitchEvery writer must know that white papers can never be a sales pitch. They are written in an entirely different way. Yes, they both serve a purpose to sell the company, but white papers don’t market in typically. They highlight the expertise of business by highlighting valuablerecommendations and internal expertise of the company. Unlike sales pitch, they don’t bid for the business.Examples:White Paper: Online Advertising: Making marketing cheap yet effective* Sales Pitch: How XYZ marketing is saving users’ budget on advertising?Types of white papersThere are various types of white papers a company can publish:Backgrounder: This white paper offers a detailed explanation of the b enefits of a company’s service, product, and methodology.* Problem-Solution Approach: While white paper writing, one walks through the solution to an issue that is prevalent in the industry.If you are a student and willing to know about other white papers, you can get online assignment help. Experts in such sites can let you know about them.How to select a white paper topic?It is tough to choose the right kind of topic. Here are the three factors you can consider while choosing a topic:Audience: Keep your target audience in mind. Try to ascertain their preferences.* Expertise: While writing a white paper you must highlight the expertise of your business.* Problem-based: Address a specific problem related to your business or industry.* Solution-focused: It should have a proposed solution or recommend a solution to the problem. How to prepare for white paper writing ResearchA white paper topic has to be research comprehensively. You can dig information from industry resources, online references, and internal documents.You don’t have to follow any stern rules on citations, however, do cite data that you didn’t know prior to research. But, try to know the readers’ confidence is expected to grow with a big list of resources.All your sources must belong to authoritative websites. To make a valuable document, you will have to cite credible origins. Also, you can take help with custom research paper writing.Read white papersIt is always a good idea to read others’ work before writing your own. By doing so, you can gain ideas on how to make your content more engaging. Also, you can decide on things you don’t want to include in your piece of writing.So, find out white papers written on your topic on the web. Go through them and determine the knowledge gaps you have. Use your reading skill as an opportunity to create existing content. Go for organizational toolsIsn’t it great to keep track of all sources, content, and ideas involved while writing a white paper? By using an organization tool like Mind-Map, you can do this easily. Such tools allow the writer to connect multiple pieces of information into one visual overview.There is no need to spend extrabucks to access an organizer. You can use free tools like FreeMind which are simple to use.How to format a white paperThe white paper format is generally a standard document. The order of content is often similar to other business documents, but the major difference is:Many business communications place conclusions at the beginning of the document, such as business proposals or technical reports. The white paper places the summary or conclusion at the end.* This order reflects the wishes of the audience and their preference while receiving information. * Content and research shows inform the audience. In a white paper, these are the twofactors that increase their understanding problem.* The last section offers a constructive moment. Here the audience receives solutions that are backed by reliable evidence in the document.* The preferences and journeys of readers in a business report and white paper are different. The major findings follow suit.* In case you are not sure of distinctions and lack business writing skills, you can connect to some online report writers.Irrespective of the journey, your document must be easy to read and understand. It must have informative headings and overall easy navigation. Here are the basics for drafting all sections:TitleIt must be appealing as users are more likely to click on catchy titles than the plain, boring ones. You can say, it is crucial to think of a good title. Try to clearly say what readers will get in your content. Entice them with your title.Don’t use the phrase “white paper” in the title unless required. It has been observed that the audience seek authoritative indicator. Understand the preferences of your potential readers.AbstractThis section is picked by most of the users. It gives a brief overview of the major points of a white paper. Here, the readers are allowed to acknowledge they have found a relevant document to serve their needs. After going through abstracts they must feel they are in the right place.Problem StatementThe problem statement explains the problem your white paper is mainly addressing. The main issue has to be defined and put into context. This has to ensure readers understand the problem.BackgroundIn this section, you will have to offer background information needed for the readers. Your readers should be able to grasp the issue and solution.The contents of the background must be detailed, high-level, broad, and technical. It must depend on the reader and theproblem.When original research is done for a white paper, you must communicate the methods.SolutionHere comes the most sorted moment of white paper writing.On the basis of the preceding data, you will have to present the solution here. It must be argued and developed for the use of aggregated evidence and expertise of the author and their company.ConclusionYou may already know what the conclusion is meant for. Summarize the content of the major findings of your white paper. Present recommendations based on solutions provided. ReferencesAll sources are utilized to develop a white paper which should be aggregated and cited here. References add validity to your white paper. This is the only section where your readers get content for further research. Follow citationformats like MLA or APA. Create it as per your industryWhat not to do while preparing a white paper Knowing everything about white paper is good if you are a beginner. But before you begin with one, there are certain mistakes you must know so that you can avoid them.There are some common mistakes listed here. All of them have the potential to turn your effort and dedication into a wasted venture. Let us quickly go through them:Make it like a sales pitchYes, white papers are used in marketing campaigns where businesses present their products and services. But that does not mean it should look like a sales pitch. If you are turning a white paper into a sales pitch, you are taking itall wrong. This will instantly turn your readers off. Because, when the audience comes to white papers in search of informative pieces made without any bias. Thus, it should help them by providing information and not try to persuade them to buy a service or product. A sales pitch is a different concept, you can save it for product brochures or other content.Lack of in-depth researchYou have already read that white papers mustbe intensely researched documents. It is right that carrying out valuable authentic research requires a lot. Apt research often needs collective efforts. At times it may fall beyond the budget of a marketing team, and minor statistics from the first page of a simple Google searchwill not do any good.Lengthy research is often time-consuming. Searching through a number ofscholarly works and collecting relevant statistics will surely take time, but the results will be worth your effort. If you want your white paper to have an intended effect, establish your content as an authoritative source. A source to which your users can trust want return. In any case, don’t compromise with research.Not-so-good designThe design of white paper is a broad concept to discuss. Though we cannot elaborate much here, it’s worth a brief mentioning. All writers, newbies, or pros must focus on the written content of the white paper, it matters a lot. But if one is neglecting design, even the perfect content will go unnoticed. Not putting effort to create stellar designs can harm your white paper to a great length. On the other hand, a good design canmake your salient points stand out. Your readers will easily understand what is presented in the paper. Visuals like videos, charts, images, and graphs supporting your argument are important. You can search on the internet how people make efficient use of visuals in design.Keeping it vagueWhite papers do hidden marketing. They serve a purpose to offer facts and information without directly persuading them. But, the essence remains in attracting potential consumers. To drive people towards a brand, white papers must not be boring. Don’t make it vague.Try telling a story. Problem-solutions papers, backgrounders, research findings, all they have some story. Make your readers aware of these stories through your narrative. Because they cannot make it via the whole piece if there willbe nothing to keep them connected. Set a problem, discuss its solution. Involve some success stories, it’s a proven formula to create engaging content.Keeping it abstractBecause most white papers will involve sharing research findings, it can be easy to leave them in the realm of theory without explaining how to utilize those findings on a practical level. This is truly more of backgrounders but can be the case with problem-solution white papers aswell.Generally, white papers present and share research findings. It is very to keep them in the reign of theory. You don’t need to describe how to use the research findings in the real world. TakeawayPreparing a perfect white paper is not a 2-minute job. Time, skill, and effort are the key ingredients you need to create a valuable and appealing document. When you are making something to share a company’s essence, knowledge, contribution to the welfare of society, role in the industry, you must focus on all the four pillars of a white paper: research, format, design, and content. One stellar white paper can increase business opportunities to a great extent.。
哈佛论文格式范文
哈佛论文格式范文篇一：哈佛格式范文Diversity and global managerIntroductionIn today’s hyper-complex marketplace, every organization confronts the challenge on how to take the most advantage of the international trends to promote the overall efficiency and effect of businesses and maximize profitability. In fact, diversity has become an overwhelmingly important trend that attracts global attention, especially the human resource diversity. Generally speaking, it is a crucially important fact on organizational performance that weather the employees at all levels are well-trained, dedicated and loyal at their works. The first section demonstrates the key benefits and drawbacks of diversity, which are important for the decision-making of all companies.In the second section, the traits of global managers and their significance arediscussed, which are professional background, profound management experiences, global insights and extraordinary leadership. In the last part, the link between diversity and global managers is analyzed from two aspects, and several recommendations are proposed accordingly.DiversityDiversity can be seen everywhere and the processes of most operations have a close relationship with diversity. From the very beginning, materials and manufacturing devices are outsourced from foreign regions to make commodity, advanced technology and inventions are bought to production in many ways, then, multinational workforce take their works in teams and solve problems together, in addition, attentions are paid to specific cultures to attract consumers in different countries and promotions are designed in accordance with habits of the target consumers of different nationalities.Diversity is so significant in resent days that any company can do nothing but come up with great ideas to manage diversity and take the most use of the trend. Diversity management emerges as a result of the rapid process of globalization, especially in the human resource sector suchas age, religion, race, gender, culture and specialty, consequently, it is not appropriate to implement a fix managing code in today’s world. It is believed that diversity can promote organizational performance as well as contribute to high efficiency.Positive aspectsThere are many sound reasons for creating a more diverse employee profile (Causon, 2008). The most obvious ones are presented as follows.Gathering diverse insightsIt is common for any company to confront many problems arising from manufacturing, promotion, recruitment and management, which may hinder the company from gain market opportunities (Samad, 2001). Although most challenges are solved by managers and superior officials, the decisive and tough ones need the insights and ideas that come from diverse workforce at all levels. Firstly, from a regional perspective, workers from the western country come up with creative ideas while east country workers come up with relative rational solutions. Secondly, with previous colorful life experiences, some workers can relate certain problems to their real-life experience and bringinsights to teams. For example, it is well known that a technology named brainstorm is widely used by managers to tackle certain time-consuming problems, one of the vital elements to gain best results is diverse workforce with various specialties. Therefore, workforce diversity in a team makes communication with each other, exchanging perspectives and refining ideas possible.Making full use of various abilitiesCox and Blake (1991) view diversity as a businessimperative and highlight that firms should understand how they valuediversity to establish a competitive edge over their competitors, Therefore, by setting up jobs properly and developing workers in response to the changing nature of work, a company can make the most of workforce diversity and enhance its competitive strength (Stolarski and Tilebein, 2009). Generally speaking, tasks that has to carry out in a prescribed way to an approved standard can be distributed to workers who are serious-minded and responsible, however, workers who are reactive and creative are in charge of new undertakings outside the worker’s formal duties according to the situations. For instance, if a worker who once was a painterhopes to find a job in a shoes manufacturing company, he can still have a try in the designing apartment although his previous experience seems uelated to shoes manufacturing. Radically high efficiency can be achieved as long as jobs are divided into specific sections according to the abilities of workforce with precise job description and responsibility.Preparing for global competitionWorkforce diversity is a significant advantage for any company whose aim is making brands work around the world.cross-cultural management become crucial if organizationsare to understand how to serve and retain a customer base that is much more diverse and demanding than in the past (Bergesen and Sonnett,2001). Firstly, the first-hand experience and latest information gathered from diverse workers, whose values and thoughts resemble the target consumers’in the same region, only by gather adequate information about customers’needs and wants can a company create customer loyalty and strength customer base. Then, the acquaintance of local conditions and personal relationship that workforce diversity provides are especially useful in the strategic design for a new product promotion. Thirdly, customers in acertain region inclined to give feedback to workers who share the same value and religion with them, with timely feedback information successiveprogress and better organizational performance can be achieved, and the company is bound to gain competitive advantage and maximize its profits.Negative aspectsWith the positive effects workforce diversity has on organizational performance above, attentions must be paid to adverse effects relating to workforce diversity, which are listed as follows.Bringing conflicts from different backgroundsOne common characteristic in a diverse team is that every individual has dissimilar even adverse views on one issue; this phenomenon exists because national culture is a major barrier in a diverse team. On one hand, conflicts show on how to carry out works, most workers are comfortable with their cultures characterized by leisure and freedom and prefer to work by self-motivation and have flexible working time, in contrast, some workers are exposed in cultures embodied by disciplines and stander,and therefore, they tend to hold precise responsibilities. On the other hand, conflictsarise when team members disagree with others’solutions. Although it is crucial for everyone to contribute their ideas and insights in every possible ways, too diverse suggestions will become useless and complicated for relative simple and urgent matters.Consumingresourceto coordinateFrom an overall view, organizational performance declines as conflicts consume too much resource, including time, energy, money and human resource. There are three causes. T o begin with, there is a specific time schedule for assignments taken by employees so that managers are able to arrange the whole workload organized and comprehensively, however, training and coordinating diverse work force tend to take a relative large amount of time and drag down the normal operational process becauseit is not easy to make a comprehensive set of regulations and laws to tell various workers how to act and achieve their goals, and efficiency drop as resources are spent to communicate with team members on disputes, which have a strong bond with workforce diversity. Secondly, various working equipments as well as advanced software have to be installed in accordance with the working style to fullycontribute to the working efficiency; however, diversity workforce makes it impossible to meet everyone’s requirements.Global managersWith the rapid growth of international operation, there exists a huge demand for the global managers who are capable of dealing businesses across the country boundary. The characteristics of global managersProfound management experiencesFacing with the increasingly complex challenges of the marketplace, a manager with profound experience in management can inspire and guide groups and people. Being the top managers of an organization, one has to considerthese challenges within his or her problemsolving expertise and great energy, which can take more than three months to remain the organization operating effectively and efficiently. when facing conflicts inside a team, the supervisor has the responsibility to solve it in a way that does not break down the team spirit or ignore the benefits of any individual involved, and this requires the high emotional intelligence. The leader with profound management experience can deal with the problem carefully andorganized, so the conflicts can be handled properly, and there will be no great damage to the overall organizational performance.It is known that people are characterized by social contacts and emotional communication, especially in a team, people are exposed in various reactions and coordination, consequently, it is necessary to motive and organize people in an appropriate way depending on the situation and characteristics of the involvers, a篇二：哈佛大学论文写作教程哈佛大学教授教你写论文本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G. M. Whitesides教授研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法，从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文，而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。
华师美国文学
1．第1题Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _______.A.short, clear sentencesB.abundance of local imagesC.ordinary American speechD.highly refined language您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.02．第2题When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.A.Henry JamesB.Scott FitzgeraldC.HemingwayD.William Faulkne您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.03．第3题After the success of ____, Herman Melville became known as a man who lived among cannibals.A.TypeeB.White JacketC.OmooD.Moby Dick您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.04．第4题___ wrote Rights of Man in 1792 to suggest the overthrow of the British monarchy.A.Thomas PaineB.Benjamin FranklinC.George WashingtonD.Jefferson您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.05．第5题_______ does not belong to the school of naturalism in history.A.Stephen CraneB.Frank NorrisC.Jack LondonD.Walt Whitman您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.06．第6题William Sidney Porter was the real name of ________.A.Mark TwainB.O’ HenryC.Jack LondonD.William Dean Howells您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.07．第7题There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ___ on the Puritan soil.A.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.mysticismD.Unitarianism您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.08．第8题____ made many translations, among which, Dante’s Divine Comedy was the best.A.William C. BryantB.Henry W. LongfellowC.EmersonD.Hawthorne您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.09．第9题____, first governor of Plymouth, left a wealth of letters after he died.A.William BradfordB.William WordsworthC.John WinthropD.John Eliot您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.010．第10题___ is not a name to refer to Natty Bumppo in Cooper’s frontier saga.A.deerslayerB.pathfinderC.hawkeyeD.Mohican您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.011．第11题______ is not a character in the novel The Scarlet Letter.A.Arthur DimmesdaleB.Roger ChillingworthC.Goodman BrownD.Pearl您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.012．第12题5. Puritan values do not include ____.A.hard workB.thriftC.sobrietyD.debauchery您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.013．第13题The first great American juvenile literature was _____.A.Sketch BookB.The Legend of Sleepy HollowC.WaldenD.Mardi您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.014．第14题1.牋牋？___ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.A.Self-relianceB.NatureC.The American ScholarD.. The Bells您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.015．第15题______ translated the Bible into the Indian tongue.A.Benjamin FranklinB.Roger WilliamsC.. John EliotD.John Cotton您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.016．第16题The first writings that we may call American were the narratives and ___ of the early English settlements.A.. documentsB.journalsC.statementsD.files您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.017．第17题The Fall of the House of Usher was a horror story by ______.A.Nathaniel HawthorneB.Edgar Allan PoeC.MelvilleD.Longfellow您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.018．第18题The arbiter of nineteen-century literary realism in America was ______.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.O’HenryD.William Dean Howells您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.019．第19题Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of man and ____.A.natureB.self-relianceC.selfD.life您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.020．第20题As a Modernist poet, Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______A.cubist school of modern paintingB.Imagist MovementC.stream-of-consciousness techniqueD.German Expressionism您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.021．第21题Most critics have agreed that __ is both an insider and an outsider of the Jazz Age with a double vision.A.FitzgeraldB.FrostC.CummingsD.Hemingway您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.022．第22题in 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named ___ in The old Man and the Sea.A.Natty BumppoB.PocahontasC.SantiagoD.Henry您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.023．第23题Mrs. Stowe’s did not ever write _______.A.The Man That Was a ThingB.Uncle Tom’s CabinC.The StoicD.Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.024．第24题Where Mark Twain satirized European manners at times, ____ was an admirer.A.Harriet BeecherB.Jack LondonC.Henry JamesD.O’ Henry您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.025．第25题Eugene O’Neil did not write ______.A.The Emperor JonesB.Anna ChristieC.The Hairy ApeD.The Saloon您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.026．第26题With the precedent of Whitman, ___also undertook as a spokesman for the common pople. He was proud later to “favor simple poems for simple people.”A.Wallace StevensB.Edwin RobinsonC.Robert FrostD.Carl Sandburg您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.027．第27题The collections of his occasional lectures on poetry entitled ___ established Wallace Stevens as a major American poet.A.Ideas of OrderB.The Necessary AngelC.HarmoniumD.Parts of a World您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.028．第28题The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is ____.A.Young Goodman BrownB.MardiC.Daisy MillerD.The Tragic Muse您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.029．第29题1.Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.030．第30题Mark Twain’s first book is ________.A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.The Gilded AgeD.Jumping Frog您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.031．第31题The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is ____.A.Young Goodman BrownB.MardiC.Daisy MillerD.The Tragic Muse您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.032．第32题Franklin shaped his writings after the ____ of the English essayist Addison and Steel.A.Spectator papersB.WaldenC.. NatureD.The Sacred Wood您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.033．第33题“I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,/The black-clad cricket bear a second part” These lines written by ____________.A.Roger WilliamsB.John EliotC.Anne BradstreetD.Washington Irving您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.034．第34题1.Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.035．第35题“We hold these truths to be elf-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” This sentence is taken from ___.mon SenseB.The Declaration of IndependenceC.The AutobiographyD.The American Crisis您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.036．第36题____ was considered to be the first American writer.A.Washington IrvingB.Benjamin FranklinC.John SmithD.Hoffman您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.037．第37题Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?A.Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s CabinB.James’s The Portrait of a Lady.C.Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms ？D.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.038．第38题Perhaps Dickinson's greatest rendering of the moment of is to be found in I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I Died---a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A.enthusiasmB.deathC.crisisD.fantasy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.039．第39题1.牋牋？Franklin had never been _____.A.a printerB.a scientistC.a statesmanD.an atheist题目分数：2此题得分：2.040．第40题4. The most quoted among Franklin’s writings could be ___, an annual collection of proverbs.A.The AutobiographyB.Poor Richard’s AlmanacC.SpectatorD.. Nature您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.041．第41题The Declaration of Independence was the product of the joint efforts by ___,A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.Thomas AddisonD.Irving您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.042．第42题Mark Twain’s first book is ________.A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.The Gilded AgeD.Jumping Frog您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.043．第43题Mark Twain had never been a _______.A.humoristB.ambassadorC.frontierD.lecturer.题目分数：2此题得分：2.044．第44题In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.A.Puritan ？B.materialisticC.psychological ？D.religious您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.045．第45题___ might be considered as a great realist of human spirit.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.Jack LondonD.Theodore Dreiser您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.046．第46题My Lost Youth written by ____ is about his hometown of Portland, Maine.A.Henry W. LongfellowB.John CottonC.Carl SandburgD.Anne Bradstreet您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.047．第47题___’s A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantation in the new land.A.John SmithB.William BradfordC.John WinthropD.John Cotton您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.048．第48题Puritans emphasized a ____God.A.mercifulB.wrathfulC.benevolentD.learned您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.049．第49题___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians.A.Anne BradstreetB.Philip FreneauC.Roger WilliamsD.John Eliot您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.050．第50题A Key into the Language of America was a significant work by____.A.Roger WilliamsB.John CottonC.John SmithD.Noah Webster您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.0。
美国文学试卷+答题纸+答案
2012-2013学年 第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A 卷）专业：英语 年级：2010级 考试方式：闭卷 学分：2 考试时间：110分钟I ．Multiple Choices (每小题 1分，共20分)Directions: Select from the four choices of each item the one thatbest answers the question.1. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more_____________. A . rational B . humorous C. optimisticD . pessimistic2. Which of the following is not written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the best-known American authors of the 20th century? A. The Sun Also Rises B. The Old Man and the Sea C. Mosses from the Old ManseD. Hills Like White Elephant3. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues Except the __________ in the American history. A. individual feeling B. survival of the fittest C. strong imaginationD. return to nature4. Almost all Faulkner ’s heroes turned out to be tragic because__________. A. all enjoyed living in the declining American South.B. none of them was conditioned by the civilization and Social institutions.C. most of them were prisoners of the past.D. none were successful in their attempt to explain the inexplicable.5. As an autobiograp hical play, O’Neill’s ________ (1955) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama._.A. The Iceman ComethB. Long Day’s Journey into NightC. Beyond the HorizonD. Bound East for Cardiff6. Which of the following statements is right about Robert Frost’s poetry?A. He combined traditional verse forms with the difficult and highly ornamental language.B. He combined traditional verse forms with the pastoral language of the Southern area.C. He combined traditional verse forms with a simple spoken language, the speech of New England farmers.D. He combined traditional verse forms with the experimental.7. Edgar Allen Poe was characterized by his __________.A. psycho-analysisB. novels set in the WestC. free verseD. political pamphlets8. Which of the following is depicted as the mythical county in William Faulkner’s novels?A. CambridgeB. OxfordC. MississippiD. Yoknapatawpha9. ____________ was the first great American writer to write for pleasure rather than utility. He is considered to be founder of American literature by some critics.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Washington IrvingC. Ezra PoundD. Mark Twain10. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______________.A. lyrical and well-structuredB. conversational and crudeC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing11. The Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck reveals the miserable lives of __________ .A. factory workersB. sailorsC. landless farm laborersD. veterans12. Among the American realistic writers, _________ focused his attention on the rising middle class and the way they lived.A. Herman MelvilleB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. William Dean Howells13. Which of the following is a representative novel of naturalism by an American writer? 2A. Innocents AbroadB. McTeagueC. Daisy MillerD. The Grapes of Wrath14. The first symbol of self-made American man is _________.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Washington IrvingC. George WashingtonD. Mark Twain15. The Imagist writers followed three principles. They respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ________.A. local colorB. ironyC. clear rhythmD. blank verse16. Robert Frost is famous for his lyric poems. Which of the following lyric poems wasnot written by Robert Frost?A. “The Raven”B. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”C. “After Apple-picking”D. “The Road Not Taken”17. “The lost generation”refers to the writers who relocated to Paris in the post WWⅠyears to reject to values of American materialism. All the following but ________are involved in this group.A. F. S. FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. Theodore DreiserD. John Dos Passos18. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them _________.A. AnglicansB. CatholicsC. NormansD. Puritans19. Which one of the following statements is applicable to the understanding of Transcendentalism?A. It is strongly influenced by social Darwinism.B. Belief in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.C. Man has no free-will.D. It holds that determinism governs everything.20. In __________, Captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which shearedoff his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to allon board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.《美国文学》A卷第3页共18页4A. TypeeB. White JacketC. Moby DickD. Billy BuddII ．Explain the Following Literary Terms Briefly (每小题7分，共14分)Directions : Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.21. Local Colorism 22. Stream of ConsciousnessIII ．Identification of Fragments (每小题7分，共21分)Directions : Please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly comment on itin English. Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.23. “‘That ’s right.’ He said; ‘I ’m no good now. I was all right. I had money. I ’m going to quit this,’ and, with death in his heart, he started down toward the Bowery. People had turned on the gas before and died; why shouldn ’t he? He remembered a lodging house where there were little, close rooms, with gas-jet in them, almost pre-arranged, he thought, for what he wanted to do, which rented for fifteen cents. Then he remembered that he had no fifteen cents.”24. “All day Buck brooded by the pool or roamed restlessly above the camp. Death, as a cessation of movement, as a passing out and away from the lives of the living, he knew, and he knew John Thornton was dead. It left a great void in him, somewhat akin to hunger, but a void which ached and ached, and which food could not fill.25. “Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why that would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue.IV . Short Essay Questions (每小题10分，共 30 分)Directions : Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.《美国文学》A 卷 第5页 共18页26. The relationship between man and nature is a recurrent theme, perhaps one of the most important themes, in American literature. Write a short essay on it by contrasting tow or three American literary works, or two or three American literary movements, to tell what you know about their different views of nature. 27. Please make a comment on Eugene O ’Neil.28. Please briefly comment on Theodore Dreiser ’s novel Sister Carrie.V ．Appreciating a Literary Work (计 15 分)Directions:In this part, you are required to write a commentary paper in no less than 100 words. Please write it on the AnswerSheet .A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceErnest HemingwayIt was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. The two waiters inside the cafe knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him."Last week he tried to commit suicide," one waiter said. "Why?""He was in despair." "What about?" "Nothing.""How do you know it was nothing?" "He has plenty of money."They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the cafe and looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind. A girl and a soldier went by in the street. The street light shone on the brass number on his collar. The girl wore no head covering and hurried beside him."The guard will pick him up," one waiter said. "What does it matter if he gets what he's after?""He had better get off the street now. The guard will get him. They went by five minutes ago."The old man sitting in the shadow rapped on his saucer with his glass. The youngerwaiter went over to him."What do you want?"The old man looked at him. "Another brandy," he said."You'll be drunk," the waiter said. The old man looked at him. The waiter went away."He'll stay all night," he said to his colleague. "I'm sleepy now. I never get into bed before three o'clock. He should have killed himself last week."The waiter took the brandy bottle and another saucer from the counter inside the cafe and marched out to the old man's table. He put down the saucer and poured the glass full of brandy."You should have killed yourself last week," he said to the deaf man. The old man motioned with his finger. "A little more," he said. The waiter poured on into the glass so that the brandy slopped over and ran down the stem into the top saucer of the pile. "Thank you," the old man said. The waiter took the bottle back inside the cafe. He sat down at the table with his colleague again."He's drunk now," he said."He's drunk every night.""What did he want to kill himself for?""How should I know.""How did he do it?""He hung himself with a rope.""Who cut him down?""His niece.""Why did they do it?""Fear for his soul.""How much money has he got?" "He's got plenty.""He must be eighty years old.""Anyway I should say he was eighty.""I wish he would go home. I never get to bed before three o'clock. What kind of hour is that to go to bed?""He stays up because he likes it.""He's lonely. I'm not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me.""He had a wife once too.""A wife would be no good to him now.""You can't tell. He might be better with a wife.""His niece looks after him. You said she cut him down.""I know." "I wouldn't want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing.""Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling. Even now, drunk. Look at him.""I don't want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those 6《美国文学》A 卷 第7页 共18页who must work."The old man looked from his glass across the square, then over at the waiters."Another brandy," he said, pointing to his glass. The waiter who was in a hurry came over."Finished," he said, speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners. "No more tonight. Close now.""Another," said the old man."No. Finished." The waiter wiped the edge of the table with a towel and shook his head.The old man stood up, slowly counted the saucers, took a leather coin purse from his pocket and paid for the drinks, leaving half a peseta(西班牙货币单位) tip. The waiter watched him go down the street, a very old man walking unsteadily but with dignity."Why didn't you let him stay and drink?" the unhurried waiter asked. They were putting up the shutters. "It is not half-past two.""I want to go home to bed." "What is an hour?""More to me than to him." "An hour is the same.""You talk like an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home." "It's not the same.""No, it is not," agreed the waiter with a wife. He did not wish to be unjust. He was only in a hurry."And you? You have no fear of going home before your usual hour?" "Are you trying to insult me?""No, hombre （老兄）, only to make a joke.""No," the waiter who was in a hurry said, rising from pulling down the metal shutters. "I have confidence. I am all confidence.""You have youth, confidence, and a job," the older waiter said. "You have everything.""And what do you lack?" "Everything but work.""You have everything I have.""No. I have never had confidence and I am not young." "Come on. Stop talking nonsense and lock up.""I am of those who like to stay late at the cafe," the older waiter said."With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night.""I want to go home and into bed.""We are of two different kinds," the older waiter said. He was now dressed to go home. "It is not only a question of youth and confidence although those things are very beautiful. Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the cafe.""Hombre, there are bodegas open all night long.""You do not understand. This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted. The light is very good and also, now, there are shadows of the leaves.""Good night," said the younger waiter."Good night," the other said. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself, It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread, It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada （没有，虚无）y（所以）pues（既然，那么）nada y nada y pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. （这是一段模仿祷告词，其中的名词和动词都被虚无所取代，表明一切事物和行为都是虚无。
高一上学期英语期末试卷及答案解析
高一上学期英语期末试卷及答案解析备考英语考试需要多做英语试卷，多做英语试卷练习可以增加英语基础知识的积累。
以下是小编给你推荐的高一上学期英语期末试卷及答案，希望对你有帮助!高一上学期英语期末试卷第一部分听力 (共两节，满分 30 分)做题时，现将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节 (共 5 小题;每小题 1.5 分，满分 7.5 分)听下面 5 段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。
从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.When are they going to leave?A.At 3:15.B.At 4:15.C.At 2:45.2.What is Joy Bush?A.A computer maker.B.A book seller.C.A writer.3.What does the woman say about Susan?A.She hasn’t gone camping for weeks.B.She likes long camping trips.C.It takes her a long time to plan her camping.4.What does the man mean?A.He lets her go away.B.He will get closer to her.C.He can hear her very well.5.What are they talking about?A.Christmas tree.B.Christmas dinner.C.Christmas gifts.第二节 (共 15 小题;每小题 1.5 分，满分 22.5 分)听下面5 段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。
the federalist papers英文简介
the federalist papers.英文简介The Federalist Papers are a collection of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in order to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The papers were published in 1787 and 1788 in various newspapers throughout the country. There are a total of 85 papers, with Hamilton writing the majority, 51 articles, Madison writing 29, and Jay writing the remaining five.The primary objective of The Federalist Papers was to argue in favor of the new Constitution and to counter theAnti-Federalist arguments against it. The authors sought to explain the benefits of a strong central government and to address the concerns and objections raised by theAnti-Federalists. They emphasized the importance of a unified nation under a single government, as opposed to a confederation of independent states.The Federalist Papers are considered a landmark in American political thought and are still widely studied and cited today. The papers provide valuable insights into the intentions and motivations of the Founding Fathers, as well as the historical context in which the Constitution was written.Some of the key themes explored in The Federalist Papers include the need for a balance of power between the branches of government, the importance of a strong executive, and the dangers of factionalism and tyranny. The authors also discuss the principles of federalism and the role of the states in the new government.Overall, The Federalist Papers are a crucial historical and political document that continues to influence discussions on constitutional law and government structure. Their enduring relevance and impact make them an essential read for anyone interested in American history and political theory.。
Unit4-cultural-encounters(1)
Text analysis Structural analysis
Paragraphs 4-7
Main idea
It exemplifies that language and culture are so closely interrelated that often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be conveyed at all in another, and that confronted with insurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiate the boundaries between languages and come up with a compromise.
Text analysis Structural analysis
Paragraph 6: English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range; the flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.
Paragraph 4: The lack of an exact counterpart of the English word “homesickness” in other languages such as Italian, Portuguese, and German.
Whitesides_Group_Writing_a_Paper
Whitesides Group: Writing a Paper好东西可不能专享，公布出来参考参考吧：Whitesides，我很崇拜的人哦，HU 的化学大牛。
很年轻的时候就进了美国国家科学院，最近因为纳米制备技术的研究，又进了国家工程院，拿中国的话讲就是两院院士啊，呵呵。
他拿奖无数，什么copper，东京，沃尔夫通通不放过，现在能让老人家心动的大概就是nobel了。
Whitesides Group: Writing a PaperGeorge M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA1.What is a scientific paper?A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”[科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。
在牛皮纸上写关于英语的作文
在牛皮纸上写关于英语的作文The distinct texture of parchment paper lends an air of antiquity to any writing, making it an ideal canvas for a composition on the English language. Its rough surface, reminiscent of ancient manuscripts, sets the stage for a narrative that delves into the history and evolution of the English language.The English language, with its rich tapestry of words borrowed from Latin, Greek, and other tongues, is a testament to the cultural exchanges that have shaped its development. As I pen my thoughts on this parchment, I am reminded of the countless scribes who have contributed to its growth, each adding their unique voice to the lexicon.In the crevices of this paper, one can almost hear the whispers of Shakespeare's iambic pentameter, the rhythmic flow of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and the powerful prose of Jane Austen. Each line, each paragraph, is a nod to the literary giants who have left their indelible mark on the English language.The act of writing on parchment is a tactile experience that connects us to the past. It is a reminder that language is not just a tool for communication, but also a living, breathing entity that evolves with time. As I write, I ponder the changes that have occurred and those yet to come.The English language is not static; it is dynamic, constantly adapting to the needs of its speakers. New words are born, old ones fade away, and the language continues to flourish, much like the fibers of this parchment that have endured the test of time.In the margins of this parchment, I find myself jotting down colloquialisms and slang, the informal language of the streets that is as much a part of English as the formalities of the classroom. It is a language that is alive, vibrant, and ever-changing.As I conclude my essay, I reflect on the beauty of the English language and the parchment that holds it. Both are works of art, one crafted by nature, the other by human ingenuity. Together, they tell a story that is as timeless as it is relevant to our modern world.。
半文半白的英语作文好嘛
半文半白的英语作文好嘛英文回答：There are numerous advantages to writing in a semi-vernacular style, which blends both classical andcolloquial language. These benefits can be seen in literary works, academic papers, and even everyday communication.One of the primary advantages of semi-vernacularwriting is its ability to connect with a wider audience. By using both formal and informal language, writers can effectively communicate with readers from different backgrounds and educational levels. This makes it an ideal choice for works intended for a general readership, such as novels, popular science books, and news articles.Semi-vernacular writing also offers greater flexibility and expressiveness. Writers can seamlessly switch between formal and informal registers to convey different shades of meaning and create a more engaging reading experience. Thisversatility allows them to express complex ideas in a clear and concise manner, while still maintaining a touch of elegance and sophistication.Furthermore, semi-vernacular writing can help to preserve and revitalize classical language. By incorporating elements of traditional speech into modern writing, authors can expose readers to a wider range of vocabulary and grammatical structures. This can contribute to the preservation of endangered languages and the appreciation of linguistic diversity.中文回答：使用半白话文写作具有多种优势，这些优势可以在文学作品、学术论文，甚至是日常交流中都能得到体现。
如何在白纸上写好英语作文
如何在白纸上写好英语作文Writing a good English essay on a blank piece of paper can be challenging, but with some tips and tricks, you can excel in this task. Here are a few suggestions to help you:1. Begin with a captivating opening sentence that grabs the reader's attention. For example, "Imagine a world where dreams become reality and imagination knows no bounds."2. Use descriptive language to create vivid images in the reader's mind. For instance, "The sun's rays danced upon the glistening waves, painting the ocean in a kaleidoscope of colors."3. Employ figurative language, such as metaphors or similes, to add depth and creativity to your writing. For instance, "Her laughter was like a symphony, filling the room with joyous notes."4. Experiment with different sentence structures toenhance the flow and rhythm of your writing. Vary between short, punchy sentences and longer, more complex ones. This adds a dynamic quality to your essay.5. Incorporate dialogue to bring your characters tolife and make your essay more engaging. For example, "‘I can't believe you did that!' she exclaimed, her eyes wide with astonishment."6. Include personal anecdotes or experiences to make your essay relatable and authentic. Share a story that connects to the topic you are discussing.7. Use rhetorical questions to stimulate the reader's thoughts and encourage them to consider different perspectives. For example, "Have you ever wondered what it would be like to fly without wings?"8. Introduce interesting facts or statistics to support your arguments and add credibility to your essay. For instance, "Did you know that over 80% of the world's population speaks more than one language?"9. Incorporate humor or wit to inject some lightheartedness into your writing. A well-placed joke or clever wordplay can make your essay memorable.10. Conclude your essay with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action. Leave the reader with something to ponder or inspire them to take action.Remember, the key to writing a compelling essay on a blank piece of paper is to be creative, engaging, and diverse in your language use. By following these tips, you can craft an essay that stands out and captivates your readers.。
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Whitesides Group: Writing a Paper好东西可不能专享，公布出来参考参考吧：Whitesides，我很崇拜的人哦，HU 的化学大牛。
很年轻的时候就进了美国国家科学院，最近因为纳米制备技术的研究，又进了国家工程院，拿中国的话讲就是两院院士啊，呵呵。
他拿奖无数，什么copper，东京，沃尔夫通通不放过，现在能让老人家心动的大概就是nobel了。
Whitesides Group: Writing a PaperGeorge M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA1.What is a scientific paper?A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”[科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Y our objective is not to “collect data.”[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。
]A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. Y ou should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.”[论文并不仅是收集研究结果，也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架][好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。
研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。
]2.Outlines2.1 The reason for outlines.I emphasize the central place of an outline in writing papers, preparing seminars, and planning research. I especially believe that for you, and for me, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data on which it rests. Y ou should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and presented set of data, with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conclusions, rather than an outline of text.[按照提纲进行写作是最有效的方法][提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。
提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容，而是按照目的，假说，结论来精心组织数据。
]An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (that is, on the data and organization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relatively efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow.[在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的][在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢]All the writing that I do - papers, reports, proposals (and, of course, slides for seminars)- I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to use them as well.2.2 How should you construct an outline?The classical approach is to start with a blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, all important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper. Ask yourself the obvious questions:“Why did I do this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesisdid I mean to test?”“What ones did I actually test?”“What were the results?”“Did the work yield a new method or compound? What?”“What measurements did I make?”“What compounds? How were they characterized?” Sketch possible equations, figures, and schemes. It is essential to try to get the major ideas written down. If you start the research to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you see what you have, that the data really seem to test some other hypothesis better, don't worry. Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypotheses, objectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are different from those used to justify starting the work. Much of good science is opportunistic and revisionist.[找一页空白的纸，以任何顺序，写下与这篇文章有关的所有重要观点][自问一些显而易见的问题][如果你的研究开始是为证实一个假设，然而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好地验证其它的假设时，你也不必担心。
把它们两者都写出来，去选择假设，目的和数据的最佳组合。
]When you have written down what you can, start with another piece of paper and try to organize the jumble of the first one. Sort all of your ideas into three major heaps (A-C).[试着草拟一份提纲。