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中石化石油相关论文参考文献
中石化石油相关论文参考文献参考文献[i]商务部关于促进加油站非油品业务发展的指导意见(商商贸发[XX] 41号)[eb/ol]. XX-02-11.[2]由然，赵旭，仲兵.国外非油品业务渐趋成熟[j].中国石油企业，XX (07)[3]钟成索，由然.美国非油品销售领域宽阔[j].中国石油企业，XX (1).[4]吴金林，毕港峰土编.加油站经营与管理[m].北京:中国石化出版社，XX: 23 s } 240.[5]张海潮.中国加油站非油品业务发展策略研究[j].当代石油石化，XX. ( 06 ).[6]陈青松.非油品业务成加油站新利润点[n].中国企业报，XX.2.2 (11).[7]覃志刚.企业多元化经营绩效:理论与实证.[m].北京:中国财政经济出版社，XX.09. [8][8]刘冀生.企业战略管理[m]北京:清华人学出版社，XX.[9]田景惠.加油站营销理论与实务[m].北京:石油工业出版社，XX.[10]田景惠.中国成品油行业“xx”发展回顾与“xx”展望[j].国际石油经济，XX(04).[11]马兴芹.构建加油站非油品业务新机制[j].中国石油企业，XX (07).[12]任征兵.石化双雄:非油也忧[j].中国连锁，XX (02).[13]韩祥峰.北美成品油零售经营特点及其启示[j].理论学刊，XX. (06).[14]国家信息中心中国经济信息网编著cei中国行业发展报告一汽车服务业「r].中国经济出版社，XX. (03 ).[15]王旭东.便利业务[j].中国石油企业，XX (10 ).[ 16]董仕华.连锁便利店快速成[`期的竞争力提升对策研究[j].生产力研究，XX (5).[17]李秀山.加油站便利店顾客需求分析与运行模式探讨[j].经营管理者，XX (16).[ 18]悉早加油站媒体户外传播新蓝海[j].市场观察，XX (os).[19]杨波.7- i 1连锁业真经[m].北京:北京工业大学出版社，XX.[20]朱明.我国石油加油站便利店的现状与发展探析[j].知识经济，XX (o1) .[21]闵志民.中石油终端销售策略研究[d].硕士学位论文.大津人学，XX.[22]刘宇.中石油沈}i{加油站便利店营销案例研究[di.硕士学位论文.大连理i一火学，XX.[23]彭未然.中石油s销售公司1h油品业务发展研究[d]硕士学位论文.中国石油人学，XX.[24] 景仲林.加油站非油品业务发展策略研究[d].硕士学位论文.兰州人学，XX.[25]肖磊，张倩固.中国本土便利店如何在成长期提升竞争力[j].经济视角，XX(]).[26]朱磊.西欧加油站便利店发展现状[j].中国石油企业，XX (1).[27]中国石油大然气集团公司职业技能鉴定指导中心编.山东:加油站操作员[m].中国石油大学出版社，XX: 396-399.[28]赵旭，周仲兵.国外加油站非油品业务渐趋成熟[j].中国石化，XX (8) .[29]齐铁健.bp:小型油站小型便利店[n].中国石化报，XX-8-21(7).[30]理达.感受欧美加油站的特色服务[j].连锁与特许，XX. ( 1 i ) .[31 ]潘吴.便利店与大型超市竞争的均衡分析[j].商业营销，XX (4).[32]殷延海.连锁便利店开展网上销售面临的问题及对策分析[j]. 工业技术经济，XX (10 ).[33]夏良奈.成品油市场营销[m].北京:中国石化出版社，XX:223-225.[34]陈薇，李品.跨国采购h我国零售企业竞争力分析和对策[j].企业技术开发，XX. ( 03 ) .[35]周德军.中石油山西销售分公司开展非油品业务发展研究[d].硕士学位论文.中国石油大学，XX.[36]夏青.商务部确定“xx”商务发展主要任务和重!}， -i:作田].证券日报，XX- 1-5 ( 06 ) .[37]陈静.零售企业”触网”要过二道坎[n].经济日报，XX-2-8(003).[38]陈文喜.赶超洋超市中国零售业需立足本土[n].中国联合商报，XX-12-19.[39]李鑫轶，刘晓飞.中国石化成品油零售量首破亿吨[n].中国石化报，XX-1-4.[40]沈则瑾.零售自有品牌:打开超市另一扇门[n].经济日报，XX-1-4(12).[41]王华.加油站便利店的市场细分策略[j].中国石化XX (07) .[42]梁宝俊.便利店:加油站增值的新业务[j]。
石油类英文翻译文献Strategic Importance Of Crude Oil And Natural GasPipelines
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(3): 87-96, 2012ISSN 1991-8178Strategic Importance Of Crude Oil And Natural Gas PipelinesAsst. Prof. Dr. İdris DemirAhi Evran University Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Department of InternationalRelationsAbstract: This paper argues that crude oil and natural gas pipelines create mutual interdependence among the various participants the interests of which would be deteriorated in the event of any kind of failure throughout the different chains of the operations of the pipelines under consideration. It is an obvious fact that ‘security of supply’ is crucially important for the uninterrupted flow of the continuation of the social life and the economies of energy importers (crude oil and natural gas) in one hand. On the other hand, this paper foregrounds that ‘security of demand’ is vitally important for the continuous flow of the social life and economies of energy exporters (crude oil and natural gas). It is the strategic importance of the crude oil and natural gas pipelines that brings the interests of energy exporters, importers, transit countries, international money lending institutions and operator companies and creates a cobweb of relations among different participants of the crude oil and natural gas pipelines.Key words: Pipeline, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, InterdependenceINTRODUCTIONThe history of international oil industry has long been identified with the characteristics of Standard Oil Company of Rockefeller. One should remember that Standard Oil Company was the owner of a network of pipelines. However, the Company gained the ownership of the both sides of the pipelines; the production facilities and the distribution network. It was the monopoly position of the company over the pipelines that have been regarded to be strategic assets that have been useful in controlling the industry for a long time.It is obvious that there is a close link between trade and interdependence. International commerce leads to international interdependence, which in turn leads to international cooperation in various fields with different dimensions. It is clear that as interdependence increases, nations become more sensitive to domestic developments in partner countries. Industrialists, traders and financiers start to rely on the level and amount of the international exchange at the same time. The flow of international commerce in any kind would find reflections in domestic transactions as well. International trade would create domestic interests in its maintenance. In one hand, exporters would not like their markets disappear. In the other hand, importers would not like their supplies diminish. Moreover, foreign investors would not like their holdings confiscated. Bankers and finance institutions would like the uninterrupted continuation of transactions so that their loans would be repaid. It is because of these reasons that interdependence is regarded to generate a powerful case among the participants. Arthur A Stein, (1993)Likewise, international trade actualized through oil and gas pipeline creates international interdependence among the participants that energy exporters do not want their markets disappear. Security of demand is crucial for the continuation of their economies. Energy importers do not want their supplies interrupted for any reason. Security of supply is vitally important for the continuation of sustainable development of their economies. International finance institutions and creditors of the projects do not want any disruption for any reason in order not to threaten the return of the funds that they have invested in the construction of pipeline projects. Thus, interdependence creates embedded relations among the parties the disruption of which would result in economic and political loss for each of the parties. It is clear that some imports constitute inputs essential to the functioning of economy more than the others. A dependence on others for videocassette recorders and jewelry is not the same as one for oil, gas or computer chips. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, (1977) In this respect, this particular study proposes that pipelines are strategic entities that create interdependence among parties. Participants of the interdependence that has been contextualized through the cooperation of oil and gas pipelines are careful in order not to harm the continuation of the relationship that is beneficial for all sides in many dimensions which is not only restricted to the field of energy.In clarifying the subject matter, this particular study is structured as follows: Section two illustrates the standing points of the energy consumers. The vitality of the issue of security of supply for the uninterrupted continuation of sustainable development and social life is taken into consideration in this section. Following section deals with the production/loading facilities of the pipelines. Concerns of security of demand of energy producers have been analyzed in detail in this section. Section four is responsible for the clarification of the strategic importance of pipelines among other ways of energy transportation. The institutionalized relationship Corresponding Author: Asst. Prof. Dr. İdris Demir, Ahi Evran University Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Department of International Relationsamong energy producers, consumers, transit states and participant companies are scrutinized in this section of the study. The interdependence of the relevant parties is covered in section five. The cobweb of relations that expands beyond the boundaries of cooperation on energy field is provided in detail in this section with different examples.2. Security of Supply for Energy Importers:Energy is defined as the capability to do work. Every kind of economic activity requires an amount of energy consumption. Automobiles need energy to travel from one place to another. Factories need energy for the production of goods and items. Household items in kitchens and living rooms need energy to operate the appliances. It is the basic and sole responsibility of the policy makers of the countries to secure the necessary amount of energy forms for the uninterrupted continuation of the economic and social life of their countries.In this respect, energy security can be regarded to be a state of being that the policy makers has clear indicatives to believe that they have enough reserves and production and distribution facilities in place to meet the energy demands of their citizens with affordable prices. The situation is regarded to be insecure when the well being of the citizens and/or the capability of governments are threatened either as a result of physical failure arising from sabotage, accidents or inadequacy of the existing structures. Governments may be unable to meet the necessary amounts of energy because of the rise in energy prices, too. (Robert Belgrave, Charles Ebinger and Hideaki Okino, 1987) There would be the adequate amounts of energy forms in presence but the budget of the country may not be able to meet the required amounts of funds to meet the energy demands. Therefore, energy security is described as the availability of energy at all times, in various forms, in sufficient quantities at affordable prices. (Philip Andrews-Speed, 2002)A sudden rise in energy prices and a kind of a physical disruption for any reason may have devastating effects on energy importing countries. It is not only the negative economic effects that should be taken into consideration, but political and social deficiencies should be indicated as well. Lacking sufficient amounts of energy supplies would result in low levels of industrial output. There would be a decline in new investments. Unemployment would increase and inflation rate would rise because of the absence of economic progress. There is going to be a balance of payments problem within the budget calculations of the country. The amount of funds that has been paid for the energy imports would rise. The balance of payment calculations would face a serious new arrangement. (Michael Lynch, 2003) Consumer countries would have two options: They are going to either reflect the high prices directly to the citizens or employ protectionist policies. The governments would look for sources of funds or borrow money from abroad.In either case there would be a kind of money transfer from the consumer countries to the producer countries. The amount of the supernormal profit that producer countries acquire from this newly developed relationship would have different reflections over the political economy in the global scale. (David Grene, 1998) In addition to deteriorating economic conditions, energy importers would fall into weak bargaining positions in their mutual relations regarding their export sources. Energy importers would not be able to act as flexible as they used to be in both domestic and international political issues. Therefore, energy importers tend to create long lasting friendly relationships with energy exporters. The functional use of long term agreements among producers and consumers make parties feel secure in times of crisis that results from either a physical shortage in the global markets or the scarcity of energy forms because of political reasons. (Gawdat Bahgat, 2004) In addition to economic and social considerations, energy items are regarded to be strategic goods that have the capability to determine and/or change the continuation and the fate of a war. Lacking adequate amounts of hydrocarbon resources can bring the consuming countries into her knees quickly. The main motive of Germany in invading Russia was the aim of accessing the hydrocarbon resources of the Soviet Union. It is widely accepted that the fate of the war, consequently, the whole world might have been different if Germany had access to the hydrocarbon sources under discussion. It is not only in the Second World War that hydrocarbon energy has determined the status and the continuation of the war. The British decision of changing the fuel of the ships of the Navy from coal to oil had detrimental impacts upon the stages of the First World War. Oil burning appliances of the British Navy made it possible to have longer distances of travel in a faster course than her rivals, thus determining an advantageous position for Britain. (Hikmet Uluğbay, 2003) There are a number of events that can be regarded as potential threats to energy security. These threats are categorized as the events that have global impact and events that have impact on a specific country or a region. Special emphasis is needed to shed light on the latter group since the content of this particular study focuses on pipelines. Oil and gas pipelines are strategic assets that combine the consumers and producers together. Energy forms are meaningless and valueless if they are not available to be used at the point of consumption. The possibility of a disruption arising from misuse or inability of the operation of pipeline structures that bring the interests of loading and unloading parties together would have devastating effects on the security of energy supply calculations of a particular country and/or region. It is an actual fact that the failure of pipelines to operate would have a reflection in the global energy considerations, too. However, the extent of the pressure andthe strength of this effect would be proportional directly to the amount of energy transported through the pipeline and the amount of the contribution of that particular pipeline in openness to the global markets.Embargo disruption of a specific exporting state may result in a threat of security of supply of a local scale. It can place a heavy burden over the importing country especially in the short period if the existing structure of the energy importing country fails to respond the change in circumstances immediately. Embargo disruption may come necessarily not from the exporter states but from the transit countries as well. The closure of the pipeline structures, with no doubt, would have devastating effects upon the economies, politics and social lives of importer countries. (Paul Stevens, 2000) The devastating effects would be vital and even at life threatening levels if the importing country is landlocked; does not have access to high seas. The absence of maritime lines would make transportation of energy via energy carrying ships impossible; laying road transportation via trucks and trains alone. It is doubtful whether the geography and already existing infrastructure would make it possible to carry the necessary forms of energy in adequate amounts.Local market disruptions are other issues of concern that have to be dealt carefully for consumer countries that try to secure the necessary forms of energy for uninterrupted flow of sustainable development of their country. There can be disruptions in energy flow because of a monopolist supplier or some pressure groups the interests of which can be deteriorated. Mismanagement of the policy makers is another reason that can result in local market disruptions. In either case, the responsibility lies over the shoulders of the governing authorities to diversify the energy sources and suppliers within the primary energy mix of the energy importing country. Furthermore, enhancing regulative means of energy consumption is another responsibility of the authorities in achieving the aim of the security of supply.The disruption of the strategic infrastructure of any kind is another serious threat to the calculations of the security of supply. Logistical disruptions may occur in the event of accidents, sabotage activities or terrorist incidents along the route of the transportation infrastructure. In this case, terrorist activities of some groups can no longer be regarded as the responsibility of the host government alone. All parties are affected negatively from these activities the prevention of which need collective action of all sides. (Anne Korin, 2005) The interests of all parties that are seeking security of demand and security of supply would be deteriorated. The authorities of both ends of the pipeline would attach a great importance to the well functioning of that strategic infrastructure.3. Security of Demand for Energy Exporters:The examination of the notion of the security of demand is an important but, often, a neglected issue. The vitality of the security of energy supply for energy consumers finds its reflection as the importance of the security of demand for producers.It should be remembered that revenues coming from the energy trade are the backbone of the budgets of the exporting countries. The economy of the whole country depends on one single item: hydrocarbon earnings. Economies of energy exporters in general (Countries such as Great Britain) lack the existence of a well functioning industry, tourism earnings, surplus in trade of goods and items. The bureaucratic structure is built on the oil and gas industries at the same time. It is because of the negative effects of the Dutch Disease that the balance of payments calculations do not show healthy indications. (M Corden, 1984) The concept of ‘state’ changes form and is regarded to be the mechanism of the distribution of wealth and welfare based on subjective calculations rather than following a process of collecting taxes and directs the expenditures of the budget for the benefit of the existing and future generations. It is the industry sector that is mostly affected from the negative consequences in industrialized countries. However, it is the agriculture sector that suffers from the biggest negative effects. (Paul Stevens, 2003)The members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) suffer from the negative consequences of this unbalanced balance of payments. Trade balances of the OPEC members have indicators of exporting one single item –energy sources- and import almost all of the consumption of the country. Energy exporters, the economies of which are dependant almost entirely on energy earnings, would experience an unstable economic ground both in domestic and international affairs. It is going to be hard to follow efficient fiscal policies and direct future investments. Domestic fiscal policies would be tied to international energy prices that are bound to global developments in which the exporter states may not have a big effect. (Kiren Chaudhry, 1989)The dependence of economy on energy earnings is peculiar not only to OPEC members. Other major exporters depend on energy earnings heavily, too. The threat of Rentier State structuring shows its reflections in Non-OPEC members at the same time. The ‘dependence’ of energy earnings makes it necessary for exporters to seek for markets and continue to supply them with oil and gas for the continuation of the cycle of their domestic economies.Two major threats for security of demand can be categorized as the loss of the market share of hydrocarbon energy sources in general and the deterioration of the market share of the exporting country in particular. Unsteady flow of oil and gas to global markets with unaffordable prices will result in articulations of differentforms of energy. The importance attached to renewable and alternative energy forms will be fore grounded in accordance with the developments, new findings and advancements in energy forms that are regarded to be used instead of hydrocarbon resources. Consequently, there would be less demand for hydrocarbon sources in general and possible future earnings of energy exporters would be cut off.Apart from the potential threat of the losing the share of hydrocarbon sources within the primary energy mix of the countries in global scale, the loss of the market share of a single exporting country would have fatal consequences for that particular country. It is a well known fact that energy importers attach great importance to long term sales agreements with particular exporters rather than the spot trade in the international market. In the event of the absence of the supplier, consumer countries would find new suppliers and conclude new deals. Thus, the energy exporters would face a loss in the market share and security of demand for her energy sources.Securing the flow of energy in the future with long term sales agreements is paramount to the strategies of consumer countries in one hand. Securing the income coming from the future sales of the contracted trade occupies a vital place within the revenue calculations of the exporting states on the other hand. Therefore, two sides of the same coin should be taken into consideration together. No one party has the intention or desire to harm the ongoing relationship. Deteriorating neither the security of demand nor the security of supply would be beneficial to both sides. In this context, it should not be forgotten that oil and gas pipelines acquire a strategic significance in the sense that infrastructures under consideration combine the producers and consumers together. Both ends of the pipeline attach great importance to the continuous, uninterrupted flow of energy from the production fields to the points of consumption. In this respect, pipelines create cobweb of relations not only in political terms, but also in physical aspects as well. It is with no doubt that none of the parties involved in the relationship would have the intention of the disruption of the relationship which would mean the deterioration of the interests of all parties. In this respect, pipelines combine the consumers, producers and the transit countries together in strategic terms with long lasting relationships.4. Strategic Importance of Pipeline Transportation:Any form of energy is meaningless unless it is ready to use in the final consumption point. The fact that oil and gas resources are not distributed homogeneously makes it necessary to transport these energy sources from the production fields to the consumption centers. The issue of transportation has gained a significant importance as the levels of consumption and the proven oil and gas reserves increase.Levels of oil and gas consumption increase with the rise in living standards and the rise in the levels of industrialization. Higher levels of living standards and industrialization bring the inevitable consumption of energy sources in higher amounts. However, it is a fact that current reserves that are close to the traditional consumption centers are either declining or about to reach to the declining phase. This brings the significant importance of transportation into agenda.There are a couple of ways that are used widely in order to transport oil and gas from the production facilities to the consumption points. Transportation ways that are generally used are pipelines, crude oil and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ships, huge trucks and some sort of specially designed railway storage tanks. The most suitable way of transportation is determined by geology, geography, and the type of energy and the economies of scale. (Paul Stevens, 2001)Pipelines and tanker carriages via high seas are the most common types of transportation that link the production and consumption points. Since the control of the pipelines has all the potentialities for the control of the petroleum industry, they have long been recognized as the most important means of transportation in the petroleum industry. (Roy A Prewitt, 1942) Likewise, although an amount of gas transportation has been conducted by LNG ships, gas transportation via pipelines has been of crucial importance.The decision of constructing a pipeline requires many calculations that include strategic outcomes at the same time. The investment decision of a pipeline depends upon the evaluation of future demand. (Jerome Ellig and Jack High 1992) Moreover, it is very important to evaluate the safety and reliability of these complex and large scaled systems. (Dong Yuhua and Yu Datao, 2005) In this respect, maintenance of pipelines is an issue of great concern for both companies and governments. Any possibility of leakage, for example, must be detected before the leakage takes place and preventive action should be taken in order to avoid losses of energy and ecological disasters. (d Jun Okamoto, 1999)Therefore, it is not only economics and politics that are taken into consideration in the investment decisions of pipelines; there are a couple of different issues such as ecological considerations, geographical and geological conditions that should be taken into granted throughout this complex context.Once constructed, pipelines are not possible to be removed or rerouted. (Once operational) They attract economies of scale in great amounts like other stages of the international oil and gas industry. Thus, ‘big is beautiful and small is stupid’ in the investment decisions of pipelines. Big numbers mean big calculations and huge losses in the event of a failure of any kind. The effects and the application of ‘Bygones rule’ is another issue of concern that has to be taken into consideration throughout the operation record of oil and gas pipelines.It is because of this fact that pipelines continue to operate and their activities are not shut down for a considerable period of time even if they are making losses.The configuration of the network and sizes of pipes used must be chosen to minimize the construction costs. (Jack Brimberg, Pierre Hansen, Keh-Wei Lih,) In addition to construction costs, other issues relevant to the successful operation of the pipeline require careful examination, too. The transportation issues preferred by governments and companies must not only take the economic risks into account but also consider the negative effects of possible terrorist activities, changes in the policies of the participants and trade embargoes over the long period of the projected operation of the pipeline. (Sydney Thomas and Richard Dawe, 2003) In addition to that, the amount of oil that can be put through the pipe varies with the initial pressure of the petroleum, the loss of pressure per square inch per mile, the density of the liquid, the viscosity and unique characteristics of the fluid handled, the diameter of the pipe and the geographical features of the landscape on the route of the pipeline. (A C Monahan, 1945)The complex structuring of pipeline facilities can be reviewed closer through the analysis of transportation of offshore oil and gas products. The first section of the analysis is the riser or the rigid section of piping. This conveys the fluids from the production facilities to the seabed (and vice versa). Failure of this section would affect the production platform and production personnel. Second section of the process concerns the sea line that transports the fluids to the shore. Any kind of failure in this stage would result in losses in shipping and potential environmental pollution. The third section of this process involves the land section. The energy items that are produced offshore and transported reach the ground. Any kind of failure resulting from accidents or sabotage would have detrimental affects on the public. The final section is the landline that is buried under the ground. This can be of any length in reaching to the final consumption centers. It is with no doubt that failure of this section would result in devastating environmental effects. (F K Crawley, I G Lines and J Mather, 2003) Furthermore, security of demand, security of supply and transit fee calculations of the relevant parties would also face potential threats.It is obvious that the construction of a pipeline require a transit agreement among the parties. This agreement may involve competition for markets and competition for volumes. It is because of this feature that pipeline agreements involve different governments and, may be, different companies. Producing governments would have different objections on one hand, on the other hand consumer governments and transit governments would have objectives of their own. Moreover the inclusion of contractor companies would add another dimension to the discussion under consideration. While the objectives of the governments are going to be determined by the considerations of security of supply and demand and the principle of sovereignty, contractor companies would seek for pure commercial considerations. (Paul Stevens, 2003) Producer countries would demand high price for their energy exports. Consumer countries would look for a small bill for their imports. Transit countries would require high amounts of transit fees and greater amounts of off take from the pipeline for their domestic consumption with favorable prices. Contractor companies, on the other hand, would seek for greater economic rent and share from the operation of the facilities of pipelines under consideration.The fact that the pipelines cross borders of different nation states makes it inevitable to be influenced by different legal regimes. The possibility of the presence of different legal regimes and regulations makes it necessary to bring various legal terms and norms together within the initializing the transit agreement. The process of harmonization of different legal regimes should be wide enough to cover the potential changes throughout the continuation of the activities of the pipeline for the success of the operation. Therefore, the distribution of benefits and sovereign rights should be well determined and documented to cover the long period of the long operation time of the pipeline project. (Paul Stevens,)It should not be forgotten that the technical features that embody the construction phase have detrimental impacts upon the continuation of the operation of the pipelines. Pipelines have large upfront investments. They have high fixed costs and low variable costs. Once they are built, it is hard to apply a change in the capacity of the pipeline. Therefore, it is very important to apply careful and just calculations in the formation process of pipelines that are regarded to be natural monopolies that combine the relevant parties strategically in long lasting terms. The key to the success of the operations of pipelines lies in the fact that the agreements would take the change in circumstances in time into account throughout the duration of the activities of the pipeline. The success of the operations of the pipeline should not be left to the bargaining powers of the parties alone at the initial stages. (Ekpen J Omonbude, 2007)The issue of pipelines requires a greater attention when the transportation of natural gas is taken into consideration. Natural gas is a clean burning fuel that is used to heat homes, hospitals, schools; generate electricity and fuel industries. The usage of natural gas varies from plastics and petrochemicals to fertilizer producers. (Obindah Wagbara, 2007) The fact that natural gas is a clean burning fuel that is compatible with environmental considerations has led the way to the issue that natural gas has become the energy medium choice for many governments and environmental groups throughout the world (Ferdinand E. Banks, 2003). In fact, the reason why natural gas do not acquire the dominant seat within the primary energy mix of consumer states is hidden in the clean characteristic of this fuel besides the problems of transportation. Natural gas has been。
关于石油地质相关论文参考文献格式,关于关于对石油地质-论文范文
关于石油地质相关论文参考文献格式,关于关于对石油地质类型的相关论文范文数据库本文关于石油地质及石油勘探及地球化学方面的免费优秀学术论文范文，关于石油地质相关论文范文数据库,与关于对石油地质类型的相关学士学位论文范文，对不知道怎么写石油地质论文范文课题研究的大学硕士、本科毕业论文开题报告范文和文献综述及职称论文的作为参考文献资料下载。
摘要：当前,全球资源日趋枯竭,加强石油地质勘探技术的研究具有重要意义,而深入研究石油地质类型,分析储油层及生油层的特征,有利于提升我国石油勘探能力,提高油气产量,避免资源浪费,从而确保经济社会的健康发展.本文通过概述石油地质类型、探讨石油地质类型的进展以及研究创新点.关键词：石油；地质类型；研究；创新中图分类号：P618文献标识码：A1石油地质类型概述随着石油勘探技术的不断提高,对石油地质类型进行深入研究也越来越被重视.在分析一个地区的含油气情况之前,需要着手研究区域构造条件和形成条件等控制作用,以及研究地壳运动沉积的周期性、旋回性及基底结构等,最终判断出有利的含油区与生油区.一般来说,石油地质类型主要包括以下几种：关于对石油地质类型的参考属性评定有关论文范文主题研究: 关于石油地质的论文范文文献大学生适用:高校毕业论文、自考毕业论文相关参考文献下载数量: 30写作解决问题:写作资料毕业论文开题报告: 论文模板、论文设计职称论文适用:技师论文、职称评初级所属大学生专业类别: 写作资料论文题目推荐度:经典题目一是生油层.能够生成并提供具有价值的石油和天然气的岩石称为生油气岩,而由烃源岩结构组成的底层就叫做生油层.生油层一般可分为泥质岩和碳酸盐岩.二是储集层.它具有两个特征：具备孔隙,以容纳流体物质；具备孔隙间的联通性,可渗透和过滤流体.储集层一般分为碎屑岩储集层和碳酸盐岩储集层.三是盖层.即封隔储集层以防止油气上溢的岩层,其主要的结构特征是：孔隙度低,可明显抑制流体的渗透,并及时阻碍油气溢散.就生油层的沉积环境或岩相来看,最有利于产生石油的区域是有利于生物繁衍、保存以及有利于石油岩发育的环境.而油层分布集中且广泛的区域,除了碎屑岩类和碳酸盐岩类之外,还包括火山岩、变质岩、泥岩等.另外,一般的盖层岩石类型包括盐岩、泥页岩、膏岩、致密灰岩等,对于盖层的勘察,是石油地质勘探的重要依据之一.2石油地质类型的研究进展近年来,国内外在石油地质类型研究方面取得了一定的进展,形成一些较先进理论,如烃源岩研究、湖相层序地层学、金属-有机质相互作用原理、基底构造对圈闭的控制等.这些研究成果指导着石油地质类型0;研究方向,具有较高的石油勘探应用价值.本篇论文url /benkelunwen/06055920.html2.1烃源岩研究评价沉积盆地的油气潜力,需要深入了解烃源岩的分布状况.层序底层学方法和气候模型都有利于判断及预测烃源岩.首先,通过层序地层学研究,可以了解盆地演化、有机物分布、沉积环境序列之间的关系.其次,通过运用气候模拟及地理变化知识,可以检验气候资料、有机质产量及保存的对比关系；可验证模型能否模拟一些关键性的变化；可评判过去及现在不同的气候预测条件；可通过对比地质资料来进行不同阶段气候模型的修正.2.2湖相层序地层学层序底层学发展至今,已经具有研究陆相沉积环境的趋势,可利用钻井相关资料,结合沉积或侵蚀间断面以及特殊的岩相段,来确定各个湖相层序.具体来说,在海相沉积环境中,海平面变化和沉积补给是控制层序发育的两个主要因素,而构造和气候则影响着湖相层序的发育过程.2.3金属与有机质相互作用原理目前越来越多的实践表明,金属的沉积与有机质有关.金属与有机质相互作用理论应用于石油勘探之中,尤其对于石油地质类型的研究意义重大.这一关系有利于勘探人员判断出：有油气的地方矿化作用发生的温度,与卡林型金矿的矿化温度相比要低很多,这有利于捕集石油的保存；寻找卡林型金矿的勘探技术适用于“卡林型”油田的发现；导致油气迁移和捕集的热液系统,与引起金矿化作用的热液系统属于同类；石油捕集和金矿化的空隙均是由热液碳酸盐溶解作用造成的.2.4基底构造对圈闭的可控性通过对由基底控制的油气圈闭进行分类,可划分20类,由此提出基底断块模式这一概念,即油气圈闭大多是由一定地质环境下的基底控制.通过这一理论可以寻求油气开发的途径,并相应降低成本.3石油地质类型研究的创新点3.1可膨胀套管技术研究可膨胀套管技术诞生于80年代初,用扩管器将异型管扩张成圆形再使其依靠井壁,下入井内,至遇到水层或破碎带而无法正常钻入时,可达到封堵水层或破碎带的目的.割缝膨胀管,则是90年代末由美国研制出的新型产品,具有更好的封堵破碎带效果,同时它比异型管更容易扩径,可减少上部井眼的尺寸及套管层数,有利于便捷解决复杂井段的井壁稳定问题.而当前,膨胀式割缝管和实体套管的开发,也已经应用于钻井勘探工作中.怎样撰写石油地质本科论文播放:25121次评论:7423人3.2新型技术研究在石油地质类型研究基础之上,实现创新型的技术研发,可以从以下几个方面着手：对岩石复杂构造及非均质速度建模及成像技术,储层及流体地球物理识别技术,多次分量地震勘探技术,煤层气地球物理技术,井地联合勘探技术等等.技术链要从勘探向开发延伸,通过研究石油地质类型来全面提高石油勘探的水平.由此,多种石油勘探新技术的创新和应用,可形成一条完整的物探技术链条,进而提升我国的石油勘探竞争力.结语随着科技水平的不断提高以及我国石油勘探技术的不断创新,以多学科协同研究及渗透的综合性勘探体系由此形成.我们知道,石油地质类型研究是提高石油勘探水准的关键之处,而且地质类型在不同的地质区域内有着不同的组成及特征.当前,建立在石油地质类型研究基础之上的石油勘探技术,正在向集成化、精细化、多领域渗透化方向发展,从研究区域构造条件等控制作用入手去探究一个地区的含油气情况,最终确定纵向上各因素的相互关系,以便明确有利的生油层及含油层.无疑,了解这些变化规律可以促使我们追求更好的石油勘探成果.参考文献[1]刘志,李燕承,周冕.探讨石油地质类型对石油勘探的作用[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2011（09）.[2]傅家谟,史继扬.石油成因与石油勘探―关于当前石油有机地球化学研究的几个问题[J].地质地球化学,1978（02）.[3]罗永.关于石油地质类型对石油勘探作用的思考[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2011（06）.[4]姚达因.石油地质类型研究对勘探的作用探讨[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2012（05）.[5]郭峰,陈世悦,王德海,胡光明,纪友亮,任国选.松辽盆地滨北地区白垩系泉头组―嫩江组沉积特征[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2007（01）.本科论文答辩视频本科论文标准格式本科论文结构自考本科培训自学本科费用本科论文相似度多少函授本科条件本科生论文检测系统中文系本科毕业论文题目本科论文价钱本文doc格式 : 关于对石油地质类型的【论文下载】去毕业论文范文网阅读更多优秀论文范文。
石油行业外文文献资料
石油行业外文文献资料石油行业外文文献资料引言石油是目前全球最重要的能源之一，对于世界各国的经济发展起着至关重要的作用。
石油行业的发展受到多种因素的影响，包括市场需求、技术创新、政策法规等。
因此，研究和了解石油行业的外文文献资料对于我们在国内石油行业的发展中具有重要意义。
本文将介绍一些关于石油行业的外文文献资料，希望能对读者有所帮助。
文献资料一：《The Role of Technological Innovation in the Oil Industry》这篇文献探讨了技术创新在石油行业中的作用。
文章指出，石油行业的发展离不开技术创新的推动。
通过引入新技术和工艺，石油行业可以提高生产力、降低成本、改善环境效益。
文章还详细介绍了石油行业在勘探、开采、生产和加工等方面的技术创新，并提出了一些关于技术创新的建议。
文献资料二：《The Impact of Market Demand on the Oil Industry》这篇文献研究了市场需求对石油行业的影响。
文章指出，市场需求是石油行业发展的重要驱动力。
石油行业需要根据市场需求的变化来调整生产规模和产品结构，以适应市场变化。
文章还通过分析历史数据和市场趋势，探讨了市场需求对石油行业的长期和短期影响，并提出了一些关于市场需求预测和管理的建议。
文献资料三：《Policies and Regulations in the Oil Industry: International Comparison》这篇文献比较了石油行业的政策法规在国际上的差异。
文章指出，不同国家的政策法规对于石油行业的发展有着不同的影响。
通过比较国际上的石油行业政策法规案例，文章分析了不同政策法规对石油价格、市场竞争、环境保护等方面的影响，并提出了一些关于石油行业政策法规的建议。
文献资料四：《Emerging Technologies in the Oil Industry》这篇文献介绍了石油行业中的新兴技术。
优秀石油管理系统设计参考文献
优秀石油管理系统设计参考文献销售管理系统的开发与设计参考文献(一)随着现代企业的不断发展，经济信息化是世界经济发展的必然趋势。
信息是国家进行宏观调控，企业进行运作管理、控制生产、制定决策的重要战略资源，是国民经济各部门和整个社会生活领域中不可或缺的重要组成部分，是当代经济发展和社会发展的最新生产力，它正从总体上促进了世界经济和社会的发展。
总而言之，谁能够充分利用信息，谁就能在社会竞争及经济发展中获得竞争优势。
优秀石油管理系统设计参考文献优秀石油管理系统设计参考文献。
信息系统的开发实际上是一项庞大的系统工程，即信息系统工程。
[11] 李伟华.企业销售管理系统的研究与开发[N].四川：四川工业学院学报.2003-02-03(72).[12] 黄梯云.管理信息系统.[M]北京：清华大学出版社.2005.3.[13] 乌家培.信息与经济. [M]北京：清华大学出版社.2006.1.[14] 陈云.信息系统开发方法.北京：清华大学出版社.2004.7.[15] 马威.中文版Access 2003实用培训教程.北京：清华大学出版社.2006.6.[16] 郑小玲、王学军.Access 项目案例导航.北京：科学出版社.2003.1[17] David L. Anderson. Managing Information Systems.[M].北京：清华大学出版社. 2002.8.[18] Mike Fletcher.Special report - How to create the perfect e-commerce website [J].E-COMMERCE.2009,3:Pg.60.[19] Leslie White.Anger at MIS stance[J].The Weekly Times.2008,11(5):Pg.13.图书馆管理系统分析与设计论文参考文献(二)随着计算机及网络技术的飞速发展，Internet/Intranet应用在全球范围内日益普及，当今社会正快速向信息化社会前进，信息自动化的作用也越来越大。
中石油hse论文参考文献范例
中石油hse论文参考文献一、中石油hse论文期刊参考文献[1].浅谈中石油HSE管理体系如何与标准化体系融合.《中国化工贸易》.2014年30期.杨晶.[2].论中石油HSE管理之我见.《城市建设理论研究（电子版）》.2014年16期.岳敏佳.[3].中石油HSE信息系统实施策略、方案、计划比选.《福建电脑》.2008年12期.吴顺成.王淑梅.[4].以人为本全员参与全面创建浙江石油HSE管理体系.《安全、健康和环境》.2003年11期.浙江石油分公司.[5].数字印章在中国石油HSE信息系统中应用展望.《黑龙江科技信息》.2013年29期.胡英男.[6].安全生产标准化评估系统分析与应用.《天然气与石油》.2015年3期.张磊.张来斌.梁伟.李尔卓.张俊杨.[7].大庆石油管理局农场实施HSE管理浅析.《中国新技术新产品》.2011年22期.周欣宇.[8].油田管线施工动火点的HSE风险管理分析与探讨.《价值工程》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2010年27期.郭志军.[10].石油企业实施HSE管理体系研究.《中国安全科学学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2004年10期.丁浩.张星臣.二、中石油hse论文参考文献学位论文类[1].基于.NET的中石油HSE信息系统安全业务模块的设计与实现.被引次数：1作者：包红霞.计算机应用技术北京交通大学2007（学位年度）[2].中国石油HSE信息系统的设计与实现.被引次数：6作者：李志刚.软件工程电子科技大学2009（学位年度）[3].基于.NET的中国石油HSE信息系统职业健康模块的设计与实现.被引次数：1作者：吕俊明.计算机应用技术北京交通大学2007（学位年度）[4]中国石油HSE信息系统实施阶段项目管理研究.作者：厉彦柏.项目管理中国石油大学(北京)2010（学位年度）[5].石化企业安全标准化和HSE管理体系的比较和整合研究及其实践.被引次数：5作者：陈研文.安全工程中南大学2011（学位年度）[6].辽河油建一公司HSE管理改善研究.被引次数：1作者：佟兴哲.工商管理大连理工大学2013（学位年度）[7].DQSH公司HSE管理体系的剖析与对策研究.被引次数：5作者：马玉龙.工商管理哈尔滨工程大学2008（学位年度）[8].杭州石化有限责任公司HSE管理改进研究.作者：张跃.项目管理浙江工业大学2013（学位年度）[9].石油销售企业HSE管理体系建设实践与探索.作者：张俊杰.安全工程中国石油大学(华东)2012（学位年度）[10].中石油海外炼化企业HSE管理体系研究.作者：赵成斌.安全技术及工程中国石油大学(华东)2011（学位年度）三、中石油hse论文专著参考文献[1]中国石油HSE信息系统职业健康管理.孙华.郁俊峰，2009第十次全国劳动卫生与职业病学术会议[2]挪威政府对石油企业的HSE管理.孙少光，20052005安全、健康和环境经验技术交流会[3]中石油HSE管理的探索与实践.谢国忠，2013第七届北京安化论坛[4]石油化工HSE管理体系发展及应用.李波，20122012中国石油石化健康、安全、环保技术交流大会[5]中国石化HSE监督管理系统的建设.张亚丽.牟善军.王秀香.杨春笋，2012中国石油和化工自动化第十一届年会[6]模糊综合评价方法在HSE管理体系审核中的应用.贺辉宗，2012中国石油和化工自动化第十一届年会[7]海外石油地面工程EPCC项目HSE管理探索.李永军，2014第二届全国勘察设计行业管理创新大会[8]大庆石油管理局海外业务HSE管理浅析.岳云平，20072007年大庆石油管理局国际化运作研讨会[9]国内外石油企业HSE对比研究.杨明华，2014中国石油学会石油经济专业委员会第三届青年论坛[10]HSE管理体系在石油企业中的应用现状.蒲博，20152015年中国环境科学学会年会。
石油精神文献石油70年读后感
石油精神文献石油70年读后感【原创实用版】目录一、引言二、石油精神的内涵1.艰苦奋斗2.科学求实3.团结协作4.奉献精神三、石油精神在我国石油工业发展中的作用1.推动石油工业的蓬勃发展2.凝聚石油工作者的信心和力量四、读《石油 70 年》的感悟1.感受石油精神的强大力量2.对我国石油工业的未来充满信心五、结论正文【引言】石油，这个被称为“工业血液”的宝贵资源，在我国经济社会发展中具有举足轻重的地位。
一部《石油 70 年》展现了我国石油工业从无到有、从弱到强的壮丽画卷，也诠释了贯穿始终的石油精神。
本文将围绕石油精神文献《石油 70 年》展开讨论，回顾过去，感悟现在，展望未来。
【石油精神的内涵】石油精神是一种崇高的精神品质，它包括以下几个方面：1.艰苦奋斗：石油工作者在自然环境恶劣、生产条件艰苦的情况下，始终保持顽强拼搏、锲而不舍的精神风貌。
2.科学求实：石油工作者遵循科学原理，勇于创新，严谨务实，努力提高石油勘探开发水平。
3.团结协作：石油工作者团结一心，齐心协力，共同努力，为我国石油工业发展贡献力量。
4.奉献精神：石油工作者为国家和人民利益，默默奉献自己的青春和智慧，甚至不惜付出生命的代价。
【石油精神在我国石油工业发展中的作用】石油精神在我国石油工业发展中发挥了重要作用：1.推动石油工业的蓬勃发展：石油精神鼓舞了一代又一代石油工作者，为石油工业的发展提供了强大的精神动力。
2.凝聚石油工作者的信心和力量：石油精神成为了石油工作者共同的价值观和信仰，凝聚了他们的信心和力量，为我国石油工业发展奠定了坚实基础。
【读《石油 70 年》的感悟】阅读《石油 70 年》，我深感石油精神的强大力量，也为我国石油工业的未来充满信心。
1.感受石油精神的强大力量：书中讲述了无数石油工作者为寻找石油资源，克服重重困难，无私奉献的感人事迹，让我深感石油精神的伟大。
2.对我国石油工业的未来充满信心：尽管我国石油工业面临着诸多挑战，但有着石油精神的支撑，我相信我国石油工业的明天一定会更加美好。
石油精神文献石油70年读后感
石油精神文献石油70年读后感摘要：一、引言二、石油精神的内涵1.无私奉献2.艰苦创业3.团结协作4.科技创新三、我国石油工业的发展历程1.起步阶段2.发展阶段3.改革开放后的快速发展4.新时代下的转型升级四、石油精神在石油工业发展中的作用1.推动石油工业技术创新2.促进石油企业文化建设3.强化石油工人队伍建设4.激发石油产业发展活力五、石油精神的时代价值1.弘扬爱国主义精神2.传承艰苦奋斗优良传统3.倡导绿色环保理念4.推动石油产业可持续发展六、结论正文：石油精神文献石油70年读后感作为一名石油行业的从业者，我有幸阅读了《石油精神文献石油70年》一书，这本书详细地记载了我国石油工业发展的历程，展现了石油工人阶级的伟大事迹，深刻阐述了石油精神的内涵。
阅读这本书，让我对石油精神有了更深刻的理解，也为我今后的工作注入了强大的动力。
石油精神是石油工人阶级在长期的生产实践中形成的一种精神品质，它包括无私奉献、艰苦创业、团结协作和科技创新。
无私奉献是石油精神的核心，石油工人为了国家的石油事业，远离家乡，默默奉献在千里油疆；艰苦创业是石油精神的基石，石油工人不畏艰险，敢于攀登科技高峰；团结协作是石油精神的力量，石油工人团结一心，共同为国家石油事业贡献力量；科技创新是石油精神的灵魂，石油工人勇于创新，不断推动石油工业向前发展。
在我国石油工业的发展历程中，石油精神发挥了至关重要的作用。
在起步阶段，石油精神推动了石油工业的技术创新，为我国石油事业的发展奠定了基础；在发展阶段，石油精神促进了石油企业文化建设，提升了企业的凝聚力和竞争力；在改革开放后的快速发展阶段，石油精神强化了石油工人队伍建设，为石油工业的持续发展提供了人才保障；在新时代下的转型升级阶段，石油精神激发了石油产业发展活力，为推动石油产业高质量发展注入了强大动力。
石油精神不仅在我国石油工业发展中具有重要价值，而且在新时代下具有更加深远的时代意义。
弘扬石油精神，就是弘扬爱国主义精神，传承艰苦奋斗优良传统，倡导绿色环保理念，推动石油产业可持续发展。
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石油精神文献石油70年读后感
石油精神文献石油70年读后感
（原创版）
目录
一、石油精神文献的概述
二、石油 70 年的主要内容
三、石油精神文献的读后感想
四、总结
正文
一、石油精神文献的概述
石油精神文献，是我国石油工业发展历程中的一部重要文献。
它全面记录了我国石油工业从无到有，从弱到强的发展历程，充分展示了我国石油工作者的崇高精神和坚韧不拔的意志。
二、石油 70 年的主要内容
《石油 70 年》是一部详尽记录我国石油工业 70 年发展历程的文献。
它从石油勘探、开采、加工、销售等各个环节，全面反映了我国石油工业
的发展状况。
这部文献中，既有我国石油工业的辉煌历程，也有艰难曲折的发展道路，更有石油工作者的辛勤付出和无私奉献。
三、石油精神文献的读后感想
读完《石油 70 年》，我深感我国石油工业的发展历程充满了艰辛，
但更充满了希望。
石油工作者们的无私奉献和坚韧不拔的精神，深深地感动了我。
他们为了国家的石油事业，不畏艰难，不怕困苦，始终坚守在石
油勘探、开采的第一线，他们的精神让我深感敬佩。
同时，我也深感我国石油工业的发展离不开科技的进步和创新。
只有不断进行科技创新，才能推动我国石油工业的发展，实现石油资源的高效利用。
四、总结
总的来说，《石油 70 年》是一部记录我国石油工业发展历程的重要文献，它充分展示了石油工作者的崇高精神和坚韧不拔的意志。
碎屑岩系油气储层沉积学参考文献
一级类目：石油科技专著二级类目：碎屑岩系油气储层沉积学三级类目：参考文献技术类型：前沿技术参考文献1. <沉积构造与环境解释>编著组，1984，沉积构造与环境解释，科学出版社。
2. 陈昌明、李继亮译，1979，（H.E.赖内克与I.B.辛格著）陆源碎屑沉积环境，石油工业出版社。
3. 陈建强、周洪瑞、王训练编，1998，沉积学及古地理学教程，中国地质大学（北京）4. 陈景山、陈昌明译，1981，三角洲沉积与油气勘探，石油工业出版社。
5. 陈丽华，1993，储层实验测试技术，石油大学出版社。
6. 陈绍周等，1982，中国第三纪海陆过渡相，石油与天然气地质，Vol.3，№.4。
7. 大港油田地质研究所等，1985，滦河冲积扇—三角洲沉积体系，地质出版社。
8. 邓宏文、钱凯，1993，沉积地球化学与环境分析，甘肃科学技术出版社，1～63。
9. 邓宏文、王宏亮等，2002，高分辨率层序地层学——原理及应用，地质出版社。
10. 地矿部情报研究所译，1979，沉积相模式。
11. 地质矿产部情报所编译，1982，国外沉积相及古地理，资料汇编（一）、（二）。
12. 冯增昭、王英华、刘焕杰、沙庆安、王德发等著，1994，中国沉积学，石油工业出版社。
13. 冯增昭主编，1993，沉积岩石学，石油工业出版社。
14. 盖洛韦W.E.、霍布德D.K.著，1989，陆源碎屑沉积体系在石油、煤和油勘探中的应用，石油工业出版社。
15. 关士聪等，1980，中国东部中新生代陆相沉积、构造和油气，石油地质论文集，地质出版社。
16. 何登春等，1987，测井地层分析与油气评价，石油工业出版社。
17. 何更生，1994，油层物理，石油工业出版社。
18. 何镜宇、孟祥化，1987，沉积岩和沉积相模式及建造，地质出版社。
19. 洪庆玉，1992，沉积物重力流地质学，成都科技大学出版社。
20. 纪友亮、张世奇，1998，层序地层学原理及层序成因机制，地质出版社。
石油工程文献综述
石油工程文献综述石油工程文献综述：提升生产效率和环境可持续性石油工程作为一门综合性学科，涉及油藏工程、钻井工程、采油工程等多个领域。
在石油开采过程中，提高生产效率和保障环境可持续性是石油工程领域研究的重点和挑战之一。
本文将综述相关文献，探讨在石油工程领域如何通过技术创新来实现这一目标。
一、油藏工程的研究：增强油藏改造技术提高油藏的物理、化学性质，以增加油井产量是油藏工程的核心问题。
在这方面，油藏改造技术是一项重要研究内容。
文献中提到了多项创新技术，如聚合物驱油技术、微生物驱油技术和聚合物微球填充技术，这些技术通过改变油藏储层的渗透率分布、原油粘度和油水界面张力等物理、化学因素，实现了油井产量的提高。
这些技术在实际应用中取得了显著的成果，为石油工程的可持续发展提供了有力支撑。
二、钻井工程的研究：提高钻井效率和安全性钻井作为石油开采的第一道技术环节，对后续的采油工程起着决定性的影响。
因此，提高钻井效率和保障钻井安全性是钻井工程的重要研究内容。
文献中提到了多项创新技术和工具，如多级井眼扩孔技术、连续管道技术和水力碎岩技术等，这些技术和工具的应用有效地提高了钻井效率，减少了钻井事故的发生。
然而，随着沉积层深度的不断增加和地质条件的多样性，钻井工程仍然面临着一系列挑战，需要持续的研究和创新。
三、采油工程的研究：优化生产工艺和环境保护采油工程是石油工程的最后一道环节，旨在有效地提取地下油藏中的原油。
在这个环节，优化生产工艺和保护环境是研究的重点。
文献中提及了多项有效的技术，如水平井技术、油藏注气技术和二次采油技术等。
这些技术的运用不仅提高了原油的采集效率，而且减少了对地下水资源和生态环境的影响。
特别值得一提的是，研究者提出了“低温采油技术”和“绿色采油技术”，在节能减排和环境保护方面取得了突破性进展。
综上所述，石油工程领域的研究在提高生产效率和保障环境可持续性方面正取得可喜的进展。
通过油藏工程中的物理、化学改造技术、钻井工程中的效率与安全创新技术以及采油工程中的生产优化与环境保护技术，石油工程正朝着更加高效、环保的方向发展。
英文石油化工文献
and M. SHAW
Department of Plant Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada (Received 25 November 1969) Abstrsct_--The major phenolic constituents in the cotyledons and young shoots of Linumusitatissimum L. consist of (a) nine glycosides and esters ofpcoumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids and (b) six C-glycosides of O-glycoftavones. Substituted benxoic acid derivatives and flavonol glycosides were absent in both parts of the plant. INTRODUCTION APART FROM
Phytochcmistry, 1970. Vol. 9, pp. t855 to 1858. Peraamon Frwa.
F-rinted in England.
PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE OIL FLAX (LINUM USITATIS’SIMUM)
R. K. IBBAHIM
1856
Re of substituted benxoic acids, especially p-hydroxybenxoic, protocatechuic, van& and syringic acids, in both cotyledons and young shoots, is remarkable. Although the biosynthesis of C& acids has been shown to proceed through their C& isomers, by a removal of two-carbon fragment, lo it seems that this mechanism is absent in flax tissues.
石油工程文献综述
石油工程文献综述石油工程是一个涉及石油资源开发、生产、加工和利用的综合性学科。
随着全球经济的发展和能源需求的增加，石油工程领域的研究受到了越来越多的关注。
本综述将梳理石油工程领域的主要研究方向、发展历程、研究现状和未来发展趋势，以期为相关领域的研究提供参考和借鉴。
一、石油工程概述石油工程是一门涉及石油开采、加工、利用的综合性学科，主要包括石油地质、油藏工程、钻井工程、采油工程、石油加工、石油化工等方面的内容。
石油工程的研究目的是为了提高石油资源的采收率、降低生产成本、提高石油产品的质量和利用率，以满足社会对石油能源的需求。
二、石油工程研究现状石油勘探与开发石油勘探与开发是石油工程的重要研究方向之一，主要涉及石油地质勘探、油藏模拟、油气田开发等方面。
目前，随着地球物理学、地质学等学科的发展，石油勘探和开发技术得到了不断的改进和优化。
如地震勘探技术、重力勘探技术、磁力勘探技术等，能够更精确地探测到油气储藏的位置和分布情况。
同时，油藏模拟技术也得到了广泛应用，通过对油气田的模拟分析，能够更好地了解油气储藏的特性和动态变化，为油气田的开发提供科学依据。
钻井技术与设备钻井技术与设备是石油工程领域的另一个重要研究方向，主要涉及钻井方法、钻井工具、钻井液等方面的研究。
随着科技的发展，钻井技术和设备得到了不断的改进和升级。
如水平钻井技术、定向钻井技术、欠平衡钻井技术等，能够提高钻井效率、降低钻井成本、减少井下事故。
同时，新型钻井液的研究和应用也得到了广泛关注，如低密度钻井液、抗高温钻井液等，能够适应更复杂的地质环境和更高的温度条件。
采油技术与设备采油技术与设备是石油工程领域的另一个重要研究方向，主要涉及采油方法、采油工具、采油系统等方面的研究。
随着技术的不断发展，采油技术和设备也得到了不断的改进和升级。
如水力压裂技术、化学驱油技术等，能够提高石油的采收率、降低生产成本。
同时，智能化采油系统的研究和应用也得到了广泛关注，如物联网技术、无线通信技术等在采油系统中的应用，能够实现采油过程的自动化、信息化和智能化。
中石油职称论文参考文献范例
中石油职称论文参考文献一、中石油职称论文期刊参考文献[1].中石油职称英语培训教学现状剖析及改进策略.《中国校外教育（下旬刊）》.2014年4期.张爱国.[2].对北京市高校体育教师队伍师资培养的调查研究.《北京体育大学学报》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2003年5期.闫保庆.杨秀城.闫保江.[3].浅谈石油行业中职学校教师职称评定体系工作的建立.《职业》.2014年24期.潘印海.张英.郝春妮.[4].华北石油油区基层医疗卫生人员心肺复苏知识现状及培训效果评估. 《中国健康教育》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2015年8期.王建新.郭海云.田涛.董自平.胡洁.其木格脑日布.刘玉青.何敬堂.孟彦丽.贾莉.[8].中国石化上海石油化工研究院.《化工进展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年4期.[9].中石化系统职称英语考试辅导学习琐议.《现代企业教育》.2008年14期.许桂红.[10].让"职称"="称职"中国石油华北石化公司创新职称评聘.《中国石油石化》.2005年18期.王福强.任俊杰.二、中石油职称论文参考文献学位论文类[1].对胜利教育整体移交地方后初中教师现状的调查研究.被引次数：1 作者：刘鑫.教育管理山东师范大学2007（学位年度）[2]知识型劳务派遣员工的现代管理研究——上海地区样本分析.作者：谢雯.企业管理中国人民大学2012（学位年度）[3].全国石油高等院校学校体育现状及其对策研究.被引次数：4作者：李萍.体育人文社会学北京体育大学2004（学位年度）[4].大庆石油管理局二次创业战略中的人力资源规划研究.作者：肖五发.管理科学与工程哈尔滨工业大学2008（学位年度）[5].辽河石油勘探局人力资源管理对策研究.作者：高洪斌.工商管理东北大学2005（学位年度）[6].胜利油田专业技术人才管理的变革研究.作者：张仕江.工商管理对外经济贸易大学2010（学位年度）[7]中油吉林化建工程股份有限公司经营发展战略研究.被引次数：1作者：周新宇.工商管理吉林大学2008（学位年度）[8].知识密集型产业评价和发展研究.被引次数：14作者：许强.产业经济学复旦大学2007（学位年度）[9].锦西炼油化工总厂职工培训研究.作者：李玉香.工商管理东北大学2004（学位年度）[10]大庆油田人才预测及策略研究.作者：马宏伟.管理科学与工程哈尔滨工程大学2000（学位年度）三、中石油职称论文专著参考文献[1]科技人员业绩考核信息库的建立与应用.肖爱莉.陈琦，2005中国石油学会第四届青年学术年会[2]打造技术服务型压裂施工队伍.，2004中国石油天然气集团公司勘探开发工程技术工作会议[3]弘扬铁人精神勇闯外部市场.，2004中国石油天然气集团公司勘探开发工程技术工作会议[4]面向油田开发依靠科技进步努力构建一流油田化学品研究生产基地. 中国石油大庆炼化分公司，2005中国石油天然气股份有限公司炼油化工技术座谈会[5]坚持科学发展观实施科技兴企战略努力提高企业的核心竞争力.中国石油兰州石化分公司，2005中国石油天然气股份有限公司炼油化工技术座谈会。