CS1102 - Introduction to Computer Science

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Intro to Scientific Computing with Python_Short

Introduction to Scientific Computingwith PythonMany excellent resources on the web >> google: "learn python"some good example:/toc/index.html /DocumentationAdjusted from:/resources/?id=99Original Authors are: Eric Jones and Travis OliphantTopics•Introduction to Python•Numeric Computing•SciPy and its librariesWhat Is Python?ONE LINERPython is an interpreted programming language that allows you to do almost anything possible with a compiled language (C/C++/Fortran) without requiring all the complexity.PYTHON HIGHLIGHTS•Automatic garbage collection •Dynamic typing •Interpreted and interactive •Object-oriented•“Batteries Included”•Free •Portable•Easy to Learn and Use •Truly ModularWho is using Python?NATIONAL SPACE TELESCOPE LABORATORYENTHOUGHTLAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORIES INDUSTRIAL LIGHT AND MAGIC Data processing and calibration for instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope.REDHATPAINT SHOP PRO 8WALT DISNEYAnaconda, the Redhat Linux installer program, is written in Python. Scripting and extending parallel physics codes. pyMPI is their doing.Scripting Engine for JASCPaintShop Pro 8 photo-editing software Digital Animation Digital animation development environment.CONOCOPHILLIPSOil exploration tool suiteGeophysics and Electromagnetics engine scripting, algorithm development, and visualizationLanguage IntroductionInteractive Calculator# adding two values >>> 1 + 12# setting a variable >>> a = 1>>> a 1# checking a variables type >>> type(a)<type 'int'># an arbitrarily long integer >>> a = 1203405503201>>> a1203405503201L >>> type(a)<type 'long'># real numbers >>> b = 1.2 + 3.1>>> b4.2999999999999998>>> type(b)<type 'float'># complex numbers >>> c = 2+1.5j >>> c (2+1.5j)Complex NumbersCREATING COMPLEX NUMBERS# Use "j" or "J" for imaginary # part. Create by "(real +imag # or "complex(real , imag )" .>>> 1j * 1J (-1+0j)>>> 1j * complex(0,1)(-1+0j)>>> (1+2j)/(1+1j) (1.5+0.5j)Strings# using double quotes >>> s = “hello world”>>> print s hello world# single quotes also work >>> s = ‘hello world’>>> print s hello world>>> s = “12345”>>> len(s) 5CREATING STRINGS# concatenating two strings >>> “hello “+ “world”‘hello world’# repeating a string >>> “hello “* 3‘hello hello hello ’STRING OPERATIONSSTRING LENGTH FORMAT STRINGS# the % operator allows you # to supply values to a# format string. The format # string follows # C conventions.>>> s = “some numbers:”>>> x = 1.34>>> y = 2>>> s = “%s %f, %d”% (s,x,y)>>> print ssome numbers: 1.34, 2The string module>>> import string>>> s = “hello world”# split space delimited words >>> wrd_lst = string.split(s)>>> print wrd_lst [‘hello’, ‘world’]# python2.2 and higher >>> s.split()[‘hello’, ‘world’]# join words back together >>> string.join(wrd_lst)hello world# python2.2 and higher >>> ‘‘.join(wrd_lst)hello world# replacing text in a string >>> string.replace(s,’world’\... ,’Mars’)‘hello Mars’# python2.2 and higher>>> s.replace(’world’,’Mars’)‘hello Mars’# strip whitespace from string >>> s = “\t hello \n”>>> string.strip(s)‘hello’# python2.2 and higher >>> s.strip()‘hello’Multi-line Strings# triple quotes are used # for mutli-line strings >>> a = ”””hello ... world”””>>> print a hello world# multi-line strings using # “\”to indicate continuation>>> a = “hello ”\... “world”>>> print a hello world# including the new line >>> a = “hello \n ”\... “world”>>> print a hello worldList objects>>> l = [10,11,12,13,14]>>> print l[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]LIST CREATION WITH BRACKETS # simply use the + operator >>> [10, 11] + [12,13][10, 11, 12, 13]CONCATENATING LISTREPEATING ELEMENTS IN LISTS # the range method is helpful # for creating a sequence >>> range(5)[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]>>> range(2,7)[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]>>> range(2,7,2)[2, 4, 6]# the multiply operator # does the trick. >>> [10, 11] * 3[10, 11, 10, 11, 10, 11]range( start, stop, step)Indexing# list# indices: 0 1 2 3 4>>> l = [10,11,12,13,14]>>> l[0]10RETREIVING AN ELEMENT NEGATIVE INDICES# negative indices count # backward from the end of # the list.## indices: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 >>> l = [10,11,12,13,14]>>> l[-1]14>>> l[-2]13SETTING AN ELEMENT >>> l[1] = 21>>> print l[10, 21, 12, 13, 14]OUT OF BOUNDS >>> l[10]Traceback (innermost last):File "<interactive input>",line 1,in ?IndexError: list index out of rangeMore on list objects# use in or not in>>> l = [10,11,12,13,14] >>> 13 in l 1>>> 13 not in l 0DOES THE LIST CONTAIN x ?LIST CONTAINING MULTIPLE TYPES# list containing integer, # string, and another list. >>> l = [10,’eleven’,[12,13]]>>> l[1]‘eleven’>>> l[2][12, 13]# use multiple indices to # retrieve elements from # nested lists.>>> l[2][0]12>>> len(l)3LENGTH OF A LIST # use the del keyword >>> del l[2]>>> l[10,’eleven’]DELETING OBJECT FROM LISTSlicing# indices: 0 1 2 3 4>>> l = [10,11,12,13,14]# [10,11,12,13,14]>>> l[1:3][11, 12]# negative indices work also >>> l[1:-2][11, 12]>>> l[-4:3][11, 12]SLICING LISTS# omitted boundaries are# assumed to be the beginning # (or end) of the list.# grab first three elements >>> l[:3][10,11,12]# grab last two elements >>> l[-2:][13,14]var[lower:upper]Slices extract a portion of a sequence by specifying a lower and upper bound. The extracted elements start at lower and go up to, but do not include , the upper element. Mathematically the range is [lower,upper).OMITTING INDICESA few methods for list objectssome_list.reverse( )Add the element x to the end of the list, some_list .some_list.sort( cmp )some_list.append( x )some_list.index( x )some_list.count( x )some_list.remove( x )Count the number of times x occurs in the list.Return the index of the first occurrence of x in the list.Delete the first occurrence of x from the list.Reverse the order of elements in the list.By default, sort the elements in ascending order. If a compare function is given, use it to sortthe list.List methods in action>>> l = [10,21,23,11,24]# add an element to the list >>> l.append(11)>>> print l[10,21,23,11,24,11]# how many 11s are there?>>> l.count(11)2# where does 11 first occur?>>> l.index(11)3# remove the first 11>>> l.remove(11)>>> print l[10,21,23,24,11]# sort the list >>> l.sort()>>> print l[10,11,21,23,24]# reverse the list >>> l.reverse()>>> print l[24,23,21,11,10]Mutable vs. Immutable# Mutable objects, such as # lists, can be changed # in-place.# insert new values into list >>> l = [10,11,12,13,14]>>> l[1:3] = [5,6]>>> print l[10, 5, 6, 13, 14]MUTABLE OBJECTSIMMUTABLE OBJECTS# Immutable objects, such as # strings, cannot be changed # in-place.# try inserting values into # a string>>> s = ‘abcde’>>> s[1:3] = ‘xy’Traceback (innermost last):File "<interactive input>",line 1,in ?TypeError: object doesn't supportslice assignment# here’s how to do it>>> s = s[:1] + ‘xy’+ s[3:]>>> print s'axyde'DictionariesDictionaries store key /value pairs . Indexing a dictionary by a key returns the value associated with it.# create an empty dictionary using curly brackets >>> record = {}>>> record[‘first’] = ‘Jmes’>>> record[‘last’] = ‘Maxwell’>>> record[‘born’] = 1831>>> print record{'first': 'Jmes', 'born': 1831, 'last': 'Maxwell'}# create another dictionary with initial entries>>> new_record = {‘first’: ‘James’, ‘middle’:‘Clerk’}# now update the first dictionary with values from the new one >>> record.update(new_record)>>> print record{'first': 'James', 'middle': 'Clerk', 'last':'Maxwell', 'born': 1831}DICTIONARY EXAMPLEA few dictionary methodssome_dict.clear( )some_dict.copy( )some_dict.has_key( x )some_dict.keys( )some_dict.values( )some_dict.items( )Remove all key/value pairs from the dictionary, some_dict .Create a copy of the dictionaryTest whether the dictionary contains the key x .Return a list of all the keys in the dictionary.Return a list of all the values in the dictionary.Return a list of all the key/value pairs in the dictionary.Dictionary methods in action>>> d = {‘cows’: 1,’dogs’:5, ... ‘cats’: 3}# create a copy.>>> dd = d.copy()>>> print dd{'dogs':5,'cats':3,'cows': 1}# test for chickens.>>> d.has_key(‘chickens’)0# get a list of all keys >>> d.keys()[‘cats’,’dogs’,’cows’]# get a list of all values >>> d.values()[3, 5, 1]# return the key/value pairs >>> d.items()[('cats', 3), ('dogs', 5), ('cows', 1)]# clear the dictionary >>> d.clear()>>> print d {}TuplesTuples are a sequence of objects just like lists. Unlike lists,tuples are immutable objects. While there are some functionsand statements that require tuples, they are rare. A good rule of thumb is to use lists whenever you need a generic sequence.# tuples are built from a comma separated list enclosed by ( )>>> t = (1,’two’)>>> print t (1,‘two’)>>> t[0]1# assignments to tuples fail >>> t[0] = 2Traceback (innermost last):File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?TypeError: object doesn't support item assignmentTUPLE EXAMPLEAssignmentAssignment creates object references.Multiple assignments# creating a tuple without ()>>> d = 1,2,3>>> d(1, 2, 3)# multiple assignments >>> a,b,c = 1,2,3>>> print b 2# multiple assignments from a # tuple>>> a,b,c = d >>> print b 2# also works for lists >>> a,b,c = [1,2,3]>>> print b 2If statementsif/elif/else provide conditional execution ofcode blocks.if <condition>:<statements>elif <condition>:<statements>else :<statements># a simple if statement >>> x = 10>>> if x > 0:... print 1... elif x == 0:... print 0... else:... print –1... < hit return >1IF EXAMPLEIF STATEMENT FORMATTest Values•True means any non-zero number or non-empty object•False means not true: zero, empty object, or None# empty objects evaluate false >>> x = []>>> if x:... print 1... else:... print 0... < hit return >0EMPTY OBJECTSFor loopsFor loops iterate over a sequence of objects.>>> for i in range(5):... print i,... < hit return >0 1 2 3 4>>> l=[‘dogs’,’cats’,’bears’]>>> accum = ‘’>>> for item in l:... accum = accum + item ... accum = accum + ‘‘... < hit return >>>> print accum dogs cats bearsfor <loop_var> in <sequence>:<statements>TYPICAL SCENARIO LOOPING OVER A STRING >>> for i in ‘abcde’:... print i,... < hit return >a b c d eLOOPING OVER A LISTWhile loopsWhile loops iterate until a condition is met.# the condition tested is # whether lst is empty.>>> lst = range(3)>>> while lst:...print lst ...lst = lst[1:]... < hit return >[0, 1, 2][1, 2][2]while <condition>:<statements>WHILE LOOPBREAKING OUT OF A LOOP # breaking from an infinite # loop.>>> i = 0>>> while 1:...if i < 3:...print i,... else:... break ... i = i + 1... < hit return >0 1 2Anatomy of a function:Our new function in action# We’ll create our function # on the fly in the # interpreter.>>> def add(x,y):... a = x + y ... return a# test it out with numbers >>> x = 2>>> y = 3>>> add(x,y)5# how about strings?>>> x = ‘foo’>>> y = ‘bar’>>> add(x,y)‘foobar’# functions can be assigned # to variables >>> func = add >>> func(x,y)‘foobar’# how about numbers and strings?>>> add(‘abc',1)Traceback (innermost last):File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ? File "<interactive input>", line 2, in add TypeError: cannot add type "int" to stringMore about functions# Every function returns # a value (or NONE)# but you don't need to # specify returned type!# Function documentation >>> def add(x,y):... """this function ... adds two numbers"""... a = x + y ... return a# You can always retrieve # function documentation >>> print add.__doc__this function adds two numbers# FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING:# "map(function , sequence )" >>> def cube(x): return x*x*x ...>>> map(cube, range(1, 6)) [1, 8, 27, 64, 125]# "reduce (function , sequence )">>> def add(x,y): return x+y ...>>> reduce(add, range(1, 11)) 55# "filter (function , sequence )">>> def f(x): return x % 2 != 0 ...>>> filter(f, range(2, 10)) [3, 5, 7, 9]Even more on functions# buld-in function "dir" is # used to list all# definitions in a module >>> import scipy>>> dir(scipy) ....................... ...<a lot of stuf>... .......................# Lambda function:# Python supports one-line mini-# functions on the fly.# Borrowed from Lisp, lambda# functions can be used anywhere # a function is required.>>> def f(x): return x*x>>> f(3)9>> g = lambda x:x*x>> g(3)9# more on lambda function:>>>foo=[2,18,9,22,17,24,8,12,27] >>>print filter(lambda x:x%3==0,foo) [18,9,24,12,27]>>>print map(lambda x:x*2+10,foo) [14,46,28,54,44,58,26,34,64]>>>print reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,foo) 139Modules# ex1.py PI = 3.1416def sum(lst):tot = lst[0]for value in lst[1:]:tot = tot + value return tot l = [0,1,2,3]print sum(l), PIEX1.PY FROM SHELL[ej@bull ej]$ python ex1.py 6, 3.1416FROM INTERPRETER# load and execute the module >>> import ex16, 3.1416# get/set a module variable.>>> ex1.PI3.1415999999999999>>> ex1.PI = 3.14159>>> ex1.PI3.1415899999999999# call a module variable.>>> t = [2,3,4]>>> ex1.sum(t)9Modules cont.# ex1.py version 2PI = 3.14159def sum(lst):tot = 0for value in lst:tot = tot + value return tot l = [0,1,2,3,4]print sum(l), PIEDITED EX1.PY INTERPRETER# load and execute the module >>> import ex16, 3.1416< edit file ># import module again >>> import ex1# nothing happens!!!# use reload to force a# previously imported library # to be reloaded.>>> reload(ex1)10, 3.14159Modules cont. 2Modules can be executable scripts or libraries or both.“An example module “PI = 3.1416def sum(lst):”””Sum the values in alist.”””tot = 0for value in lst:tot = tot + value return totEX2.PYEX2.PY CONTINUED def add(x,y):”Add two values.”a = x + y return a def test():l = [0,1,2,3]assert( sum(l) == 6)print ‘test passed’# this code runs only if this # module is the main program if __name__ == ‘__main__’:test()Classes>>> class particle:...# Constructor method ... def __init__(self,mass, velocity):...# assign attribute values of new object ... self.mass = mass ... self.velocity = velocity ...# method for calculating object momentum ... def momentum(self):... return self.mass * self.velocity...# a “magic”method defines object’s string representation ... def __repr__(self):... msg = "(m:%2.1f, v:%2.1f)" % (self.mass,self.velocity)... return msgSIMPLE PARTICLE CLASSEXAMPLE>>> a = particle(3.2,4.1)>>> a(m:3.2, v:4.1)>>> a.momentum()13.119999999999999Reading files>>> results = []>>> f = open(‘c:\\rcs.txt’,’r’)# read lines and discard header >>> lines = f.readlines()[1:]>>> f.close()>>> for l in lines:... # split line into fields ... fields = line.split()... # convert text to numbers ... freq = float(fields[0])... vv = float(fields[1])... hh = float(fields[2])... # group & append to results ... all = [freq,vv,hh]... results.append(all)... < hit return >FILE INPUT EXAMPLEEXAMPLE FILE: RCS.TXT#freq (MHz) vv (dB) hh (dB)100 -20.3 -31.2200 -22.7 -33.6>>> for i in results: print i [100.0, -20.30…, -31.20…][200.0, -22.70…, -33.60…]PRINTING THE RESULTSMore compact version>>> results = []>>> f = open(‘c:\\rcs.txt’,’r’)>>> f.readline()‘#freq (MHz) vv (dB) hh (dB)\n'>>> for l in f:... all = [float(val) for val in l.split()]... results.append(all)... < hit return >>>> for i in results: ... print i... < hit return >ITERATING ON A FILE AND LIST COMPREHENSIONS EXAMPLE FILE: RCS.TXT#freq (MHz) vv (dB) hh (dB)100 -20.3 -31.2200 -22.7 -33.6Same thing, one line>>> print [[float(val) for val in l.split()] for ... l in open("c:\\temp\\rcs.txt","r") ... if l[0] !="#"]OBFUSCATED PYTHON CONTEST…EXAMPLE FILE: RCS.TXT#freq (MHz) vv (dB) hh (dB)100 -20.3 -31.2200 -22.7 -33.6Sorting# The builtin cmp(x,y) # function compares two # elements and returns # -1, 0, 1# x < y --> -1# x == y --> 0# x > y --> 1>>> cmp(0,1)-1# By default, sorting uses # the builtin cmp() method >>> x = [1,4,2,3,0]>>> x.sort()>>> x[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]CUSTOM CMP METHODS THE CMP METHOD# define a custom sorting # function to reverse the # sort ordering>>> def descending(x,y):... return -cmp(x,y)# Try it out>>> x.sort(descending)>>> x[4, 3, 2, 1, 0]Sorting# Comparison functions for a variety of particle values >>> def by_mass(x,y):... return cmp(x.mass,y.mass)>>> def by_velocity(x,y):... return cmp(x.velocity,y.velocity)>>> def by_momentum(x,y):... return cmp(x.momentum(),y.momentum())# Sorting particles in a list by their various properties>>> x = [particle(1.2,3.4),particle(2.1,2.3),particle(4.6,.7)]>>> x.sort(by_mass)>>> x[(m:1.2, v:3.4), (m:2.1, v:2.3), (m:4.6, v:0.7)]>>> x.sort(by_velocity)>>> x[(m:4.6, v:0.7), (m:2.1, v:2.3), (m:1.2, v:3.4)]>>> x.sort(by_momentum)>>> x[(m:4.6, v:0.7), (m:1.2, v:3.4), (m:2.1, v:2.3)]SORTING CLASS INSTANCESCriticism of PythonFUNCTION ARGUMENTS# All function arguments are called by reference. Changing data in # subroutine effects global data!>>> def sum(lst):... tot=0... for i in range(0,len(lst)):... lst[i]+=1... tot += lst[i]... return tot>>> a=range(1,4)>>> sum(a)9>>> a[2,3,4]# Can be fixed by>>> a=range(1,4)>>> a_copy= a[:] # be careful: a_copy= a would not work>>> sum(a_copy)9>>> a[1,2,3]Criticism of PythonPython does not support something like "const" in C++. If users checks function declaration, it has no clue which arguments are meant as input (unchanged on exit) and which are outputFUNCTION ARGUMENTSUser has "no direct contact" with data structures. User might not be aware of data handling. Python is optimized for speed -> references. COPYING DATA>>> a=[1,2,3,[4,5]] >>> b=a[:]>>> a[0]=2>>> b[1,2,3,[4,5]]>>> a[3][0]=0>>> b[1,2,3,[0,5]]# Can be fixed by>>> import copy>>> a=[1,2,3,[4,5]] >>> b = copy.deepcopy(a) >>> a[3][0]=0>>> b[1,2,3,[4,5]]Criticism of PythonCLASS DATAIn C++ class declaration uncovers all important information about the class -class members (data and methods). In Python, data comes into existence when used. User needs to read implementation of the class (much more code) to find class data and understand the logic of the class. This is particularly important in large scale codes.RELODING MODULESIf you import a module in command-line interpreter, but the module was later changed on disc, you can reload the module by typingreload modulexxxThis reloads the particular modulexxx, but does not recursively reload modules that might also be changed on disc and are imported by the modulexxx.NumPyNumPyand SciPy>>> from numpy import *>>> import numpy>>> numpy.__version__’1.0.1’or better>>> from scipy import *>>> import scipy>>> scipty.__version__'0.5.2'IMPORT NUMPY AND SCIPYArray Operations>>> a = array([1,2,3,4])>>> b = array([2,3,4,5])>>> a + barray([3, 5, 7, 9])# Create array from 0 to 10>>> x = arange(11.)# multiply entire array by # scalar value>>> a = (2*pi)/10.>>> a0.628318530718>>> a*xarray([ 0.,0.628,…,6.283])# apply functions to array.>>> y = sin(a*x)SIMPLE ARRAY MATH MATH FUNCTIONSconstants:Introducing Numeric Arrays>>> a = array([0,1,2,3])>>> aarray([0, 1, 2, 3])SIMPLE ARRAY CREATION >>> type(a)<type 'array'>CHECKING THE TYPE >>> a.typecode()'l‘# ‘l’= Int NUMERIC TYPE OF ELEMENTS >>> a.itemsize()4BYTES IN AN ARRAY ELEMENT >>> a.shape (4,)>>> shape(a)(4,)ARRAY SHAPE >>> a.tolist()[0, 1, 2, 3]CONVERT TO PYTHON LIST >>> a[0]0>>> a[0] = 10>>> a[10, 1, 2, 3]ARRAY INDEXING>>> a[13>>> a[1,3] = -1>>> aarray([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],[10,11,12,-1]])Multi-Dimensional Arrays>>> a = array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],[10,11,12,13]])>>> aarray([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],[10,11,12,13]])>>> a[1]array([10, 11, 12, 13])rowcolumn MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS >>> shape(a)(2, 4)(ROWS,COLUMNS)GET/SET ELEMENTS ADDRESS FIRST ROW USING SINGLE INDEXFLATTEN TO 1D ARRAY A.FLAT AND RAVEL() REFERENCE ORIGINAL MEMORY>>> a.flatarray(0,1,2,3,10,11,12,-1)>>> ravel(a)array(0,1,2,3,10,11,12,-1)>>> a.flat[5] = -2>>> aarray([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],[10,-2,12,-1]])Array Slicing>>> a[0,3:5]array([3, 4])>>> a[4:,4:]array([[44, 45],[54, 55]])>>> a[:,2]array([2,12,22,32,42,52])SLICING WORKS MUCH LIKE STANDARD PYTHON SLICING >>> a[2::2,::2]array([[20, 22, 24],[40, 42, 44]])STRIDES ARE ALSO POSSIBLESlices Are References>>> a = array([0,1,2])# create a slice containing only the # last element of a >>> b = a[2:3] >>> b[0] = 10# changing b changed a!>>> aarray([ 1, 2, 10])Slices are references to memory in original array. Changing values in a slice also changes the original array.。

cs231n课程大纲

cs231n课程大纲CS231n是斯坦福大学开设的一门计算机视觉课程，以下是该课程的详细课程大纲：Lecture 1：计算机视觉的概述、历史背景以及课程计划。

Lecture 2：图像分类——包括数据驱动方法，K近邻方法和线性分类方法。

Lecture 3：损失函数和优化，分为三部分内容：1. 继续上一讲的内容介绍了线性分类方法；2. 介绍了高阶表征及图像的特点；3. 优化及随机梯度下降。

Lecture 4：神经网络，包括经典的反向传播算法、多层感知机结构以及神经元视角。

Lecture 5：卷积神经网络，分为三部分内容：1. 卷积神经网络的历史背景及发展；2. 卷积与池化；3. ConvNets的效果。

Lecture 6：如何训练神经网络I，介绍了各类激活函数，数据预处理，权重初始化，分批归一化以及超参优化。

Lecture 7：如何训练神经网络II，介绍了优化方法，模型集成，正则化，数据扩张和迁移学习。

Lecture 8：深度学习软件基础，包括详细对比了CPU和GPU，TensorFlow、Theano、PyTorch、Torch、Caffe实例的具体说明，以及各类框架的对比及用途分析。

Lecture 9：卷积神经网络架构，该课程从LeNet-5开始到AlexNet、VGG、GoogLeNet、ResNet等由理论到实例详细描述了卷积神经网络的架构与原理。

Lecture 10：循环神经网络，该课程先详细介绍了RNN、LSTM和GRU的架构与原理，再从语言建模、图像描述、视觉问答系统等对这些模型进行进一步的描述。

Lecture 11：检测与分割，在图像分类的基础上介绍了其他的计算机视觉任务，如语义分割、目标检测和实例分割等，同时还详细介绍了其它如R-CNN、Fast R-CNN、Mask R-CNN等架构。

Lecture 12：可视化和理解，讲述了特征可视化和转置，同时还描述了对抗性样本和像DeepDream 那样。

Graphics

CS101 Introduction to Computing
Lecture 33
Graphics & Animation
1
During the last lecture … (Internet Services)
• We looked at several services provided by the Internet
• The quality of the displayed image will not suffer at all if the image only uses colors that are a part of the platelet
24
Color Platelet Example
Color Platelet Code Actual Color in RGB 1 2 3 4 255, 255, 000 (yellow) 255, 000, 000 (red) 000, 255, 255 (cyan) 255, 153, 051 (orange)
4
DNS: Domain Name System
• DNS is the way that Internet domain names are located & translated into IP addresses
5
FTP
• Used to transfer files between computers on a TCP/IP network (e.g Internet)
6
Telnet Protocol
• Using Telnet, a user can remotely log on to a computer (connected to the user’s through a TCP/IP network, e.g. Internet) & have control over it like a local user, including control over running various programs

Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists

More informationQuantum Computing for Computer ScientistsThe multidisciplinaryﬁeld of quantum computing strives to exploit someof the uncanny aspects of quantum mechanics to expand our computa-tional horizons.Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists takes read-ers on a tour of this fascinating area of cutting-edge research.Writtenin an accessible yet rigorous fashion,this book employs ideas and tech-niques familiar to every student of computer science.The reader is notexpected to have any advanced mathematics or physics background.Af-ter presenting the necessary prerequisites,the material is organized tolook at different aspects of quantum computing from the speciﬁc stand-point of computer science.There are chapters on computer architecture,algorithms,programming languages,theoretical computer science,cryp-tography,information theory,and hardware.The text has step-by-stepexamples,more than two hundred exercises with solutions,and program-ming drills that bring the ideas of quantum computing alive for today’scomputer science students and researchers.Noson S.Yanofsky,PhD,is an Associate Professor in the Departmentof Computer and Information Science at Brooklyn College,City Univer-sity of New York and at the PhD Program in Computer Science at TheGraduate Center of CUNY.Mirco A.Mannucci,PhD,is the founder and CEO of HoloMathics,LLC,a research and development company with a focus on innovative mathe-matical modeling.He also serves as Adjunct Professor of Computer Sci-ence at George Mason University and the University of Maryland.QUANTUM COMPUTING FORCOMPUTER SCIENTISTSNoson S.YanofskyBrooklyn College,City University of New YorkandMirco A.MannucciHoloMathics,LLCMore informationMore informationcambridge university pressCambridge,New York,Melbourne,Madrid,Cape Town,Singapore,S˜ao Paulo,DelhiCambridge University Press32Avenue of the Americas,New York,NY10013-2473,USAInformation on this title:/9780521879965C Noson S.Yanofsky and Mirco A.Mannucci2008This publication is in copyright.Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published2008Printed in the United States of AmericaA catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication dataYanofsky,Noson S.,1967–Quantum computing for computer scientists/Noson S.Yanofsky andMirco A.Mannucci.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN978-0-521-87996-5(hardback)1.Quantum computers.I.Mannucci,Mirco A.,1960–II.Title.QA76.889.Y352008004.1–dc222008020507ISBN978-0-521-879965hardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external orthird-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on suchWeb sites is,or will remain,accurate or appropriate.More informationDedicated toMoishe and Sharon Yanofskyandto the memory ofLuigi and Antonietta MannucciWisdom is one thing:to know the tho u ght by which all things are directed thro u gh allthings.˜Heraclitu s of Ephe s u s(535–475B C E)a s quoted in Dio g ene s Laertiu s’sLives and Opinions of Eminent PhilosophersBook IX,1. More informationMore informationContentsPreface xi1Complex Numbers71.1Basic Deﬁnitions81.2The Algebra of Complex Numbers101.3The Geometry of Complex Numbers152Complex Vector Spaces292.1C n as the Primary Example302.2Deﬁnitions,Properties,and Examples342.3Basis and Dimension452.4Inner Products and Hilbert Spaces532.5Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors602.6Hermitian and Unitary Matrices622.7Tensor Product of Vector Spaces663The Leap from Classical to Quantum743.1Classical Deterministic Systems743.2Probabilistic Systems793.3Quantum Systems883.4Assembling Systems974Basic Quantum Theory1034.1Quantum States1034.2Observables1154.3Measuring1264.4Dynamics1294.5Assembling Quantum Systems1325Architecture1385.1Bits and Qubits138viiMore informationviii Contents5.2Classical Gates1445.3Reversible Gates1515.4Quantum Gates1586Algorithms1706.1Deutsch’s Algorithm1716.2The Deutsch–Jozsa Algorithm1796.3Simon’s Periodicity Algorithm1876.4Grover’s Search Algorithm1956.5Shor’s Factoring Algorithm2047Programming Languages2207.1Programming in a Quantum World2207.2Quantum Assembly Programming2217.3Toward Higher-Level Quantum Programming2307.4Quantum Computation Before Quantum Computers2378Theoretical Computer Science2398.1Deterministic and Nondeterministic Computations2398.2Probabilistic Computations2468.3Quantum Computations2519Cryptography2629.1Classical Cryptography2629.2Quantum Key Exchange I:The BB84Protocol2689.3Quantum Key Exchange II:The B92Protocol2739.4Quantum Key Exchange III:The EPR Protocol2759.5Quantum Teleportation27710Information Theory28410.1Classical Information and Shannon Entropy28410.2Quantum Information and von Neumann Entropy28810.3Classical and Quantum Data Compression29510.4Error-Correcting Codes30211Hardware30511.1Quantum Hardware:Goals and Challenges30611.2Implementing a Quantum Computer I:Ion Traps31111.3Implementing a Quantum Computer II:Linear Optics31311.4Implementing a Quantum Computer III:NMRand Superconductors31511.5Future of Quantum Ware316Appendix A Historical Bibliography of Quantum Computing319 by Jill CirasellaA.1Reading Scientiﬁc Articles319A.2Models of Computation320More informationContents ixA.3Quantum Gates321A.4Quantum Algorithms and Implementations321A.5Quantum Cryptography323A.6Quantum Information323A.7More Milestones?324Appendix B Answers to Selected Exercises325Appendix C Quantum Computing Experiments with MATLAB351C.1Playing with Matlab351C.2Complex Numbers and Matrices351C.3Quantum Computations354Appendix D Keeping Abreast of Quantum News:QuantumComputing on the Web and in the Literature357by Jill CirasellaD.1Keeping Abreast of Popular News357D.2Keeping Abreast of Scientiﬁc Literature358D.3The Best Way to Stay Abreast?359Appendix E Selected Topics for Student Presentations360E.1Complex Numbers361E.2Complex Vector Spaces362E.3The Leap from Classical to Quantum363E.4Basic Quantum Theory364E.5Architecture365E.6Algorithms366E.7Programming Languages368E.8Theoretical Computer Science369E.9Cryptography370E.10Information Theory370E.11Hardware371Bibliography373Index381More informationPrefaceQuantum computing is a fascinating newﬁeld at the intersection of computer sci-ence,mathematics,and physics,which strives to harness some of the uncanny as-pects of quantum mechanics to broaden our computational horizons.This bookpresents some of the most exciting and interesting topics in quantum computing.Along the way,there will be some amazing facts about the universe in which we liveand about the very notions of information and computation.The text you hold in your hands has a distinctﬂavor from most of the other cur-rently available books on quantum computing.First and foremost,we do not assumethat our reader has much of a mathematics or physics background.This book shouldbe readable by anyone who is in or beyond their second year in a computer scienceprogram.We have written this book speciﬁcally with computer scientists in mind,and tailored it accordingly:we assume a bare minimum of mathematical sophistica-tion,aﬁrst course in discrete structures,and a healthy level of curiosity.Because thistext was written speciﬁcally for computer people,in addition to the many exercisesthroughout the text,we added many programming drills.These are a hands-on,funway of learning the material presented and getting a real feel for the subject.The calculus-phobic reader will be happy to learn that derivatives and integrals are virtually absent from our text.Quite simply,we avoid differentiation,integra-tion,and all higher mathematics by carefully selecting only those topics that arecritical to a basic introduction to quantum computing.Because we are focusing onthe fundamentals of quantum computing,we can restrict ourselves to theﬁnite-dimensional mathematics that is required.This turns out to be not much more thanmanipulating vectors and matrices with complex entries.Surprisingly enough,thelion’s share of quantum computing can be done without the intricacies of advancedmathematics.Nevertheless,we hasten to stress that this is a technical textbook.We are not writing a popular science book,nor do we substitute hand waving for rigor or math-ematical precision.Most other texts in theﬁeld present a primer on quantum mechanics in all its glory.Many assume some knowledge of classical mechanics.We do not make theseassumptions.We only discuss what is needed for a basic understanding of quantumxiMore informationxii Prefacecomputing as aﬁeld of research in its own right,although we cite sources for learningmore about advanced topics.There are some who consider quantum computing to be solely within the do-main of physics.Others think of the subject as purely mathematical.We stress thecomputer science aspect of quantum computing.It is not our intention for this book to be the deﬁnitive treatment of quantum computing.There are a few topics that we do not even touch,and there are severalothers that we approach brieﬂy,not exhaustively.As of this writing,the bible ofquantum computing is Nielsen and Chuang’s magniﬁcent Quantum Computing andQuantum Information(2000).Their book contains almost everything known aboutquantum computing at the time of its publication.We would like to think of ourbook as a usefulﬁrst step that can prepare the reader for that text.FEATURESThis book is almost entirely self-contained.We do not demand that the reader comearmed with a large toolbox of skills.Even the subject of complex numbers,which istaught in high school,is given a fairly comprehensive review.The book contains many solved problems and easy-to-understand descriptions.We do not merely present the theory;rather,we explain it and go through severalexamples.The book also contains many exercises,which we strongly recommendthe serious reader should attempt to solve.There is no substitute for rolling up one’ssleeves and doing some work!We have also incorporated plenty of programming drills throughout our text.These are hands-on exercises that can be carried out on your laptop to gain a betterunderstanding of the concepts presented here(they are also a great way of hav-ing fun).We hasten to point out that we are entirely language-agnostic.The stu-dent should write the programs in the language that feels most comfortable.Weare also paradigm-agnostic.If declarative programming is your favorite method,gofor it.If object-oriented programming is your game,use that.The programmingdrills build on one another.Functions created in one programming drill will be usedand modiﬁed in later drills.Furthermore,in Appendix C,we show how to makelittle quantum computing emulators with MATLAB or how to use a ready-madeone.(Our choice of MATLAB was dictated by the fact that it makes very easy-to-build,quick-and-dirty prototypes,thanks to its vast amount of built-in mathematicaltools.)This text appears to be theﬁrst to handle quantum programming languages in a signiﬁcant way.Until now,there have been only research papers and a few surveyson the topic.Chapter7describes the basics of this expandingﬁeld:perhaps some ofour readers will be inspired to contribute to quantum programming!This book also contains several appendices that are important for further study:Appendix A takes readers on a tour of major papers in quantum computing.This bibliographical essay was written by Jill Cirasella,Computational SciencesSpecialist at the Brooklyn College Library.In addition to having a master’s de-gree in library and information science,Jill has a master’s degree in logic,forwhich she wrote a thesis on classical and quantum graph algorithms.This dualbackground uniquely qualiﬁes her to suggest and describe further readings.More informationPreface xiii Appendix B contains the answers to some of the exercises in the text.Othersolutions will also be found on the book’s Web page.We strongly urge studentsto do the exercises on their own and then check their answers against ours.Appendix C uses MATLAB,the popular mathematical environment and an es-tablished industry standard,to show how to carry out most of the mathematicaloperations described in this book.MATLAB has scores of routines for manip-ulating complex matrices:we brieﬂy review the most useful ones and show howthe reader can quickly perform a few quantum computing experiments with al-most no effort,using the freely available MATLAB quantum emulator Quack.Appendix D,also by Jill Cirasella,describes how to use online resources to keepup with developments in quantum computing.Quantum computing is a fast-movingﬁeld,and this appendix offers guidelines and tips forﬁnding relevantarticles and announcements.Appendix E is a list of possible topics for student presentations.We give briefdescriptions of different topics that a student might present before a class of hispeers.We also provide some hints about where to start looking for materials topresent.ORGANIZATIONThe book begins with two chapters of mathematical preliminaries.Chapter1con-tains the basics of complex numbers,and Chapter2deals with complex vectorspaces.Although much of Chapter1is currently taught in high school,we feel thata review is in order.Much of Chapter2will be known by students who have had acourse in linear algebra.We deliberately did not relegate these chapters to an ap-pendix at the end of the book because the mathematics is necessary to understandwhat is really going on.A reader who knows the material can safely skip theﬁrsttwo chapters.She might want to skim over these chapters and then return to themas a reference,using the index and the table of contents toﬁnd speciﬁc topics.Chapter3is a gentle introduction to some of the ideas that will be encountered throughout the rest of the ing simple models and simple matrix multipli-cation,we demonstrate some of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics,which are then formally developed in Chapter4.From there,Chapter5presentssome of the basic architecture of quantum computing.Here one willﬁnd the notionsof a qubit(a quantum generalization of a bit)and the quantum analog of logic gates.Once Chapter5is understood,readers can safely proceed to their choice of Chapters6through11.Each chapter takes its title from a typical course offered in acomputer science department.The chapters look at that subﬁeld of quantum com-puting from the perspective of the given course.These chapters are almost totallyindependent of one another.We urge the readers to study the particular chapterthat corresponds to their favorite course.Learn topics that you likeﬁrst.From thereproceed to other chapters.Figure0.1summarizes the dependencies of the chapters.One of the hardest topics tackled in this text is that of considering two quan-tum systems and combining them,or“entangled”quantum systems.This is donemathematically in Section2.7.It is further motivated in Section3.4and formallypresented in Section4.5.The reader might want to look at these sections together.xivPrefaceFigure 0.1.Chapter dependencies.There are many ways this book can be used as a text for a course.We urge instructors to ﬁnd their own way.May we humbly suggest the following three plans of action:(1)A class that provides some depth might involve the following:Go through Chapters 1,2,3,4,and 5.Armed with that background,study the entirety of Chapter 6(“Algorithms”)in depth.One can spend at least a third of a semester on that chapter.After wrestling a bit with quantum algorithms,the student will get a good feel for the entire enterprise.(2)If breadth is preferred,pick and choose one or two sections from each of the advanced chapters.Such a course might look like this:(1),2,3,4.1,4.4,5,6.1,7.1,9.1,10.1,10.2,and 11.This will permit the student to see the broad outline of quantum computing and then pursue his or her own path.(3)For a more advanced class (a class in which linear algebra and some mathe-matical sophistication is assumed),we recommend that students be told to read Chapters 1,2,and 3on their own.A nice course can then commence with Chapter 4and plow through most of the remainder of the book.If this is being used as a text in a classroom setting,we strongly recommend that the students make presentations.There are selected topics mentioned in Appendix E.There is no substitute for student participation!Although we have tried to include many topics in this text,inevitably some oth-ers had to be left out.Here are a few that we omitted because of space considera-tions:many of the more complicated proofs in Chapter 8,results about oracle computation,the details of the (quantum)Fourier transforms,and the latest hardware implementations.We give references for further study on these,as well as other subjects,throughout the text.More informationMore informationPreface xvANCILLARIESWe are going to maintain a Web page for the text at/∼noson/qctext.html/The Web page will containperiodic updates to the book,links to interesting books and articles on quantum computing,some answers to certain exercises not solved in Appendix B,anderrata.The reader is encouraged to send any and all corrections tonoson@Help us make this textbook better!ACKNOLWEDGMENTSBoth of us had the great privilege of writing our doctoral theses under the gentleguidance of the recently deceased Alex Heller.Professor Heller wrote the follow-ing1about his teacher Samuel“Sammy”Eilenberg and Sammy’s mathematics:As I perceived it,then,Sammy considered that the highest value in mathematicswas to be found,not in specious depth nor in the overcoming of overwhelmingdifﬁculty,but rather in providing the deﬁnitive clarity that would illuminate itsunderlying order.This never-ending struggle to bring out the underlying order of mathematical structures was always Professor Heller’s everlasting goal,and he did his best to passit on to his students.We have gained greatly from his clarity of vision and his viewof mathematics,but we also saw,embodied in a man,the classical and sober ideal ofcontemplative life at its very best.We both remain eternally grateful to him.While at the City University of New York,we also had the privilege of inter-acting with one of the world’s foremost logicians,Professor Rohit Parikh,a manwhose seminal contributions to theﬁeld are only matched by his enduring com-mitment to promote younger researchers’work.Besides opening fascinating vis-tas to us,Professor Parikh encouraged us more than once to follow new directionsof thought.His continued professional and personal guidance are greatly appre-ciated.We both received our Ph.D.’s from the Department of Mathematics in The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.We thank them for providingus with a warm and friendly environment in which to study and learn real mathemat-ics.Theﬁrst author also thanks the entire Brooklyn College family and,in partic-ular,the Computer and Information Science Department for being supportive andvery helpful in this endeavor.1See page1349of Bass et al.(1998).More informationxvi PrefaceSeveral faculty members of Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center were kind enough to read and comment on parts of this book:Michael Anshel,DavidArnow,Jill Cirasella,Dayton Clark,Eva Cogan,Jim Cox,Scott Dexter,EdgarFeldman,Fred Gardiner,Murray Gross,Chaya Gurwitz,Keith Harrow,JunHu,Yedidyah Langsam,Peter Lesser,Philipp Rothmaler,Chris Steinsvold,AlexSverdlov,Aaron Tenenbaum,Micha Tomkiewicz,Al Vasquez,Gerald Weiss,andPaula Whitlock.Their comments have made this a better text.Thank you all!We were fortunate to have had many students of Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center read and comment on earlier drafts:Shira Abraham,RachelAdler,Ali Assarpour,Aleksander Barkan,Sayeef Bazli,Cheuk Man Chan,WeiChen,Evgenia Dandurova,Phillip Dreizen,C.S.Fahie,Miriam Gutherc,RaveHarpaz,David Herzog,Alex Hoffnung,Matthew P.Johnson,Joel Kammet,SerdarKara,Karen Kletter,Janusz Kusyk,Tiziana Ligorio,Matt Meyer,James Ng,SeverinNgnosse,Eric Pacuit,Jason Schanker,Roman Shenderovsky,Aleksandr Shnayder-man,Rose B.Sigler,Shai Silver,Justin Stallard,Justin Tojeira,John Ma Sang Tsang,Sadia Zahoor,Mark Zelcer,and Xiaowen Zhang.We are indebted to them.Many other people looked over parts or all of the text:Scott Aaronson,Ste-fano Bettelli,Adam Brandenburger,Juan B.Climent,Anita Colvard,Leon Ehren-preis,Michael Greenebaum,Miriam Klein,Eli Kravits,Raphael Magarik,JohnMaiorana,Domenico Napoletani,Vaughan Pratt,Suri Raber,Peter Selinger,EvanSiegel,Thomas Tradler,and Jennifer Whitehead.Their criticism and helpful ideasare deeply appreciated.Thanks to Peter Rohde for creating and making available to everyone his MAT-LAB q-emulator Quack and also for letting us use it in our appendix.We had a gooddeal of fun playing with it,and we hope our readers will too.Besides writing two wonderful appendices,our friendly neighborhood librar-ian,Jill Cirasella,was always just an e-mail away with helpful advice and support.Thanks,Jill!A very special thanks goes to our editor at Cambridge University Press,HeatherBergman,for believing in our project right from the start,for guiding us through thisbook,and for providing endless support in all matters.This book would not existwithout her.Thanks,Heather!We had the good fortune to have a truly stellar editor check much of the text many times.Karen Kletter is a great friend and did a magniﬁcent job.We also ap-preciate that she refrained from killing us every time we handed her altered draftsthat she had previously edited.But,of course,all errors are our own!This book could not have been written without the help of my daughter,Hadas-sah.She added meaning,purpose,and joy.N.S.Y.My dear wife,Rose,and our two wondrous and tireless cats,Ursula and Buster, contributed in no small measure to melting my stress away during the long andpainful hours of writing and editing:to them my gratitude and love.(Ursula is ascientist cat and will read this book.Buster will just shred it with his powerful claws.)M.A.M.。

计算机导论：计算机学科的基本问题

北京语言大学
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
抽象与总结
北京语言大学
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
问题的解决
北京语言大学
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
可计算问题与不可计算问题
计算学科的问题，无非就是计算问题，从大的方
北京语言大学
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
停机问题不可解
停机问题不可解？看起来好像不是的，毕竟有点
编程经历的人都会遇到判断一个程序是否是进入死循环的时候，并且往往能判定该程序是否能在某种情况下终止或不能终止。例如：

main() { int i=1; while(i<10) { i=i+1; } return; }
北京语言大学
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
哥德尔数
首先，我们将程序中要使用的符号用哥德尔数进
行对应。 int 对应 1 x 对应 2 ＋对应 3 －对应 4 语句则根据以上符号的对应关系来确定。比如语句 int x ，int对应1，x对应2，所以int x对应12（十六进制），这样int x 的歌德尔数为18（十进制）。
假定每秒移动一次，一年有31536000秒，则僧侣
们一刻不停地来回搬动，也需要花费大约5849亿年的时间。假定计算机以每秒1000万个盘子的速度进行搬迁，则需要花费大约58490年的时间。理论上可以计算的问题，实际上并不一定能行，这属于算法复杂性方面的研究内容。
北京语言大学

【PPT】计算机科学概述.

– MIU-system
• Languages
– Scheme
Megabytes vs. Megatons
• Computing: 30,000,000 times increase in power since 1969 • Nuclear weapons?
Tsar Bomba 50 Megaton explosion, island in Arctic Sea, 1961
How should we describe languages?
Backus Naur Form （BN范式）
syplace symbol with replacement
A ::= B means anywhere you have an A, you can replace it with a B.
Not for humans at least. They would run out of original things to say. Chimps and Dolphins are able to learn nonrecursive “languages” (some linguists argue they are not really “languages”), but only humans can learn recursive languages.
Linguist’s Definition
(Charles Yang)
A description of pairs (S, M), where S stands for sound, or any kind of surface forms, and M stands for meaning. A theory of language must specify the properties of S and M, and how they are related.

ucos-ii中文书(邵贝贝)第1章

/ 电子技术论坛电子发烧友第一章：第一章：范例在这一章里将提供三个范例来说明如何使用 C/OS-II。

笔者之所以在本书一开始就写这一章是为了让读者尽快开始使用 C/OS-II。

在开始讲述这些例子之前，笔者想先说明一些在这本书里的约定。

这些例子曾经用 Borland C/C++ 编译器（V3.1）编译过，用选择项产生 Intel/AMD80186 处理器（大模式下编译）的代码。

这些代码实际上是在 Intel Pentium II PC （300MHz）上运行和测试过，Intel Pentium II PC 可以看成是特别快的 80186。

笔者选择 PC 做为目标系统是由于以下几个原因：首先也是最为重要的，以 PC 做为目标系统比起以其他嵌入式环境，如评估板，仿真器等，更容易进行代码的测试，不用不断地烧写 EPROM，不断地向 EPROM 仿真器中下载程序等等。

用户只需要简单地编译、链接和执行。

其次，使用 Borland C/C++产生的 80186 的目标代码（实模式，在大模式下编译）与所有 Intel、AMD、Cyrix 公司的 80x86 CPU 兼容。

1.00 安装 C/OS-II C/OS本书附带一张软盘包括了所有我们讨论的源代码。

是假定读者在 80x86，Pentium，或者 Pentium-II 处理器上运行 DOS 或 Windows95。

至少需要 5Mb 硬盘空间来安装 uC/OS-II。

请按照以下步骤安装： 1.进入到 DOS（或在 Windows 95 下打开 DOS 窗口）并且指定 C：为默认驱动器。

2.将磁盘插入到 A：驱动器。

3.键入 A：INSTALL 【drive】注意『drive』是读者想要将 C/OS－II 安装的目标磁盘的盘符。

INSTALL.BAT 是一个 DOS 的批处理文件，位于磁盘的根目录下。

它会自动在读者指定的目标驱动器中建立\SOFTWARE 目录并且将 uCOS-II.EXE 文件从 A：驱动器复制到\SOFTWARE 并且运行。

IEEE Computer Society (IEEE CS) 全文期刊(23种)列表及简介

W2001
Computer
《IEEE计算机杂志》
0018-9162 1.432
Jan.1988
W2009
IEEE Micro
《IEEE微机杂志》
0272-1732
1.19
692
Jan.1988
6
W2010
IEEE Software
《IEEE软件杂志》
0740-7459 1.481
1157
Jan.1988
0098-5589 1.503
3088
Jan.1988
12
W2029
《IEEE智能系统》
1541-1672
2.86
980
Mar.1988
6
W2031
IEEE Design & Test of Computers IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence
《IEEE移动计算汇刊》《IEEE科学与工程计算杂志》《IEEE互联网计算杂志》《IEEE多媒体杂志》
1536-1233 1521-9615 0.75 341 806 424
Jan.2002 Mar.1994 Jan.1997 Mar.1994
12 6 6 4
1089-7801 2.554 1070-986X 1.243
Mar.1995 Jan.1999 Jan.2003
6 6 6
W2128
《IEEE-ACM计算生物学与生 1545-5963 物信息学汇刊》
Jan.2004
4
IEEE Computer Society (IEEE CS) 全文期刊(23种)列表及简介

西电王晗丁编程题-概述说明以及解释

西电王晗丁编程题-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以写作以下内容：引言部分旨在介绍本篇长文的主题——西电王晗丁编程题，并对文章的结构和目的进行简要说明。

西电王晗丁编程题是计算机科学与技术领域中的一个重要研究方向。

编程题的实质是通过给定的算法或问题，在编程语言中编写出能实现特定功能的程序。

而西电王晗丁编程题则是指由西安电子科技大学教授王晗丁提供的一系列编程题目。

本篇长文的结构分为引言部分、正文部分和结论部分。

引言部分作为开篇部分，旨在引起读者的兴趣，并概述本文的内容和结构安排。

正文部分将详细介绍西电王晗丁编程题的相关要点，包括第一个要点、第二个要点和第三个要点。

结论部分将对这些要点进行总结，并探讨结果对未来的影响，并展望西电王晗丁编程题领域的发展。

本篇长文的目的是向读者详细介绍西电王晗丁编程题的核心内容和相关研究成果，帮助读者对这一领域有更加全面的了解。

同时，通过对这些编程题的分析和讨论，希望能够促进对编程技能的提升和创新思维的培养。

1.2 文章结构文章结构是指文章的组织架构，它决定了文章内容的条理性和逻辑性。

一个清晰的文章结构能够让读者更容易理解和消化文章的内容。

在本文中，为了对西电王晗丁编程题进行全面的讨论和分析，我们将采用以下文章结构：2. 正文：2.1 第一个要点：在这一部分中，我们将详细介绍西电王晗丁编程题中的第一个要点。

我们将会从题目的描述开始，解析给定的输入和输出的要求，并给出解题的思路和算法。

同时，我们还会给出具体的编程实现和测试样例，以便读者能够更好地理解和掌握这一题目的解答方法。

2.2 第二个要点：在这一部分中，我们将继续讨论西电王晗丁编程题中的第二个要点。

同样的，我们将详细解析题目的要求以及给定的输入和输出条件，并给出相应的解题思路和算法。

我们会结合实际的例子来说明解题的过程，并给出相应的代码实现和测试样例。

这样读者可以更加直观地理解和掌握这一题目的解答方法。

Introduction to Computational Chemistry (2)

• What can we predict with modern Ab Initio methods?
– Geometry of a molecule – Dipole moment – Energy of reaction – Reaction barrier height – Vibrational frequencies – IR spectra – NMR spectra – Reaction rate – Partition function – Free energy – Any physical observable of a small molecule
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
• The potential surface is a Born-Oppenheimer potentials surface, where the potential energy is a function of geometry. Motion of the nuclei is assumed to be independent of the motion of the electrons
– There is an enormous toolbox of theoretical methods available, and it will take skill and creativity to solve real-world problems.
Electronic Structure Theory
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i
Electronic Structure Theory
• A plane-wave basis set is a common choice for predicting properties of a crystal

计算机导论(Introduction to Computers)

协议
(Protocol) URL：

域名
(Domain name)
13
西安电子科技大学计算机学院 - School of Computer Science & Engineering, Xidian University, China
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
计算机网络
基本术语：基本术语：
带宽（Bandwidth）：网络数据传输容量（bits/秒，bps）结点（Node）：连接到网络上的设备客户机（Client）：请求并使用其他结点可用资源的结点服务器（Server）：允许其他结点共享自己资源的结点网络操作系统：网络操作系统：对网络中结点之间的活动进行控制与协调的系统软件分散在不同结点、分布处理（Distributed processing）：分散在不同结点、可以被共享的协同计算能力
结点使用公共的信道相互连可以直接通信。接，可以直接通信。
西安电子科技大学计算机学院 - School of Computer Science & Engineering, Xidian University, China
8
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
环形结构与层次结构
2
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers
计算机网络与互联网
西安电子科技大学计算机学院 - School of Computer Science & Engineering, Xidian University, China
3
计算机导论 - Introduction to Computers

mputing Lecture 40

4
How to stop DoS attacks from taking place?
• Design SW that monitors incoming packets, and on noticing a sudden increase in the number of similar packets, blocks them
12
Viruses (1)
• Self-replicating SW that eludes detection and is designed to attach itself to other files • Infects files on a computers through:
– Floppy disks, CD-ROMs, or other storage media – The Internet or other networks
• Convince system administrators all over the world to secure their servers in such a way that they cannot be used as drones
5
Cyber crime can be used to …
• Three types:
– Trojan horses – Logic- & time-bombs – Worms
15
Today’s Goals: (Social Implications of Computing)
We will try to understand the impact of computing on: – Business – Work – Living – Health – Education

sicp python 描述中文版

sicp python 描述中文版什么是[sicp python 描述中文版]？[sicp python 描述中文版]是指《计算机程序的构造和解释（SICP）》一书原文的Python 描述的中文版。

《计算机程序的构造和解释》是由Gerald Jay Sussman和Hal Abelson编写的一本经典计算机科学教材，旨在教授计算机科学的基本原则和方法。

近年来，这本教材在全球范围内得到了广泛应用和认可。

为什么有了SICP 还需要[sicp python 描述中文版]？尽管《计算机程序的构造和解释》是一本非常经典的教材，并有多种编程语言版本，比如Scheme、Java等，但Python 这门语言在业界的应用越来越广泛，成为了很多人入门编程的首选语言。

因此，有了[sicp python 描述中文版]，可以更好地满足Python 学习者的需求，让他们能够通过Python 进一步掌握《计算机程序的构造和解释》中的核心概念和编程技巧。

[sicp python 描述中文版] 有哪些特点？[sicp python 描述中文版]的特点主要体现在几个方面：1. 中文版翻译准确性：由于《计算机程序的构造和解释》是一本非常重要的教材，其中的描述和示例都非常精确。

而在中文版本的编写过程中，编者会精确翻译原文，尽可能保持原版的清晰度和准确性。

2. Python 语言编写：与原版针对Scheme 语言的描述不同，[sicp python 描述中文版]采用了Python 作为描述语言。

由于Python 在语法和框架上与Scheme 有不少区别，因此编者会根据Python 语言特性进行相应的调整和讲解，以使读者更容易理解和运用。

3. 理论与实践结合：《计算机程序的构造和解释》是一本以教学为主的教材，强调理论知识的学习和理解。

而[sicp python 描述中文版]在描述理论的同时，还会给出一些实际应用的例子，帮助读者更好地将所学知识应用到实际项目中。

采用神经网络进行手写体数字识别

采用神经网络进行手写体数字识别
Lee,S;李丽
【期刊名称】《图象识别与自动化》
【年(卷),期】1993(000)002
【总页数】2页(P76,86)
【作者】Lee,S;李丽
【作者单位】不详;不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP391.4
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5.基于改进AlexNet卷积神经网络的手写体数字识别 [J], 谢东阳;李丽宏;苗长胜因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

2000门课程名称翻译.解答

C 语言 C LanguageCAD 概论 Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCOBOL语言 COBOL Language生物物理学 Biophysics真空冷冻干燥技术 Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology16位微机 16 Digit MicrocomputerALGOL语言 ALGOL LanguageBASIC 语言 BASIC LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计 COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境 C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言与生物医学信息处理 C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计 C ourse Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN语言 FORTRAN LanguageIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理 Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCLSI设计基础 Basic of LSI DesigningPASCAL大型作业 PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计 Course Exercise in PASCALX射线与电镜 X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计 Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages板壳理论 Plate Theory板壳力学 Plate Mechanics半波实验 Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术 Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料 Semiconductor Materials半导体测量 Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件 Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学 Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学 Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器 Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路 Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论 Semiconductive Theory半导体器件 Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理 Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device 半导体物理 Semiconductor Physics半导体专业 Semiconduction Specialty半导体专业实验 Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor薄膜光学 Film Optics报告文学专题 Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学 Newspaper & Magazine Editing报纸编辑学 Newspaper Editing泵与风机 Pumps and Fans泵与水机 Pumps & Water Turbines毕业设计 Graduation Thesis编译方法 Methods of Compiling编译技术 Technique of Compiling编译原理 Fundamentals of Compiling变电站的微机检测与控制 Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation变分法与张量 Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学 Calculus of Variations变质量系统热力学与新型回转压 Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & Neo-Ro 表面活性物质 Surface Reactive Materials并行算法 Parallel Algorithmic波谱学 Wave Spectrum材料的力学性能测试 Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料力学 Mechanics of Materials财务成本管理 Financial Cost Management财政学 Public Finance财政与金融 Finance & Banking财政与信贷 Finance & Credit操作系统 Disk Operating System操作系统课程设计 Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统原理 Fundamentals of Disk Operating System策波测量技术 Technique of Whip Wave Measurement测量原理与仪器设计 Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design 测试技术 Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理 Testing & Signal Transformation Processing 产业经济学 Industrial Economy产业组织学 Industrial Organization Technoooligy场论 Field Theory常微分方程 Ordinary Differentical Equations超导磁体及应用 Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用 Superconductive & Application超精微细加工 Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing城市规划原理 Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学 Urban Sociology成组技术 Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理 Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差 Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺 Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数 Abstract Algebra传动概论 Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术 Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理 Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用 Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学 Heat Transfer传坳概论 Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵 Ship Controling船舶电力系统 Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计 Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化 Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站 Ship Power Station船舶动力装置 Ship Power Equipment船舶概论 Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料 Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术 Mechanic Control Technology for Ships 船舶机械拖动 Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学 Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学 Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图 Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学 Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计 Designing Ship Intensity & Structure 船舶设计原理 Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进 Ship Propeling船舶摇摆 Ship Swaying船舶阻力 Ship Resistance船体建造工艺 Ship-Building Technology船体结构 Ship Structure船体结构图 Ship Structure Graphing船体振动学 Ship Vibration创造心理学 Creativity Psychology磁测量技术 Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器 Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理 Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录技术 Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理 Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算 Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器 Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料 Magnetic Materials磁性测量 Magnetic Measurement磁性物理 Magnetophysics磁原理及应用 Principles of Catalyzation & Application大电流测量 Super-Current Measurement大电源测量 Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制 Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构 Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况 Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers大型火电机组控制 Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大学德语 College German大学俄语 College Russian大学法语 College French大学日语 College Japanese大学英语 College English大学语文 College Chinese大众传播学 Mass Media代用运放电路 Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机原理 Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用 Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹性力学 Theory of Elastic Mechanics当代国际关系 Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价 Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought 当代文学 Contemporary Literature当代文学专题 Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学 Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影 Contemporary Drama & Films党史 History of the Party导波光学 Wave Guiding Optics等离子体工程 Plasma Engineering低频电子线路 Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温传热学 Cryo Conduction低温固体物理 Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置 Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment 低温技术中的微机原理 Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology 低温绝热 Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机 Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管 Cryo Heat Tube低温设备 Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术 Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温实验技术 Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论 Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论 Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概念 Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试 Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理 Cryo Fundamentals低温中的微机应用 Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology 低温装置 Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路 Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计 Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检 Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测 Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地理 Geography第二次世界大战史 History of World War II电测量技术 Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统 Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术 Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology 电磁场计算机 Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论 Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算 Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波 Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法 Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算 Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学 Electromagnetics电动力学 Electrodynamics电镀 Plating电分析化学 Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术基础 Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学 Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础 Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学 Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础 Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论 Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验 Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术 Electrotechnics电工技术基础 Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习 Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术基础 Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学 Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制 Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触 Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊 Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术 Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程 Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学 Electrochemical Technology电机测试技术 Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算 Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电 Motor Elements and Power Supply电机课程设计 Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论 Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用 Theory & Application of Motor Winding 电机设计 Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程 Electrical Motor Change Processes电机学 Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机 Electrical Machinery Control & Technology 电机与拖动 Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理 Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动 Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage 电机专题 Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧 Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理 Dielectric Physics电镜 Electronic Speculum电力电子电路 Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器 Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件 Power Electronic Devices电力电子学 Power Electronics电力工程 Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术 Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理 Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动基础 Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统 Electrical Towage Control Systems电力系统 Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划 Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路 Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析 Power System Analysis电力系统规划 Power System Planning电力系统过电压 Hyper-V oltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理 Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析 Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行 Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性 Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析 Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统无功补偿及应用 Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati 电力系统谐波 Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化技术 Optimal Technology of Power Systems电力系统优化设计 Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动 Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术 Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行 Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化 Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置 Power System Automation Equipment电路测试技术 Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础 Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术及实验 Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments 电路分析基础 Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验 Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验 Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术 Circuit and Electronic Technique电路理论 Theory of Circuit电路理论基础 Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验 Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术 Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology 电器学 Electrical Appliances电器与控制 Electrical Appliances & Control电气控制技术 Electrical Control Technology电视接收技术 Television Reception Technology电视节目 Television Porgrams电视节目制作 Television Porgram Designing电视新技术 New Television Technology电视原理 Principles of Television电网调度自动化 Automation of Electric Network Management电影艺术 Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制 Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术 Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件 Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量 Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术 Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment 电子测试 Electronic Testing电子测试技术 Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验 Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术 Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control 电子技术 Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用 Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础 Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验 Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计 Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验 Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验 Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析 Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜 Electronic Microscope电子线路 Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术 Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路实验 Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术 Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏 Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置 Regulation Equipment动态规划 Dynamic Programming动态无损检测 Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号分析与仪器 Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus锻压工艺 Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动 Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备 Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题 Lectures on Forging Press Equipments 锻压系统动力学 Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺 Forging Technology断裂力学 Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论 Introduction to International Trade多层网络方法 Multi-Layer Network Technology多目标优化方法 Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵 Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析 Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂 Power Plant发电厂电气部分 Electric Elements of Power Plants 法律基础 Fundamentals of Law法学概论 An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础 Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译 Translation翻译理论与技巧 Theory & Skills of Translation泛函分析 Functional Analysis房屋建筑学 Architectural Design & Construction非电量测量 Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料 Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统 Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学 Non-Linear Optics非线性规划 Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡 Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动 Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧 Boiling Combustion分析化学 Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验 Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学 Analytical Mechanics风机调节 Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转 Regulation,Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计 Tri-Variate Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用 Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验 Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数 Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换 Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation 复合材料力学 Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学 Fourier Optics概率论 Probability Theory概率论与数理统计 Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics 概率论与随机过程 Probability Theory & Stochastic Process钢笔画 Pen Drawing钢的热处理 Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构 Steel Structure钢筋混凝土 Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构 Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure 钢砼结构 Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础设计 Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计 Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings 高等材料力学 Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数 Advanced Algebra高等教育管理 Higher Education Management高等教育史 History of Higher Education高等教育学 Higher Education高等数学 Advanced Mathematics高电压技术 High-V oltage Technology高电压测试技术 High-V oltage Test Technology高分子材料 High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工 High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学 High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验 High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理 High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验 High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说 Advanced English Listening & Speaking高能密束焊 High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路 High-Frenquency Circuit高频电子技术 High-Frenquency Electronic Technology高频电子线路 High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术 High-V oltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术 High-V oltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算 Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field 高压电器 High-V oltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘 High-V oltage Insulation高压实验 High-V oltage Experimentation高压试验技术 High-V oltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料及热处理 Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学 Engineering Materials工程测量 Engineering Surveying工程测试技术 Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验 Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息 Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学 Engineering Dynamics工程概论 Introduction to Engineering工程概预算 Project Budget工程经济学 Engineering Economics工程静力学 Engineering Statics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics工程热力学 Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估 Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法 Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学 Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理 Engineering Cost Management工程制图 Graphing of Engineering工业分析 Industrial Analysis工业锅炉 Industrial Boiler工业会计学 Industrial Accounting工业机器人 Industrial Robot工业技术基础 Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理 Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论 Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学 Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理 Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计 Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理 Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理 Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学 Industrial Psychology工业窑炉 Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化 Technics Process Automation公差 Common Difference公差技术测量 Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合 Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学 Public Relations公文写作 Document Writing古代汉语 Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读 Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光 Solid State Laser固体激光器件 Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源 Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体物理 Solid State Physics管理概论 Introduction to Management管理经济学 Management Economics管理数学 Management Mathematics管理系统模拟 Management System Simulation管理心理学 Management Psychology管理信息系统 Management Information Systems光波导理论 Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术 Photoelectric Technology光电信号处理 Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析 Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis 光辐射探测技术 Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱 Spectrum光谱分析 Spectral Analysis光谱学 Spectroscopy光纤传感 Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器 Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础 Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors 光纤传感器及应用 Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications 光纤光学课程设计 Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验 Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology 光纤通信基础 Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学 Optics光学测量 Optical Measurement光学分析法 Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计 Optical Instrument Gauge Designing 光学检测 Optical Detection光学设计 Optical Design光学信息导论 Introduction of Optical Infomation光学仪器设计 Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计 Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正 Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment广播编辑学 Broadcast Editing广播新闻 Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写 Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告学 Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论 Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化 Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction & Intensification锅炉原理 Principles of Boiler国际金融 International Finance国际经济法 International Economic Law国际贸易 International Trade国际贸易地理 International Trade Geography国际贸易实务 International Trade Affairs国际市场学 International Marketing国际市场营销 International Marketing国民经济计划 National Economical Planning国外社会学理论 Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制调节装置 Process(Control Adjustment Device过程调节系统 Process Adjustment System过程控制 Process Control过程控制系统 Process Control System海洋测量 Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论 Introduction to Ocean Engineering函数分析 Functional Analysis焊接方法 Welding Method焊接方法及设备 Welding Method & Equipment焊接检验 Welding Testing焊接结构 Welding Structure焊接金相 Welding Fractography焊接金相分析 Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金 Welding Metallurgy焊接原理 Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺 Fundamentals of Welding & Technology 焊接自动化 Automation of Welding汉语 Chinese汉语与写作 Chinese & Composition汉语语法研究 Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术 Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术 Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术 Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥 Chorus & Conduction合金钢 Alloy Steel宏观经济学 Macro-Economics宏微观经济学 Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器 Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器 Infrared Detectors红外物理 Infrared Physics红外物理与技术 Infrared Physics & Technology红外系统 Infrared System红外系统电信号处理 Processing Electric Signals from Infrared Systems 厚薄膜集成电路 Thick & Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源 Arc Welding Power弧焊原理 Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量基础 Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement 互换性技术测量 Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量 Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验 Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图 Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视 Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工基础 Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化 Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理 Principles of Chemical Industry化学 Chemistry化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离 Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础 Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学 Chemical Measurement化学文献 Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法 Chemical Literature & Consulting Method化学粘结剂 Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础 Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学 Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论 Introduction to Environmental Behavior换热器 Thermal Transducer回旧分析与试验设计 Tempering Analysis and Experiment Design回转式压缩机 Rotary Compressor回转压缩机数学模型 Mathematical Modeling of Rotary Compressors会计学 Accountancy会计与财务分析 Accountancy & Financial Analysis会计与设备分析 Accountancy & Equipment Analysis会计原理及外贸会计 Principles of Accountancy & Foreign Trade Accountancy 会计原理与工业会计 Principles of Accountancy & Industrial Accountancy活力学 Energy Theory活塞膨胀机 Piston Expander活塞式制冷压缩机 Piston Refrigerant Compreessor活塞式压缩机 Piston Compressor活塞式压缩机基础设计 Basic Design of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构强度 Structural Intensity of Piston Compressor活赛压机气流脉动 Gas Pulsation of Piston Pressor货币银行学 Currency Banking基本电路理论 Basis Theory of Circuit基础写作 Fundamental Course of Composition机床电路 Machine Tool Circuit机床电器 Machine Tool Electric Appliance机床电气控制 Electrical Control of Machinery Tools机床动力学 Machine Tool Dynamics机床设计 Machine Tool design机床数字控制 Digital Control of Machine Tool机床液压传动 Machinery Tool Hydraulic Transmission机电传动 Mechanical & Electrical Transmission机电传动控制 Mechanical & electrical Transmission Control机电耦合系统 Mechanical & Electrical Combination System机电系统计算机仿真 Computer Simulation of Mechanic/Electrical Systems 机电一体化 Mechanical & Electrical Integration机构学 Structuring机器人 Robot机器人控制技术 Robot Control Technology机械产品学 Mechanic Products机械产品造型设计 Shape Design of Mechanical Products机械工程控制基础 Basic Mechanic Engineering Control机械加工自动化 Automation in Mechanical Working机械可靠性 Mechanical Reliability机械零件 Mechanical Elements机械零件设计 Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础 Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计 Mechanical Designing机械设计基础 Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计 Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理 Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构 Mechanical Information Transmission Device 机械原理 Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件 Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计 Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用 Mechanical Principle & Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计 Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件 Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements 机械原理与机械设计 Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design 机械噪声控制 Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论 Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学 Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础 Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学 Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing (Meta 机械制造系统自动化 Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System机械制造中计算机控制 Computer Control in Mechanical Manufacture机制工艺及夹具 Mechanical Technology and Clamps积分变换 Integral Transformation积分变换及数理方程 Integral Transformation & Mathematical Equations积分变换控制工程 Integral Transformation Control Engineering积分变换与动力工程 Integral Transforms & Dynamic Engineering激光电源 Laser Power Devices激光焊 Laser Welding激光基础 Basis of Laser激光技术 Laser Technology激光加工 Laser Processing激光器件 Laser Devices激光器件与电源 Laser Devices & Power Source激光原理 Principles of Laser激光原理与技术 Laser Principles & Technology极限分析 Limit Analysis集合论与代数结构 Set Theory & Algebraical Structure技术管理 Technological Management技术经济 Technological Economy技术经济学 Technological Economics技术市场学 Technological Marketing计量经济学 Measure Economics计算方法 Computational Method计算机导论 Introduction to Computers计算机导论与实践 Introduction to Computers & Practice计算机辅助设计 CAD计算机辅助设计与仿真 Computer Aided Design & Imitation 计算机辅助语言教学 Computer-Aided Language Teaching 计算机辅助制造 Computer-Aided Manufacturing计算机概论 Introduction to Computers计算机绘图 Computer Graphics计算机基础 Basis of Computer Engineering计算机接口技术 Computer Interface Technology计算机接口与通讯 Computer Interface & Communication计算机局域网 Regional Network of Computers计算机控制 Computer Controling计算机设计自动化 Automation of Computer Design计算机实践 Computer Practice计算机数据库 Computer Database计算机算法基础 Basis of Computer Algorithm计算机图形显示 Computer Graphic Demonstration计算机图形学 Computer Graphics计算机网络 Computer Networks计算机系统结构 Computer Architecture计算机语言处理 Computer Language Processing计算机原理 Principle of Computer Engineering计算机在化学中的应用 Application of Computer in Chemistry 计算机组成原理 Principles of Computer Composition计算力学 Computational Mechanics计算力学基础 Basis of Computational Mechanics计算流体 Fluid Computation继电保护新技术 New Technology of Relay Protection继电保护原理 Principles of Relay Protection继电保护运行 Relay-Protected Operation检测技术 Measurement Technique检测系统动力学 Detection System Dynamics检测与控制 Detection & Controling简明社会学 Concise Sociology简明世界史 Brief World History减振设计 Vibration Absorption Designing渐近方法 Asymptotical Method建筑材料 Building Materials建筑初步 Elementary Architecture建筑防火 Building Fire Protection建筑概论 Introduction to Architecture建筑构造 Architectural Construction建筑结构 Architectural Structure建筑结构抗震设计 Anti-quake Architectural Structure Design建筑经济与企业管理 Architectural Economy & Enterprise Management 建筑力学Architectural Mechanics建筑名作欣赏 Appreciation of Architectural Works建筑入门 Elementary Architecture建筑摄影 Architectural Photographing建筑设备 Architectural Equipment建筑设计 Architectural Design建筑施工 Construction Technology建筑绘画 Architectural Drawing建筑物理 Architecural Physics建筑制图 Architectural Graphing胶体化学 Colloid Chemistry交流调速系统 Alternating Current Governor System 教育心理学 Pedagogic Psychology接口与控制器 Interface and Controler接口与通讯 Interface and Communication结构程序设计 Structural Program Designing结构动力学 Structural Dynamics结构化学 Structural Chemistry结构检验 Structural Testing结构力学 Structural Mechanics结构素描 Structure Sketching结构塑性分析 Structural Plasticity Analysis结构稳定 Stability Analysis of Structures结构先进技术 Advanced Structuring Technology结构优化理论 Optimal Structure Theory结构优化设计 Optimal Structure Designing解析几何 Analytic Geometry介质波导 Medium Wave Guide介质测量 Medium Measurement介质光学 Medium Optics金属X射线学 Metal X-Ray Analysis金属材料焊接 Metal Material Welding金属材料学 Metal Material Science金属材料与热处理 Metal Material & Heat Treatment金属腐蚀与保护 Metal Erosion & Protection金属腐蚀原理 Principles of Metal Erosion金属工艺学 Metal Technics金属焊接性基础 Elementary Metal Weldability金属焊接原理 Principles of Metal Welding金属机械性能 Mechanical Property of Metal金属力学性能 Metal Mechanic Property金属切削机床 Metal Cutting Machine Tool金属切削原理及刀具 Principles of Metal Cutting & Cutters金属熔焊原理 Principles of Metal Molten Welding金属熔焊原理及工艺 Principles of Metal Molten Welding & Technique 金属熔炼Metal Melting金属塑性成形原理 Principles of Metal Forming金属物理性能 Physical Property of Metal金属学 Metallography金属学与热处理 Metallography & Heat Treatment金属学原理 Principles of Metallography金相分析 Metallographic Analysis金相技术 Metallographic Techniques近代光学测试技术 Modern Optical Testing Technology近代光学计量技术 Modern Optical Measuring Technology 近代经济史 Modern History of Economics近代物理实验 Lab of Modern Physics近世代数 Modern Algebra晶体管原理 Principles of Transistors晶体光学 Crystallographic Optics精密测量技术 Technology of Precision Measurement精密电气测量 Precise Electric Measurement精密合金 Precise Alloy精密机械CAD CAD for Precision Machinery精密机械课程设计 Course Design for Precision Machinery 精密机械零件Precision Machinery Elements精密机械设计基础 Elementary Precision Machinery Design 精密机械学 Precision Machinery精细有机合成 Minute Organic Synthesis经济地理 Economical Geography经济法 Law of Economy经济法学 Law of Economy经济分析基础 Basis of Economic Analysis经济控制论 Economical Cybernetics经济社会学 Economic Sociology经济新闻 Economic News经济学说史 History of Economics经济学原理 Principles of Economics经济预测 Economic Predicting经济预测与管理奖惩 Economic Predicting & Management 经济原理 Principles of Economy经济运筹学 Economic Operation Research。

CS计算机科学知识体

附录A计算机导论计算教程2001报告的这篇附录定义了计算机科学本科教学计划中可能讲授的知识领域。

该分类方案的依据及其历史、结构和应用的其它细节包含在完整的任务组报告中。

由于我们希望附录比完整的报告有更多的读者，所以任务组认为在每一篇附录中概述理解该推荐所必须的基本概念是重要的。

在下面几节中我们列出了最重要的几个概念。

知识体的结构计算机科学知识体分层组织成三个层次。

最高一层是领域（area），代表一个特定的学科子领域。

每个领域由一个两个字母的缩写词表示，比如OS代表操作系统，PL代表程序设计语言，领域之下又被分割成更小的单元（units），代表领域中单独的主题模块。

每个单元都用一个领域名加一个数字后缀表示，比如OS3是关于并发的单元。

各个单元由被细分成主题（topics），这是CS知识体层次结构的最底层。

离散结构（DS）DS1.函数,关系,集合[核心]DS2. 基本逻辑[核心]DS3. 证明技术[核心]DS4. 计算基础[核心]DS5. 图和树[核心]DS6. 离散概率[核心]DS1.函数、关系、集合论[核心]主题：函数（满射、入射、逆、复合）关系（自反、对称、传递、等价关系）集合（文氏图、补集、笛卡尔积、幂集）鸽洞原理基数和可数性学习目标：1．举例说明基本术语：函数、关系和集合。

2．执行与函数、关系和集合相关的运算。

3．把实例与适当的集合、函数或关系模型相联系，并在上下文中解释相关的操作和术语。

4．解释基本的计算原理，包括对角化和鸽洞原理的应用。

DS2. 基本逻辑（核心）主题：命题逻辑逻辑联结词真值表范式（合取与析取范式）永真性谓词逻辑全称量词和存在量词假言推理和否定后件推理（modustallens）谓词逻辑的局限性学习目标：1．应用符号命题逻辑和谓词逻辑的形式化方法。

2．描述如何使用符号逻辑的形式化工具为算法和真实情形建模。

3．使用形式逻辑证明和逻辑推理来解决诸如迷宫等问题。

4．描述谓词逻辑的重要性和局限性。