Chapter_1_IS_Revolution
2014高考英语宏志班优化设计系列训练及答案:牛津译林版5Unit1
2014高考英语宏志班优化设计系列训练及答案:牛津译林版必修5Unit11.pretend v。
假装,佯称;声称;自称;(作为游戏)假扮,装扮pretend to be doing强调不定式的动作正在进行的过程中.pretend to do强调假装要做某事,而不一定正在进行或者是已经发生。
pretend to have done 强调假装做过某事。
pretend that。
.。
假装……①He pretended not to know the truth。
他佯装不知实情。
②He pretended that he was ill so that he could stay at home.他假装病了以便能待在家里。
③He pretended to be doing his homework when he saw his mother come in.当他看到妈妈进来的时候假装在做作业。
反馈1。
1She pretended ______ me when I passed by.A.not to see B.not seeingC.to not see D.having not seen反馈1。
2Every time the father comes into his room,the boy pretends______ earnestly.A.reading B.to be readingC.to be read D.to have read2.admit v。
承认,准许进入,录取,容纳be admitted to/into。
..被录取到……,被准许进入……admit sth。
/doing sth.承认某事/干过某事be admitted as.。
作为……被接受admit that。
.。
承认……admit.。
.to be 承认……是……It is/was admitted that..。
人们普遍认为……①You must admit the task to be difficult.你得承认这项任务是艰巨的。
美国文学简史常耀信版Chapter_1and_2
两次世界大战之间
现实主义文学的发展
小说(德莱塞 ;辛· 刘易斯 ;薇拉· 凯瑟 ) “哈莱姆文艺复兴” (休斯;卡伦;理查德· 赖特 ) 左翼文学与反法西斯文学 (约翰· 里德 ;多斯· 帕索
斯 ;斯坦贝克 ;海明威;海尔曼 ) “南方文艺复兴” (威廉· 福克纳 ) 戏剧的“黄金时代” (奥尼尔 ) “新批评” (注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析, 在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处,他们摆脱了过 去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。 但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义, 割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系)
American Puritanism
Puritanism
was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World– a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England.
Puritanism
Puritanism
is a highly strict religious doctrine. The Puritans were determined to find a place on the new continent where they could worship God in the way they thought true Christians should. also has its practical aspect. The Puritans had to work hard in order to make a living and be ready for any misfortunes and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.
Chapter 词汇学
2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development
• For each phase of the development, the following points must be made clear:
– Time range – Features of English – Social and historical events that influenced English greatly
1. The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. 2. The Germanic tribes include Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They were first allies of Celts to fight against Picts and Scots, but then they became new conquerors. 3. Angles, Saxons and Jutes all have their dialects. The Saxons were numerically superior to the Angles, but the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole. 4. Old English was almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language, of which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.
外研社2023人工智能英语-VR版教学课件Unit-1
START WITH AI
The following are famous robots in movies. Do you know them? Match them with their names.
小艾说
5
Fun Reading
人工智能是一个很大的话题, 也是一 个广阔的世界,让我们从了解它的前 世今生开启这一旅程吧。
JOURNEY WITH AI Intensive Reading
A few milestones in AI history
1 Artificial intelligence is the hot topic of our times. The concept is not actually all that new: as long ago as 1637, the philosopher Descartes thought seriously about the possibility that machines would one day think and make decisions.
1
Practical Reading
2
Intensive Reading
3
Extensive Reading
5
Fun Reading
小艾说
无论说明书是长是短,或简或繁,你都 可以通过浏览目录, 大致了解全貌,提 高阅读效率。常见的说明书一般有产品 介绍、安装步骤、操作步骤、保养与清 洁、疑难解答、参数说明、保修条款等 部分。
英国文学简史 (刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)笔记part3-4
Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674(诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
)①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:A poetical drama.③<Areopagitica>论出版自由: as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.④<On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688(代表作《天路历程》,宗教寓言,被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”,是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
小学上册P卷英语第1单元测验试卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第1单元测验试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.I love to ______ (体验) new adventures.2.My brother is known for his __________ (幽默感).3.My mom has a green thumb and loves ____ (plants).4.She is _____ (drawing) a picture.5.The ______ (花盆) needs drainage holes.6.Which holiday celebrates love?A. HalloweenB. ChristmasC. Valentine's DayD. Thanksgiving答案:C7.In the jungle, you can find a ________.8.The chameleon can change its ____.9.I like to feed _______ (小鸟) outside.10.ers close at ______ (夜晚). Some flo11.I enjoy _______ (参与)学校活动。
12.I enjoy _______ (练习) speaking English.13.She is wearing a ________ jacket.14.The stars are ___ (fading/shining) brightly.15. A ____ is often seen jumping on rocks and climbing trees.16.What do we call the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?A. AtmosphereB. HydrosphereC. LithosphereD. Biosphere答案: A17.What is the capital of South Korea?A. BusanB. SeoulC. IncheonD. Daegu答案:B18. A walrus can weigh over ______ (一吨).19.Molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all the _____ in a molecule.20.My favorite toy is a _______ (玩偶).21.What is the name of the famous dog in the cartoon "Snoopy"?A. CharlieB. WoodstockC. SnoopyD. Garfield答案:C22.My dad is a skilled __________ (机械师).23. A rabbit has long ________________ (耳朵).24. Depression caused widespread ________ (失业). The Grea25.I love to drink ______ (牛奶) with my breakfast. It is very ______ (营养).26. A ______ is a nocturnal animal.27.Which animal is known as the king of the jungle?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear答案: B28.My ________ (玩具) is a gateway to happiness.ter, we sit under a tree to rest. We talk about our favorite ______ (5) and share funny stories. I love spending time with my friends because they always make me laugh.30.What is the capital of Azerbaijan?A. BakuB. GanjaC. LankaranD. Mingachevir答案: A31.My ________ (弟弟) loves to draw pictures of animals.32.What do you call a person who repairs cars?A. ElectricianB. MechanicC. PlumberD. Carpenter答案: B33.The density of a substance is its mass per _____.34.The _______ (小精灵) is a friendly spirit in fairy tales.35.What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. LondonC. ParisD. Madrid答案:C36.I love to play ______ outside.37.The study of matter and its changes is called _______.38.What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?A. MajuroB. EbeyeC. ArnoD. Kwajalein答案: A. Majuro39.Chlorophyll is important for ______ in plants.40.What is the name of the famous bear in the Hundred Acre Wood?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie-the-PoohC. Yogi BearD. Baloo答案:B41.The _____ (自然) has a way of balancing ecosystems.42.The ______ (鲸鱼) sings beautiful songs underwater.43.The capital of the Marshall Islands is _______.44.What is the name of the fictional bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood?A. PaddingtonB. BalooC. Winnie the PoohD. Yogi答案:C45.The _____ (road/path) is narrow.46.The _______ (The Bolshevik Revolution) led to the establishment of a communist government in Russia.47.The __________ was a period of exploration and colonization. (大航海时代)48.The chemical formula for potassium sulfate is __________.49. A _______ can help to measure the effects of different forces on objects.50.I believe that every toy can teach us something new about ________ (名词).51. A dwarf planet is a celestial body that is not a ______ planet.52.My sister has a beautiful ______ (手链). She wears it every ______ (天).53.The process of liquid rock turning into solid rock is called ______.54. A solution that can conduct electricity is called a _______ electrolyte.55.The first human-made satellite in orbit was ______ (斯普特尼克).56.What is the opposite of "happy"?A. SadB. AngryC. ExcitedD. Joyful答案:A57.My uncle is a fantastic ____ (cook).58. A ______ is a small, flying insect that can bite.59.I can take my ________ (玩具) on adventures.60.The mole digs _______ (地下) tunnels.61. A solution in which no more solute can dissolve is called ______.62.Who is the author of "Harry Potter"?A. J.K. RowlingB. Roald DahlC. Mark TwainD. Dr. Seuss答案: A63.The dog barks at the ______.64.What is the opposite of "tall"?A. ShortB. HighC. LowD. Wide答案: A65.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)66.What do you call the end of a story?A. BeginningB. MiddleC. ConclusionD. Chapter答案: C67.We will go ________ (滑雪) this winter.68.We visit the ______ (古迹) to learn about history.69.The ______ (物种) diversity is crucial for a healthy ecosystem.70.I saw a _______ (海马会) swimming gracefully.71. A ______ (社区参与) can enhance gardening efforts.72.What do you call the process of drying food for preservation?A. DehydrationB. FermentationC. CanningD. Freezing答案:A73.What is the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi答案: B74.The ________ is a beautiful flower that blooms in spring.75.What is the capital of the United Arab Emirates?A. Abu DhabiB. DubaiC. SharjahD. Ajman答案: A76.She is ___ her lunchbox. (packing)77.What is the capital of Sri Lanka?A. ColomboB. KandyC. GalleD. Jaffna答案: A78.The cat is _____ (curious/lazy) and playful.79.What is the term for a young insect?A. LarvaB. PupaeC. NymphD. All of the above答案:d80.The __________ is a long, narrow country in South America.81._____ (corn) is a staple crop in many diets.82.The chemical reaction that occurs when food is digested is called ______.83.The ancient Incas built their empire in _______ America.84.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfide is ______.85.In winter, I enjoy hot __________ to keep warm. (饮料)86.My grandmother loves to __________. (织毛衣)87.The main component of the human body is ______.88.My sister enjoys writing ____.89.There are many types of _______ in the zoo.90.I have a new _______ to play with (我有一个新的_______可以玩).91.The puppy is very ________.92.The ______ helps with the storage of fat in the body.93.What do we call a scientist who studies weather patterns?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. ClimatologistD. Ecologist答案: A94.Chemical safety is important when handling ________ substances.95.What is the name of the famous artist known for his "The Garden of Earthly Delights"?A. Hieronymus BoschB. Pieter BruegelC. Vincent van GoghD. Salvador Dalí答案: A96.The __________ (历史的反映) invites introspection.97. A compound microscope uses multiple lenses to magnify an ______.98.My dad loves to watch ____ (documentaries).99.What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"?A. Mark TwainB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Ernest HemingwayD. John Steinbeck答案: A. Mark Twain100.The _____ (cantaloupe) is a sweet melon.。
英美文学选读 习题9
AWilliam Faulkner
BJack London
CHerman Melville
DNathaniel Hawthorne
答:
答案:A
【题型:论述】【分数:10分】得分:0分
[6]"A Modest Proposal" is a satire written by Swift and it is generally taken as a perfect model of satire. Gulliver's Travels is Swift's masterpiece. Based on them, discuss why Swift is a master satirist.
【题型:简答】【分数:4分】得分:0分
[8]The white whale, Moby Dick is endowed with symbolic meaning. What do you think it symbolizes?
答:
答案:To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe.
Questions:
A. From which work is this quotation taken?
B. Which character is speaking?
C. What does this work expose?
答:
答案:Bernard Shaw, Mrs. Warren's Profession, Vivie, economic exploitation, women and society
Chapter 1 Introduction
Topography
• China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east. Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains 33%.
Hale Waihona Puke • It was during the Xia Dynasty that the institution of slavery began. There are many legends describing the life of the people in this period, especially of the three sage kings after Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan---Yao, Shun and Yu. Yao made great contributions to the lunar calender. His successor, Shun, was physically and intellectually gifted and was a man with great virtues.
the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class on the basis of the worker-peasant alliance.
语域理论视域下《干校六记》两个英译本对比分析
摘要《干校六记》是由中国著名散文家、剧作家和翻译家杨绛所写的一部以文化大革命为背景的回忆性散文集。
这本书主要记述了杨绛及其丈夫钱钟书去干校接受劳动改造时的所见所闻,所感所悟,给人们了解文化大革命这一历史以及在这一历史阶段下知识分子的生活状况和精神世界提供了一份真实有效的参考资料。
无论是其艺术表现,还是其忠实于“文化大革命”这段历史的内容,都有很大的研究价值。
《干校六记》一经发表,陆续被翻译成日语、英语和法语版本,在文学界引起广泛关注。
其中英语版本有三个。
基于译者的不同国籍、语言和文化背景,本文选取葛浩文和章楚的英译本来进行对比研究。
两位译者都有着丰富的翻译经验。
前者是专门研究汉语文化且多年来一直致力于中国文学英译的翻译家,后者是多年从事联合国公文翻译的中国译员。
两译者对原文风格的理解与诠释不甚相同。
两个英译本体现了《干校六记》中描写的这段文革历史是如何在译者的笔下向西方传播的。
本研究将在语域理论的指导下进行。
语域理论是系统功能语言学的基础理论之一。
语域指的是由语场、语旨和语式三个情景语境变量决定的语言变异。
情景语境三要素则分别体现为语言语义层的经验功能、人际功能和语篇功能。
相应地,这些功能又分别体现为词汇语法层的及物性、语气和主位等系统和结构。
本文在语域理论的框架下对《干校六记》的葛浩文译本和章楚译本进行对比分析,目的并非是比较两个译本的优劣,而是探讨从语域视角看,两个译本各有何特点,哪一个译本更大程度的实现了与原文的语域对等。
通过定性和定量相结合的研究方法对原文和两个英译本的概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能的分析发现,葛浩文译本在语域的三个情景变量——语场、语旨、语式的表达上都更加贴近原文。
而章楚译本也在一定程度上与原文语域相符,但相比之下,葛浩文译本略胜一筹。
关键词:语域理论,话语范围,话语方式,话语基调,三大元功能CONTENTS原创性声明 (ii)DECLARATION (iii)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (iv)ABSTRACT (v)摘要 (vii)CONTENTS (viii)Chapter One INTRODUCTION (1)1.1Research Background (1)1.2Research Objective (3)1.3Research Methodology (3)1.4Research Significance (4)1.5The Layout of the Thesis (4)Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW (6)2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register Theory (6)2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroad (6)2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at home (7)2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English Versions (10)2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroad (10)2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at home (10)Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (13)3.1Brief Introduction to Register Theory (13)3.2The Relations between Meta-functions of Language and Register Parameters.143.2.1Field and experiential function (14)3.2.2Tenor and interpersonal function (16)3.2.3Mode and textual function (18)Chapter Four A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TWO ENGLISH VERSIONS OF GAN XIAO LIU JI FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF REGISTER THEORY..214.1The Analysis of Field (21)4.1.1Lexical choice (22)4.1.2Transitivity analysis of the source text and the target texts (28)4.2The Analysis of Tenor (39)4.2.1Mood system (40)4.2.2Modality system (46)4.3The Analysis of Mode (55)4.3.1Thematic and information structure (55)4.3.2Cohesion system (64)Chapter Five CONCLUSION (72)5.1Major Findings (72)5.2Limitations (77)REFERENCES (78)Chapter OneINTRODUCTION1.1Research BackgroundGan Xiao Liu Ji is written by Yang Jiang who is an outstanding writer, playwright and translator in China,after her return from the cadre school to Beijing. Gan Xiao Liu Ji is composed of six chapters which records that Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu were forced to devolve to the cadre school from November 1969to March1972.In the Cultural Revolution,the cadre school(that is,the“May7”cadre school)is nominally a cadre school with labor and study as its main task,but in fact,it is a reform-through-labor farm that punishes revolutionary cadres and persecutes intellectuals.This event itself belongs to the absurd life in turbulent times, which contains the destruction and torture of cadres and intellectuals from the body to the spirit by far-left politics.However,the work does not straightforwardly describe the main content of life in the cadre school——to carry out endless political movements and struggles but takes the initiative to get away from political events, describing the trifles of life,comradeship and spousal love.Gan Xiao Liu Ji was serialized in China-Hong Kong Wide Angle magazine in1981,a single edition was published by SDX Joint Publishing Company in July of the same year.Soon after the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it was translated into Japanese by Japanese sinologist Nakajima,published by installments in Water Yan magazine in Japan in1982,and published in separate booklets.The three English versions were respectively translated by American sinologist Howard Goldblatt,Chinese scholar Djang Chu who was living in the United States and Australian scholar Geremie Barme.And the two French versions were published in Paris.In The History of Contemporary Chinese Literature,Hong Zicheng made comments on Gan Xiao Liu Ji,“Yang Jiang’s words are simple and implicit.Her tone is gentle.And She keeps a moderate distance to historical events and makes a calm examination of them.She focuses on the episodes of the events of the great age.In the account of her own experiences and feelings,shecan also see the times.”Gan Xiao Liu Ji is regarded as one of the most remarkable proses which describe the Cultural Revolution artistically.Based on the translators’different nationalities and linguistic backgrounds,this thesis makes a comparative study of two English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu.Both Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu have rich experience in translation.While the former is a translator of Chinese literature with high status in the world,the latter is a Chinese translator who has been working in the United Nations for many years.Howard Goldblatt’s English version was evaluated as“the most prominent English translation of Chinese literature in the20th century”by the Times Literary Supplement.The two translators Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu represent the East and the West cultures.There are many differences in their educational backgrounds,views and values,their translation motivations and translation strategies so that the styles of their English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji are distinct.But each has its own virtues.It should be more appropriate to use these two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji to examine the translation events from the perspective of the register theory.Register theory originates from Malinowski’s thought of ter,Halliday, the founder of Systemic Functional Linguistics,put forward his thoughts of context and register,and incorporated register analysis into the theoretical system of the Systemic Functional Linguistics.Register refers to language variation determined by three situational context variables:field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse,which are respectively called field,tenor and mode for short.Field refers to what happens in the world,including the topic,participant,time,place,etc.Tenor refers to the relationship between participants,including the status and role of participants.Mode refers to the role of language in communication,including communication channels(spoken/written),media,rhetorical way,etc.For the Systemic Functional Linguistics,the change of any situational factor will give rise to different language variation and different types of register.The differences between registers determine the grammatical and lexical selection.The three elements of situational context are respectively associated with three strands of meanings,or “discourse semantics”,in the text.These three strands are known as“metafunctions”,which are the experiential function,the interpersonal function and the textual function. Specifically,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode respectively stimulate the experiential meaning,the interpersonal meaning and the textual meaning in the semantic system.In other words,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode are realized by the experiential function, the interpersonal function and the textual function of language in the discourse, respectively.Correspondingly,these three functions are embodied in the system and structure of the lexico-grammatical level,such as transitivity,mood and thematic structures(Halliday,1985,1994).1.2Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this thesis is not to find out the pros and cons of the two English versions,but to explore the characteristics of the two versions from the perspective of register and which version achieves register equivalence to a greater extent. Meanwhile,this thesis discusses the contents and methods of register analysis, specifically,from the perspective of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,which discusses the method of register analysis of the English translation of Gan Xiao Liu Ji, as well as the direction and standard of evaluation of the translation.1.3Research MethodologyThe analytical method used in this study is a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis.First of all,the lexico-grammatical analysis of the source text and the two target texts is carried out,that is,the functional grammatical analysis is carried out in the unit of clauses at the semantic layer.Through the analysis of the transitivity system,mood system and modality system,theme system and information system of the source text and the target texts,it will be clear that what forms of expression are chosen and what meanings are expressed in the three texts,that is, experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning.And then to compare the meanings conveyed by the three texts can reveal whether the two target texts are“equivalent”or“deviated”from the source text.Then based on the analysis of experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning of the source text and the two translated texts,the thesis will analyze the situational context of the three texts,that is,field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.In other words,the content,the participants and their relationships which are expressed in the text outside the language,and the linguistic medium,channel,rhetorical devices in which the original author chooses to express social meaning in the communication are analyzed.Finally,according to the analysis of the register of the source text and the two target texts,and the final judgment is made on whether the register of the two translated texts are equivalent to that of the source text or not.1.4Research SignificanceIn this study,the Systemic Functional Linguistics is used to study translation practice.The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from the perspective of the register theory,and to obtain the register analysis methods of translation studies including Gan Xiao Liu Ji, and to evaluate the criteria and principles of the translation.In practice,this thesis has reference significance for translation practice,discourse analyses and translation studies related to Gan Xiao Liu Ji.In general,the register theory links the context and the various levels of the language system,which is conducive to comprehensively interpreting the circular process between the context and the language in the process of translation.Register theory provides a theoretical platform for comparison between the source text and the source context,the target text and the target context of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.1.5The Layout of the ThesisAccording to the nature and content of the study,this thesis is divided into five parts.Chapter one is a brief introduction to the background,object,significance and framework of the study.Chapter two is a literature review,summarizing the previous studies on theregister theory,translation practice based on the register theory,as well as the source text and two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Chapter three is the theoretical framework on which this research relies,that is, the description of the register theory.Chapter four is of great significance in the thesis,which is the author’s comparative analysis of the two English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji using the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis under the register theory.Chapter five is the conclusion made from the above analysis and the limitations of this study.Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEW2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register TheoryThis part focuses on the studies at home and abroad of register theory and the combination of register theory and translation practice.2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroadThere are many scholars studying translation from the perspective of register analysis abroad.Catford(1965)tried to establish a new theory of translation by analyzing the discourse involved in translation based on Halliday’s theory of Scale and Category Grammar.He also discussed the language variants in translation and introduced dialect,register,language type and way of language,and then put forward the concept of translation shift and classified the shift in translation.Ure(1971) initially defined the concept of the register from the perspective of lexical grammar, trying to distinguish the categories of register according to lexical categories.As far as Gregory(1988)concerned,in the translation studies,the research of the translatability can not leave the register equivalence alone.From the perspective of language use, Bell(1991)analyzed the three elements of the discourse:field,tenor and mode.He believes that social factors are closely related to the discourse,and the translator should analyze the original text based on the three parameters——field,tenor and mode before translating.As a translation theorist,Mona Baker(1992)investigated discourse analysis from a functional perspective.In her exploration of translation,she put emphasis mainly on the textual function of texts.Hatim and Mason(1990,1997) paid special attention to the meaning of context analysis.They studied the context from three aspects:communicative process,pragmatic behavior and symbolic communication.Among them,communicative process refers to the content of discourse theme,participants and their relationship,means of discourse and so on, which is actually the content of Halliday’s register analysis.House(1997,1981)putforward a systematic model of translation quality assessment based on register analysis.Steiner(1997)began to study translation from the perspective of the register in1997.Based on register analysis,Steiner(1998)explored the methods of analysis and evaluation of translation and put forward some new interpretations of some translation problems.Munday(2001)introduced and analyzed the main translation theories up to the end of the20th century.Among them,he analyzed and commented on the translation studies of House,Baker,Hatim and Mason whose studies were based on Halliday’s discourse analysis and register analysis.Matthiessen(2001) studied the translation in context,arguing that context is the greatest environment for translation and the value of the translation can be determined by using the field,the tenor and the mode.However,they only analyze the situational variables involved in the source text and lack systematic analysis of the target text.In recent years,the rise of Corpus Linguistics has provided a new tool for translation studies based on register theory. For example,Kruger(2012)focused on the register of the translated texts and found that there was relatively few register variation in the target text compared with the source text.Kreinkühle(2014)explored register shifts in scientific and technical translation.Neumann(2014)discussed the analysis of cross-linguistic register in translation studies at the theoretical and methodological level.These studies have achieved good results to a certain extent which provide a reference basis and direction for register research and make a certain contribution to the development of register theory.As for the related research of combining register theory and translation practice,it has gradually increased in recent years.However, more systematic methods that are used to analyse translation from the perspective of register theory need to be further improved,and the operational level of elaboration and examples need to be explored.2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at homeThe introduction of register theory into China was first done by Zhang Delu.He (1987)explained the status of this theory in the systemic functional grammar,thecharacteristics and functions of register.Guo(1989)also discussed the register theory in terms of the lexical level of language and language style.He introduced this theory into the Chinese to English translation and developed the application of this theory. Hu(2005)conducted the study on the equivalence of register in translation study.The equivalence in both the source and target text can be realized in both the form and content.Wu(2002)proposed how to grasp the register at the same time of “agreement”,and then achieve“fitness”in translation.Specifically,the target text is not only faithful to the content of the source text,but also faithful to the style of the source text.Tang(2002)elaborated on a combination of traditional stylistics with modern approaches to the analysis of language varieties and registers at various levels of comprehension of translation.Wang and Chai(2009)intended to integrate the concept of“register”in the Systemic Functional Linguistics into“transformation”, and put forward the concept of“register transformation”to expand the connotation of “transformation”at the level of pure language and connect the study of culture, context and text in the analysis of corresponding texts.Wang(2009)put forward the concepts of semantic drift and intertextual interference and analyzed the semantic drift and intertextual interference of polysemy.By comparing the Olympic slogan of China,the slogan of Asian Games in China and the slogan of Asian Games in Korea, Wang discussed how to evaluate the risk of translation choices in the context of semantic evolution to avoid possible negative intertextuality.Cao(2007)believes that in the process of translation,the translator’s grasp of the register of the original text helps the translator to understand the stylistic characteristics of the original text,so it is necessary to rebuild the register of the translated text corresponding to that of the original text.Then he(2016)chose specific examples in the translation of children’s literature to analyze and explore how the translator reproduces the register of the original text and what the suppositional social role of the translator acts in the context of the target text.While agreeing with Halliday’s thought of register,Gao(2013) found that register not only has the characteristics of situational context,but also has the characteristics of language.He(2014)applied the register analysis to the translation study and put forward the three-level model of register analysis oftranslation study.Then he(2015)proposed that the register has two sides,which provides the basis for the new concept of register reconstruction.Chen(Chen,Wang, &Zhang,2014)combined with the specific examples of Yang Xianyi’s and Hawkes’translation of Hong Lou Meng,exploring the correspondence of the register(field, register,tenor)of address translation in literary works,to ensure that the target text is faithful not only to the conceptual meaning of the original address,but also to the typological meaning of the potential structure of the text determined by the functional domain,in order to achieve its communicative and rhetorical functions.Liu(2016) compared the register space of English and Chinese with a qualitative method, concluding that the register level of Chinese is narrower than that of English.The root of the narrowing of register level in Chinese probably has a close relationship with the May4th Movement.From the perspective of register theory,Jing(Jing,&Duan,2017) discussed the equivalence of culture-loaded words in translation shift.Huang(Huang, &Sun,2017)conducted the research on the causes and methods of the register transformation in textual translation based on the register theory.And they put forward the strategy and type of three-step register transformation.Also,in recent years,many graduate students have written master’s degree theses in register and translation.These studies analyze different texts from the perspective of the register which have certain value and significance and provide different degrees of reference for further research.However,these studies are still in the introductory stage or primary stage in terms of research methods and perspectives.Most of these studies analyze different corpus based on the concept of three variables of situational context in the Systemic Functional Linguistics.The combination of register theory and analysis is not very close,that is,some analyses of translation are not built on lexical grammar which embodies the three language meta-functions,but on personal subjective impressions so that most of the analyses are interpreted at the linguistic level of words, sentences and so on.Some research is not deep and specific enough.2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English VersionsThis part combs the research thread of the source text and the two target texts of Gan Xiao Liu Ji at home and abroad.2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroadHowever,according to the literature the author holds,few scholars are studying the translating characteristics of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,let alone studying that from the perspective of the register.The story itself is more welcome abroad.2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at homeGan Xiao Liu Ji is an outstanding work in the setting of the Cultural Revolution. It describes what the author Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu saw,felt and realized in the special period of the Cultural Revolution,which not only shows people their difficult experiences,but also directly provides people with real and valuable materials for understanding this history.Yang Jiang has always enjoyed a high reputation in the Chinese literary world,and her literary attainments are quite high. The style of her article is unique,especially prose.Therefore,most of the domestic studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji focus on its plain and simple writing style and its historical or cultural significance.Zhang(1994)believes that Yang Jiang’s placid narration is to convey her inner feelings and depict her painful soul with moderation.Her self-soothing and self-deprecating words express the irony of this historical event.Li (2009)combed the process of publishing Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its increasing popularity in the literary circles at home and abroad and praised Yang Jiang’s plain and simple writing style and her pure and unfiltered aesthetic realm.Wu(1991) considers that it is narrow to put Gan Xiao Liu Ji into the type of“optimism”prose because there is the protest in calmness and sympathy.Thus,the author called it “indefinite-form prose”.Wei(2012)interpreted Gan Xiao Liu Ji from Yang Jiang’s female perspective and intellectual standpoint.Under the method of10“society-literature,”Zhu(2019)tried to utilize the theory of cultural memory to show how the memory of intellectuals was edited by the literature of that period in the Gan Xiao Liu Ji.These studies are based on Yang Jiang’s writing style and the deep implication conveyed in her writing,which slightly involves in the language level,but not in-depth.Since the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it has aroused widespread concern in Chinese academic circles.However,there is not much research on the English translation of the book.Chen(2010)explored the translation strategies adopted in the three English versions to reflect the salient meaning of reduplicative words and the translation model embodied by these translation strategies.Zhang(2010)pointed out that interpretation on the part of the translators could work out well only when it complied with the intention of the source texts and the authors by quoting examples of amplification from the two English versions(respectively translated by Goldblatt and Djang Chu)of Yang Jiang’s Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Deng(2011)tried to analyze the two English versions respectively translated by Djang Chu and Geremie Barme from three aspects:the translator’s interpretation of the source text,the translator’s translation strategy and translation style,in order to explain the embodiment of the translator’s subjectivity in the target text.Xu(2016)studied the translation process of Goldblatt’s English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji based on83letters between Goldblatt and editors, publishers,authors,scholars and readers in the period of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji, which were collected by the Archives of Chinese Literature Translation at the University of Oklahoma.Besides,this topic has aroused many graduate students’attention in recent years. On the basis of the German scholar Albrecht Neubert’s viewpoint on the theory of translation competence,Wu(2017)made a comparative study of two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji which were respectively translated by Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from aesthetic,thematic,linguistic,cultural,textual and transformational aspects combined with the characteristics of the source text.Based on the theory of adaptation,Wang(2018)discussed the adaptation made in the process of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji by Howard Goldblatt,the corresponding translation methods and thefactors that affect the author’s choice of adaptation from four aspects:contextual relationship,structural object,the dynamics of adaptation and the degree of consciousness in the process of adaptation.Han(2018),from the perspective of social semiotics,studied the difficulties encountered in the process of the translation of the language meaning,and the compensation strategy adopted by Howard Goldblatt to minimize the loss of meaning in the translation process.There are not many pieces of research on the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji in China.Moreover,the above researches on the translation phenomena in the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji is not thorough and comprehensive,and there are few examples revealing the characteristics of the translated texts.However,the above researches are of great significance to the study of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,which can enlighten future scholars.The author finds that no one has studied the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji from the perspective of the register theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,and the results of the comparative study of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu are rare.Most domestic scholars tend to study Howard Goldblat’s English translation and his translation ability and style.Chapter ThreeTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK3.1Brief Introduction to Register TheoryThe research of register analysis originated from Malinowski’s related researches.He put forward the concept of situational context in1923,he thought that language activities of human always occur in a specific context,and the use of language should consider the context in which it is located(Malinowski,1923). However,to succeed in verbal communication,especially when communicative activities occur between people who speak different languages,the role of culture can not be ignored,so Malinowski proposed the concept of cultural context in1935 (Malinowski,1935).The initial development of register analysis benefits from Firth. He incorporated Malinowski’s thought of situational context into his linguistic theory. In his opinion,linguistics is the study of meaning of language which is the function of language in context(Firth,1935).The concept of the register was first put forward by Reid when he studied bilingual phenomena in1956(Reid,1956).In the early1960s, Halliday,the funder of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,inheriting and developing the concept of situational context raised by Malinowski and relation theory of meaning presented by Firth,held that language varies with its function,and this linguistic variant distinguished by function was register.In1964,Halliday summarized that the situational context consists of three elements or variables,namely, field of discourse,mode of discourse and style of discourse.In1978,for the sake of avoiding ambiguity,Halliday transformed“style of discourse”into“tenor of discourse”(Halliday,1978).And these three situational variables are called the field, tenor and mode for short.Meanwhile,Halliday found that these three situational variables were related to the three metafunctions of language(experiential, interpersonal and textual function).He believed that a particular register was a given type of situation,which acted on the semantic system and selected and activated a specific semantic network.The meaning potential determined by this process is the。
科技英语翻译1
增译翻译练习This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.这一作用从表面上看起来像是电容器的放电现象。
Once out of the earth's gravity, an astronaut is affected by still another problem — weightlessness.一经摆脱了地球的引力束缚,宇航员又会遭遇到另一个问题—失重。
By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics.科学家们正通过最大限度地减少微观瑕疵来制造强度高得多的陶瓷。
Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.与普通干电池相比,原子电池体积小,而且重量特轻。
Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller.晶体管能使原先体积很大的设备大为缩小。
Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.天文学家们有证据表明,还存在一些其他的恒星,这些恒星可能以黑洞为伴星。
The key to the new materials is researchers‘ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.开发新材料的关键在于增强研究人员在分子层次操纵物质的能力。
The largest and most expensive products cannot, because of their size, be testable in the factory.体积最庞大价格最昂贵的产品正是由于其体积太大,不能在厂里测试。
英语词汇学-第一章
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入 标题
02
01
04
03
Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.
英国文学史及选读Chapter1
英国文学史及选读Chapter1英国文学史及选读Chapter1发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:32 共270人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Fill in the blanks.1.After the fall of the Roman Empire and athe withdrawl of Roman troops from Albion,the aboriginal __ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquerered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ____,_____ ,and _____ who came from the continent and settled in the island,naming its central part a,or England.2.For nearly ______ years prior to the coming of the English,British had been a Roman province. In _____,the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3.The literature of early period falls naturally into teo divisions,and ____.The former represents the poetry which ____the Anglso-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of _____ ,the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil;the later represents the writings developed under the teaching of ______ .4._____can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero _____---one of the national heros of the English people.5.The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the ______ approximately at the beginning of the_____century,when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the _____ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes,e.g.with the ______ who lived on the other side of the straits.6.Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention______ who lived in the latter half of the ______ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphase of the Blible.7.____ is the first known religious poets of England. He is known as the father of English song.8.The didac tic poem “The Christ” was produced by ________.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.9.The most important work of _______ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles,which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede2. Who is the monster half-huamn who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?a. Hrothgat.b. Heorot.c. Grendel.d. Beowulf.3. _____ is the first important religious poet in English Literature.a. Cynewulfb.Caedmonc. Shakepeare.d. Adam Bede4. The epic,The Song of Beowulf,represents the spirit of ______.a. monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistd. paganIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. ()The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynewulf.2. ()The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3. ()Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4. ()Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.5. ()The author of Paraphase is Caedmon.IV. Define the liretary terms listed below.Alliteration Epic.V. Answer the following questions.1.What do you know about the Teutors.2.Please give a brief description of The Song of Boewulf.英国文学史及选读Chapter2发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:31 共93人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.In the year___,at the battle of ___,the ____ headed by William,Duke of Normandy,defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2.The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright,____ tales of _______ and _______,in marked contrast with the ___ and ______ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3.English literature is also a combination of ____and _____ elements.4.In the 14th century,the two most important writers are ___ and Chaucer.5.In the 15th century,there is only one important prose writer whose name is _____. He wrote an important work called Morte d’ Arthur.II. Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Canto2.legend3.Arthurian Legend.III. Read the excerpt of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight carefully,and then make a brief comment on it.IV. Answer the following questions.1.What is the consequence of the Norman Conquest?2.Make a brief survey of the middle English literature.英国文学史及选读Chapter3发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:31 共68人浏览[大] [中] [小]Geoffrey ChaucerI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Chaucer’s masterpiece is _____,one of the most famous works in all literature.2.Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _______.3.There are various kinds of ballads _______,______,______,_____,and ______.4.Bishop ____ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.5.The name of the “jolly innkeeper” in The CanterburyTales is ______,who proposes that each pilgrim of the ____ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.6.In contradistinction to the ______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English _____ verse.II. Choose the best answer.1.Who is the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England?a. Christopher Marlowb. Geoffrey Chaucerc. W. Shakespeared. Alfred the Great2. Chaucer’s earlist work of any length is his “______” a transl ation of the French “Roman de la Rose” by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung,which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throught Europe.a. Troilus and Criseydeb. A Red,Red Rosec. Romance of the Rosed. Piers the Plowman3. In his literary development,Chaucer was influenced by three literatures,which one is not true?a. French literature.b. Italian literaturec. English literatured. American literatureIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. ()The 32 pilgrims,according to Chaucer’s plan,was to exceed that of Baccoccio’s Decameron.2. ()The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portray,the first of its kind in the history of English literature.3. ()The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century in England.4. ()Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance.IV. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Romance.2.Fable.3.BalladV. Anwer the following question.1.What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales ?英国文学史及选读Chapter4发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:30 共66人浏览[大] [中] [小]The RenaissanceI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to the textbook.1.Shakespeare’s first priginal play written in about 1590 was _________.2.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and _______ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.3.The Tragical History of Doct or Faustus is one of _______’s best known sonnets.4.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ______.5.Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes,the ______,the _______,the _______ works.6.Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the_________.7.Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _______.II. Find out the author and his works.⑴The author and their works1. ()Thomas More a. Gorge Green2. ()Enmund Spenser b. Eupheus3. ()John Lyly c.The Fairy Queen4. ()Marlowe d. Utopia5. ()Robert Greene e. The Jew of Malta⑵The characters in the play1. ()Desdemona a. The Merchant of Venice2. ()Cordelia b. As you like it3. ()Juliet c.Hamlet4. ()Ophelia d. King Lear5. ()Portia e. Othello6. ()Rosalind f. Romeo and JulietIII. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Renaissance2.sonnet3.Spenserian Stanza4.Humanism5.dramatic irony6.tragedy7.allusionIV. Answer the following questions.1.Give a summary about the English literature during the Renaissance period.2.What is the main idea of Hamlet?3.Give a brief introduction to Thomas More’s Utopia.4.Wh en were Shakespeare’s main tragedies written?what did he write about in his tragedies?英国文学史及选读Chapter5发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:29 共40人浏览[大] [中] [小]Chapter Five The Period of Revolution and RestorationI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The 17th century was a period when ______ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the ______ could no longer bear the sway of _______.2.England became a commomwealth under the leadership of _______.3.The Glorious Revolution in _____ meant three things the supremacy of ________,the beginning of _______,and the final truiumph of the principle of _______.4.Restoration created a literature of its own,that was often ______ and _______,but on the whole _______ and _______.5.The first thing to strik e the reader is Donne’s extraordinary _____ and penetrating_______. The next is the ______ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reation from the extreme _______ of woman encouraged by the Petrachan tradition.6.Parad ise Lost presents the author’s view in an ______,_______ form. It is based on the _______legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race-______,and _______,and involves God and his eternal adversary _____in its plot.7.Bunyan’s most important wo rk is _________,written in the old-fashioned,medieval form of ________ and _________.8.Christia has two objects,---to get rid of his ______,which holds the sins and fears of his life,and to make his way.II. Find out the work from column A and its content from column B.1. ()II Penseroso a. defense of the Revolution2. ()Lycidas b. Satan against God3. ()Comas c. about dear friend4. ()Areopagitica d. happiness5. ()Eikonolastes e. meditation6. ()Defense for the English People f. masque7. ()Paradise Lost g. attack on the censorship8. ()L’Allegro h. justifying the excutionIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1 .Blank Verse2. Three Unities3. Conceit4. Stanza5. Elegy6 .Allegory7. GenreLiterary CriticismIV. Answer the following questions.1.What are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabeth period and that of the Revolution period?2.Give a brief analysis of Satan,the central figure in ParadiseLost.3.Why do people say Samson is Milton?4.In your opinion,why is “The Pilgrim’s P rogress” successful?英国文学史及选读Chapter6发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:29 共34人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Age of Enlightenment EnglandI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The Revolution of 1688,which banished the last of the _____ kings,marks the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England.2.Another feature of the age was the rapid development of _________.3.It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions:the reign of so-called _____,the revival of _______ poetry,and the beginnings of the _______.4.The philosophy of the nlighteners,though ________ ________ and _________ in its essence,did not exclude senses,or sentiments,as a means of perception and learning.5.The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was ________.6.The Tarler and _______ _________ were Steele and Addison’s chief contribution to English literature.7.Robinson Crusoe is largely an ______ ________ ________ story,rather than the study of ______ _______ which Defoe probably intended it to be.8.Gulliver’s adventures begins with ______________,who are so small that Gulliver isa giant among them.9.The poem,which Addison named ______ _______,was hailed throughout England as a great work.10.In the essays of the 16th century,French writer ____ set the model for more familiar,personal and discursive discussion.11.Fielding’s laternovels are _______________,was inspired by the success of Ri chardson’s novel Pamela.12.As________,Goldsmith is among the best of the century.13. The greatest of _______ poets is Robert Burns.II. Match the theirs works in column A writers/genres with in column B.⑴1. ()The Deserted Village a. Thomas Gary2. ()The Village b. George Crabble3. ()Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard c. Oliver Goldsmith4. ()The Seasons d. James Thomson5. ()The Rape of the Lock e. William Blake6. ()The Chimney Sweeper f. Alexander Pope7. () A Red,Red Rose g. Robert Burns⑵1. ()A Sentimental Journey a. Daniel Defoe2. ()The Vicar of Wakefield b. Jonathan Swift3. ()The School for Scandal c.John Bunyan4. ()The History of a Young Lady d. Horace Walpole5. ()Tom Jones e. Laurence Sterne6. ()The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle f. Oliver Goldsmith7. ()Robinson Crusoe g. Richard B. Sheridam8. ()Gulliver’s Tra vels h. Samuel Richardson9. ()The Castle of Otranto i. T. G. Smollet10.()The Pilgrim’s Progress j. Fielding.⑶1. ()The Vicar of Wakefield a. essay2. ()She Stoops to Conquerb. poem3. ()The Citizen of the world c. novel4. ()The Deserted Village d. comedyIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Enlightenment Movement2.Realistic Novel3.Gothic novel4.Heroic Couplet5.Mock Epic6.Bildungsroman7.Epitaph8.Farce9.Imagism10.RhymeIV. Answer the following questions.1.What is Pope’s position in English literature?2.What are the features of Sterne’s novels?3.What are the narrative festures of Gulliver’s Travel?4.What is Dr. Johnson’s comment on Addison’s prose?5.What is Fielding’s style?6.Why is Burn’s poetry important?英国文学史及选读Chapter7发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:28 共27人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge,________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develoment of literature is _____,English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ (1816),is vaguely autobiographical acount of a youn g poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson.III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in columnB.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticism/doc/a410999246.htmlke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet?2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind?3.Co mment on Austen’s writing festures.英国文学史及选读Chapter7发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:28 共27人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge,________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develomentof literature is _____,English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ (1816),is vaguely autobiographical acount of a young poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson.III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in columnB.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticism/doc/a410999246.htmlke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet?2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind?/doc/a410999246.htmlment on Austen’s writing festures.英国文学史及选读Chapter9发布人:圣才学习网发布日期:2010-08-16 17:26 共37人浏览[大] [中] [小]The 20TH Century LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Those “novels of character and enviorement” by T homas Hardy are the most representative of him as both a _______ and a critical realist writer.2.The trilogy “The Forsyte Saga” consists of The Man of Propert y,In Chancery and_________./doc/a410999246.htmlwrence first novel,_________________,was received with respect.4.Virginia Woolf’s novel ________________,published in 1925,made her reputation as an important psychological writer.5._________is the m ost outstanding stream of consciousnessnovelist.II. Define the literary terms.1.Imagism2.ModernismIII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.1. James Joyce a. Neo-classicism2. Ezra Pound b. An active romantic3. William Wordsworth c. Humanism4. Oscar Wilde d. Transcendantalism5. Walter Scott e. A radical enlightenner6. Alezander Pope f. Imagism7. Johanthan Swift g. Aestheticism8. Percy Bysshe Shelley h. A lake Poet9. William Shakespeare i. Stream of consciousness10. Henry,David Thoreau j. A historical novelistIV. Give a brief comment on the c haracteristic of Hardy’s novels.。
数学英文词汇大全
微积分第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit集合 set元素 element子集 subset空集 empty set并集 union交集 intersection差集 difference of set基本集 basic set补集 complement set直积 direct product笛卡儿积 Cartesian product开区间 open interval闭区间 closed interval半开区间 half open interval有限区间 finite interval区间的长度 length of an interval无限区间 infinite interval领域 neighborhood领域的中心 centre of a neighborhood领域的半径 radius of a neighborhood左领域 left neighborhood右领域 right neighborhood映射 mappingX到Y的映射 mapping of X ontoY满射 surjection单射 injection一一映射 one-to-one mapping双射 bijection算子 operator变化 transformation函数 function逆映射 inverse mapping复合映射 composite mapping自变量 independent variable因变量 dependent variable定义域 domain函数值 value of function函数关系 function relation值域 range自然定义域 natural domain单值函数 single valued function多值函数 multiple valued function单值分支 one-valued branch函数图形 graph of a function绝对值函数 absolute value符号函数 sigh function整数部分 integral part阶梯曲线 step curve当且仅当 if and only if(iff)分段函数 piecewise function上界 upper bound下界 lower bound有界 boundedness无界 unbounded函数的单调性 monotonicity of a function单调增加的 increasing单调减少的 decreasing单调函数 monotone function函数的奇偶性 parity(odevity) of a function 对称 symmetry偶函数 even function奇函数 odd function函数的周期性 periodicity of a function周期 period反函数 inverse function直接函数 direct function复合函数 composite function中间变量 intermediate variable函数的运算 operation of function基本初等函数 basic elementary function初等函数 elementary function幂函数 power function指数函数 exponential function对数函数 logarithmic function三角函数 trigonometric function反三角函数 inverse trigonometric function 常数函数 constant function双曲函数 hyperbolic function双曲正弦 hyperbolic sine双曲余弦 hyperbolic cosine双曲正切 hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦 inverse hyperbolic sine反双曲余弦 inverse hyperbolic cosine反双曲正切 inverse hyperbolic tangent极限 limit数列 sequence of number收敛 convergence收敛于 a converge to a发散 divergent极限的唯一性 uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性 boundedness of a convergent sequence子列 subsequence函数的极限 limits of functions函数当x趋于x0时的极限 limit of functions as x approaches x0左极限 left limit右极限 right limit单侧极限 one-sided limits水平渐近线 horizontal asymptote无穷小 infinitesimal无穷大 infinity铅直渐近线 vertical asymptote夹逼准则 squeeze rule单调数列 monotonic sequence高阶无穷小 infinitesimal of higher order低阶无穷小 infinitesimal of lower order同阶无穷小 infinitesimal of the same order--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 高等数学-翻译等阶无穷小 equivalent infinitesimal函数的连续性 continuity of a function增量 increment函数在x0连续 the function is continuous at x0左连续 left continuous右连续 right continuous区间上的连续函数 continuous function函数在该区间上连续 function is continuous on an interval不连续点 discontinuity point第一类间断点 discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点 discontinuity point of the second kind初等函数的连续性 continuity of the elementary functions定义区间 defined interval最大值 global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值 global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理 the zero point theorem介值定理 intermediate value theorem第二章导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential速度 velocity匀速运动 uniform motion平均速度 average velocity瞬时速度 instantaneous velocity圆的切线 tangent line of a circle切线 tangent line切线的斜率 slope of the tangent line位置函数 position function导数 derivative可导 derivable函数的变化率问题 problem of the change rate of a function导函数 derived function左导数 left-hand derivative右导数 right-hand derivative单侧导数 one-sided derivatives在闭区间【a,b】上可导 is derivable on the closed interval [a,b]切线方程 tangent equation角速度 angular velocity成本函数 cost function边际成本 marginal cost链式法则 chain rule隐函数 implicit function显函数 explicit function二阶函数 second derivative三阶导数 third derivative高阶导数 nth derivative莱布尼茨公式 Leibniz formula对数求导法 log- derivative参数方程 parametric equation相关变化率 correlative change rata微分 differential可微的 differentiable函数的微分 differential of function自变量的微分 differential of independent variable微商 differential quotient间接测量误差 indirect measurement error绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 MeanValue Theorem of Differentials and the Application of Derivatives罗马定理 Rolle’s theorem费马引理 Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理 Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点 stationary point稳定点 stable point临界点 critical point辅助函数 auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式 Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理 Cauchy’s mean value theorem洛必达法则 L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式 indeterminate form of type 0/0不定式 indeterminate form泰勒中值定理 Taylor’s mean value theorem泰勒公式 Taylor formula余项 remainder term拉格朗日余项 Lagrange remainder term麦克劳林公式 Maclaurin’s formula佩亚诺公式 Peano remainder term凹凸性 concavity凹向上的 concave upward, cancave up凹向下的,向上凸的 concave downward’ concave down 拐点 inflection point函数的极值 extremum of function极大值 local(relative) maximum最大值 global(absolute) mximum极小值 local(relative) minimum最小值 global(absolute) minimum目标函数 objective function曲率 curvature弧微分 arc differential平均曲率 average curvature曲率园 circle of curvature曲率中心 center of curvature曲率半径 radius of curvature渐屈线 evolute渐伸线 involute根的隔离 isolation of root隔离区间 isolation interval切线法 tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数 primitive function(antiderivative)积分号 sign of integration被积函数 integrand积分变量 integral variable积分曲线 integral curve积分表 table of integrals换元积分法 integration by substitution分部积分法 integration by parts分部积分公式 formula of integration by parts有理函数 rational function真分式 proper fraction假分式 improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals曲边梯形 trapezoid with曲边 curve edge窄矩形 narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积 area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限 lower limit of integral积分上限 upper limit of integral积分区间 integral interval分割 partition积分和 integral sum可积 integrable矩形法 rectangle method积分中值定理 mean value theorem of integrals函数在区间上的平均值 average value of a function on an integvals 牛顿-莱布尼茨公式 Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式 fundamental formula of calculus换元公式 formula for integration by substitution递推公式 recurrence formula反常积分 improper integral反常积分发散 the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛 the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分 improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分 improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛 absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the Definite Integrals元素法 the element method面积元素 element of area平面图形的面积 area of a luane figure直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标 (Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标 polar coordinates抛物线 parabola椭圆 ellipse旋转体的面积 volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体 ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation 曲线的弧长 arc length of acurve可求长的 rectifiable光滑 smooth功 work水压力 water pressure引力 gravitation变力 variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebra向量 vector自由向量 free vector单位向量 unit vector零向量 zero vector相等 equal平行 parallel向量的线性运算 linear poeration of vector三角法则 triangle rule平行四边形法则 parallelogram rule交换律 commutative law结合律 associative law负向量 negative vector差 difference分配律 distributive law空间直角坐标系 space rectangular coordinates坐标面 coordinate plane卦限 octant向量的模 modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角 angle between vector a and b方向余弦 direction cosine方向角 direction angle向量在轴上的投影 projection of a vector onto an axis数量积,外积,叉积 scalar product,dot product,inner product 曲面方程 equation for a surface球面 sphere旋转曲面 surface of revolution母线 generating line轴 axis圆锥面 cone顶点 vertex旋转单叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面 cylindrical surface ,cylinder圆柱面 cylindrical surface准线 directrix抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder二次曲面 quadric surface椭圆锥面 dlliptic cone椭球面 ellipsoid单叶双曲面 hyperboloid of one sheet双叶双曲面 hyperboloid of two sheets旋转椭球面 ellipsoid of revolution椭圆抛物面 elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面 paraboloid of revolution双曲抛物面 hyperbolic paraboloid马鞍面 saddle surface椭圆柱面 elliptic cylinder双曲柱面 hyperbolic cylinder抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder空间曲线 space curve空间曲线的一般方程 general form equations of a space curve 空间曲线的参数方程 parametric equations of a space curve 螺转线 spiral螺矩 pitch投影柱面 projecting cylinder投影 projection平面的点法式方程 pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量 normal vector平面的一般方程 general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角 angle between two planes点到平面的距离 distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程 general equation of a line in space方向向量 direction vector直线的点向式方程 pointdirection form equations of a line 方向数 direction number直线的参数方程 parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角 angle between two lines垂直 perpendicular直线与平面的夹角 angle between a line and a planes平面束 pencil of planes平面束的方程 equation of a pencil of planes行列式 determinant系数行列式 coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables and Its Application 一元函数 function of one variable多元函数 function of several variables内点 interior point外点 exterior point边界点 frontier point,boundary point聚点 point of accumulation开集 openset闭集 closed set连通集 connected set开区域 open region闭区域 closed region有界集 bounded set无界集 unbounded setn维空间 n-dimentional space二重极限 double limit多元函数的连续性 continuity of function of seveal连续函数 continuous function不连续点 discontinuity point一致连续 uniformly continuous偏导数 partial derivative对自变量x的偏导数 partial derivative with respect to independent variable x高阶偏导数 partial derivative of higher order二阶偏导数 second order partial derivative混合偏导数 hybrid partial derivative全微分 total differential偏增量 oartial increment偏微分 partial differential全增量 total increment可微分 differentiable必要条件 necessary condition充分条件 sufficient condition叠加原理 superpostition principle全导数 total derivative中间变量 intermediate variable隐函数存在定理 theorem of the existence of implicit function曲线的切向量 tangent vector of a curve法平面 normal plane向量方程 vector equation向量值函数 vector-valued function切平面 tangent plane法线 normal line方向导数 directional derivative梯度 gradient数量场 scalar field梯度场 gradient field向量场 vector field势场 potential field引力场 gravitational field引力势 gravitational potential曲面在一点的切平面 tangent plane to a surface at a point曲线在一点的法线 normal line to a surface at a point无条件极值 unconditional extreme values条件极值 conditional extreme values拉格朗日乘数法 Lagrange multiplier method拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier经验公式 empirical formula最小二乘法 method of least squares均方误差 mean square error第九章重积分Chapter9 Multiple Integrals二重积分 double integral可加性 additivity累次积分 iterated integral体积元素 volume element三重积分 triple integral直角坐标系中的体积元素 volume element in rectangular coordinate system 柱面坐标 cylindrical coordinates柱面坐标系中的体积元素 volume element in cylindrical coordinate system 球面坐标 spherical coordinates球面坐标系中的体积元素 volume element in spherical coordinate system 反常二重积分 improper double integral曲面的面积 area of a surface质心 centre of mass静矩 static moment密度 density形心 centroid转动惯量 moment of inertia参变量 parametric variable第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line(Curve)Integrals and Surface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分 line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分 line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧 directed arc单连通区域 simple connected region复连通区域 complex connected region格林公式 Green formula第一类曲面积分 surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to area有向曲面 directed surface对坐标的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分 surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元 element of directed surface高斯公式 gauss formula拉普拉斯算子 Laplace operator格林第一公式 Green’s first formula通量 flux散度 divergence斯托克斯公式 Stokes formula环流量 circulation旋度 rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series一般项 general term部分和 partial sum余项 remainder term等比级数 geometric series几何级数 geometric series公比 common ratio调和级数 harmonic series柯西收敛准则 Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence 正项级数 series of positive terms达朗贝尔判别法 D’Alembert test柯西判别法 Cauchy test交错级数 alternating series绝对收敛 absolutely convergent条件收敛 conditionally convergent柯西乘积 Cauchy product函数项级数 series of functions发散点 point of divergence收敛点 point of convergence收敛域 convergence domain和函数 sum function幂级数 power series幂级数的系数 coeffcients of power series阿贝尔定理 Abel Theorem收敛半径 radius of convergence收敛区间 interval of convergence泰勒级数 Taylor series麦克劳林级数 Maclaurin series二项展开式 binomial expansion近似计算 approximate calculation舍入误差 round-off error,rounding error欧拉公式 Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法 Weierstrass test三角级数 trigonometric series振幅 amplitude角频率 angular frequency初相 initial phase矩形波 square wave谐波分析 harmonic analysis直流分量 direct component基波 fundamental wave二次谐波 second harmonic三角函数系 trigonometric function system傅立叶系数 Fourier coefficient傅立叶级数 Forrier series周期延拓 periodic prolongation正弦级数 sine series余弦级数 cosine series奇延拓 odd prolongation偶延拓 even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式 complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程 solve a dirrerential equation常微分方程 ordinary differential equation偏微分方程 partial differential equation,PDE微分方程的阶 order of a differential equation微分方程的解 solution of a differential equation微分方程的通解 general solution of a differential equation初始条件 initial condition微分方程的特解 particular solution of a differential equation 初值问题 initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线 integral curve of a differential equation 可分离变量的微分方程 variable separable differential equation 隐式解 implicit solution隐式通解 inplicit general solution衰变系数 decay coefficient衰变 decay齐次方程 homogeneous equation一阶线性方程 linear differential equation of first order非齐次 non-homogeneous齐次线性方程 homogeneous linear equation非齐次线性方程 non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法 method of variation of constant暂态电流 transient stata current稳态电流 steady state current伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation全微分方程 total differential equation积分因子 integrating factor高阶微分方程 differential equation of higher order悬链线 catenary高阶线性微分方程 linera differential equation of higher order自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程 differential equation of forced oscillation串联电路的振荡方程 oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程 second order linera differential equation线性相关 linearly dependence线性无关 linearly independce二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneour linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient特征方程 characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率 natural frequency简谐振动 simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration微分算子 differential operator待定系数法 method of undetermined coefficient共振现象 resonance phenomenon欧拉方程 Euler equation幂级数解法 power series solution数值解法 numerial solution勒让德方程 Legendre equation微分方程组 system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组system of linera differential equations with constant coefficient线性代数Aadjont(adjugate) of matrix A A 的伴随矩阵augmented matrix A 的增广矩阵Bblock diagonal matrix 块对角矩阵block matrix 块矩阵basic solution set 基础解系CCauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西-许瓦兹不等式characteristic equation 特征方程characteristic polynomial 特征多项式coffcient matrix 系数矩阵cofactor 代数余子式cofactor expansion 代数余子式展开column vector 列向量commuting matrices 交换矩阵consistent linear system 相容线性方程组Cramer’s rule 克莱姆法则Cross- product term 交叉项DDeterminant 行列式Diagonal entries 对角元素Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dimension of a vector space V 向量空间V的维数Eechelon matrix 梯形矩阵eigenspace 特征空间eigenvalue 特征值eigenvector 特征向量eigenvector basis 特征向量的基elementary matrix 初等矩阵elementary row operations 行初等变换Ffull rank 满秩fundermental set of solution 基础解系G[center]grneral solution 通解Gram-Schmidt process 施密特正交化过程Hhomogeneous linear equations 齐次线性方程组Iidentity matrix 单位矩阵inconsistent linear system 不相容线性方程组indefinite matrix 不定矩阵indefinit quatratic form 不定二次型infinite-dimensional space 无限维空间inner product 内积inverse of matrix A 逆矩阵Llinear combination 线性组合linearly dependent 线性相关linearly independent 线性无关linear transformation 线性变换lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵Mmain diagonal of matrix A 矩阵的主对角matrix 矩阵N[center]negative definite quaratic form 负定二次型negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次型nonhomogeneous equations 非齐次线性方程组nonsigular matrix 非奇异矩阵nontrivial solution 非平凡解norm of vector V 向量V的范数normalizing vector V 规范化向量Oorthogonal basis 正交基orthogonal complement 正交补orthogonal decomposition 正交分解orthogonally diagonalizable matrix 矩阵的正交对角化orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵orthogonal set 正交向量组orthonormal basis 规范正交基orthonomal set 规范正交向量组[b]Ppartitioned matrix 分块矩阵positive definite matrix 正定矩阵positive definite quatratic form 正定二次型positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵positive semidefinite quadratic form 半正定二次型Qquatratic form 二次型[center]R[/center]rank of matrix A 矩阵A的秩 r(A) reduced echelon matrix 最简梯形阵row vector 行向量set spanned by { } 由向量{ }所生成similar matrices 相似矩阵similarity transformation 相似变换singular matrix 奇异矩阵solution set 解集合standard basis 标准基standard matrix 标准矩阵Isubmatrix 子矩阵subspace 子空间symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttrace of matrix A 矩阵A 的迹 tr(A)transpose of A 矩阵A的转秩triangle inequlity 三角不等式trivial solution 平凡解Uunit vector 单位向量upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵Vvandermonde matrix 范得蒙矩阵vector 向量vector space 向量空间Zzero subspace 零子空间zero vector 零空间(本文已被浏览 133 次)概率统计概率论与数理统计词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成,分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的,立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值Ffactor 因素,因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的,度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告,报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ssample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的,有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括,综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共,和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权,权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数。
英国资产阶级革命
英国国教
英国在宗教改革中建立的民族教会。 也称英格兰圣公会或安立甘教会 (Anglican Church) 。 1534年亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》(Act of Supremacy ),正式宣布国王为英教会的最高 首脑,建立脱离罗马教廷的英国国教会。但 基本沿用旧教教义、礼仪和主教制。
问题
英国资产阶级革命为什么要披着宗教的外衣? 英国资产阶级革命为什么要披着宗教的外衣? 宗教的外衣
2、第一次内战(1642—1646) 、第一次内战( )
克伦威尔
(Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658), 英国17世纪资产阶级革命的领袖、政治家和军事家。 出身于亨廷登郡的一个中等贵族家庭。青年时期就 学于剑桥一个著名清教学院,受到清教思想的薰陶。 1628年被选入议会。30年代迁居剑桥郡。曾帮助当 地农民反对贵族地主排干沼泽侵害农民利益的行为, 因而在东部各郡中颇孚众望。1640年作为剑桥郡的 代表先后被选入“短期议会”和“长期议会”。在 长期议会中,与坚决反对王党的议员站在一起。参加 制定《大抗议书》等文件。
3、第二次内战(1648) 、第二次内战( )
5、共和国的成立 、
普莱德清洗, 普莱德清洗, 12月6日,普莱德上校率军占领了议会,把 月 日 普莱德上校率军占领了议会, 110名议员清洗了出去,另有约 名议员清洗了出去, 名议员清洗了出去 另有约200个议员自 个议员自 愿退出议会,这就是所谓“普莱德清洗” 愿退出议会,这就是所谓“普莱德清洗”。 此后议会里剩下的议员大约有200人左右, 人左右, 此后议会里剩下的议员大约有 人左右 残余议会” 独立派占据统治地位。 称“残余议会”,独立派占据统治地位。 残缺议会, 残缺议会,1648年12月 年 月
短期国会( 短期国会(1640年4月13日—5月5日) 年 月 日 月 日
chapter one+of+Rise+And+Fall+Of+The+Third+Reich
Chapter1BIRTH OF THE THIRD REICHOn the very eve of the birth of the Third Reich a feverish tension gripped Berlin.The Weimar Republic,it seemed obvious to almost everyone,was about to expire.For more than a year it had been fast crumbling.General Kurt von Schleicher,who like his immediate predecessor,Franz von Papen,cared little for the Republic and less for its democracy,and who,also like him,had ruled as Chancellor by presidential decree without recourse to Parliament,had come to the end of his rope afterfifty-seven days in office.On Saturday,January28,1933,he had been abruptly dismissed by the aging President of the Republic,Field Marshal von Hindenburg.Adolf Hitler, leader of the National Socialists,the largest political party in Germany,was demanding for himself the chancellorship of the democratic Republic he had sworn to destroy.The wildest rumors of what might happen were rife in the capital that fateful winter weekend,and the most alarming of them,as it happened,were not without some foundation.There were reports that Schleicher,in collusion with General Kurt von Hammerstein,the Commander in Chief of the Army,was preparing a putsch with the support of the Potsdam garrison for the purpose of arresting the President and establishing a military dictatorship.There was talk of a Nazi putsch.The Berlin storm troopers,aided by Nazi sympathizers in the police,were to seize the Wilhelmstrasse,where the President’s Palace and most of the government ministries were located.There was talk also of a general strike.On Sunday,January29,a hundred thousand workers crowded into the Lustgarten in the center of Berlin to demonstrate their opposition to making Hitler Chancellor.One of their leaders attempted to get in touch with General von Hammerstein to propose joint action by the Army and organized labor should Hitler be named to head a new government.1Once before,at the time of the Kapp putsch in1920,a general strike had saved the Republic after the government hadfled the capital.Throughout most of the night from Sunday to Monday Hitler paced up and down his room in the Kaiserhof hotel on the Reichskanzlerplatz,just down the street from the Chancellery.2Despite his nervousness he was supremely confident that his hour had struck.For nearly a month he had been secretly34THE RISE AND FALL OF THE THIRD REICH negotiating with Papen and the other leaders of the conservative Right.He had had to compromise.He could not have a purely Nazi government.But he could be Chancellor of a coalition government whose members,eight out of eleven of whom were not Nazis,agreed with him on the abolition of the democratic Weimar regime.Only the aged,dour President had seemed to stand in his way. As recently as January26,two days before the advent of this crucial weekend, the grizzly old Field Marshal had told General von Hammerstein that he had ”no intention whatsoever of making that Austrian corporal either Minister of Defense or Chancellor of the Reich.”3Yet under the influence of his son,Major Oskar von Hindenburg,of Otto von Meissner,the State Secretary to the President,of Papen and other members of the palace camarilla,the President wasfinally weakening.He was eighty-six and fading into senility.On the afternoon of Sunday,January29,while Hitler was having coffee and cakes with Goebbels and other aides,Hermann Goering, President of the Reichstag and second to Hitler in the Nazi Party,burst in and informed them categorically that on the morrow Hitler would be named Chancellor.4Shortly before noon on Monday,January30,1933,Hitler drove over to the Chancellery for an interview with Hindenburg that was to prove fateful for himself,for Germany and for the rest of the world.From a window in the Kaiserhof,Goebbels,Roehm and other Nazi chiefs kept an anxious watch on the door of the Chancellery,where the Fuehrer would shortly be coming out.”We would see from his face whether he had succeeded or not,”Goebbels noted. For even then they were not quite sure.”Our hearts are torn back and forth between doubt,hope,joy and discouragement,”Goebbels jotted down in his diary.”We have been disappointed too often for us to believe wholeheartedly in the great miracle.”5A few moments later they witnessed the miracle.The man with the Charlie Chaplin mustache,who had been a down-and-out tramp in Vienna in his youth, an unknown soldier of World War I,a derelict in Munich in thefirst grim postwar days,the somewhat comical leader of the Beer Hall Putsch,this spellbinder who was not even German but Austrian,and who was only forty-three years old,had just been administered the oath as Chancellor of the German Reich.He drove the hundred yards to the Kaiserhof and was soon with his old cronies,Goebbels,Goering,Roehm and the other Brownshirts who had helped him along the rocky,brawling path to power.”He says nothing,and all of us say nothing,”Goebbels recorded,”but his eyes are full of tears.”6 That evening from dusk until far past midnight the delirious Nazi storm troopers marched in a massive torchlight parade to celebrate the victory.By the tens of thousands,they emerged in disciplined columns from the depths of the Tiergarten,passed under the triumphal arch of the Brandenburg Gate and down the Wilhelmstrasse,their bands blaring the old martial airs to the thunderous beating of the drums,their voices bawling the new Horst Wessel song and other tunes that were as old as Germany,their jack boots beating a mighty rhythm on the pavement,their torches held high and forming a ribbon offlame that illuminated the night and kindled the hurrahs of the onlookers massed on the sidewalks.From a window in the palace Hindenburg looked down upon the marching throng,beating time to the military marches with his cane,apparently pleased that at last he had picked a Chancellor who could arouse the people in a traditionally German way.Whether the old man,in hisBIRTH OF THE THIRD REICH5 dotage,had any inkling of what he had unleashed that day is doubtful.A story, probably apocryphal,soon spread over Berlin that in the midst of the parade he had turned to an old general and said,”I didn’t know we had taken so many Russian prisoners.”A stone’s throw down the Wilhelmstrasse Adolf Hitler stood at an open window of the Chancellery,beside himself with excitement and joy,dancing up and down,jerking his arm up continually in the Nazi salute,smiling and laughing until his eyes were again full of tears.One foreign observer watched the proceedings that evening with different feelings.”The river offireflowed past the French Embassy,”Andre Fran¸c ois-Poncet,the ambassador,wrote,”whence,with heavy heart andfilled with fore-boding,I watched its luminous wake.”7Tired but happy,Goebbels arrived home that night at3A.M.Scribbling in his diary before retiring,he wrote:”It is almost like a dream...a fairy tale...The new Reich hasbeen born.Fourteen years of work have been crowned with victory.The German revolution has begun!”8The Third Reich which was born on January30,1933,Hitler boasted,would endure for a thousand years,9and in Nazi parlance it was often referred to as the”Thousand-Year Reich.”It lasted twelve years and four months,but in that flicker of time,as history goes,it caused an eruption on this earth more violent and shattering than any previously experienced,raising the German people to heights of power they had not known in more than a millennium,making them at one time the masters of Europe from the Atlantic to the Volga,from the North Cape to the Mediterranean,and then plunging them to the depths of destruction and desolation at the end of a world war which their nation had cold-bloodedly provoked and during which it instituted a reign of terror over the conquered peoples which,in its calculated butchery of human life and the human spirit,outdid all the savage oppressions of the previous ages.The man who founded the Third Reich,who ruled it ruthlessly and often with uncommon shrewdness,who led it to such dizzy heights and to such a sorry end,was a person of undoubted,if evil,genius.It is true that he found in the German people,as a mysterious Providence and centuries of experience had molded them up to that time,a natural instrument which he was able to shape to his own sinister ends.But without Adolf Hitler,who was possessed of a demonic personality,a granite will,uncanny instincts,a cold ruthlessness,a remarkable intellect,a soaring imagination and–until toward the end,when, drunk with power and success,he overreached himself–an amazing capacity to size up people and situations,there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.”It is one of the great examples,”as Friedrich Meinecke,the eminent Ger-man historian,said,”of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life.”10To some Germans and,no doubt,to most foreigners it appeared that a charlatan had come to power in Berlin.To the majority of Germans Hitler had –or would shortly assume–the aura of a truly charismatic leader.They were to follow him blindly,as if he possessed a divine judgment,for the next twelve tempestuous years.6THE RISE AND FALL OF THE THIRD REICHTHE ADVENT OF ADOLF HITLERConsidering his origins and his early life,it would be difficult to imagine a more unlikelyfigure to succeed to the mantle of Bismarck,the Hohenzollern emperors and President Hindenburg than this singular Austrian of peasant stock who was born at half past six on the evening of April20,1889,in the Gasthof zum Pommer,a modest inn in the town of Braunau am Inn,across the border from Bavaria.The place of birth on the Austro-German frontier was to prove significant, for early in his life,as a mere youth,Hitler became obsessed with the idea that there should be no border between these two German-speaking peoples and that they both belonged in the same Reich.So strong and enduring were his feelings that at thirty-five,when he sat in a German prison dictating the book that would become the blueprint for the Third Reich,his veryfirst lines were concerned with the symbolic significance of his birthplace.Mein Kampf begins with these words:Today it seems to me providential that fate should have chosen Brau-nau am Inn as my birthplace.For this little town lies on the bound-ary between two German states which we of the younger generationat least have made it our life-work to reunite by every means at ourdisposal...This little city on the border seems to me the symbol ofa great mission.11Adolf Hitler was the third son of the third marriage of a minor Austrian customs official who had been born an illegitimate child and who for thefirst thirty-nine years of his life bore his mother’s name,Schicklgruber.The name Hitler appears in the maternal as well as the paternal line.Both Hitler’s grand-mother on his mother’s side and his grandfather on his father’s side were named Hitler,or rather variants of it,tor the family name was variously written as Hiedler,Huetler,Huettler and Hitler.Adolf’s mother was his father’s second cousin,and an episcopal dispensation had to be obtained for the marriage.The forebears of the future German Fuehrer,on both sides,dwelt for gen-erations in the Waldviertel,a district in Lower Austria between the Danube and the borders of Bohemia and Moravia.In my own Vienna days I sometimes passed through it on my way to Prague or to Germany.It is a hilly,wooded country of peasant villages and small farms,and though only somefifty miles from Vienna it has a somewhat remote and impoverished air,as if the main currents of Austrian life had passed it by.The inhabitants tend to be dour,like the Czech peasants just to the north of them.Intermarriage is common,as in the case of Hitler’s parents,and illegitimacy is frequent.On the mother’s side there was a certain stability.For four generations Klara Poelzl’s family remained on peasant holding Number37in the village of Spital.12The story of Hitler’s paternal ancestors is quite different.The spelling of the family name,as we have seen,changes;the place of residence also.There is a spirit of restlessness among the Hitlers,an urge to move from one village to the next,from one job to another,to avoidfirm human ties and to follow a certain bohemian life in relations with women.Johann Georg Hiedler,Adolf’s grandfather,was a wandering miller,plying his trade in one village after another in Lower Austria.Five months after hisfirstBIRTH OF THE THIRD REICH7 marriage,in1824,a son was born,but the child and the mother did not survive. Eighteen years later,while working in Duerenthal,he married a forty-seven-year-old peasant woman from the village of Strones,Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Five years before the marriage,on June7,1837,Maria had had an illegitimate son whom she named Alois and who became Adolf Hitler’s father.It is most probable that the father of Alois was Johann Hiedler,though conclusive evidence is lacking.At any rate Johann eventually married the woman,but contrary to the usual custom in such cases he did not trouble himself with legitimizing the son after the marriage.The child grew up as Alois Schicklgruber.Anna died in1847,whereupon Johann Hiedler vanished for thirty years,only to reappear at the age of eighty-four in the town of Weitra in the Waldviertel, the spelling of his name now changed to Hitler,to testify before a notary in the presence of three witnesses that he was the father of Alois Schicklgruber.Why the old man waited so long to take this step,or why hefinally took it,is not known from the available records.According to Heiden,Alois later confided to a friend that it was done to help him obtain a share of an inheritance from an uncle,a brother of the miller,who had raised the youth in his own household.13 At any rate,this tardy recognition was made on June6,1876,and on November 23the parish priest at Doellersheim,to whose office the notarized statement had been forwarded,scratched out the name of Alois Schicklgruber in the baptismal registry and wrote in its place that of Alois Hitler.From that time on Adolf’s father was legally known as Alois Hitler,and the name passed on naturally to his son.It was only during the1930s that enterprising journalists in Vienna,delving into the parish archives,discovered the facts about Hitler’s ancestry and,disregarding old Johann Georg Hiedler’s belated attempt to do right by a bastard son,tried to fasten on the Nazi leader the name of Adolf Schicklgruber.There are many weird twists of fate in the strange life of Adolf Hitler,but none more odd than this one which took place thirteen years before his birth. Had the eighty-four-year-old wandering miller not made his unexpected reap-pearance to recognize the paternity of his thirty-nine-year-old son nearly thirty years after the death of the mother,Adolf Hitler would have been born Adolf Schicklgruber.There may not be much or anything in a name,but I have heard Germans speculate whether Hitler could have become the master of Germany had he been known to the world as Schicklgruber.It has a slightly comic sound as it rolls offthe tongue of a South German.Can one imagine the frenzied Ger-man masses acclaiming a Schicklgruber with their thunderous”Heils”?”Heil Schicklgruber!”?Not only was”Heil Hitler!”used as a Wagnerian,paganlike chant by the multitude in the mystic pageantry of the massive Nazi rallies,but it became the obligatory form of greeting between Germans during the Third Reich,even on the telephone,where it replaced the conventional”Hello.””Heil Schicklgruber!”?It is a little difficult to imagine.∗Since the parents of Alois apparently never lived together,even after they were married,the future father of Adolf Hitler grew up with his uncle,who∗Hitler himself seems to have recognized this.In his youth he confided to the only boyhood friend he had that nothing had ever pleased him as much as his father’s change of names.He told August Kubizek that the name Schicklgruber”seemed to him so uncouth,so boorish, apart from being so clumsy and unpractical.He found’Hiedler’...too soft;but’Hitler sounded nice and was easy to remember.”(August Kubizek,The Young Hitler I Knew,p.40.)8THE RISE AND FALL OF THE THIRD REICH though a brother of Johann Georg Hiedler spelled his name differently,being known as Johann von Nepomuk Huetler.In view of the undying hatred which the Nazi Fuehrer would develop from youth on for the Czechs,whose nation he ultimately destroyed,the Christian name is worthy of passing mention.Johann von Nepomuk was the national saint of the Czech people and some historians have seen in a Hitler’s being given this name an indication of Czech blood in the family.Alois Schicklgruberfirst learned the trade of shoemaker in the village of Spital,but being restless,like his father,he soon set out to make his fortune in Vienna.At eighteen he joined the border police in the Austrian customs service near Salzburg,and on being promoted to the customs service itself nine years later he married Anna Glasl-Hoerer,the adopted daughter of a customs official.She brought him a small dowry and increased social status,as such things went in the old Austro-Hungarian petty bureaucracy.But the marriage was not a happy one.She was fourteen years older than he,of failing health, and she remained childless.After sixteen years they were separated and three years later,in1883,she died.Before the separation Alois,now legally known as Hitler,had taken up with a young hotel cook,Franziska Matzelsberger,who bore him a son,named Alois, in1882.One month after the death of his wife he married the cook and three months later she gave birth to a daughter,Angela.The second marriage did not last long.Within a year Franziska was dead of tuberculosis.Six months later Alois Hitler married for the third and last time.The new bride,Klara Poelzl,who would shortly become the mother of Adolf Hitler,was twenty-five,her husband forty-eight,and they had long known each other.Klara came from Spital,the ancestral village of the Hitlers.Her grand-father had been Johann von Nepomuk Huetler,with whom his nephew,Alois Schicklgruber-Hitler,had grown up.Thus Alois and Klara were second cousins and they found it necessary,as we have seen,to apply for episcopal dispensation to permit the marriage.It was a union which the customs official hadfirst contemplated years before when he had taken Klara into his childless home as a foster daughter during his first marriage.The child had lived for years with the Schicklgrubers in Braunau, and as thefirst wife ailed Alois seems to have given thought to marrying Klara as soon as his wife died.His legitimation and his coming into an inheritance from the uncle who was Klara’s grandfather occurred when the young girl was sixteen,just old enough to legally marry.But,as we have seen,the wife lingered on after the separation,and,perhaps because Alois in the meantime took up with the cook Franziska Matzelsberger,Klara,at the age of twenty,left the household and went to Vienna,where she obtained employment as a household servant.She returned four years later to keep house for her cousin;Franziska too,in the last months of her life,had moved out of her husband’s home.Alois Hitler and Klara Poelzl were married on January7,1885,and some four months and ten days later theirfirst child,Gustav,was born.He died in infancy,as did the second child,Ida,born in1886.Adolf was the third child of this third marriage.A younger brother,Edmund,born in1894,lived only six years.Thefifth and last child,Paula,born in1896,lived to survive her famous brother.Adolf’s half-brother,Alois,and his half-sister,Angela,the children of Franziska Matzelsberger,also lived to grow up.Angela,a handsome youngBIRTH OF THE THIRD REICH9 woman,married a revenue official named Raubal and after his death worked in Vienna as a housekeeper and for a time,if Heiden’s information is correct,as a cook in a Jewish charity kitchen.14In1928Hitler brought her to Berchtesgaden as his housekeeper,and thereafter one heard a great deal in Nazi circles of the wondrous Viennese pastries and desserts she baked for him and for which he had such a ravenous appetite.She left him in1936to marry a professor of architec-ture in Dresden,and Hitler,by then Chancellor and dictator,was resentful of her departure and declined to send a wedding present.She was the only person in the family with whom,in his later years,he seems to have been close–with one exception.Angela had a daughter,Geli Raubal,an attractive young blond woman with whom,as we shall see,Hitler had the only truly deep love affair of his life.Adolf Hitler never liked to hear mention of his half-brother.Alois Matzels-berger,later legitimized as Alois Hitler,became a waiter,and for many years his life was full of difficulties with the law.Heiden records that at eighteen the young man was sentenced tofive months in jail for theft and at twenty served another sentence of eight months on the same charge.He eventually moved to Germany,only to become embroiled in further troubles.In1924, while Adolf Hitler was languishing in prison for having staged a political revolt in Munich,Alois Hitler was sentenced to six months in prison by a Hamburg court for bigamy.Thereafter,Heiden recounts,he moved on to England,where he quickly established a family and then deserted it.15The coming to power of the National Socialists brought better times to Alois Hitler.He opened a Bierstube–a small beerhouse–in a suburb of Berlin,moving it shortly before the war to the Wittenbergplatz in the capital’s fashionable West End.It was much frequented by Nazi officials and during the early part of the war when food was scarce it inevitably had a plentiful supply.I used to drop in occasionally at that time.Alois was then nearing sixty,a portly,simple,good-natured man with little physical resemblance to his famous half-brother and in fact indistinguishable from dozens of other little pub keepers one had seen in Germany and Austria.Business was good and,whatever his past,he was now obviously enjoying the prosperous life.He had only one fear: that his half-brother,in a moment of disgust or rage,might revoke his license. Sometimes there was talk in the little beerhouse that the Chancellor and Fuehrer of the Reich regretted this reminder of the humble nature of the Hitler family. Alois himself,I remember,refused to be drawn into any talk whatsoever about his half-brother–a wise precaution but frustrating to those of us who were trying to learn all we could about the background of the man who by that time had already set out to conquer Europe.Except in Mein Kampf,where the sparse biographical material is often mis-leading and the omissions monumental,Hitler rarely discussed–or permitted discussion of in his presence–his family background and early life.We have seen what the family background was.What was the early life?THE EARLY LIFE OF ADOLF HITLERThe year his father retired from the customs service at the age offifty-eight, the six-year-old Adolf entered the public school in the village of Fischlham, a short distance southwest of Linz.This was in1895.For the next four or10THE RISE AND FALL OF THE THIRD REICH five years the restless old pensioner moved from one village to another in the vicinity of Linz.By the time the son wasfifteen he could remember seven changes of address andfive different schools.For two years he attended classes at the Benedictine monastery at Lambach,near which his father had purchased a farm.There he sang in the choir,took singing lessons and,according to his own account,16dreamed of one day taking holy orders.Finally the retired customs official settled down for good in the village of Leonding,on the southern outskirts of Linz,where the family occupied a modest house and garden.At the age of eleven,Adolf was sent to the high school at Linz.This rep-resented afinancial sacrifice for the father and indicated an ambition that the son should follow in his father’s footsteps and become a civil servant.That, however,was the last thing the youth would dream of.”Then barely eleven years old,”Hitler later recounted,17”I was forced into opposition(to my father)for thefirst time...I did not want to become a civil servant.”The story of the bitter,unrelenting struggle of the boy,not yet in his teens, against a hardened and,as he said,domineering father is one of the few biograph-ical items which Hitler sets down in great detail and with apparent sincerity and truth in Mein Kampf.The conflict aroused thefirst manifestation of thatfierce, unbending will which later would carry him so far despite seemingly insuperable obstacles and handicaps and which,confounding all those who stood in his way, was to put an indelible stamp on Germany and Europe.I did not want to become a civil servant,no,and again no.All attempts on my father’s part to inspire me with love or pleasure in this profession by stories from his own life accomplished the exact opposite.I...grew sick to my stomach at the thought of sitting in an office,deprived of my liberty;ceasing to be master of my own time and being compelled to force the content of my whole life into paper forms that had to befilled out...One day it became clear to me that I would become a painter,an artist... My father was struck speechless.”Painter?Artist?”He doubted my sanity,or perhaps he thought he had heard wrong or misun-derstood me.But when he was clear on the subject,and particularly after he felt the seriousness of my intention,he opposed it with all the determination of his nature...”Artist!No!Never as long as I live!”...My father would never depart from his”Never!”And I intensified my”Nevertheless!”18One consequence of this encounter,Hitler later explained,was that he stopped studying in school.”I thought that once my father saw how little progress I was making at high school he would let me devote myself to my dream,whether he liked it or not.”19This,written thirty-four years later,may be partly an excuse for his failure at school.His marks in grade school had been uniformly good.But at the Linz high school they were so poor that in the end,without obtaining the customary certificate,he was forced to transfer to the state high school at Steyr, some distance from Linz.He remained there but a short time and left before graduating.Hitler’s scholastic failure rankled in him in later life,when he heaped ridicule on the academic”gentry,”their degrees and diplomas and their pedagogical airs. Even in the last three or four years of his life,at Supreme Army Headquarters,BIRTH OF THE THIRD REICH11 where he allowed himself to be overwhelmed with details of military strategy, tactics and command,he would take an evening offto reminisce with his old party cronies on the stupidity of the teachers he had had in his youth.Some of these meanderings of this mad genius,now the Supreme Warlord personally directing his vast armies from the Volga to the English Channel,have been preserved.When I think of the men who were my teachers,I realize that mostof them were slightly mad.The men who could be regarded as goodteachers were exceptional.It’s tragic to think that such people havethe power to bar a young man’s way.–March3,1942.20I have the most unpleasant recollections of the teachers who taughtme.Their external appearance exuded uncleanliness;their collarswere unkempt...They were the product of a proletariat denuded ofall personal independence of thought,distinguished by unparalleledignorance and most admirablyfitted to become the pillars of aneffete system of government which,thank God,is now a thing of thepast.–April12,1942.”21When I recall my teachers at school,I realize that half of themwere abnormal...We pupils of old Austria were brought up torespect old people and women.But on our professors we had nomercy;they were our natural enemies.The majority of them weresomewhat mentally deranged,and quite a few ended their days ashonest-to-God lunatics!...I was in particular bad odor with theteachers.I showed not the slightest aptitude for foreign languages-though I might have,had not the teacher been a congenital idiot.Icould not bear the sight of him.–August29,1942.22Our teachers were absolute tyrants.They had no sympathy withyouth;their one object was to stuffour brains and turn us intoerudite apes like themselves.If any pupil showed the slightest traceof originality,they persecuted him relentlessly,and the only modelpupils whom I have ever got to know have all been failures in after-life.–September7,1942.23∗To his dying day,it is obvious,Hitler never forgave his teachers for the poor marks they had given him–nor could he forget.But he could distort to a point of grotesqueness.The impression he made on his teachers,recollected after he had become a worldfigure,has been briefly recorded.One of the few instructors Hitler seems to have liked was Professor Theodor Gissinger,who strove to teach him science.Gissinger later recalled,”As far as I was concerned.Hitler left neither a favorable nor an unfavorable impression in Linz.He was by no means a leader of the class.He was slender and erect,his face pallid and very thin,almost like that of a consumptive,his gaze unusually open,his eyes brilliant.”24 Professor Eduard Huemer,apparently the”congenital idiot”mentioned by Hitler above–for he taught French–came to Munich in1923to testify for his former pupil,who was then being tried for treason as the result of the Beer ∗He told this story on himself in one of his reminiscing moods on the evening of January 8-9,1942,at Supreme Headquarters.(Hitler’s Secret Conversations,p.160.)。
小学上册第9次英语第1单元全练全测
小学上册英语第1单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.What is the main purpose of a fire extinguisher?A. To start firesB. To put out firesC. To light firesD. To control firesB2.The train is very ________.3. A __________ (植物的繁殖方式) can vary greatly.4.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. MarsB. VenusC. JupiterD. MercuryA5.What is the main ingredient in jelly?A. SugarB. GelatinC. FruitD. WaterC6.What is the capital of Tanzania?A. DodomaB. Dar es SalaamC. ArushaD. Mwanza7. A ____(local economy) supports small businesses.8.The _____ (butter) melts on the bread.9.The _______ is often used in herbal medicine.10.What do you call the end of a story?A. BeginningB. MiddleC. ConclusionD. ChapterC11.What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AustraliaD. EuropeC12.What do you call a small, round fruit that is often sour?A. GrapeB. CherryC. LemonD. OrangeC13.The _____ (植物环境监测) can inform land use decisions.14.What is the largest continent?A. AfricaB. AsiaC. EuropeD. AustraliaB15. A parakeet can learn to say ______ (简单的) phrases.16.Which instrument is used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. SpeedometerD. RulerB17.What is the primary color of the sun?A. BlueB. RedC. YellowD. GreenC18.I like to ___ (have) fun with my friends.19.What is the name of the famous battle fought in 1066?A. Battle of HastingsB. Battle of WaterlooC. Battle of GettysburgD. Battle of AgincourtA20.My __________ (玩具名) can __________ (动词) if I push the button.21.The chemical formula for ethyl alcohol is ______.22.The __________ (英国宪法) is based on many documents.23.What do we call the tool we use to measure time?A. ScaleB. ClockC. RulerD. Thermometer24.The _____ (socks) are mismatched.25. A ______ (猴子) can be very funny and entertaining.26.The __________ (历史的洞察) opens eyes.27.Brazil is famous for its _____ (47) during Carnival.28.The soup is very ___. (hot)29.What do you call a story that is made up?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. HistoryA Fiction30.I have a collection of ________ (糖果盒). Each one is a different ________ (设计).31.We live on the ________ (地球).32.The ancient Egyptians built monumental _____ for their leaders.33.The element with the symbol V is __________.34. A ____ is often seen gliding through the sky.35.I like to volunteer because it allows me to help those in need. It’s very _______ (有意义).36.My dad makes the best ____ (sandwiches).37.farming technique) can affect soil health. The ____38.My friend is a ______. He loves to collect stamps.39.What do birds build to lay their eggs?A. NestB. DenC. BurrowD. HiveA40.I enjoy having ________ (早餐) with my family.41.I love to ________ stories.42.What is the name of the famous American singer known for her hit song "Like a Prayer"?A. MadonnaB. Britney SpearsC. Whitney HoustonD. Mariah CareyA Madonna43.She is studying to be a ________.44.I have a _____ (picture) of my family.45.The capital of Colombia is __________.46.What is the opposite of smooth?A. RoughB. SoftC. FlatD. Even47.An asteroid is a small rocky body that orbits the ______.48. A ________ (草原) is a habitat for many species.49.Certain plants can thrive in ______ (低光) conditions.50.My grandma enjoys making __________ (传统美食) for the family.51.I have a ___ of gum. (stick)52.My favorite school event is _______ (运动会).53.The chemical symbol for calcium is ______.54. A __________ is a cold-blooded vertebrate.55.The gas that makes bread rise is ______.56.The _____ (本土生态) supports unique plant species.57.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. OsloB. CopenhagenC. StockholmD. HelsinkiC58.The frog croaks by the ______ (池塘). It is looking for a ______ (伙伴).59.The center of the Earth is very ______.60.In my culture, we often show respect by calling elders __. (在我的文化中,我们通常通过称呼长辈为____来表示尊重。
小学上册第七次英语第一单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第一单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.The __________ (气候) affects plant growth.2.What do we call the time when it is very cold?A. SummerB. SpringC. AutumnD. Winter3. A ______ is a representation of scientific relationships.4.The process of a gas changing into a liquid is called _______.5.s always turn their ______ toward the sun. (向日葵总是朝着太阳的方向转动。
) Sunflowe6.Which animal has a pouch for carrying its young?A. DogB. CatC. KangarooD. TigerC7.How do you say "friend" in French?A. AmiB. FreundC. AmigoD. Compagnon8.How many points is a touchdown worth in American football?A. 3B. 5C. 6D. 7C9.The chemical symbol for calcium is __________.10.I have a big _______ (梦想) to travel around the world.11.What do we call the process of adding sugar to food to preserve it?A. FreezingB. DehydratingC. CanningD. SugaringD12.Which animal is known for its incredible sense of smell?A. CatB. DogC. FoxD. BearB13.The signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the _____ territories.14.What do we call the object that keeps time?A. CalendarB. ClockC. TimerD. StopwatchB15.My dad is ________ a car.16.I can ___ (read) chapter books.17.What do we call the path that a planet takes around the Sun?A. OrbitB. RotationC. RevolutionD. Cycle18.My sister is very __________ (好学的) and curious.19. A lizard can change color to adapt to its ______ (环境).20.What do you call a young horse?A. FoalB. CalfC. KidD. Pup答案:A21.What do you call the practice of planting and growing crops?A. AgricultureB. HorticultureC. GardeningD. FarmingA22.She is _____ (跳舞) happily.23.I have a toy _______ that glows in the dark.24.What is the capital of the United Kingdom?A. EdinburghB. LondonC. CardiffD. BelfastB25.Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB.BananaC.OrangeD.Grape答案:B26.We play ______ after school. (games)27.What is the name of the holiday celebrated on October 31st?A. ThanksgivingB. ChristmasC. HalloweenD. New YearC28.The _______ of a wave can be visualized with a sine curve.29.I like _____ (to run/to walk).30.My mom enjoys __________ (参加) family celebrations.31.When the weather is nice, I like to have a __________ outside. (烧烤)32.I enjoy sharing my _________ (玩具) stories with my classmates.33.Certain plants can produce ______ (香料) for cooking.34.Which of these animals can swim?A. CatB. DogC. DolphinD. Lion答案:C35.My brother is a ______. He enjoys coaching sports teams.36.The squirrel collects _______ (松鼠收集_______).37.The ______ teaches us about world cultures.38.What type of animal is a parrot?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Fish39.Chickens lay _________. (蛋)40.What do you call a young crocodile?A. HatchlingB. CalfC. PupD. KitA41.What is the name of the famous wall in China?A. The Great WallB. Hadrian's WallC. Berlin WallD. Wall of JerichoA42.Which instrument is played with a bow?A. TrumpetB. FluteC. ViolinD. Drums43.My mom is a great __________ (社区领导者).44.My sister is ______ (playing) the flute.45.What do you call a book containing words and their meanings?A. EncyclopediaB. DictionaryC. AtlasD. ManualB46.What is the term for a group of wolves?A. PackB. PrideC. FlockD. SchoolA47.What is the name of the place where you can see wild animals?A. ZooB. FarmC. AquariumD. CircusA48.My aunt enjoys crafting ____ (scrapbooks).49.aring a _______ (漂亮的裙子). She is w50.What is the name of the popular show about a detective solving mysteries?A. Sherlock HolmesB. Law and OrderC. CSID. MonkA51.We learned about plants in ________ class.52.The fish swims with its ______ (鳍) and tail.53. A _______ is a reaction that occurs between a metal and an acid.54.The __________ is a mountain range that runs along the east coast of the United States. (阿巴拉契亚山脉)55. A _____ is a place known for its beauty and tranquility.56.What do you call a person who takes care of sick animals?A. VeterinarianB. DoctorC. NurseD. ZookeeperA57.The monkey swings from _______ (树).58.What do you call a group of rabbits?A. WarrenB. HerdC. PackD. School59.Garden tools include ______ (铲子) and rakes.60.I enjoy ________ (参加) sports.61.The atomic structure of an atom consists of a nucleus and ______.62.It is important to _______ your dreams.63.What do you use to catch fish?A. NetB. HookC. RodD. All of the above64.The monkey swings from _________ (树) to tree.65.The tree is very ________.66.What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Greece?A. ColosseumB. ParthenonC. PyramidsD. StonehengeB67.The ______ is a critical part of the food web.68.I enjoy feeding the ______ (小鸟) in my backyard. They are very ______ (可爱).69.What do we call the process of water turning into ice?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing70.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. PondC. OceanD. River71.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. ColdB. WarmC. CoolD. BoilingA Cold72.What is the main purpose of a school?A. To playB. To learnC. To eatD. To sleep73.The ______ (组织) in plants helps with nutrient transport.74.The movement of the tectonic plates can lead to the formation of ______.75.My cat enjoys catching ______ (小虫) in the garden.76.What do we call the process of taking care of animals?A. Animal husbandryB. Veterinary careC. Animal welfareD. All of the aboveD All of the above77.My favorite sport is _____. (basketball)78. (42) Ocean is where the Titanic sank. The ____79.My uncle is a fantastic ____ (cook).80.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. RiceC. FlourD. SaltC81.What do we use to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. RulerD. Compass82.The process of respiration produces __________ and water.83.I think friendship is very important. A good friend is someone who __________. I am lucky to have a friend named __________, who always makes me __________. We like to __________ together and have fun.84.What is the color of a pumpkin?A. WhiteB. OrangeC. YellowD. Green85.The capital of Italy is _____ (26).86.What is the main ingredient of pizza?A. DoughB. RiceC. BreadD. NoodlesA87.What is the term for the number of times something is multiplied by itself?A. FactorB. ProductC. PowerD. ExponentD88.I want to ________ my toys.89.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. RabbitD. HamsterB Dog90.ssance was a time of artistic and scientific _____. The Rena91.What is the name of the famous American scientist known for his work on electricity?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas EdisonC. Nikola TeslaD. Albert EinsteinA92.My favorite snack is _______ (我最喜欢的零食是_______).93.What is the name of the famous mountain range in Europe?A. RockiesB. AndesC. AlpsD. HimalayasC94. A platypus is unique because it lays ______ (蛋).95.The ______ is the largest organ in the human body.96.The _____ (sky/ground) is blue.97.The ________ (生态恢复行动) is ongoing.98. A ____ is a small animal that sleeps during the day.99. A __________ is a mixture that can be separated by evaporation. 100.The _______ of a wave can be determined by its wavelength.。
小学上册B卷英语第1单元全练全测(有答案)
小学上册英语第1单元全练全测(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.The __________ is a famous beach destination in Hawaii. (威基基)2.The __________ (历史的声响) resonates widely.3.The zebra has a unique ______ (条纹) pattern.4.The fish has ______ (鳍) to help it swim.5.What is the capital of Zambia?A. LusakaB. HarareC. NairobiD. Addis Ababa答案: A. Lusaka6.The beach has _____ (sand/water).7.My cousin is very __________ (自信的) when speaking.8.The chemical formula for ammonia is _____.9.What is the term for a baby tiger?A. CubB. PupC. KitD. Fawn答案:a10.What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. PhotosynthesisC. EvolutionD. Transformation答案:A11.The ________ was a major conflict that shaped modern Europe.12.The __________ contains many unique plants and animals.13.I wish I could create my own ________ (名词) one day. It would be the most________ (形容词) toy ever!14.We should ________ our toys.15.My ________ (玩具名称) is a special gift from my parents.16.The spider spins a _________ (网).17.I like to wear my ______.18.The cake is _______ (decorated) with fresh fruit.19.The park is very ________.20.The _____ (wind) is blowing.21.The ancient Greeks invented the _______ to measure time. (日晷)22.The _____ (香味) of the flowers is wonderful.23.The ancient city of Carthage was located in present-day ______ (突尼斯).24.The chemical symbol for neodymium is _____.25.Listen and number.(听录音标号.)26.I love to explore ______ (新地方) during my travels.27.The __________ is a famous area known for its spices.28.My dad is my strong _______ who teaches me valuable lessons.29.I think that sharing experiences is valuable. It helps us connect with others and build relationships. I enjoy sharing my experiences about __________ with my friends.30.The teacher is ______ a story to the class. (reading)31.The chemical formula for lithium sulfate is _____.32.The __________ (历史的编纂) requires careful research and analysis.33.What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. Copenhagen答案: A34.An enzyme is a biological _____ that speeds up reactions.35.The signing of the Magna Carta took place in ________ (1215).36.Astronomers classify stars based on their temperature and _______.37.The _____ (海星) clings to the rocks in the tide pool.38.What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Greece?A. ColosseumB. ParthenonC. AcropolisD. Pantheon答案:B39.Some plants can _______ in different climates.40.What do we call the outer layer of the Earth?A. CrustB. MantleC. CoreD. Lithosphere答案:A.Crust41.The grey wolf is a ______ predator in its habitat.42.What do you call the first page of a book?A. CoverB. Title pageC. IndexD. Chapter答案: B43.My ___ (小仓鼠) loves new toys.44.The car is ___. (parked)45.The bison lives in the _____.46.What do we call a story that is made up?A. FactB. FictionC. BiographyD. History答案:B47.We should _______ our dreams and goals.48._____ (园艺) can be a relaxing hobby.49.连词成句。
《告别革命》英文版
《告别革命》英文版The English translation of the book "告别革命" is "Farewell to Revolution." This book, written by Yan Lianke, is a thought-provoking novel that explores the impact of China's Cultural Revolution on individuals and society. It delves into the complexities of power, ideology, and human nature."Farewell to Revolution" presents a multi-dimensional perspective on the Cultural Revolution, examining its historical context, ideological underpinnings, and the personal experiences of its characters. The novel provides a comprehensive and nuanced portrayal of the social and psychological consequences of this tumultuous period in Chinese history.From a historical angle, "Farewell to Revolution" sheds light on the political climate of China during the Cultural Revolution, which was characterized by ideological fervor, mass mobilization, and the struggle for power. It exploresthe impact of Mao Zedong's policies and the Red Guard movement on individuals and society, as well as the subsequent disillusionment and aftermath.The novel also offers a critical examination of the ideological foundations of the Cultural Revolution. It explores the contradictions and flaws within the revolutionary ideology, questioning the validity of its principles and the consequences of its implementation. Through the experiences of its characters, the book explores the tension between revolutionary ideals and the realities of human nature.On a personal level, "Farewell to Revolution" delves into the lives of its characters, showcasing their struggles, aspirations, and the ways in which they navigate the complexities of the revolution. It portrays the human cost of the revolution, the loss of innocence, and the challenges faced by individuals caught in the midst of political upheaval.Through its rich and vivid storytelling, "Farewell toRevolution" offers a comprehensive and insightful exploration of the Cultural Revolution. It tackles themes of power, ideology, identity, and the resilience of the human spirit. The English translation of this book allows a wider audience to engage with and reflect upon the profound historical and social issues it addresses.In conclusion, "Farewell to Revolution" is a thought-provoking novel that provides a multi-faceted and comprehensive examination of the Cultural Revolution in China. Its English translation enables readers to delveinto the complexities of this historical period, offering insights into its impact on individuals and society.。
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现代企业面临的环境变化
计算机的快速发展和Internet的广泛应用
商业环境的巨变
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竞争性的商业环境
1. 经济的全球化 2. 工业经济向基于知识和信息的服务经济 的转变 3. 数字化企业的出现和成长 4. 国际化经营与运作的需要
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竞争性的商业环境
20世纪中后期以来,世界范围内出现的 巨变改变了整个商业环境:
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信息经济社会对企业的影响
1.
2.
市场需求 在工业经济时代,强调的是标准化、大 规模生产和专业分工。 在信息经济时代,消费者要求定制个性 化产品(服务)、产品具有独特性
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海尔个性化产品
“海尔冰箱,为您着想。海尔网上商城为您提供全面的冰 箱定制功能。在这里您可以根据自己的需要,定制配 置不同的、富有个性化的冰箱,满足您的喜好。”
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现代企业面临的环境变化
3C(Hammer & Champy)
petition:竞争 2.Change:变化 3.Customer:顾客:快、个性化
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企业应用IT的双作用力
推动作用
信息技术发展
企业
拉动作用
商业环境变化
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二十一世纪企业优胜的配方
强
错失机会
市场优胜者
管理
1. 在企业内部建立多层次的、跨职能部门的 指挥、协调和沟通渠道 2. 在跨企业组织边界上,利用SCM、CRM等 IS联系供应商和顾客
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信息经济社会对企业的影响
交易方式
1.GE的商业交易网站(TPN) 2.阿里巴巴的B2B交易平台 3.信息产品(Information Goods)HBR
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它的出台意味着在美国上市的公司不仅要保证其财务报表数据的 准确,还要保证内控系统能通过相关审计 作为CIO,必须切实做到保护财务数据、维护系统安全、保护客 户数据免遭盗窃与破坏以提高公司披露的准确性和可靠性
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联想国际化后的信息化整合 --整合联想全球IT系统
对于联想集团来说,自1994年收购IBM 全球PC机业务以后,就成为真正的国际 化企业,其信息化业务也必须更新改造, 那么王晓岩是如何解释的呢? /play/tech/chats how/83.html
中国科学院研究生院
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© µ Å Ò
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信息经济社会对企业的影响
市场结构
生产商 批发商
传统的市场链
原材料 供应商
零售商
消费者
原材料 供应商
生产商
批发商
DELL的供应链
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零售商
消费者
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中国科学院研究生院
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信息经济社会对企业的影响
E化工作方式
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User Generated Content 用户产生内容
User Generated Content (UGC)
/wiki/User_generated_content
1.
Weblog, or Blog、微博(Twitter)
1.
/wiki/Blog
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同样的飞机和汽车如何呢?
5分钱 劳斯莱斯:__________ 5美元 波音747飞机:________
但是如果汽车和飞机也和计算机一样,有 人敢坐吗?
计算机的快速发展和应用,使其成为人 类有史以来对社会变革影响最深的一种 通用技术
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网络的诞生
1969年11月21日, 加利福尼亚大学洛杉 矶分校的计算机与斯坦福研究所的计算 机联通,诞生网络 Internet是无国界的,不属于任何一个国 家或政府机构,是一个完全开放的通信 和信息的自由王国
国际出口带宽
256,696 214,175
中国科学院研究生院
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视频:信息技术的影响
计算机和互联网的发展与应用给我们的社会带来了巨大 的影响。(简短视频)
观看视频过程中思考问题: 1. 与互联网相关的其他信息技术,云计算、 3G、物联网、RFID等对个人、企业和 社会带来什么影响? 2. 企业该如何面对这些影响?
--摘自海尔集团公司主页
海尔BCD-568W型电冰箱个性化产品定制
Dell电脑定制
问题:以上两种定制模式的计算方式有什么不同?
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3、数字化企业的出现和成长
传统的数字化企业:与顾客、供应商、 员工等之间所有商业关系几乎都可以实 现或借助数字化,核心企业过程可以通 过遍及整个企业或连接多个企业的数字 化网络来实现 新型的数字化企业:企业核心业务完全 建立于数字的基础上,如虚拟的电子商 务公司,互联网企业
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网民上网最主要的目的
网民的互联网第一落脚点
网络游戏 9.3% 搜索引擎 7.4% 电子邮件 3.5% 网络音乐 3.4% 网络影视 2.4% 即时通信 39.7% 其他 14.3%
网络新闻 20.0%
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吉尔德定律和麦卡夫法则
Gilder’s Law:在未来25年,主干网的带宽将每9个月增加一倍。 其增长速度超过摩尔定律预测的CPU增长速度的3倍!
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1946-1957 电子管时代
世界上第一台计算机ENIAC,1946,美国
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1965-1970 中小规模 集成电路
中小规模集成电路电子产品
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1971-今 大规模、 超大规模 集成电路
典型的家用多媒体电脑
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天河-1A
2010年11月,国防科技大学成功研制出峰值性 能为每秒2.57千亿次/秒的“天河-1A”超级 计算机
1994年,排名12 2000年,排名2 2002年,2198亿美元,排名1 2003年,2465亿美元,排名1 2006年,3156亿美元,排名第2 2007年,3511亿美元,排名第1 2009年,4056亿美元,排名第3
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引例:Wal-Mart
沃尔玛对信息化建设的积极投资,成为其领先世界的 基础:
Hale Waihona Puke 企业的首席执行官和财务总监必须对呈报给美国证券交易委员会 (SEC)的财务报告予以保证,以确保其"完全符合证券交易法,在 所有重大方面公允地反映财务状况和经营成果“ 上市公司的财务报告必须包括一份内控报告,并明确规定公司管理 层对建立和维护财务报告的内部控制体系及相应控制流程负有完全 责任 此外,财务报告中必须附有其内控体系和相应流程有效性的年度评 估
1. 经济的全球化 2. 工业经济向基于知识和信息的服务经济的 转变
3. 数字化企业的出现和成长
4. 国际化经营与运作的需要
1、经济的全球化
跨国公司的生产总值占资本主义世界生产总值 的40%;
跨国公司的贸易额占世界贸易总额的50%;
跨国公司的R&D费占世界的80%;
跨国公司操纵了世界技术转让的75%;
1969年,最早使用计算机跟踪存货系统 1974年,全面实现单品级库存控制系统 1980年,最早使用条形码技术 1983年,第一个使用通信卫星的零售企业 1984年,最早使用CM品类管理软件 1985年,最早采用EDI技术 1988年,最早使用无线扫描枪技术 1989年,最早于P&G等大供应商实现VMIECR产销合作 90年代,使用ERP的最早的一类零售企业
社会服务网络(Social Network of Servic
开心网、校内网(人人网)、QQ空间 Facebook
网络游戏 视频网站
Youtube、Tudou、Youku
问题:
经营用户产生内容网站靠什么生存? 用户产生内容与网络信息资源管理?
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User Generated Content 用户产生内容
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信息系统重要吗?
为什么沃尔玛如此重视信息技术的投入? 企业信息化的必然趋势
计算机的快速发展和Internet的普及和应用 商业环境的巨变 进行工商业活动的基础 提高生产率 资产管理 战略机会和优势
5
信息技术的价值
1. 2. 3. 4.
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企业信息化的必然趋势
计算机的快速发展和Internet的广泛应用 商业环境的巨变
Public Communication Personal Diary
/wiki/Wiki
2.
Wiki (What I Know Is)
1.
Wikipedia --- The Free Encyclopedia
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User Generated Content 用户产生内容
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Video:如何通过IT提高企业的竞争力
观看视频,记录并思考如下几个问题: 基本信息部分:
主讲人是谁?身份? 哪七家企业的CIO/CEO贯穿于视频中? IT如何为企业的成功作贡献的? IT为企业做贡献的关键因素是什么? 本视频的关键性要点是什么? 如何理解视频中关于企业是“封建领地”的理解?“缓冲区” 是什么意思?举例说明 你认同MIT的教授说“IT的价值实现需要一个酝酿时间”的观 点么?
跨国公司操纵了对发展中国家技术贸易的90%
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