张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(工业革命、美国独立战争和法国革命)【圣才出品】
隋铭才《英语国家概况》(章节题库 第14章 第二次世界大战结束前英美国家的重大事件)【圣才出品】
第14章第二次世界大战结束前英美国家的重大事件I.Multiple Choices.1.Churchill led the country during______at the end of May,1940.A.the Battle of BritainB.the blitz of LondonC.the miracle of DunkirkD.the depression【答案】C【解析】敦刻尔克大撤退是丘吉尔是主要政绩之一，由丘吉尔亲自领导，8天内奇迹般地撤出被围困在敦刻尔克周围一小块地区的盟军33万多人。
2.Britain declared war on Germany in Aug.1914when Germany invaded______.A.FranceB.PolandC.BelgiumD.Serbia【答案】C【解析】1914年8月4日，德国入侵保持中立的比利时，比利时对德国宣战；同日，英国考虑到比利时对自己国土安全的重要性向德国宣战。
3.During World War I,on the first day of______on July1,1916,19000British troopswere killed in a day.A.the battle of MarneB.the battle of JutlandC.the battle of AmiensD.the battle of the Somme【答案】D【解析】索姆河战役第一天，英军伤亡近六万人，其中死亡近两万人。
这是因为英军以密集队形前进，遭到德军机枪和炮兵火力的严重杀伤。
II.Fill in the blanks.1.To pursue Irish independence,the most spectacular event in the Irish history was ______of1916,in which the rebels occupied Dublin’s______and forced the British to“take it back by______.”【答案】the Easter Rising；Post Office；Military means【解析】复活节起义是爱尔兰共和兄弟会组织的在1916年的复活节周期间发生的一场暴动，是自从1798年爱尔兰起义以来最重大的起义，总部设在邮政总局。
英美概况试题范围(附答案)
名词解释：1 .The Great Depression2 Industrial Revolution3 Melting Pot4. Black Death5. American Constitution1.On October 24，1929，the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollarsof paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.2. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and e arly 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial R evolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.3. Since the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups，it is also known as a “melting pot，” m eaning immigrants from different nations all over the wo rld have mixed to make up the American nation.4. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague，an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th cen tury. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed many people. As a result of the plague，much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.5. The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of Americangovernment and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitutionin the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(加拿大 政府和政策)【圣才出品】
第25章政府和政策25.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The System of Government1. The Government2. The Canadian Constitution3. Executive power4. Legislative power5. The Provincial government and territories6. Laws and courtsⅡ. Political Parties1. two-party system2. One-Party rule3. Other political partiesⅢ. The Separatist Issue in QuebecⅠ. The System of Government1. The Government(1) Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is afederation of 10 provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick,Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and two territories (Northwest Territories and Yukon).(2) In 1867, at the request of three British colonies (United Canada, Nova Scotia andNew Brunswick), passed the British North America Act which created a federal union.(3) The Federal Government was assigned powers in such areas as defense, customsand border control, currency and coinage, as well as criminal law in general, those areas involving the interests of the whole country.Ⅰ. 政府的组成1. 政府(1) 加拿大是英联邦自治成员国。
英美概况考试笔记
英美概况考试笔记英语国家概况The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 英国的历史分四部分:1.The Origins of a Nation2.The Shaping of the Nation3.Transition to the Mordern Age4.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire1 取关键词Origins的字头O2 取关键词Shaping的字头S3 取关键词Mordern的字头M4 取关键词Empire的字头E连起来就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)!接着每个部分的标题串在一起,用一句话来记忆.要好好记住每句话里所包括的每个字母代表的是什么标题.可以看几遍这个情景对话,熟悉了之后可以不费吹灰之力就能记住整个英国历史的线索.有了这条线,你再把主要的记忆点,象珠子一样地穿起来,这样回忆就非常容易了.可谓既见树木,又见森林.一切尽在掌握.History of UK (---O.S.M.E---) 哦（O），是（S）我（ME）O: Early settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invations -> the Norman Conquest O（哦）：eravidan=era(时代)+vida(维达,女名)+n(诺曼征服)句子：（老公看着一本英语国家概况在那里自言自语）哦，原来英国的新时代是伟大的维达小姐实现诺曼征服之后开始的。
S: Norman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprising S(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的缩写)[N+G+H+B]句子：（老婆在看电视，漫不经心地说）是的，嗯, 老公。
《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版
新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(今天的新西兰)【圣才出品】
第34章今天的新西兰34.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Political System1. The Parliament2. The executive3. The judiciary4. Local governmentⅡ. Characteristics of New Zealand PeopleⅢ. Health Care1. Health2. Dental health3. Public health and children4. WelfareⅣ. Education1. Early childhood education2. Primary education3. Secondary education4. Rural education5. T ertiary educationⅤ. The International Marketplace1. Exports2. Imports3. Agriculture4. Crops and horticulture5. Industry6. EnergyⅥ. Culture and the ArtsⅦ. New Zealand and the WorldⅠ. The Political System(1) There is no written constitution.(2) It is contained in a large number of parliamentary statutes (laws), judiciary (court)rulings, and administrative practices.(3) New Zealand is a sovereign independent state, with a parliamentarygovernment and a constitutional monarchy.(4) Queen Elizabeth Ⅱis Queen of New Zealand as well as Britain. She isrepresented in New Zealand by the Governor-General.(5) The present Governor-General is a woman, Dame Kath Tizzard.(6) The Governor-General has very little real power, but provides continuity whengovernments change and has an important national role as representative of the monarch.Ⅰ. 政治体系(1) 新西兰没有成文宪法。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国 国家的起源)【圣才出品】
第2章国家的起源2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The Iberians2. The Beaker Folk3. The CeltsⅡ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)Ⅲ. The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish InvasionsⅤ. The Norman Conquest (1066)Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The IberiansThe first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, the Iberians came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula.2. The Beaker FolkAt about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.3. The CeltsThe Celts began to arrive about 700 BC. They came to Britain in three main waves. Ⅰ. 早期的定居者(5000 BC—55 BC)1. 伊比利亚人英国最早的定居者是伊比利亚人。
大约公元前3000年，新石器时期，来自伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚人来到了英国。
2. 宽口陶器人大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人来到现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区。
3. 凯尔特人公元前700年，凯尔特人来到英国。
他们分三批来到这里。
Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)1. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.2. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅱ. 罗马统治时期(55 BC—AD 410)1. 尤里乌斯·凯撒，罗马将领，在公元前55年入侵英国。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第15章 美国政治)【圣才出品】
第15章美国政治15.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The U.S.Constitution1.The Federal system2.Separation of powers:checks and balances3.Provisions for amendment4.Bill of RightsⅡ.The Legislative Branch1.A Two-chamber Congress2.The House of Representatives3.Senate4.Functions of the CongressⅢ.The Executive BranchⅣ.The Judicial Branch1.The Supreme Court2.Courts of Appeals and District CourtsⅤ.State GovernmentⅥ.Local Government【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.The U.S.ConstitutionThe American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was drawn up in1787and went into effect in1789.Ⅰ.美国宪法美国宪法是世界上最古老的成文宪法。
1787年制定，1789年生效。
1.The Federal systemThe Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule.There is federal government.There are also state and local governments.1.联邦系统宪法规定了具有两层规则的联邦政府系统，包括联邦政府与州和地方政府。
2.Separation of powers:checks and balancesThe government is divided into three branches,the legislative,the executive and the judicial.And each branch can check the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This is called“checks and balances”.2.三权分立，相互制衡政府分为三个分支机构，即立法，行政和司法。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(澳大利亚 政府和政策)【圣才出品】
第31章政府和政策31.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The ConstitutionⅡ. Parliament1. The Governor-General2. The House of Representatives3. The Executive4. The Senate5. State Parliaments6. Local GovernmentⅢ. Political Parties1. The Australian Labor Party2. The Liberal Party of Australia3. The National Party of Australia4. The Australian DemocratsⅣ. The JudiciaryBackgroundsThe Commonwealth of Australia is a federation. It came into being on January 1,1901 when the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was enacted by the British Parliament.The Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: the federal parliament and government, six State parliaments and governments, and about 900 local governments at the city, town, municipal and shire level.The powers of the federal parliament are defined in a written Constitution. Australia is independent but still has constitutional links with Britain.Britain’s monarch is also formally Australia’s and is represented in Australia by the Governor-General and six State governors. They are head of state and formally chief executive.Apart from the federal system, the Constitution and Parliament, government of Australia is also carried out through other political institutions. They include the High Court, Cabinet, political parties, elections and the public service.The basic structure of Australian government is based on both the British and American models. There are also some significant Australian variations.背景1901年1月1日澳大利亚联邦宪法法案由英国议会颁布，澳大利亚联邦政府成立。
来安方《新编英美概况》(最新修订版)配套题库(含考研真题)-美国第一章至第四章【圣才出品】
第二部分美国第1章总括Ⅰ.Multiple Choice.1.Which of the following city is regarded as the financial capital of the world?A.Washington D.C.B.Los Angeles.C.New York.D.London.【答案】C【解析】纽约是美国最大的经济中心，是世界金融中心，著名的华尔街就是纽约的金融中心区。
纽约的工业部门繁多，主要是轻工业，企业规模较小，但专业化、现代化水平极高。
2.Of all50states of America,_____is the largest in territory.A.AlaskaB.TexasC.HawaiiD.California【答案】A【解析】美国是世界第四大国，占地930万平方公里，共包含50个行政州和1个行政特区（District of Columbia），其中48个大陆州和哥伦比亚区构成美国国土的主体，另2个州分别为位于太平洋上的Hawaii和位于加拿大西部的Alaska。
Alaska虽然人烟稀少，但是面积为50个州之最，大陆州中面积最大的是Texas，最小的是Rhode Island。
3.The United States ranks_____in the world in the total value of its economic production.A.firstB.secondC.thirdD.fourth【答案】A【解析】美国人口不到全世界的6%，但生产力却占到世界的1/4，其经济产出位居世界之首，是超级经济大国和全球最发达的国家。
4.Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Hispanic population in the U.S.?（北京交大2007研）A.They all speak Spanish.B.They are Catholics.C.Most of them are poor.D.They are all migrant workers.【答案】D【解析】拉美裔美国人是指来自美国本土以外讲西班牙语的移民；他们信仰天主教；失学率高，在劳动力市场上占劣势，因此大多数面临贫困问题。
【精品】英美概况习题及答案.docx
英国概况III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian's Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastinasIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesdav BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John's reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king's powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years' WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lostalmost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred 'Yfears' War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king's power became supreme. Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloodv MarvHenry VIH's daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname "Bloody Mary". Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RiahtsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whias and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tbries and became the Liberal Party. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AaribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it's equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designs to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the ODDOsitionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private ("privy”) advice on the governmentof the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. Common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the iuryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take uuuils without reference to abilitv and provide a wide-ranaina secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school uouulation in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys' public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls' famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain? ------- I n 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.2. Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward's death? ------- It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? ------- The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter? ---------- T he Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land;(3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What do you know about the English Renaissance? ---------- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.6. Why did the Restoration take place?------- When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded byhis son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7. How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it? ------ In 1685 CharlesII died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It's the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.8. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? ----- Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.9. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed? ----------- The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It's characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray's flying shuttle, James Hargreaves' spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright's water frame and Samuel Cropton's mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world"; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People's Charter? What's your comment on them? ------ The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in Englandfrom 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People's Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.11. How did the Labour Party come into being? ------ As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain? ------ A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty's Government ------------------- a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.13. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government? ------ T he sovereign is the symbol of thewhole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the "supreme governor" of the established church of England.14. What are the main functions of Parliament? ---------The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.15. Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates' courts?----- A Magistrates' court tries summary offences and "either way" offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid "lay” magistrates. A magistrates' court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defense. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.16. What does the civil courts system do? ------- The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.17. What is meant by the term 1'welfare state" in Britain? -------------- The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.18. What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown andlinked with the State? ------ The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as "Defender of the Faith", must promise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and \fc)rk), the bishops of London,Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seats19. What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities? --------------- The Open University is non-residential university which is "open" to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.30. What are some of the characteristics of American education? ------- (1) Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. (2) Public educations is free and compulsory.(3) Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. (4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.What are geographic features of Britain?Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It's separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and south east are mostly lowlands.What are the features of British climate?Britain has a maritime climate. Winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.The climate in Britain is mainly influenced by three features.1. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and coolingoff relatively and slowly they bring warm air in winter and cool air in summer.2. The prevailing winds blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keepingthe temperature moderate.3. The North Atlantic Ocean Drift, which is a warm drift, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warmsthem.What measures did Henry II take to centralize power?1. He forced foreign mercenaries to leave England.2. He abolished the annual land tax.3. He took steps to reform the law courts and divided the country into six circuits to increase the power of the King's Court.4. He also planned to reform the church courts, which had the exclusive right of justice over the whole body of the educated men throughout the country.What contributions did Elizabeth I do to Britain?1. Religion compromise. She carried out the religious reform and broke religious ties.2. She successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers.3. She granted charters to English merchants.4. In her reign, the Spanish Armada was destroyed.5. She carried out a foreign policy to prevent England from involving in major European conflicts. It was to this period of time that the English Empire owed its foundation.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.The results of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged.How did the Civil War break out?It was very reluctantly that the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress its views on such a king would be to defeat him in a battle, and then impose legal conditions upon him before allowing him to reign again. This idea was important until 1645. On August 22,1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War began. TheCivil War (also called Revolutionary War or the English Bourgeois Revolution, or the Puritan Revolution) broke out in 1642. The Left Wing of Parliament was composed of free farmers, tradesmen, and artisans of the country towns. They made up the most revolutionary section and were generally known as Roundheads because their hair was cut close to the skin. The English Bourgeois Revolution in its upsurge was also called the Puritan Revolution. The king's support mainly came from the West and the North of England. The king's supporters were generally known as the Cavaliers or Royalists.Cromwell was a country gentleman and Member of the Parliament. He organized a compact army of well disciplined soldiers which became known as the New Model Army. These soldiers were mostly devout Protestants.★King Charles ----Cromwell★The King's men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the King's opponents were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.Consequences of The Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began in 1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious (Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it?——When Charles II died in 1685, he was succeeded by his brother, James II. James II was a Catholic and hoped to be able to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But English in 1688 could not tolerate a Catholic as King. The English politicians appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, James' Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James' daughter, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in November 1688. On their acceptance of the Bill of Rights (1689), William and Mary were crowned jointly in Westminster Abbey. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tbries in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those。
英美概况况复习题
Chapter 1 Geography and Population1. Where are the UK and the USA respectively located?2. What are the similarities and differences in the physiographical features between the UK and the USA?3. What are the major rivers and mountains in the UK and the USA?4. What is the possible significance of the geography of the USA to the development of the economy in the country?5. Which, geography or human beings, is more important in the development of a country? Justify your point of view.6. Compare the population of the UK with that of the USA. (e.g. composition, distribution, etc.)7. Compare London with Washington D.C.8. Who were the natives in the UK and in the USA?9. What are similarities and differences of concentration of population in the UK and the USA? Chapter 2 History1. Compare the beginnings of the UK with those of the USA.2. How did the Normans establish the first House in Britain?3. Why was it important to discover America?4. How and why did the Puritans come to North America?5. How did France, Spain and England divide North America after the discovery of America?6. What were the conflicts between England and American colonists?7. What are the contents of the Magna Carta? What is its nature?8. What is the nature of the Hundred Y ears’ War? What are the consequences?9. Why could the Industrial Revolution first take place in the UK?10. How did the Wars of the Roses proceed?11. What led to the outbreak of the War of American Independence?12. What is the significance of the American Civil War?13. What are the causes of the First World War?14. What roles did the UK and the USA play in the Second World War?15. Why did the USA experience the six economic crises while the UK did not?16. What did the UK nationalization mean and why was there nationalization in the UK?17. Why was the UK no longer a world major power after the Second World War and what did the labour government try to do in order to catch up?18. What is the real problem of the Northern Ireland and what is your suggestion of solution to the problem?19. Why does the USA remain an economic power in the world?20. When and how did the Civil Rights Movement happen in the USA and what is its significance?21. Why was there a Cold War after the Second World War? What is its consequence? What lesson can we draw from it?Chapter 3 Political Systems1. What is the political system of the UK? What is the political system of the USA? Compare them.2. Comment on “She (the Queen) reigns but she does not rule.”3. Why do we say that “the members of the stronger party in the House of Commons are thereal law-makers”?4. What is the essence of the political system in both the UK and the USA?5. How does a bill become an act, or a law in the UK and in the USA?6. Why do the British value their opposition party?7. Why do the British exercise the two-party system?8. Who cannot vote in the British general election and why?9. What are the serious disadvantages in the British general election? What do you think of them?10. What are the disadvantages of the primary election in the USA?11. What is “the winner-take-all” principle?12. Compare the British party system with the American party system igogo and the principlesChapter 4 Economy and Foreign Relations1. What is the difference between the function of nationalization in the UK and the function of government support in the USA?2. Why couldn’t US economy avoid economic crises?3. What are the features of the UK economy and the features of the US economy respectively? What is the difference between them?4. Make a contrast between the agriculture in the UK and that in the USA.5. Compare the industry in the UK with that in the USA.6. What are the uses of corn in the US and why do the Americans use corn as forage as well?7. Why do the Americans have the agricultural belts?8. What are the characteristics of the British trade?9. What are the striking contrasts between trade in the UK and that in the USA?10. What is the function of the UK in the European Union?11. What is the function of the UK in the NA TO?12. Comment on the relation between the USA and Russia.13. Comment on the relation between the USA and the UK.14. Comment on the relation between the USA and the PRC.15. Why was there the Cold War?Chapter 5 Culture1. What are the problems of the British science?2. Why did the American science develop so quickly?3. What are the contributions that the UK has made in science?4. In what fields does the USA take the lead in modern sciences?5. What are the three symbols of technology?6. Compare the elementary education of the UK with that of the USA.7. Compare the secondary education of the UK with that of the USA.8. Make a contrast between the higher education in the UK and that of the USA.9. Make a contrast between the public school in the UK and the private school at the high school level in the USA.10. What does “middle school” mean to an American?11. Do you like “tutorial system” in the UK? Why or why not?12. Compare BBC with NBC.13. Make a comparison between the broadcasting system in the UK and that in the USA.14. What are the features of the British press? Why is there no censorship of the British press?15. Make a contrast between the Reuters and the Associated Press?16. Why could the USA broadcast and televise the trans-Atlantic news after 1965?17. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of television. (??? – icywarmtea)18. Why is cricket regarded as the most English of games?19. What is the British sportsmanship? How do you like it?20. Who introduced bowling into the USA? What do you think of it?21. What are the popular sports in the UK and in the USA? Compare them.22. What is an anthem? What is the difference between an anthem and a song?23. How do you like the deleted stanza in God Save the Queen? Why do you think so?24. What do you think of the rhyming in the national anthem of the USA?25. Compare the national anthem of the UK with that of the USA.26. Why do the British use Jack as part of the name of the national flag of the UK?27. Why do the Americans use stars and stripes as the symbols of the USA?Chapter 6 Social Life and Religion1. What are the shared customs in the UK and in the USA?2. What are the customs which only the USA possesses?3. What are the customs which only the UK has?4. How do yerror Royal Traditions?5. Why do the British people like to talk about the weather?6. Comment on the “Self-Made” man.7. What holidays are shared holidays both in the UK and in the USA?8. What holidays are the holidays that only the UK celebrates?9. What holidays does the USA celebrate only?10. Compare the Hyde Park in the UK with the Y ellowstone National Park in the US.11. What is the feature of Madame Tussaud’s?12. Why is the New Y ear’s Day celebration different in England and in Scotland?13. Why is it difficult and elastic to describe the social life in the UK and in the US?14. What are the five aspects in the explanation of the social life in the UK?15. What are the five aspects in the explanation of the social life in the USA? How do you like the aspects in terms of the social life in the UK and in the USA respectively?16. Why is the rate of divorce in the US high? Can you make some comments on this issue?17. How do you treat the gap between the poor and the rich?18. What are the main features of the British worship?19. Can you make a contrast between the features of American worship and those of British worship?20. What is the British worship in general?21. What is the American worship? Is there any similarity or difference between the British worship and the American worship?22. Can you say something about the problems of religion in the USA?how many metropolitan areas does England have? 英国有几个主要城市？A: seven. 七个2、what is the backbone of England? 英国的“脊柱“是什么？A: the pennines.奔宁山脉(位于英国北部) 3、from what languages is english derived? A:english is mainly derived the anglo-saxon and norman-french languages. A.英语主要起源于盎格鲁撒克逊语及法国诺而曼语。
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解(工业、农业、商业)【圣才出品】
第5章工业、农业、商业5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Industry1. The Industrial Revolution2. Location3. Ownership4. Redistribution of IndustryⅡ. Agriculture1. Invisible Earnings2. The City of LondonⅠ. Industry(工业)The story of Britain’s development by the second half of the nineteenth century, into the first truly industrial nation is fascinating. It is linked, on the one hand, with the Industrial Revolution and, on the other hand, with the emergence of Britain as the world’s greatest political and economic influence.十九世纪下半叶英国发展成为第一个真正的工业国家的故事是迷人的。
一方面它与工业革命有关，另一方面，它又与英国在世界上具有最大的政治和经济影响有关。
1. The Industrial Revolution(工业革命)(1) DefinitionThe Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.(2) Effect of Industrial RevolutionBritish products flooded the world market. In this revolution, manual labor was replaced by machines. The British bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No other country was strong enough to match Britain in the nineteenth century.(1) 定义工业革命的时间为1750年到1850年，在这期间，农业，制造业，采矿，运输，技术的变化对当时的社会、经济和文化条件产生了深远的影响。
来安方《新编英美概况》配套题库(英国—土地和人民)【圣才出品】
第1章土地和人民Ⅰ. Multiple Choice.1. Which of the following is not a political division on the island of Great Britain?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. Northern IrelandD. Wales【答案】C【解析】大不列颠岛上共有三个政治分区，分别为England（位于南部，面积最大、人口最稠密），Scotland（位于北部，拥有三大自然区：北部高地、中部低地和南部丘陵）和Wales（位于西部）。
Ireland是大不列颠岛之外的另一个岛屿，包含theRepublic of Ireland和英国的Northern Ireland。
故选C。
2. Most people in Northern Ireland are ______.A. CatholicsB. ProtestantsC. PresbyteriansD. Nonconformists【答案】B【解析】新教徒多为联合派，主张留在英国。
1920年北爱尔兰成立时，它的地理位置使得那里的联合派为多数人。
C项为苏格兰国教长老会教徒。
D项为非国教徒，人数很少。
3. The two large islands that make up the British Isles are ______.A. Scotland and IrelandB. Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and Northern IrelandD. Great Britain and Ireland【答案】D【解析】不列颠群岛由两座大的岛屿和无数小岛组成。
两座大岛分别是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛（Great Britain and Ireland）。
英国由不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰和周围5500个小岛（海外领地）组成。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国 司法和法律)【圣才出品】
第8章司法和法律8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Criminal ProceedingsⅡ. Criminal Courts1. England and Wales2. Scotland3. Northern IrelandⅢ. Civil Courts1. England and Wales2. Scotland3. Northern IrelandⅣ. The JudiciaryⅥ. Treatment of OffendersⅠ. Criminal Proceedings1. All criminal trials are held in open court.2. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defence.3. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decides the issueof guilt or innocence.Ⅰ. 刑事诉讼1. 所有的刑事审判都是在公开法庭上举行的。
2. 每一个被告都有权力雇佣一个法律顾问为其进行辩护。
3. 在有陪审团的审判中，法官负责宣判，但是由陪审团决定嫌疑人是否有罪或清白。
Ⅱ. Criminal Courts1. England and Wales①Criminal courts in England and Wales include: Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences (the less serious offences and the vast majority of criminal cases) and “either way” offences (theft, the less serious cases of burglary and some assaults).②Youth Courts try most cases involving people under 18.③The Crown Court which tries the most serious offences and “either way” offences referred to it by magistrates.Ⅱ. 刑事法庭1. 英格兰和威尔士①英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭包括治安法院（处理不太严重的违法行为和大部刑事案件）和“任意方式”罪行（偷窃，不太严重的入室行窃和袭击）。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第10章 美国人口)【圣才出品】
第10章美国人口10.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The American PopulationⅡ.ImmigrationⅢ.Population MovementⅣ.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1.White Americans2.African Americans3.Hispanicsn Americans5.Indians【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.Introduction1.As of August13,2014,the United States has a total resident population of 318,554,000,making it the third-most populous country in the world.2.It is very urbanized,with81%residing in cities and suburbs as of2014(the worldwide urban rate is54%).3.The total fertility rate in the United States for2013was1.87children per woman, which was lower than that of France,Australia and the United Kingdom.4.Whites constitute the majority of the US population.5.The American population almost quadrupled during the20th century,and immigrants and their US-born descendants are expected to provide most of the US population gains in the decades ahead.Ⅰ.简介1.截至2014年8月13日，美国常住人口318,554,000人，居世界第三位。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国 国家的形成)【圣才出品】
第3章国家的形成3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Norman Rule (1066—1381)1. William’s Rule (1066—1087)2. Henry Ⅱ’s ReformsⅡ. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1. The Great Charter (1215)2. The Beginning of ParliamentⅢ. The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337—1453)Ⅳ. The Black Death (1348—1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)Ⅰ. Norman Rule (1066—1381)1. William’s Rule (1066—1087)Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.①The King owned all the land personally.②William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.③William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book.④William kept the church completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.Ⅰ. 诺曼统治(1066—1381)1. 威廉的统治(1066—1087)在威廉的统治下，英国的封建制度完全建立了。
①国王私人拥有全部土地。
②威廉用他的封建领主组成的议会代替了贤人会。
吴于廑《世界史·古代史编(下卷)》笔记和典型题(含考研真题)详解(4-6章)【圣才出品】
第4章工业革命·工人运动的发展·马克思主义的诞生·第一国际4.1复习笔记一、英国工业革命1．英国工业革命的前提（1）圈地运动使得大批农民进入城市，为工业革命提供了自由劳动力。
（2）对殖民地的侵略，为英国近代资本主义的发展中提供了必要的资金和广阔的市场。
（3）英国国内市场的形成较早并且发展较快，为工业革命的产生提供了必要条件。
（4）英国的行会制度比较薄弱，商品生产自由竞争发展顺利。
（5）手工工场细致的劳动分工、生产工具的专门化及其组织形式，为工业革命提供了必要的技术条件。
2．工业革命的过程（1）棉纺织业中的机器发明棉织品受到英国社会各阶层人士的普遍欢迎，市场需要量不断增长。
为了提高生产率，以满足市场的需要，许多人都努力从事技术革新。
①1733年，约翰·凯伊发明飞梭，使织布速度提高了一倍。
②1765年，哈格里夫斯发明“珍妮纺纱机”并不断改进。
③1768年，凯伊发明水力纺纱机。
④1779年，塞缪尔·克伦普顿发明“骡机”。
⑤1785年，埃德蒙·卡特莱特发明水力织布机。
（2）采煤业、冶铁业中的技术革新纺织机发明以后，由于大量制造机器，对金属的需要量急剧增长。
迫切需要技术革新。
①1765年，瓦特发明蒸汽机并不断改进，最终发明了“万能蒸汽机”。
②1789年，瓦特取得万能蒸汽机的专利权，万能蒸汽机开始在全国广泛应用。
二、工业革命的扩散1．法国工业革命（1）法国工业革命产生的原因①法国资本主义工场手工业十分发达。
②18世纪末大革命为法国资本主义大工业的发展和向工厂制度的过渡扫清了道路。
③法国距离英国最近，受英国工业革命影响最早。
（2）法国工业革命的进程①法国的工业革命从轻工业开始，机器和工厂制度得到推广。
自19世纪20年代起，机器和工厂制度首先在纺织业各部门中得到推广。
②重工业部门技术改造起步较迟，在19世纪30至40年代，也开始采用某些新设备和新技术。
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第7章 工业革命、美国独立战争和法国革命 7.1 复习笔记 I. The American Revolution II. The French Revolution III. Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution IV. The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences 1. The Industrial Revolution 2. Its Consequences
I. The American Revolution (美国独立战争) 1. The Navigation Acts (passed in 1651) were intended to increase the prosperity of English merchants and ship builders. 1651年通过了《航海条例》，有利于英国商人和轮船制造者的发展。 2. The process (过程) ①The war broke out in April 1775. ②In October, 1777, the American army won a great battle at Saratoga, which was a turning point. ③By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States. 2 / 6
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①战争开始于1775年4月。
②1777年10月，美国军队取得萨拉托加大捷，这是美国独立战争的转折点。 ③1783年《巴黎和约》，英国承认了美国的独立。
II. The French Revolution (法国革命) 1. The French Revolution broke out in 1789 and Thomas Paine published “The Rights of Man”. 2. In 1793 Britain became the chief leader of a military alliance with Austria and Prussia against revolutionary France. 3. The allies met at the Congress of Vienna and fought for the spoils of victory. England obtained Ceylon, the-Cape of Good Hope, and a number of Spanish, Dutch and French colonies. 1. 1789年，法国革命爆发，潘恩发表《人权宣言》。 2. 1793年，英国联合澳大利亚和普鲁士，反对法国革命。 3. 盟国在维也纳分赃会议上瓜分胜利品。英国得到锡兰，好望角，以及西班牙，荷兰和法国的殖民地。
III. Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution (工业革命的必要条件) 1. The conditions for the Industrial Revolution : ①the accumulation of capital; ②the development of capitalist farming and the appearance of a labor reserve; ③the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign. 2. Britain’s population grew fast in this period and the people were skilled in 3 / 6
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many different trades.
3. The English Parliament from 1760 to 1844 passed three thousand eight hundred Enclosure Acts. 1. 工业革命的必要条件：①资本的积累②资本主义农业的发展和劳动力储备③国内市场和国外市场的扩展。 2. 英国的人口增长迅速，人们对很多不同种类的贸易技术娴熟。 3. 1760-1844年的英国国会通过了3800项圈地法案。
IV. The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences (工业革命和它的影响) 1. The Industrial Revolution (工业革命) ①During the latter half of the eighteenth century, The Industrial Revolution began. ②James Watt created a steam engine in 1769. In 1814, George Stephenson constructed the first successful steam locomotive. This made transportation much easier and more convenient. ①18世纪后半期，工业革命开始。 ②1769年，詹姆斯·瓦特发明了蒸汽机。1814年，乔治·史蒂芬孙发明了第一辆蒸汽机车。这使交通变得更简单而又便利。
2. Its Consequences (它的影响) ①The industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. Britain began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. 4 / 6
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②Many new cities came into being and population increased.
③British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market. ④The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “factory of the world”. A factory system was established. ⑤Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were born. ①工业革命促进了生产的发展。英国开始更有效地生产大量的廉价商品。 ②很多新城市出现，人口有所增加。 ③英国商品在世界市场上几乎占据垄断地位。 ④工业革命为英国“世界工厂”的地位奠定了基础。工厂生产制建立。 ⑤工人被雇佣，经理成为资本家。两个对立阶级产生了。
7.2 课后习题详解 Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: 1. What do you know about the American Revolution and the French Revolution? Key: American Revolution refers to the American War of Independence. It broke out in 1775 and ended in 1783. Britain recognized the independence of the United States after the War. The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The British radicals sympathized with French revolutionists. But the British government was against them, and became the main organizer of the military alliance with Austria and Prussia. In 1815 5 / 6
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Napoleon was defeated by the allies under Wellington at Waterloo.
2. Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in Britain? Key: Because Britain had some special conditions which no other country could match. These conditions are: the accumulation of capital; the development of capitalistic farming; the appearance of a labor reserve; and the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.
3. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world? Key: The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were born.