张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(工业革命、美国独立战争和法国革命)【圣才出品】

第7章工业革命、美国独立战争和法国革命

7.1 复习笔记

I. The American Revolution

II. The French Revolution

III. Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution

IV. The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Its Consequences

I. The American Revolution (美国独立战争)

1. The Navigation Acts (passed in 1651) were intended to increase the prosperity of English merchants and ship builders.

1651年通过了《航海条例》，有利于英国商人和轮船制造者的发展。

2. The process (过程)

①The war broke out in April 1775.

②In October, 1777, the American army won a great battle at Saratoga, which was a turning point.

③By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States.

①战争开始于1775年4月。

②1777年10月，美国军队取得萨拉托加大捷，这是美国独立战争的转折点。

③1783年《巴黎和约》，英国承认了美国的独立。

II. The French Revolution (法国革命)

1. The French Revolution broke out in 1789 and Thomas Paine published “The Rights of Man”.

2. In 1793 Britain became the chief leader of a military alliance with Austria and Prussia against revolutionary France.

3. The allies met at the Congress of Vienna and fought for the spoils of victory. England obtained Ceylon, the-Cape of Good Hope, and a number of Spanish, Dutch and French colonies.

1. 1789年，法国革命爆发，潘恩发表《人权宣言》。

2. 1793年，英国联合澳大利亚和普鲁士，反对法国革命。

3. 盟国在维也纳分赃会议上瓜分胜利品。英国得到锡兰，好望角，以及西班牙，荷兰和法国的殖民地。

III. Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution (工业革命的必要条件)

1. The conditions for the Industrial Revolution : ①the accumulation of capital; ②the development of capitalist farming and the appearance of a labor reserve; ③the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.

2. Britain’s population grew fast in this period and the people were skilled in

many different trades.

3. The English Parliament from 1760 to 1844 passed three thousand eight hundred Enclosure Acts.

1. 工业革命的必要条件：①资本的积累②资本主义农业的发展和劳动力储备③国内市场和国外市场的扩展。

2. 英国的人口增长迅速，人们对很多不同种类的贸易技术娴熟。

3. 1760-1844年的英国国会通过了3800项圈地法案。

IV. The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences (工业革命和它的影响)

1. The Industrial Revolution (工业革命)

①During the latter half of the eighteenth century, The Industrial Revolution began.

②James Watt created a steam engine in 1769. In 1814, George Stephenson constructed the first successful steam locomotive. This made transportation much easier and more convenient.

①18世纪后半期，工业革命开始。

②1769年，詹姆斯·瓦特发明了蒸汽机。1814年，乔治·史蒂芬孙发明了第一辆蒸汽机车。这使交通变得更简单而又便利。

2. Its Consequences (它的影响)

①The industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. Britain began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.