plural
Singular and Plural Nouns(Answer)
Singular and Plural Nouns （单数名词和复数名词）1. A singular noun stands for one person or thing.单数名词代表一个人或东西。
2. A plural noun stands for more than one person or thing.复数名词代表一个以上的人或东西。
名词复数 ( Plural nouns)的规则变化 情况方法例词一般情况加-s map-map s, bag-bag s, car-car s以s, sh, ch, x ,o结尾的词加-es bus-bus es , watch-watch es ,box-box es,mosquito-mosquito es除了 Photo-photo s, radio-radio s, piano-piano s 以y结尾的词 变y为ies baby---bab ies,city-cit ies, lorry-lorr ies除了 toy-toy s, key-key s, day-day s以f, fe 结尾的词 变f, fe为v es thief-thie ves, leaf-lea ves, knife-kni ves除了 handkerchief-handkerchief s, roof-roof s,safe-safe s, cliff-cliff s不规词的形式变化(irregular forms) tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen, goose-geese, woman-women, foot-feet, man-men3. Some nouns have their singular and plural alike.有些名词的单数和复数名词是一样的。
sheep-sheep deer-deer furniture-furniture aircraft-aircraft4. Some nouns are used only in the plural.有些名词只用在复数名词。
英语语法中常用词翻译
立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本1. prepositions [,prɛpə'zɪʃən]n. [语] 介词；系词（preposition的复数）2. passive voice被动态，被动式3. Passive ['pæsɪv]adj. 被动的，消极的；被动语态的;n. 被动语态4. past perfect（动词的）过去完成时5. Simple ['sɪmp(ə)l]adj. 简单的；单纯的；天真的;n. 笨蛋；愚蠢的行为；出身低微者;n. (Simple)人名；(法)桑普勒6. conditional sentences条件句（conditional sentence的复数）7. type [taɪp]n. 类型，品种；模范；样式;n. (Type)人名；(英)泰普;vt. 打字；测定（血等）类型;vi. 打字8. question tags反意疑问句9. tags [tægz]n. 标签；（机动车）牌照；称呼（tag 的复数）v. 附加；加标签于；给…起绰号（tag 的单三形式）10. possessivesn. 所有格（possessive的复数）11. modalsn. 情态动词（modal的复数形式）12. articlesn. [语] 文章；物品；[法] 条款（article的复数）；[语] 冠词v. 使受协议条款的约束；指控（article的三单形式）13. pronounsn. 代词；[语] 代名词14. emphatic [ɪm'fætɪk; em-]adj. 着重的；加强语气的；显著的15. reflexive [rɪ'fleksɪv]n. 反身代词；反身动词;adj. 反身的；[物] 反射的16. present perfect progressive现在完成进行时17. present ['prez(ə)nt]n. 现在；礼物；瞄准;adj. 现在的；出席的;vt. 提出；介绍；呈现；赠送;vi. 举枪瞄准18. perfect ['pɜːfɪkt]n. 完成式;n. (Perfect)人名；(英)珀费克特;adj. 完美的；最好的；精通的;vt. 使完美；使熟练19. progressive [prə'gresɪv]n. 改革论者；进步分子;adj. 进步的；先进的20. past simple一般过去时21. simple ['sɪmp(ə)l]n. 笨蛋；愚蠢的行为；出身低微者n. (Simple)人名；(法)桑普勒adj. 简单的；单纯的；天真的22. Present Perfect Simple23. object ['ɒbdʒɪkt; -dʒekt]n. 目标；物体；客体；宾语vt. 提出…作为反对的理由vi. 反对；拒绝24. comparison [kəm'pærɪs(ə)n]n. 比较；对照；比喻；比较关系25. adverbsn. [语] 副词（adverb的复数）26. adjectivesn. [语] 形容词（adjective的复数）27. simple past（动词的）一般过去式28. past progressive过去进行体；过去进行时29. present progressive现在进行时时 | 现在进行体 | 现在进行式30. present simple一般现在时31. imperative [ɪm'perətɪv]n. 需要；命令；祈使语气；规则;adj.必要的，势在必行的；命令的；紧急的32. personal ['pɜːs(ə)n(ə)l]n. 人事消息栏；人称代名词;adj. 个人的；身体的；亲自的33. possessive [pə'zesɪv]adj. 占有的；所有的；所有格的；占有欲强的n. 所有格34. formsn. 表格（form的复数形式）；表单；窗体;v. 形成（form的第三人称单数）；培养；制作35. case [keɪs]n. 情况；实例；箱;vt. 包围；把…装于容器中;n. (Case)人名；(英)凯斯；(西)卡塞；(法)卡斯36. countable ['kaʊntəb(ə)l]n. 可数名词；可数的东西;adj. 可计算的；能算的37. uncountable noun不可数名词38. plural form复数形式39. ordinal numbers序数词，[数] 序数40. ordinal ['ɔːdɪn(ə)l]n. [数] 序数;adj. 顺序的，依次的41. reflexive pronouns反身代词42. future tense未来式；将来时态43. future ['fjuːtʃə]n. 未来；前途；期货；将来时adj. 将来的，未来的44. tense [tens]n. 时态;adj. 紧张的；拉紧的;vt. 变得紧张；使拉紧;vi. 拉紧，变得紧张45. plural ['plʊər(ə)l]n. 复数;adj. 复数的46. past simple tense一般过去时47. negative ['negətɪv]adj. [数] 负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的n. 否定；负数；[摄] 底片vt. 否定；拒绝48. interrogative [,ɪntə'rɒgətɪv]adj. 疑问的；质问的;n. 疑问词49. continuous [kən'tɪnjʊəs]adj. 连续的，持续的；继续的；连绵不断的50. affirmative [ə'fɜːmətɪv]n. 肯定语；赞成的一方adj. 肯定的；积极的51. possessive adjectives物主形容词52. plurals[语] 复数53. quantify ['kwɒntɪfaɪ]vt. 确定…的数量；用数量表示；测量，计量；量化(把质的变为量的)：；【军事】估算54. wh-questions特殊疑问句55. possessive pronouns物主代词；所有格代名词（possessive pronoun的复数）56. synonyms ['sinənimz]n. [语] 同义词，同义字；同一性（synonym的复数）57. antonymsn. [语] 反义词（antonym的复数形式）；反义字58. conjunctions ['kəndʒʌnkʃəns]n. 连词；[语] 连接词；[数] 合取（conjunction的复数形式）59. contractionsn. 收缩；缩略形式（contraction的复数）。
(完整版)hurt用法
词汇精选：HURT动词“hurt”既可以是及物的，又可以是不及物的。
作为及物动词时，后面要接宾语，意为“伤害，使受伤”。
Joe hurt his back. (The word “back” is an object.) 乔弄伤了自己的背。
Rita hurt her finger. (The word “finger” is an object.) 丽塔弄伤了自己的手指。
2.作为不及物动词时，后面则不需要接宾语，意为“疼痛”。
句子可以以该动词结尾。
Joe’s back hurts. 乔的背受伤了。
Rita’s finger hurts. 丽塔的手指受伤了。
My eyes hurt. 我的眼睛受伤了。
（注意到一般现在时态中单数和复数的区别了吗？）3. “hurt”常被用在被动语态里。
Joe’s back was hurt in an accident. 乔的背是在一场事故中弄伤的。
Several people were hurt in the fire. 许多人在这次火灾中受伤了。
His feelings were hurt by the girl’s rude comments. 那个女孩无礼的评论让他感到很受伤。
Their chances of getting a loan have been hurt by their poor credit history.他们的不良信用历史使得他们没有机会获得贷款。
4. hurt”也可以用来描述出现的问题，意为“产生不良影响”。
He hurt his chances of getting the job by arriving at the interview late.面试迟到让他失去了得到这份工作的机会。
High oil prices hurt the economy. 高昂的油价导致了经济不景气。
High prices on food hurt consumers. 高涨的食品价格伤害了消费者。
西班牙语名词单复数
5.不变（单复数同形）crisis crisis危机
*此情况多是外来词
6.以-z结尾的单词将z变成c,加-es)lápizlápices铅笔pezpeces鱼
Joven
Jóvenes
（男）年轻人，小伙子
名词和形容词变复数的规则
1.以元音结尾的单词+slibrolibros书sofásofás沙发
2.以辅音结尾的单词+es
hotel hoteles宾馆japonésjaponeses日本人，日本的
3.以重读-í结尾的单词+s或者-esesquíesquís/esquíes滑雪板marroquímarroquís/marroquíes摩洛哥人，摩洛哥的，
Singular y plural单数与复数
在西班牙语中，名词，形容词有单数和复数的词尾区别。表示一个人或物的名词或形容词用单数，表示两个或两个以上的人或物用复数。
数的变化：将单数形式转化成复数形式时，如果单词结尾是重读元音或者是辅音时在单词结尾加“es”，如：l,d,r,等结尾的单词
其他情况直接加“s”，由于重读音节单复数不变，所以重读符号可能有变化。
规则
单数
复数
中文
其他情况直接加“s”
Alto
Altos
高大的
Nuevo
Nuevos
新的
结尾是不变
单词本身书写无变化
Trabajador
Trabajadores
勤奋的
保持重读音节，导致重读符号变化
Pantalón
Pantalones
长裤（一般认为有两个裤腿，所以是复数）
Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular and Plural Nouns （单数名词和复数名词）1. A singular noun stands for one person or thing.单数名词代表一个人或东西。
2. A plural noun stands for more than one person or thing.复数名词代表一个以上的人或东西。
名词复数 ( Plural nouns)的规则变化 情况方法例词一般情况加-s map-map s, bag-bag s, car-car s以s, sh, ch, x ,o结尾的词加-es bus-bus es , watch-watch es ,box-box es,mosquito-mosquito es除了 Photo-photo s, radio-radio s, piano-piano s 以y结尾的词 变y为ies baby---bab ies,city-cit ies, lorry-lorr ies除了 toy-toy s, key-key s, day-day s以f, fe 结尾的词 变f, fe为v es thief-thie ves, leaf-lea ves, knife-kni ves除了 handkerchief-handkerchief s, roof-roof s,safe-safe s, cliff-cliff s不规词的形式变化(irregular forms) tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen, goose-geese, woman-women, foot-feet, man-men3. Some nouns have their singular and plural alike.有些名词的单数和复数名词是一样的。
sheep-sheep deer-deer furniture-furniture aircraft-aircraft4. Some nouns are used only in the plural.有些名词只用在复数名词。
复数的英文单词
复数的英文单词众数，或称复数，在语言学中是词素的其中一种，常和单数相对，在没有双数概念的语言中用于标示多于一个的物件，在有双数概念的语言中则表示多于两个的名词数量。
那么，你知道复数的英语怎么说吗?复数的英文释义：pluralcomplexpluralitypluralismcomplex numberimaginaries复数的英文例句：英语的复数名词多以s结尾。
Most plural nouns in English end in s'.复数最重要的部分是什么?它们如何反映一个复数的类?What are the essential parts of a complex number?这个词还可以用於复数的主语之後或复数动词的间接宾语之後。
It can also follow a plural subject or an indirect object with a plural verb.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
There is much water in the thermos.的复数形式，而且许多人坚持它必须仍然被当作复数形式。
And many maintain that it must still be treated as a plural form.Fish一词作可数名词时有两个复数形式。
Fish as a countable noun has two plural forms.在希伯来语中，天堂这个词是复数名词。
A word or term in the plural form.有些名词的单数形式与复数形式一样。
The singular and plural of some nouns are the same.复数个凸块是设置于该主动面。
Pluralities of projections are disposed on the active surface.大多数复数名词以字母“S”结尾。
意大利语：意大利语的名词和形容词
意大利语：意大利语的名词和形容词本文由意大利店铺(yidali.)意大利语编辑组收集\整理\编辑，供店铺的学生学习之目的。
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意大利语的名词和形容词都是有性和数的变化，形容词的性与数变化是随着名词相应改变的大多数阳性词是以——O 结尾，比如名词 libro ——书加上形容词，有意思的书 libro interessante大多数阴性词是以——A结尾，比如名词 scuola ——学校加上形容词，意大利的学校 scuola italiana而以——E结尾的，一部分是阴性，一部分是阳性，比如paese——国家，一部分则是阴性，比如informazione——信息意大利语是以元音a e i o u结尾的语言，少数以i 和 u结尾的有，la tesi ——论文（阴性），il bambù ——竹子（阳性）有少数是辅音字母结尾的，这些大都是外来词，如 lo sport ——运动（阳性），il film 电影（阳性）一般名词和形容词的词尾变化如下，o - i单数il bello 复数i belli帅哥giallogialli黄色的e - i单数 il fiore复数i fiori花朵grande grandi大的e - i单数l' informazione 复数 le informazioni 信息同上a - e单数la bella复数 le belle 美女sanasane 健康的意大利语语法第二课名词1.E' la parte variabile del discorso che serve ad indicare "un essere, un‘animale, un fatto"名词是在句子中用来指出人, 动物, 事情等的可变的那一部分.E‘ formato di due parti: radice e desinenza它是由词根和词尾两部分组成的radice serve a indicare il significato di base della parolaes. di radice: ragazz, cas, libr,词根用来表达名词最基本的意思, 例如: ragazz(小伙子的词根), cas(房子的词根), libr.(书的词根)desinenza serve a indicare il genere e il numero.Es.di desinenza: ragazz-o, cas-e, libr-i词尾用来指出它的性和数, 例如: -o(小伙子的单数阳性词尾) , -e(房子的复数词尾), -i(书的复数词尾)2.Nel genere i nomi possono essere o solo "maschili" (fiume 河流) o solo "femminili" (matita 铅笔) o "maschili e femminili" (cavallo 公马- cavalla 母马).在词性一栏里, 名词可以是要么完全阳性, 要么完全阴性, 要么阳性和阴性互变.3.Nel numero sono generalmente "singolari e plurali", ma non mancano quelli che si usano solo al "singolare" (buio 公牛) o solo al "plurale" (forbici 剪刀)在词数一栏里, 名词一般都是单复数互变的, 但是也存在着一些完全单数或完全复数的名词.4.Per gli stranieri che intendono studiare la lingua italiana una delle maggiori difficoltà è costituita dall'apprendere come si trasforma un nome maschile nel corrispettivo femminile (quando esiste) e come si forma il plurale, perché non si direbbe mai "attora" invece di attrice, o "leona" invece di leonessa, e mai "uomi" invece di uomini. E per "bue" al plurale fa buoi e che la femmina del bue si chiama mucca o vacca.对于想学习意大利语的外国人来说最大的困难之一就是学会怎样转换阳性名词为阴性和怎样从单数转为复数. 因为不可以把attore (演员)的阴性名词attrice说成是attora, 把leone (狮子)的的阴性名词leonessa说成是 leona, 或把uomo (男人)的复数名词uomini说成是uomi. 还有bue 的阳性复数应该是buoi, 而它的阴性单数是mucca 或vacca.Perciò è inutile imparare tante regole che in pratica non ci servono. Nei casi dubbi possiamo sempre consultare il vocabolario.因此没必要记住一些对我们没有实际用处的语法规则, 如果对名词的变性和变数有疑问的话可以查字典.Attenti, però, che la trasformazione di un sostantivo maschile in femminile può avvenire solo con nomi di persone (maestro - maestra) o di animali (asino - asina), ma non con quelli di cose: infatti la tappa (quella del giro d'Italia) non è la femmina del tappo (quello della bottiglia).不过需要注意的是, 只有代表人物或动物的名词才可以进行阴性和阳性的变化, 事物名词只能进行单复数的转换, 例如tappa (自行车赛的一个阶段) 不是tappo (瓶盖) 的阴性单数.5.Per quanto attiene alla formazione del plurale, si osservino queste semplici norme:关于复数的形成的几条规则:a) la maggior parte dei nomi, sia maschili che femminili, al plurale esce in i tranne i femminili che al singolare escono in a perché questi al plurale vogliono la desinenza e:大部分的阳性名词变复数时原词尾为-o 和-a的都会变为–i, 阴性名词的原词尾为-a 的变为 -e , 原词尾为-e 的变为–iEsempi: 例如Singolare 单数Plurale 复数Il cavallo (m. in o) 公马I cavalliIl fiume (m. in e) 河流I fiumiIl poeta (m. in a) 诗人I poetiLa mano (f. in o) 手Le maniLa vite (f. in e) 螺丝Le vitiLa matita (f. in a) 铅笔Le matiteb) al plurale restano invariati:单复数不变的名词:-i nomi monosillabici (il re - i re 国王)-单音节名词-i nomi tronchi (cioè con l'accento sull'ultima sillaba: la virtù - le virtù 美德/ la verità - le verità 事实)-后重音名词 (重音落在最后一个音节上的名词)-i nomi terminanti in i (il brindisi - i brindisi 干杯)-以元音-i 结尾的名词.-i nomi terminanti in consonante (il lapis - i lapis 宝石)-以辅音结尾的名词-i nomi propri di persona con desinenza a (Enea - gli Enea) -以-a结尾的做为人名的名词-i cognomi (il Foscolo - i Foscolo / l'Alighieri - gli Alighieri) -姓氏-i nomi stranieri (il pullman - i pullman 大客车/ il goal - i goal (足球) 进球)-外来名词c) i nomi terminanti in -io, se hanno la i tonica (cioè accentata nella pronuncia) come pigolìo e zìo, al plurale richiedono la desinenza ii (pigolii, zii), altrimenti una sola i (figlio - figli / premio- premi);以-io 结尾的名词, 如果发音时重音落在i 上, 例如pigolìo 和zìo, 那么复数名词就要以双元音-ii结尾(pigolii, zii), 否则就以单元音-i结尾 (figlio - figli / premio - premi)d) i nomi che terminano in -cia e -gia, se davanti a -cia e -gia hanno una vocale, fanno al plurale -cie e -gie (camicia - camicie / guarentigia guarentigie); se hanno una consonante fanno invece -ce e -ge (lancia lance / bolgia - bolge). Se però hanno la i tonica, la conservano sempre (farmacìa - farmacìe / nostalgìa - nostalgìe).以-cia 和-gia 结尾的名词, 如果在词尾前的是一个元音, 那么复数就应变为–cie 和–gie, (camicia - camicie / guarentigia - guarentigie), 如果是辅音, 那么复数就应以-ce和-ge (lancia lance / bolgia - bolge), 但是如果重音是落在元音i 上面的话, 那么复数就都是以–cie 和–gie结尾. (farmacìa - farmacìe / nostalgìa - nostalgìe).6.Tuttavia le "eccezioni" a queste norme sono numerose e solo l'uso frequente del dizionario potrà farcele apprendere, essendo assurdo volerle imparare a memoria tutte insieme. Ecco solo alcuni dei nomi che sfuggono alle regole su accennate: 以下是上面谈到过的规则的一些例外, 这些单词在单数和复数时都保持不变, 唯一辨认这些单词的方法就是查字典和通过日常学习记住他们(当然还有其他很多, 这里只是举例):il vaglia - i vaglia 汇票il pigiama - i pigiama睡衣la radio - le radio 收音机la dinamo - le dinamo发电机l'arbitrio - gli arbitrii意愿l'omicidio - gli omicidii凶杀案7.Per il plurale dei nomi in -co e -go, i più capricciosi di tutti, è d'obbligo l'uso del dizionario. Infatti tutte le regole proposte finora risultano così approssimative e parziali e ricche di "eccezioni" , che non vale la pena menzionarle.对于以-co和-go结尾的名词是很难找到其复数变化规律的, 先前我们所讲到过的名词的变性和变数对这些单词来说都不可用, 唯一最可*的方法就是查字典.D'altra parte come si potrebbe spiegare che cieco e lago, nomi "piani" (cioè accentati sulla penultima sillaba), fanno al plurale ciechi e laghi, mentre amico e greco, pur essi piani, fanno amici e greci?比如说cieco(瞎子)和lago(湖泊)这两个重音落在倒数第二个音节上的单词, 他们的复数形式是ciechi和laghi, 但是amico(朋友)和greco(希腊人)这两个重音也是落在倒数第二个音节上的单词, 他们的复数形式却是amici和greci.E come spiegare che medico e parroco, nomi "sdruccioli" (cioè accentati sulla terzultima sillaba), fanno medici e parroci mentre altri sdruccioli come carico e dialogo fanno carichi e dialoghi?又比如说medico(医生)和parroco(神父), 两个重音落在倒数第三个音节上的单词, 他们的复数形式是medici和parroci, 然而另外两个也是重音落在倒数第三个音节上的单词,象carico(货物)和dialogo(对话), 他们的复数却是carichi和dialoghi.8.Lo stesso consiglio -quello dell'uso del dizionario- vale anche per il plurale dei nomi composti, per i quali le cose sono ancora più complicate. Però ci piace osservare che anche i problemi linguistici possono essere affrontati con un pizzico di buon senso. Per esempio con la parola capostazione vogliamo indicare chi è a capo di una stazione e, quindi, usandola al plurale vogliamoriferirci a più "capi" e non a più "stazioni" : ebbene, in virtù di questa semplice riflessione, ci verrà spontaneo di dire capistazione; mentre col vocabolo capolavoro intendiamo un "lavoro" artistico che riconosciamo "a capo" (cioè superiore) di altri e perciò al plurale diremo capolavori.同样, 对于由两个名词组成的复合名词的变数我们也毫无规律可寻,但是我们可以使用一些技巧, 比如说capostazione(站长)这个单词, 我们用他来指出谁是车站的领导人, 当他是变为复数形式的时候, 我们要指出的主要是多个领导人而不是多个车站, 因此可以得出复数capistazione, 再比如说capolavoro(杰作)这个单词, 我们用他来表达一件艺术作品(lavoro)的高层次, 当他为复数形式的时候, 我们要指出的是多件高层次的作品(lavori), 所以应该是capolavori.Un'ultima osservazione per convincerci di quanto contino il buon senso e la riflessione per tirarci fuori d'impaccio. I vocabolari, registrando il nome composto altopiano, riportano anche la variante altipiano e per il plurale consentono la forma altopiani (evidentemente riferita al primo termine) e la forma altipiani (riferita al secondo termine). Poiché il nome composto è costituito da un "aggettivo" (alto) e da un "nome" (piano) e poiché da che mondo è mondo gli aggettivi si sono sempre concordati col nome al quale si riferiscono, perché non limitarci ad usare il termine altopiano rendendolo al plurale altipiani?最后我们来分析一下由形容词和名词组成的复合名词, 由于在一般的情况下形容词的性和数都是跟着名词来变化的, 所以我们可以得出这样一个结论, 当形容词alto(高的)和名词piano(平原)在一起组成altopiano(高原)的时候, 他的复数形式我们可以写为altipiani, 形容词和名词一起变化.PROSPETTO 名词一览表Propri:专有名词(例如人的名字)凯撒(人的名字) Fido人的名字Italia意大利Comuni:普通名词uomo(男人)cane(狗) nazione(国家, 民族) Concreti:具体名词giudice(法官)cane狗Roma罗马Astratti:抽象名词giustizia (司法)fedeltà(忠诚) potenza(力量)根词libro书cane狗Derivati:派生词(从根词变化而来的) libreria书店, 书的派生词canile养狗场, 狗的派生词Composti:复合名词capolista第一名(nome + nome)名词+名词pianoforte钢琴(aggettivo + aggettivo) 形容词+形容词terracotta陶器(nome + aggettivo)名词+形容词bassorilievo浮雕(aggettivo + nome)形容词+名词dormiveglia半睡半醒(verbo + verbo)动词+动词posapiano慢性子的人(verbo + aggettivo)动词+形容词Alterati:转义词(去掉原词尾再加上后缀词使其意思改变) ragazzone大青年gattone大猫(accrescitivi)增加, 增大ragazzino小男孩gattino小猫(diminutivi)减少, 缩小Ragazzaccio坏青年gattaccio坏猫(dispregiativi)贬义giovanottino小伙子cavalluccio小马(vezzeggiativi)呢称, 爱称Collettivi:集体名词popolo人民flotta船队gregge羊群Promiscui:共性名词il canguro袋鼠il corvo乌鸦(solo maschili, ma valgono anche per le femmine) 只存在名词阳性, 但也可做为表达雌性动物l'aquila老鹰la balena鲸鱼(solo femminili, ma valgono anche per i maschi) 只存在名词阴性, 但也可做为表达雄性动物Indeclinabili:不变名词il boia坏蛋il gorilla大猩猩la virtù美德i boiai gorillale virtùDifettivi:缺项名词(无单数或复数形式)domani明天buio黑暗zinco锌calzoni裤子forbici剪刀dintorni周围,郊区Sovrabbondanti:有多种性数的名词la strofa(诗词的)节le strofe(诗词的)节(2 forme al singolare e 2 forme al plurale) 有两种单数形式和两种复数形式la strofeil dito手指i diti手指le dita手指(1 forma al singolare e 2 al plurale) 一种单数和两种复数(2 forme al singolare 1 plurale)两种单数和一种复数l'arma武器l'arme武器le armi武器Mobili:多变名词lo scolaro男学生la scolara女学生il mulo公骡la mula母骡Ambigeneri:双性名词il nipotei nipoti外孙们, 孙子们la nipote外孙女, 孙女le nipoti外孙女们, 孙女们il coniuge丈夫i coniugi丈夫们la coniuge妻子le coniugi妻子们Nota Un breve discorso a parte è necessario fare per i cosiddetti acronimi.Facciamo alcuni esempi. Una delle maggiori organizzazioni sindacali dei lavoratori italiani è la "Confederazione Generale Italiana Lavoratori" la cui sigla è C.G.I.L.Ora è chiaro che in un discorso o in un articolo di giornale in cui ricorresse spesso il nome di detta Confederazione, sarebbe faticoso e stucchevole ripetere sempre il nome per intero e, d'altra parte, la sigla con le iniziali puntate -che per altro è possibile usare solo per iscritto- andrebbe sempre letta per intero. Ecco che la sigla C.G.I.L. è diventata CGIL o Cgil (che si legge cigielle) venendo a costituireun vero e proprio nome.最后我们来讲解一下简写词 (acronimi)., 在报纸上和日常生活中我们经常会听到和看到这一类的词, 他们给书写和阅读方面都带来了很大的方便. 例如意大利总工会的简写是CGIL 我们只需要读出cigielle而不是Confederazione Generale Italiana Lavoratori. 这些省略在报纸中最为常见.1) 名词的阳性变阴性一览表(注意词尾变化):maschile阳性femminile阴性nota备注alunnoalunnabaristabarista大多指表示职业的名词dottoredottoressa大多指表示职业的名词attoreattrice大多指表示职业的名词giovanegiovane2) 名词的单数变复数一览表(注意词尾变化):singolare单数plurale复数nota备注alunnoalunnibaristabaristi阳性和阴性的名词变法相同(表示职业的名词) giovanegiovani阳性和阴性的名词变法相同alunnaalunne3) 以元音-u和-i结尾的名词词尾不变, 如tesi 和bambù.4) 一些例外:singolare单数plurale复数nota备注il problemai problemila manole maniNomi maschili al singolare e femminili al plurale单数时为阳性, 复数时为阴性的名词Alcuni nomi sono di genere maschile al singolare ma diventano femminili al plurale. Qui di seguito ne diamo un breve elenco.我们在这下面例举了意大利语中单数时为阳性, 复数时为阴性的一部分单词.(括号中为相应的冠词)Singolare 单数Plurale 复数centinàio (il) 百来个centinàia (le) 数以百计migliàio (il) 一千个左右migliàia (le) 数千, 许许多多mìglio (il) 英里mìglia (le)pàio (il) 一双pàia (le)riso (il) 笑risa (le)stàio (lo) 斗stàia (le)tomàio (il) 鞋面tomàia (le)uòvo (l') 鸡蛋uòva (le)练习:1)请把下列名词改为复数形式:tavola, macchina, giudice, cucina, giardino, gente, genere, viaggio, aumento, movimento, italiano, lupo, orso, roba, verbo, nome, aggettivo, articolo, preposizione, avverbio, patata, mela, pera, banana, carta, ufficio, libro, matita, gomma, pasto, porta, capostazione, capoufficio, capotreno, capotecnico, capodanno, capoclasse, braccio, mano, orecchio, occhio,2)按照给出的词语, 把下列名词从阳性改为阴性, 或从阴性改为阳性.amico, italiano, americano, nano, bello, editore, autore, attore, uomo, lupo, leone, elefante, ragazza, bambina, pazza, professoressa, dottore, laureata, mamma, zia, nipote, sorella, cugina, cane, cavallo, alunno, scolaro, studente, anziano, cuoco.tavole, macchine, 机器？giudici, cucine, giardini, genti, generi, viaggii, aumenti, movimenti, italiani, lupi, orsi, robe, verbi, nomi, aggettivi, articoli, preposizioni, avverbii, patate, mele pere, banane,哈哈这个认识小白吃的 carte, ufficio, libro, matite, gomme, pasti, porte, capostazioni, capoufficii, capotreni, capotecnici, capodanni, capoclassi, braccii, mani, orecchii, occhii。
名词变复数规则(规则变化表)
名词变复数规则(规则变化表)规则变化表：名词复数形式可数名词有单数和复数形式，而不可数名词通常没有复数形式。
下面是可数名词复数形式的构成及读音规则。
1.一般情况加-s清辅音：map–maps（地图）后/s/；浊：bag - bags（书包/袋子）辅音和：car–cars（小汽车）元音后：book-books（书）读/z/：apple-apples（苹果）pen-pens（钢笔）tree-trees（树）girl-girls（女孩）2.加-eses读/iz/：bus–buses（公共汽车）盒子：box–XXX手表：watch - watches刷子：brush - XXX盘子/一碟菜：dish-dishes3.将-XXX读妻子：wife-wives树叶：leaf–XXX变v加：shelf-XXXXXX：XXX - XXX狼：wolf-wolves贼/小偷：XXX–XXX半：half-halves生命：life–XXX记忆口诀：妻子用树架小刀将贼和狼劈成两半结束它们的生命。
4.直接加-s读/z/男孩：XXX-XXX天：day-days猴子：XXX–XXX假日：holiday—holidays玩具：XXX钥匙/答案：key-keys记忆口诀：男孩和猴子天天在节假日玩玩具和钥匙。
5.变y为-s读/z/婴儿/宝贝：baby—XXX故事：story—stories以辅音字母+ y结尾的非专有名词：hobby-hobbies6.以-f或-fe结尾的名词一般加-es读/vz/：factory-factories（工厂）城市：city-cities图书馆：library-libraries7.以s,ss,x,ch,sh等结尾的词直接加-es读/iz/：Negro-Negroes（黑人）英雄：hero—XXX西红柿：XXX–XXX土豆：potato–potatoesXXX：mango-mangoes记忆口诀：黑人英雄喜欢吃西红柿、土豆和芒果。
人英语复数知识点总结
人英语复数知识点总结IntroductionIn English grammar, nouns represent people, places, things, or ideas. Most nouns have singular and plural forms. The singular form refers to one person, place, thing, or idea, while the plural form refers to two or more people, places, things, or ideas. Understanding how to form and use plural nouns is an essential skill for English language learners. In this guide, we will explore the rules and patterns for forming plural nouns, as well as some irregular plural forms.Basic Rules for Forming Plural Nouns1. Add -s to the singular noun:Most English nouns form their plural by adding -s to the singular form. For example:- Singular: cat / Plural: cats- Singular: book / Plural: books- Singular: house / Plural: houses2. Add -es to the singular noun:If a singular noun ends in -s, -x, -ch, -sh, or -z, add -es to form the plural. For example:- Singular: bus / Plural: buses- Singular: box / Plural: boxes- Singular: church / Plural: churches- Singular: wish / Plural: wishes- Singular: quiz / Plural: quizzes3. Change the ending of the singular noun:Some singular nouns change their endings to form the plural. For example:- Singular: man / Plural: men- Singular: woman / Plural: women- Singular: child / Plural: children- Singular: foot / Plural: feet- Singular: tooth / Plural: teeth4. Add -s or -es to irregular plural nouns:Some nouns have irregular plural forms and do not follow the general rules. For example: - Singular: person / Plural: people- Singular: mouse / Plural: mice- Singular: deer / Plural: deer- Singular: fish / Plural: fish (or fishes)5. Nouns that are the same in singular and plural:Some nouns have the same form for both singular and plural. For example:- Singular: sheep / Plural: sheep- Singular: deer / Plural: deer- Singular: aircraft / Plural: aircraftExceptions and Special CasesThere are some special cases and exceptions to the basic rules for forming plural nouns. Here are a few examples:1. Compound Nouns:Compound nouns are formed by combining two or more words to create a new noun. When forming the plural of a compound noun, the plural marker is usually added to the main word. For example:- Singular: toothbrush / Plural: toothbrushes- Singular: mother-in-law / Plural: mothers-in-law- Singular: editor-in-chief / Plural: editors-in-chief2. Nouns ending in -o:Nouns ending in -o can form their plural by adding either -s or -es. There is no clear rule, so it is best to consult a dictionary to determine the correct plural form. For example:- Singular: tomato / Plural: tomatoes- Singular: potato / Plural: potatoes- Singular: echo / Plural: echoes3. Nouns ending in -f or -fe:Nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing the ending to -ves. For example:- Singular: leaf / Plural: leaves- Singular: half / Plural: halves- Singular: life / Plural: lives- Singular: knife / Plural: knives4. Collective Nouns:Collective nouns, which refer to a group of people or things, can be singular or plural depending on the context. For example:- Singular: The team is playing well.- Plural: The team are celebrating their victory.5. Foreign Loanwords:Some nouns that have been borrowed from other languages retain their original plurals. For example:- Singular: phenomenon / Plural: phenomena- Singular: criterion / Plural: criteria- Singular: crisis / Plural: crisesCommon Mistakes to Avoid1. Using the wrong plural form:It is important to use the correct plural form for each noun. Using the wrong plural form can lead to confusion and misunderstandings. For example, the plural of "child" is "children," not "childs."2. Irregular plurals:Some nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow the general rules. It is important to learn and remember these irregular forms to avoid errors. For example, the plural of "man" is "men," not "mans."3. Overuse of -s ending:While adding -s is the most common way to form plural nouns, not all nouns follow this pattern. It is important to be aware of the different rules and forms for plural nouns. ConclusionForming and using plural nouns correctly is an important aspect of English grammar. By understanding the basic rules, exceptions, and special cases for forming plural nouns, learners can improve their written and spoken English. Practice and exposure to different examples will help reinforce the rules and patterns for using plural nouns. With time and effort, learners can develop the skills and confidence to use plural nouns accurately and effectively in their communication.。
英文单词
第一册education n. [U] 教育；学业；培养business n. 1. [U] 职责；任务2. [U] 商业；交易；生意extent n. （singular）程度；限度whatever det. & pron. 1. 任何；什么都2. 无论什么；不管什么3. 什么的career n. 1. 职业；一生的事业2. 生涯；履历goal n. 1. [C] 目标；目的2. [C] （足球、曲棍球的）球门3. 进球得分graduate vi. 毕业n. 1. [C] 大学毕业生2. [C] 研究生subject n. 1. [C] 学科；科目2. [C] 主题；题目3. [C] 主语；主词opportunity n. [C; U] 机会；时机debt n. 1. [C] 债；债务2. [U] 负债的情况；还债的义务course n. 1. [C] 课程2. [C] 过程；进程3. [C] 一道菜certificate n. [C] 证书；文凭；执照reason n. 1. [C; U] 原因；理由2. [U] 理性；理智v. 1. 推理；思考2. 说服；劝告likely adj. 看来要发生的；可能的adv. 很可能heat v. 欺骗；作弊n. 骗子understanding n. 1. [singular; U] 了解；理解2. [U] 理解（能）力adj. 能理解的；通情达理的respect vt. 尊敬；敬佩；尊重n. [U] 尊敬；敬重truly adv. 真正地experience n. 1. [C] 经历；体验2. [U] 经验vt. 经历；感受；经验djust v. 调整；使适合sense n. 1. [U] 感觉；意识2. [C] 意义；意思vt. 感觉到；意识到responsibility n. 1. [U] 责任2. [C] 职责；义务decision n. 1. [C; U] 决定；抉择；判断2. [U] 果断；坚决responsible adj. 1. 应负……责任的2. 负有责任的；需承担责任的account n. 1. [C] 账户2. [C] 报道；描述v. 解释；说明current adj. 1. 通用的；流通的2. 当前的；进行中的n. 1. [C] 流；水流；气流2. [C; U] 电流savings n. （plural）存款；积蓄credit n. 1. [U] 信用；信誉2. [C] 学分vt. 把……记入贷方；存入（账户）university n. [C] 大学confused adj. 迷惑的；糊涂的suppose vt. 1. 猜想；料想；推测2. 假如；假使guard n. 1. [C] 卫兵；守卫2. [U] 保卫；警戒v. 防卫；看守comfortable adj. 1. 感觉轻松自在的；舒服的2. 舒适的；惬意的dorm(itory) n. [C]（有多张床的）大寝室；宿舍homesick adj. 思乡的；想家的reality n. 1. [C; U] 真实的事物；现实2. [U] 真实；实在within prep. & adv. 1. 在……之内；不超过2. 在……里面；在……内部manage v. 1. 有能力做；有办法处理2. 管理；经营fluent adj. 1. 流利的2. 熟练的；流畅的accent n. [C] 口音；乡音award n. [C] 奖金；奖品vt. 给予；授予embarrass vt. 使窘迫；使尴尬nterview vt. 采访；对（某人）进行面试n. [C] 面试；采访；面谈everyone pron. 每人；人人success n. [U] 成功；成就；胜利risk n. [C; U] 危险（性）；风险v. 使遭受危险；冒失去……之险situation n. 1. [C] 形势；状况；境遇2. [C] 地势；环境sheet n. 1. [C] 片；块；张2. [C] 被单；床单；褥单rude adj. 粗鲁的；讨厌的grammar n. 1. [U] 语（文）法；语法（文法）学2. [C] 语法书leaf n. 1. [C]（书的）一张（正反两页）2. [C] 叶；树叶however adv. 1. 然而；不过2. 不管到什么程度skill n. [C; U] 技能；技巧natural adj. 1. 天生的；固有的2. 天然的；自然的ability n. [C; U] 能力；才能improve v. 1. 改进；改善2. 变得更好style n. 1. [C; U] 风格；文体2. [C; U] 时髦；式样expect v. 1. 预料；预期2. 认为（某人）会来；认为（某事）会发生similar adj. 类似的；相似的；近似的conversation n. [C; U] 谈话；会话；交谈unfortunately adv. 令人遗憾地；不巧；可惜affect vt. 1. 影响2. 使感动detailed adj. 详细的item n. [C]（清单上或一组事物中的）一项；一件；一条information n. [U] 消息；情报energy n. 1. [U] 精力2. [U] 能量；能源politics n. 1. [U] 政治活动（事务）2. [U] 政治学case n. 1 [C] 情形；场合；状况2 [C] 事例；实例suggestion n. 1. [C] 提议；建议2.（singular）暗示；细微的迹象headline n. 1.（usually plural）新闻提要2. [C] （报纸的）标题；大字标题compare vt. 比较；对照wealth n. 1. [U] 财富；钱财2.（singular）大量；丰富differ vi. 1. 与……意见相左2. 有区别；不同于view n. 1. [C] 看法；观点2. [C] 景色；景vt. 考虑；认为somehow adv. 1. 以某种方法；通过某种途径2. 由于某种不明的原因；不知为什么following adj. 1. 下列的2. 其次的；接着的tale n. 1. [C] 故事2. [C] 传说；（未必完全真实的）报道wise adj. 聪明的；明智的recognize vt. 1.（辨）认出2. 承认sympathy n. [U] 同情；同情心exactly adv. 确切地；准确地invite vt. 邀请add v. 补充；继续说extremely adv. 极端地；高度地argue v. 争辩；争论daughter-in-law n. [C] 儿媳；媳妇advice n. [U] 劝告；忠告；意见amazed adj. 吃惊的；惊异的wherever adv. 1. 无论到哪里；无论在任何地方；无论什么情况下2. 究竟在哪儿（表示惊讶）social adj. 1. 社交的；交际的2. 社会的；有关社会的error n. [C] 错误；谬误various adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的recently adv. 最近；不久前；将来invitation n. [C] 邀请；请柬fashionable adj. 1. 上流社会的；时髦人士的2. 符合时尚的；时髦的hostess n. [C] 女主人secretly adv. 秘密地；背地里smartly adv. 漂亮地；时髦地hall n. 大厅；会堂realize vt. 1. 了解；认识到2. 使实现pretty adj. 漂亮的；标致的adv. 颇；相当politely adv. 礼貌地whenever adv. & conj. 无论什么时候；每当secretary n. 1. [C] 政府官员；（美国的）部长；（英国的）大臣2. [C] 秘书；文书international adj. 国际上的；世界性的department n. [C] 部门；部；局despite prep. 不管；尽管；任凭relative n. [C] 家人；亲戚adj. 关于……的；有关……的president n. 1. [C] 总统2. [C] 会长；大学校长；政府部门首长obvious adj. 明显的；显而易见的airport n. [C] 航空港；飞机场allow vt. 允许；准许issue vt. 发行；发布n. 1. [C] 问题；议题2. [C] 发行物counter n. 1. [C] 柜台2. [C] 计算者；计数器v. 反对；对抗adv. 相反地stare vi. 凝视；瞪眼睛screen n. 1. [C] 屏幕；荧光屏2. [C] 银幕vt. 遮蔽；掩护backup n. [C; U] 替代物；助手main adj. 主要的；最重要的pilot n. [C] 飞行员；宇航员suggest vt. 1. 建议；提出2. 显出；暗示receipt n. [C] 收据；收条proof n. [C; U] 证据；论证charge v. 1. 要价；索取2. 控告；指控n. 1. [C; U] 价钱；费用2. [C] 主管；责任fare n. [C] 车费；票价moment n. 1. [C] 某一时刻2. [C] 片刻；一会儿spread v. 1. 传播；流传2.（使）张开；（使）散开n. （singular）扩展；传播whilst conj. 1.（= while）当……时候2. 虽然kick vt. 踢n. [C] 踢luggage n. [U] 行李cell adj. 蜂窝式无线电通讯系统的n. [C] 细胞mail n. [U] 邮件；邮包v. 邮寄communicate v. 1. 交流；沟通2. 传达；传递ignore vt. 不理；忽视stroke vt. 抚摸；抚摩n. 1. [C] 击；打2. [C] 中风preferable adj. 更好的，更适合的human adj. 人的；人类的n. [C] 人contact n. 1. [U] 联系；交往2. [U] 接触vt. 跟……联络上；同……（建立）联系communication n. [U] 交流；交往；通讯connect v. 1. 给……接通电话；用通信工具与……联系2. 连接；连结disconnect vi. 脱离；断绝（关系）advance n. [C; U] 前进；进展v. 前进；进展technology n. [C; U] 科技；工业技术Internet n. （singular）因特网；国际互联网being n. 1. [C] 生物（尤指人）2. [U] 生存；存在automate vt. 使自动化feeling n. 1. [C] 感觉；知觉2.（plural）感情self-scanner n. [C] 自动检测设备；自动扫描器check v. 检查；核对n. 1. [C] 核对；检查2. [C] 支票machine n. [C] 机器system n. 1. [C] 系统；体系2. [C] 体制；制度lonely adj. 1. 孤寂的；寂寞的2.（建筑物）孤零零的；（地方）荒僻的restriction n. [C; U] 限制（物）；约束（物）plan n. [C] 计划；打算v. （订）计划；打算hi-tech adj. 高技术的rocket vi. 急速移动n. [C] 火箭stardom n. [U] 明星的地位guy n. [C] 人；男人；家伙court n. 1. [C; U] 球场2. [C; U] 法院；法庭national adj. 1. 国家的；全国性的；本国的2. 国有的；国立的association n. 1. [C] 协会；社团2. [C; U] 结合；联想；关联draft n. 1.（singular）挑选；（从团体中）选出一个人或若干人2. [C] 草稿；草图；草案vt. 1. 挑选；抽调2. 拟稿；起草teammate n. [C] 队友；（一支队伍中的）队员mixing n. [C; U] 不同的人或物的组合；混合体culture n. 1. [C; U] 文化2. [U] 修养；教养；精神文明typical adj. 1. 表现出个性特征的；一向如此的2. 典型的；有代表性的universal adj. 1. 普遍的；一般的2. 全体的，与全体有关的；影响全体的forward adv. 向前；向末端；向将来adj. 在（向）前部的；位于前面的；面向将来的shoot v. 1. （比赛中）射门；投篮（得分）2. （人）开（枪）3. 射中；射死rare adj. 稀少的；罕有的camera n. [C] 照相机；摄影机surround vt. 1. 包围2. 环绕；围绕；pace n. 1.（singular）速度；节奏2. [C] （跑或走的）一步；步子v. 踱步（于），慢步走（于）aware adj. 意识到的；明白的strength n. 1. [C; U] 力量；实力2. [C] 优势；长处coach n. 1. [C] （体育运动中的）教练2. [C] 长途（旅游）公共汽车fan n. 1. [C] 热情追随者；……迷2. 扇子vt. 扇（风）website n. [C] 网站official adj. 公务的；官方的；正式的n. [C] 官员；高级职员；公务员schedule n. [C] 预定要做事情的安排；计划（表）；程序表；进度表vt. （usu. pass）排定；预定；把……安排在attitude n. [C; U] 态度；看法united adj. 1. （政治上）联合的；联盟的2. 团结的；统一的development n. [U] 发展；成长encourage vt. 鼓励；激励truth n. 1. [C] 事实；真理2. [U] 真相；真实性teamwork n. [U] 集体合作；协力进行的工作competitive adj. 1. 好竞争的；好强的2. 竞争的；取决于竞争的spirit n. 1. [C] 心灵；精神2.（singular）意向；心情；态度wonder v. 想要知道；（心理）捉摸n. 1. [U] 惊奇；诧异2. [C] 奇迹；奇观perfect adj. 完美的；理想的shot n. 1. [C] 射球；投球2. [C] 射击；枪声outstanding adj. 优秀的；显著的defense n. 1. [U] 防守2. [U] 保卫；防御3. [C; U] 防御物；防御手段opponent n. 1. [C] 对手；敌手2. [C] 反对者footwork n. [U] 步法；腿脚功夫balance n. 1. [singular; U] 平衡；均衡2. [C] 余数；结余v. （使）保持平衡；（使）平稳talent n. 1. [singular; U] 天资；才能2. [U] 有才能的人；天才sign n. 1. [C] 迹象；征兆2. [C] 标志；告示v. 1. 签名；签字2. 雇用quality n. 1. [C] 特性；品性2. [U] 质；质量performance n. 1. [U] 执行；表现2. [C] 演奏；演出definitely adv. 无疑地；确实地type n. 1. [C] 类；型2. [C; U] 活字v. 打字act n. 1. [C] 行为；动作2. [C] 法案v. 1. 行动2. 起作用；生效3. 表演；演出available adj. 可获得的；可用的disease n. [C; U] 疾病；病ease n. 1. [U] 舒适；安逸2. [U] 容易；不费劲v. 减轻；舒缓retire v. 1. （使）退休2. 退下；引退influence vt. 影响；对……起作用n. [C; U] 影响；作用championship n. 1. [C] 冠军的地位2. [C] 锦标赛；冠军赛joy n. 1. [C] 使人高兴的人（事）；乐趣2. [U] 欢欣；喜悦eve n. 1. [U] 前夜；前夕2. [the + singular (of)] 前夕；前一刻celebration n. [C; U] 庆祝；庆祝会ancient adj. 1. 古代的2. 古老的；旧的celebrate v. 庆祝measure v. 1. 量出或记录（长度、温度等）2. 度量n. （plural）措施；方法Christmas n. [C; U] 圣诞节western adj. 西方（国家、世界）的；西部的importance n. [U] 重要；重要性festival n. 1. [C] 节日2. [C] 音乐节（戏剧节等）private adj. 私下的；私有的recent adj. 最近的；近代的common adj. 1. 常见的；平常的2. 共同的；共有的tradition n. 1. [C] 惯例；老规矩2. [U] 传统century n. 1. [C] 100年2. [C] 一世纪evil adj. 邪恶的；有害的n. [C; U] 邪恶；不幸gather v. 1. 聚集；集合2. 采集；收割firework n. [C]（usually plural）烟花；焰火cheer v. 欢呼；喝彩n. [C] 欢呼；喝彩electric adj. 用电的；电动的million n. [C] 100万broadcast n. [C] 广播；播送节目v. 广播；播送imagine vt. 1. 想象2. 设想；猜想；认为activity n. 1. [C; plural] 活动2. [U] 活动（性）；活跃resolution n. 1. [C] 决心2. [U] 坚决；坚定3. [U] 解决European n. [C] 欧洲人adj. 欧洲的involve v. 1. 包含；需要2. 使卷入；使介入expert n. [C] 专家；内行adj. 专家的；内行的percent n. [C; singular] 百分比simply adv. 1. 仅仅；只不过2. 简单地；清楚地honor vt. (honour, BrE) 尊敬；使感到荣幸n. [U] 荣誉；尊敬brief adj. 简短的；短暂的vt. 给（某人）指示；为……提供资讯death n. [C; U] 死亡；死状attempt n. [C] 努力；尝试vt. 企图；尝试determine vt. 1. 确定；确认2. （使）下决心；（使）做出决定favor vt. (favour, BrE) 1. 偏爱；偏袒2. 赞同；支持n. 1. [U] 赞同；赞许2. [C] 恩惠select v. 挑选；选拔Roman adj. 古罗马（帝国）的；罗马人的n. [C] 古罗马的居民modern adj. 1. 现代的；近代的2. 现代的；新式的custom n. 1. [C; U] 风俗，习惯2.（plural）海关special adj. 1. 特殊的；特别的2. 为某一人（组织、地方）特设的；专门的decorate vt. 装饰；布置include v. 包括；包含fir n. [C] 冷杉；枞hang v. 1. 悬挂着；吊着2. 挂；悬挂3. 绞死；吊死commercial adj. 商业的；商务的artist n. [C] 艺术家；美术家design v. 绘制……的图样；设计n. [C] 图样；设计图merry adj. 快活的；愉快的exchange v. 交易；交换n. [C; U] 交换；互换original adj. 1. 原先的；最初的2. 新颖的；独特的develop v. 发展；（使）增长Dutch n. 1. [U] 荷兰语2.（the+ plural）荷兰人adj. 1. 荷兰人的；荷兰的；荷兰语的2. go Dutch（with someone）各付各的账therefore adv. 因此；所以stocking n. [C] （女用）长筒袜slave n. 1. [C] 奴隶2. [C] 完全受其他人或其他事物控制的人land v. （使）着陆；（使）登陆n. 1. [U] 陆地2. [U] 田地；农田envelope n. [C] 信封wedding n. [C] 婚礼meanwhile adv. 1. 同时2. 在间隔时间里hairdresser n. [C] 美发师；理发师bride n. [C] 新娘；即将出嫁的女子event n. 1. [C] 事件2. [C] 运动项目emotional adj. 情绪激动的；易动感情的ritual n. [C; U] 仪式；例行习惯superstition n. [C; U] 迷信poem n. [C] 诗；韵文female adj. 女（性）的；雌（性）的n. 女性；雌性ceremony n. 1. [C] 典礼；仪式2. [U] 礼仪；礼节protect vt. 保护；维护couple n. 1. [C] 夫妇；同居的男女2. [C] 一对；一双3. [C] 一些；几个veil n. [C] 面纱Greek adj. 希腊人的；希腊语的hide v. 1. 把……藏起来；隐藏2. 隐瞒bridesmaid n. [C] 女傧相；伴娘scare vt. 1. 把……吓跑；把……吓得（去做某事）2. 恐吓；使惊恐n. （singular）惊恐；惊吓consult vt. 查阅；咨询economic adj. 1. 赚钱的；合算的2. 经济（上）的；经济学的reception n. 1. [C] 欢迎会；招待会2. [C] 接待；欢迎owner n. [C] 拥有人；物主service n. 1. [C] 服务；服务性行业2. [U] 侍候；服务vt. 检修；维修vary v. 1. 相异；存在不同之处2. 变化；改变symbolize vt. 象征；是……的象征jewelry n. (jewellry, BrE) [U] 珠宝；首饰remind vt. 使想起object n. 1. [C] 物；物体；物件2. [C] 目的；宗旨vi. 反对；表示异议handkerchief n. [C] 手帕faithfulness n. [U] 忠诚；诚实loyalty n. [U] 忠诚；忠贞garter n. [C] （吊）袜带ribbon n. [C; U] 丝带；缎带groom n. [C] 新郎attend v. 1. 参加；出席2. 看护；照料3. 专心于；致力于clothing n. [U] 衣服；服装（总称）whoever pron. 谁；无论谁remove v. 1. 移走；脱掉2. 排除；去除daily adj. 日常的adv. 每日；天天n. [C] 日报verbal adj. 1. 用言辞的；文字上的2. 口头的；非书面的gesture v. 用手势表示；用动作示意n. [C; U] 手势；示意动作eyebrow n. [C] 眉毛random adj. 随机的；任意的researcher n. [C] 研究者；调查者meaning n. 1. [C; U] 意义；意思2. [U] 重要性；价值Frenchman n. [C] 法国（男）人；法国（男）公民male n. & adj. 男性（的）；雄性（的）lower v. 1. 降下；把……放低2. 减少；降低adj. 较下的；下层的eyelid n. [C] 眼皮chin n. [C] 颏；下巴widen v. （使）变宽regional adj. 地区的；区域的native n. [C] 本地人；当地人adj. 1. 出生地的2.（人）当地出生的sex n. [C; U] 性；性别racial adj. 种族的background n. 1. [C] 个人的背景资料2. [C] 背景；后景3. [C; U] 背景情况mayor n. [C] 市长Italian n. & adj. [C; U] 意大利语（的）；意大利人（的）speech n. 1. [C] 演说；演讲2. [U] 讲话方式；言语能力dub v. 为……配音emphasize vt. 强调；着重efficiently adv. 高效率地dislike v. 不喜爱；厌恶n. [C; U] 厌恶；讨厌；反感psychologist n. [C] 心理学家total adj. 总（计）的；全部的vt. 总计为；总数达n. 总数oral adj. 1. 口头的；口述的2. 口的；口服的facial adj. 脸部的movement n. [C; U] 运动；动作professor n. [C] 教授challenge n. [C; U] 挑战性；具有挑战性的事物v. 邀请（某人）比赛；向……挑战authority n. 1. [U] 权力；权威2.（plural）官方；当局entirely adv. 完全地offend v. 1. 伤害……的感情；冒犯2. 违反；违背foreigner n. [C] 外国人upset v. 1. 使不安；使心情不好2. 打翻；使倾覆funny adj. 1. 滑稽的；可笑的2. 难以解释的；奇怪的Japanese adj. 日本的；日本人的；日本语的n. 1. [U] 日语2. [C] 日本人passenger n. [C] 乘客；旅客trolley n. [C] 手推车conclude v. 1. 作出结论；推断出2. 结束；终止significant adj. 1. 相当数量的；不可忽略的2. 重要的；意义重大的observer n. [C] 观察者；旁观者worthless adj. 1.（人）品质不良的；品行不端的2. 无价值的；无用的thief n. [C] 小偷；（窃）贼confusion n. [U] 困惑；分辨不清cheerful adj. 兴高采烈的；令人愉快的British adj. 英国的thumb n. [C] （大）拇指immediately adv. 立即；马上incidentally adv. 1. 顺便说；顺便提一句2. 偶然地；不经意地hitchhike vi. 沿途搭便车remark v. 谈论；评论n. [C] 谈论；评论wine n. [C; U] 葡萄酒direct vt. 1. 对准……目标；针对2. 管理；指导adj. & adv. 直接的（地）；笔直的（地）swallow vt. 吞下；咽下horrify vt. 使震惊；使感到恐怖opposite prep. & adv. （在……）对面的；在……对面adj. 1. 对面的2. 相反的；对立的n. [C] 相反的人（事物）hell n. 1. [(the) singular; U] 见鬼；该死2. [U] 地狱；阴间3. [U] 极痛苦的状态difficulty n. 1. [U] 艰难2. [C; often plural] 困境；麻烦事calm vt. 使平静；使镇静adj. 1. 镇静的；心平气和的2. 无风的；风平浪静的double adj. 成对的；双的v. （使）加倍；把……增加一倍anger n. [U] 愤怒；怒气vt. 使发怒；激怒instantly adv. 立即；马上especially adv. 1. 尤其2. 特别地；格外cash n. 1. [U] 钱2. [U] 现款flight n. 1. [C] 航班；航程2. [C; U] 飞行；飞翔sock n. [C] 短袜jeans n. （plural）（美）牛仔裤backpack n. [C] 背包burst v. （使）爆裂；（使）破裂n. [C] 裂口；破裂package n. [C] 包；包裹gentleman n. 1. [C] 男士；先生2. [C] 绅士criminal n. [C] 犯人；罪犯adj. 犯罪的；刑事的courier n. [C] 信使impossible adj. 不可能的；办不到的airline n. [C] 航空公司normally adv. 通常地；正常地company n. 1. [C] 公司；商号2. [U] 陪伴；交往baggage n. [U] 行李airplane n. [C] 飞机contrast n. [U] 对比；对照tax vt. 对……征税n. [C; U] 税；税款method n. [C] 方法；办法negative adj. 1. 消极的；非建设性的2. 拒绝的；怀疑的aspect n. [C] 方面personal adj. 1. 个人的；私人的2. 亲自的flexible adj. 1. 可变通的；灵活的2. 易弯曲的；柔韧的regard n. 1. [U] 关系；方面2.（plural）致意；问候vt. 1. 视作；认为2. 尊重mystery n. 1. [C] 神秘的事；不可思议的事2. [U] 神秘性；秘密性customer n. [C] 顾客；主顾notice v. 注意（到）n. 1. [C] 布告；通知2. [U] 注意dumpster n. [C] 大垃圾箱trash n. (rubbish, BrE) 1. [U] 垃圾；废物2. [U] 废话；无意义的东西hire vt. 雇用；租用n. [U] 雇用；租用regular adj. 1. 定期的；习惯性的2. 规则的；有规律的cleanliness n. [U] 爱清洁（的习惯）；干净product n. [C] 产品；物产standard n. [C]（often plural）标准；水平adj. 标准的convenience n. [U] 方便；便利constant adj. 1. 不断的；连续发生的2. 始终如一的；恒久不变的mouse n. 1. 鼠，耗子2. 鼠标employee n. [C] 受雇者；雇员manager n. [C] 经理；管理人员mental adj. 1. 只在心里做的2. 智力的；心理的；脑力的educated adj. 受过教育的overflow v. 从……溢出；泛滥hospitality n. [U] 好客；殷勤accuracy n. [U] 精确；准确度maintenance n. 1. [U] 维护；保养2. [U] 维持；保持speed n. 1. [U] 迅速；快速2. [C; U] 速度；速率v. 1. 迅速前进；急行2.（up）（使）加速；增速sample vt. 试尝；抽样n. [C] 样品；标本device n. [C] 器械；装置digital adj. 数字显示的scale n. 1. [C]（plural）磅秤；秤2. [C; U] 规模；范围thermometer n. [C] 温度计；体温计rewarding adj. 有益的；值得做的tend v. 1. 有……的倾向；倾向于2. 照料；看护base v. 以……为基础；以……为根据n. 1. [C] 底部；基础2. [C] 基地；总部prize n. [C] 奖赏；奖品v. 珍视；珍爱fit v. 1.（使）适合；（使）胜任2. 使适合vocabulary n. 1. [C; U] 词汇（量）2. [C] 词（汇）表article n. [C] 文章；论文finding n. （often plural）（调查、研究的）结果average n. [C] 平均数；平均adj. 1. 平均的2. 平常的；通常的vt. 平均（是）score v. （在运动、游戏、竞赛等中）得（分）；进（球）n. [C] 得分；进球数mathematical adj. 数学的mechanical adj. 机械的solve vt. 解答；解决memory n. 1. [singular; U] 记忆力；记性2. [C] 记忆中的事物；回忆scientist n. [C] 科学家physical adj. 身体的；肉体的nerve n. 1. [C] 神经2. [U] 勇气；意志力brain n. [C] 脑（子）；脑髓advantage n. [C] 有利条件；优势forceful adj. 强有力的；有说服力的independent adj. 有独立见解的；自主的produce v. 产生；生产n. [U] 产品；（尤指）农产品force n. 1. [U] 力（量）；力气2. [U] 暴力；武力vt. 强迫；迫使assume vt. 1. 假定；假设2. 承担；担任chemistry n. 1. [U] 物质的化学组成（性质）2. [U] 化学factor n. [C] 因素；要素difference n. 1. [C] 不同之处；差异点2. [singular; U] 差别；差额independence n. [U] 独立；自立perform vt. 1. 履行；完成2. 表演；演奏task n. [C] 任务；作业require vt. 1.（rather formal）需要2. 要求；命令obey v. 服从（权威等）；遵守（指令、法律等）limit vt. 限制；限定n. [C] 限度；限制fear n. [C; U] 恐惧；害怕v. 害怕；惧怕solution n. [C] 解决；解决方法pregnant adj. （人）怀孕的；（动物）怀胎的gift n. 1. [C] 礼物；赠品2. [C] 天赋；才能doll n. [C] 玩具娃娃bear vt. 1. 生（孩子）2. 忍受；容忍n. [C] 熊enter v. 1.（rather formal）进入；进来2. 使参加；加入rope n. [C; U] 绳索gender n. [C; U] 性别feminine adj. 有女性气质的；适于女子的masculine adj. 有男性气质的；适于男子的reflect vt. 1. 反映；表现2. 反射（热、光、声等）leader n. [C] 首领；领导者compete v. 竞争；争夺attention n. [U] 注意；留心thus adv. 1.（formal）因而；于是2. 如此；这样interest vt. 使（某人）感兴趣；引起……的关注n. [C; U] 兴趣；关注command n. 1. [C; U] 命令；指挥2. [singular; U] 掌握；运用能力v. 命令；指挥continue v. （使）继续；（使）延伸junior adj. 较年幼的；级别较低的n. [C] 年少者；地位（职位）较低者；晚辈position n. 1. [C] 地位；名次2. [C]（formal）职位；职务depend v. 1. 取决（于）；视……而定2. 依靠；依赖circle n. 1. [C] 圈子；……界2. [C] 圆；圆周v. 环绕；旋转share v. 1. 共有；均摊2. 分配；均分n. （singular）一份prove vt. 1. 证实；证明2. 显示出是；表明是friendship n. 1. [U] 友谊；友情2. [C] 友谊之范例；友好的时期earn v. 获得；挣得adult n. [C] 发育成熟的人或动物；成（年）人adj. 成年人的；成熟的concern vt. 1. 使担心；使关心2. 与……有关系；涉及n. [C; U] 关心；挂念discussion n. [C; U] 讨论；审议topic n. [C] 题目；话题taste n. 1. [C; U] 喜好；口味2. [singular; U] 味道；滋味vt. 品尝；辨味stage n. 1. [C] 阶段；时期2. [C] 舞台；戏剧第二册fry n. (chips, BrE) (usually plural) (also French fries) 炸薯条v. 炸；煎southern adj. 南方的；属于南方的golden adj. 1. 金色的；闪金光的2. 金制的arch n. [C] 圆拱；拱形物danger n. [U] 危险destroy vt. 破坏；毁坏damage vt. 毁坏；损害n. [U] 毁坏；损害earthquake n. [C] 地震resident n. [C] 居民；定居者adj. 居住（在某地）的public n. (the ~) 公众；大众；民众adj. 1. 公共的；公用的2. 公众（事务）的location n. [C] 位置；场所inspector n. [C] 检查员；督察员structure n. 1. [C] 建筑物；结构物2. [U] 结构；构造afford vt. （通常与can，could，be able to连用）买得起；担负得起amount n. [C; U] 数额；数量；总数vi. (~ to)（数量上）达到；（意义上）等于claim v. 1. 声称；断言；宣称2. 对……提出要求；索取actually adv. 实际上deny vt. 否认；不承认local adj. 当地的；地方性的explanation n. [C; U] 解释；说明register n. [C] 登记（簿）；注册（簿）vt. 登记；注册abandon vt. 放弃；中止peace n. 1. [singular; U] 和平（时期）；和平共处2. [U] 安心；平静mirror vt. 反映；反射n. [C] 镜子admit v. 1. 承认；供认2. 准许……进入（或加入）defeat n. 1. [C; U] 失败；挫败2. [U] 战胜；击败vt. 战胜；使失败；挫败theme n. [C] （文章等的）主题；主旨；（谈话等的）话题；题目battle n. [C] 战斗；战役purchase n. [C; U] 购买；新购买的物品vt. 购买capital n. 1. [C] 首都；省会2. [singular; U] 资本；资金rush v. （使）急速行进；（使）突然猛冲n. [C] 冲；急速行进videotape n. [C; U] 录像带；录影带provide vt. 提供；供给uniformity n. [U] 一样；相同；一贯opinion n. [C; U] 意见；看法；主张sub-adult adj. 未成年的oppose vt. 1. 反对2. 反抗；对立by-product n. [C] 副产品folklore n. [U] 民间传说；民俗crime n. [C; U] 罪行；犯罪treatment n. [U] 对待方式；待遇；处理（方式）Indian n. & adj. 1. [C] 印第安人；印第安的2. [C] 印度人；印度的murder n. [C; U] 谋杀（罪）vt. 谋杀basic adj. 基本的；基础的；根本的lion n. [C] 狮子king n. 1. [C]（同类人或动物中的）最重要者；（竞争者中的）大王2. [C] 国王；君主positive adj. 1. 积极的；乐观的2. （人）确信的；有把握的value n. 1. [singular; U] 用处；益处；实用性2. [C; U] 价值critical adj. 1. 吹毛求疵的；严厉批评的2. 批评的；评判的trend n. 1. [C] 时尚；时髦2. [C] 倾向；趋势；趋向fad n. [C] 流行一时的狂热（行为）；时尚；风尚tendency n. [C] 倾向；趋势；趋向club n. 1. [C] （尤指体育或娱乐方面的）俱乐部；会所2. [C] 球棒；球杆furniture n. [U] 家具actor n. [C] 演员hero n. 1. [C] 英雄；勇士2. [C] （戏剧、诗歌、小说等中的）男主角；男主人公politician n. [C] 政治家appear vi. 1. 出现；呈现2.（不用进行式）似乎；好像；看来advertisement n. [C] 广告complain vi. 抱怨；发牢骚；诉苦；投诉beef n. [U] 牛肉；牛肉的厚切片magazine n. [C] 杂志fame n. [U] 名气；名声；声誉cause vt. 导致；引起；使发生n. 1. [C] 原因；起因2. [C] 事业；目标desire n. [C; U] 愿望；欲望；心愿vt. （正式）渴望；想要area n. 1. [C] 学科范围；领域；方面2. [C] 地区；区域teenager n. [C] （指13岁到19岁之间的）青少年；十几岁的孩子groovy adj. （俚语）很帅的；时髦的awesome adj. （美，非正式）很好的；了不起的foolish adj. 愚蠢的；笨的vain adj. 1. 自负的；自视过高的2. 徒劳的；无效的；无结果的creative adj. 创造性的；有创造力的economy n. 1. [C] 经济情况；经济体制2. [C; U] 节约；节省additional adj. 另外的；附加的；追加的frequent adj. 频繁的；屡见不鲜的；常见的survive vi. 幸存；活下来；残存vt. 比……活得长；经历……之后还存在weight n. 1. [C; U] 重量；体重2. [U] 重要性；重大价值medical adj. 医学的；医术的chart n. [C] 图；图表overweight adj. 超重的；过重的n. [U] 超重rate n. 1. [C] 比率；率2. [C] 费用；价格vt. 对……估价；认为normal adj. 正常的；平常的；平均的childhood n. [C; U] 童年；儿童时代nursery n. 1. [C] 托儿所2. [C] 苗圃drug n. 1. [C] 使人上瘾之毒品；麻醉品2. [C] 药；药品；药物blind adj. 1. 瞎的；失明的2. 盲目的create vt. 创造；创作discrimination n. 1. [U] 歧视；排斥；差别对待2. [U] 识别力；辨别力；鉴赏力；眼力justify vt. 证明……有理；为……辩护judgment n. (judgement, BrE) 1. [C] 评价；看法；意见2. [C; U] 判断；断定obsessed adj. 着迷的；全神贯注的false adj. 1. 不正确的；错误的2. 不真实的；假的disorder n. 1. [U] （身体、精神的）失调；紊乱；小病；不适2. [C; U] 混乱；无秩序；杂乱；凌乱naturally adv. 1. 生来；天然地2. 当然；自然地comment n. [C; U] 评论；评语；评注v. 评论；发表意见character n. 1. [C; U] 性格；气质；特性；性质2. [C]（书、剧本等中的）人物；角色control n. [C; U] 控制；管理；抑制vt. 控制；管理；管辖failure n. 1. [U] 失败；不成功2. [C] 失败的人（事、企图等）beauty n. 1. [U] 美；美丽；漂亮2. [C] 美人；美好的事物concept n. [C] 概念；观念；思想virgin adj. 新鲜的；未开发的；原始的beach n. [C] 海滩；沙滩model n. 1. [C]（服装）模特；（绘画或摄影）模特2. [C] 模范；典范；好榜样bone n. [C] 骨；骨头diner n. [C] （路边的）小餐馆fellow adj. 同类的n. [C] 男人ton n. 1. [C]（of）大量2. [C]（重量单位）吨lack vt. 缺乏；不足；没有n. [singular; U] 缺乏；不足；没有serve v. 1. 招待；侍候；端上（食物等）2. 为……工作；为……服务；供职alike adv. 相同地；同样地adj. 相同的；同样的pride n. 1. [singular; U] 自豪（感）；得意2. [U] 骄傲；自大；自负achievement n. [C; U] 成就；成绩salesman n. [C] 男推销员；男售货员confidence n. [U] 自信；信任；信心lend vt. 借出；借给sunshine n. [U] 阳光；日光faith n. 1. [U] 信任；信心2. [U] 信仰invest v. 投资meantime n. [U] 间隔时间；（与此）同时；其间stockbroker n. [C] 股票（或证券）经纪人apply v. 1.（以书面）提出请求；申请2. 适用；应用；与……直接有关eventually adv. 终于；最后plus prep. 和；加上annual adj. 一年（时间）的forever adv. 永远print v. 1. 印2. 印刷mount v. 1. 增加；增长；上升2. 登上；骑上（马、自行车等）bill n. 1. [C] 账单2. [C] 议案；法案marriage n. [C; U] 结婚；婚姻angel n. [C] 天使shoulder n. [C] 肩膀vt. 担负；承担（重职；重任等）path n. [C] 小径；小道successful adj. 成功的；有成就的recovery n. (singular) 恢复健康；复原coast n. [the + singular; C] 海岸；海滨lung n. [C] 肺cancer n. [C; U] 癌（症）experiment vi. 做实验n. [C; U] 实验；试验steal v. 偷窃law n. [the + singular; C] 法律badly adv. 严重地；大大地；非常quit v. 停止（做某事）spot n. [C] 地点；场所miracle n. [C] 奇迹arrest vt. 逮捕；拘捕n. [C; U] 逮捕；拘捕songwriter n. [C] 作曲者；作词者breath n. [C]（一次）呼吸pure adj. 1. 纯的；纯洁的2. 完全的；十足的finally adv. 最终；终于wound n. [C] 创伤；伤口；伤痕vt. 使受伤；伤害narrowly adv. 勉强地；几乎没有escape vt. 逃避；避开（危险或不愉快的事情）vi. 逃跑；（液体或气体）漏出；逸出phenomenal adj. 非凡的；很不一般的grateful adj. 感激的turn-off n. [U] （机器等的）关闭impress vt. 1. 给……深刻的印象2. 印；压印diary n. [C] 日记；日记簿dentist n. [C] 牙医librarian n. [C] 图书馆馆长；图书馆管理员project n. [C] 项目；计划；大型作业warn v. 警告；提醒touch vt. 1. （尤指用手、手指）触摸；碰2. 触动；打动；使受感动n. [U] 接触；联系blank n. [C] 空白；空白表格adj. 1. 空白的；空着的2. 茫然的；无表情的cruel adj. 1. 令人痛苦的2. 残酷的；残忍的anyway adv. 不管怎样blow v. 1. 吹走；吹2. 爆炸dust n. [U] 灰尘v. 除去……的灰尘shelf n. [C] 架子；书架neglect vt. 1.（由于疏忽、遗忘等）漏掉（做某事）2. 忽视；忽略downtown adv. 往（在）市中心adj. 市中心的handle vt. 对付；控制n. [C] 柄；把手besides prep. 除……之外adv. 而且；此外yard n. [C] 院子sale n. 1. [C; U] 出售；销售2. [C] 减价出售；贱卖chocolate n. [U] 巧克力faithful adj. 1. 忠实的；忠诚的2. 如实的；忠于原文的ahead adj. & adv. 1. 在前面（的）2. 未来；今后suffer v. 1. 遭受；承受2. 遭受痛苦；受损害particularly adv. 特别；尤其relationship n. 1. [C] 友谊；关系2. [C; U] 关系；联系previous adj. 1. 在先的；以前的2. 在……之前convince vt. 使确信；使信服cap n. [C] 帽子sunny adj. 1. 阳光充足的；阳光明媚的2. 令人愉快的；欢欣的delicious adj. 可口的；美味的disappoint vt. 使失望locate vt. 1. 坐落于2. 找出；查明……的位置congratulation n. (plural) 恭喜；贺词atmosphere n. [C] 气氛；环境enclose vt. 1. 附入2. 把……围起来delight vt. 使高兴；使欣喜n. [C; U] 高兴；使人高兴的东西（或人）bare adj. 1. 光秃的；赤裸的2. 勉强的；仅仅的；最低限度的all-too-familiar adj. 极为熟悉的glow n. 1. (singular) 喜悦；神采飞扬2. (singular) 光亮；光辉distance n. 1. (singular) 远处；远方2. [C; U]（空间或时间上的）距离；间隔favorite adj. (favourite, BrE) 最受喜欢的n. [C] 最受喜爱的东西（人）dial v. 拨打电话（号码）confidently adv. 确信地；自信地hesitate vi. 踌躇；犹豫不决sight n. 1. [U] 视野2. [U]（观）看；（瞥）见video n. [C] 录像adj. 1. 电视的；视频的2. 录像的nephew n. [C] 侄子；外甥throat n. [C] 咽喉；喉咙；嗓子conscious adj. 1. 意识到的2. 神志清醒的careless adj. 粗心的；疏忽的onto prep. 到……上；在……之上material n. 1. [C; U]（衣服）料子2. [C; U] 材料；原料；素材adj. 物质的anyone pron. 任何人injure vt. 伤害；使受伤branch n. 1. [C] 树枝2. [C] 分支机构；（学科等的）分科pause vi. 停顿n. [C]（活动、谈话等的）停顿；暂停；间断accident n. [C] 事故；意外的事illness n. [C; U] 病；疾病avoid vt. 避免；回避；避开recall vt. 1. 回想；回忆；记起2. 撤销；收回；召回possibility n. [singular; U] 可能性injury n. 1. [C; U] 伤害；损害2. [C] （尤指意外造成的）受伤处；伤口direction n. 1. ( plural ) 指引；使用说明2. [C; U] 方向；方位content n. 1. ( singular ) 含量2. [U] 内容adj. 满足的；甘愿的；满意的covering n. [C] 覆盖物；掩蔽物generation n. 1. [C] 代；一代2. [U] 产生；发生grandchild n. [C]（外）孙儿；（外）孙女shake vt. 摇动；颤抖n. [C] 摇动；抖动bite n. 1. ( singular )（一口）食物2. [C] 咬3. [C] 咬伤；叮伤v. (bit, bitten) 咬niece n. [C] 侄女；外甥女edge n. 1. [C] 刀口；刃2. [C] 边；棱；边缘reassurance n. 1. [U] 自信；把握2. [C] 保证；担保purpose n. 1. [C] 意向；意图；目的2. [C] 作用；用途；效果energetic adj. 精力充沛的；充满活力的household n. [C] 一家人；户；家庭adj. 家庭的；家用的apartment n. [C] 一套住房；公寓affection n. [U; C] 爱；慈爱；感情express vt. （用文字）表达（感情、意见、事实）n. [C] 快车overcome vt. 1.（一般用被动语态）压倒；使无能为力2. 征服；战胜embarrassment n. [U] 尴尬；窘alive adj. 1. 活（着）的2. 活跃的；充满活力的regret n. [C; U] 后悔；惋惜；遗憾v. 后悔；惋惜；遗憾satisfy vt. 使满意；使满足overshadow vt. 使显得不重要complete adj. 完整的；完全的vt. 1. 使完整；使完全；使完满2. 完成impatient adj. 不耐烦的journey n. [C] 旅程；行程expression n. 1. [C] 表情2. [C] 词；措辞；表达法fierce adj. 1. 极度的；极端的；强烈的2. 猛烈的；激烈的3. 凶猛的；残酷的response n. 1. [C] 回答；答复2. [C; U] 反应；响应insist vi. 1. 坚持认为2. 坚决要求focus vi. （使）聚焦；（使）集中n. 1. [C]（光、热、声波的）焦点2. [C]（注意力的）集中点；中心contrary adj. 完全相反的；对抗的n. [the+singular] 相反；相反事物；对立面beneath prep. 在……之下adv. 在正下方；在底下external adj. 1. 外观的；表面的2. 外部的；外面的violin n. [C] 小提琴disapprove vi. 不赞成；不同意occupation n. 1. [C] 工作；职业2. [U] 占领；占据；居住nearly adv. 几乎；差不多；将近community n. [C] 社区；社会；团体economical adj. 节俭的；节约的wolf n. [C] 狼bay n. 1. (singular)（猎犬不断的）吠叫声2. [C] 湾；海湾consequence n. [C] 结果；后果mention n. (usually singular) 提及；说起vt. 提及；说起existence n. 1. (singular) 生活；生存方式2. [U] 存在duty n. 1. [C; U] 职责；责任；义务2. [C; U] 税；赋税；关税aside adv. 到（靠）一边；在旁边satisfaction n. [C; U] 满意；愉快；令人愉快的事物aim n. 1. [C] 目标；目的2. [U] （武器等的）瞄准dawn n. [C; U] 黎明；拂晓coworker n. [C] 同事seek v. 寻找（某物）；寻求；追求cafén. [C] 小餐馆；咖啡馆abroad adv. 到国外；在国外mild adj. 1. 温和的；温厚的2. 轻微的；不严重的all-too-often adv. 老是；总是primary adj. 1. 首要的；主要的2. 最初的；起初的practically adv. 几乎；差不多condition vt. 使适应；使习惯于n. 1. [C] 状况；状态2. [C] 条件；先决条件salary n. [C]（通常按月发的）薪水gee interj. （非正式，尤美）（表示惊讶）哎呀！啊！哇！arrival n. [U] 到达；抵达introduce vt. 1. 介绍；引见2. （初次）引入handsome adj. （尤指男子）漂亮的；英俊的hug n. [C] 紧抱；拥抱bend vi. 变弯曲n. [C] 弯曲；弯曲处jokingly adv. 开玩笑地curious adj. 好奇的；好打听的nonstop adv. & adj. 不停地（的）；不断地（的）silent adj. 缄默的；不语的；默默的wisdom n. 1. [U] 知识；学问2. [U] 智慧；才智humorous adj. 幽默的；诙谐的lively adj. 轻快的；活跃的；热烈的deliver vt. 1. 发表；讲述2. 递送；传送microphone n. [C] 话筒；麦克风achieve vt. 1. 达到；完成2. 获得；实现humor n. (humour, BrE) [U] 幽默；风趣；诙谐giant adj. 特大的；巨大的moreover adv. 再者；而且advise v. 劝告；忠告；建议obtain vt. （尤指通过努力或计划）获得；得到degree n. 1. [C] （大学的）学位2. [C; U] 程度；等级shortly adv. 1. 不久；很快2. 简短地；不耐烦地funeral n. [C] 葬礼；追悼仪式cyber- adj. 1. [组合语素] 表示“电子网络的”、“虚拟的”2. 电子网络的；虚拟的stepparent n. [C] 继父母attach vt. 1. 贴；联系2. 喜欢；依恋exist vi. 存在；生存arrangement n. 1. [C; U] 整理（的样子）；排列（的样子）；布置（的样子）2. [C] 安排baseball n. [U] 棒球（运动）rent v. 租借n. [C; U] 租金kingdom n. 1. [C] 领域；界2. [C] 王国kid n. 1. [C] 孩子2. [C] 小伙子；年轻人chat-line n. [C] 聊天热线combine v. （使）结合；（使）联合enable vt. 使能够；使可能correspond vi. 1. 通信2. 相当；相类似basis n. [C] 基础；根据online adj. （计算机）联机的；上网的core n. 1. [C] 核心2. [C] 果核。
SingularandPluralPronouns：单数和复数代词
2. We ate all of the candy in the bag.
plural pronoun
3. Where did they go last night?
plural pronoun
4. I like to listen to classical music.
singular pronoun
10. Haven't we been here before?
________________________
Super Teacher Worksheets -
Name: ____________________________________________
________________________
8. Tomorrow, they will fly to Chicago.
________________________
9. That car is old, and it doesn't run well.
________________________
plural pronoun
9. That car is old, and it doesn't run well.
singular pronoun
10. Haven't we been here before?
plural pronoun
Super Teacher Worksheets -
The cats played with the yarn. Cats is a plural noun.
They played with the yarn. The pronoun they takes the place of the noun cats. They is a plural pronoun.
singular & plural nouns
Singular & Plur al Nouns© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedSingular Noun Definition: When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular. Examples: boy, girl, book, church, boxPlural Noun Definition: When a noun means more than one, it is said to be plural. Examples: boys, girls, books, churchesRule #1The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding s to a singular noun. Example: lamp,lamps; cat,cats; fork, forks; flower, flowers; pen, pens Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nounschair star farm storm doorrock owner paper cup bearRule #2Nouns ending in s, z, x, sh, and ch form the plural by adding es.Example:moss, mosses buzz,buzzes box, boxesdish, dishes church, churchesExercise: Write the plural of each of these nounsdress brush hex wish classfox cross bench bush axgrass mantis glassSpecial Note:If you add s to such nouns as fox, bush, and bench, you will find that you cannot pronounce them without making an additional syllable. This is why such nouns form the plural by adding es.Quick ReviewExercise: Tell if the following nouns are singular or pluralbox cats slipper forks bookschair desk houses paper wagonlamps shoes garden horses dressdog carts kitchen pony glasschair star pencil girl boyax bush coat tree benchsketch owner touch latch mugbells churches wagons coals picturesclocks boxes kitchens basins chairsdays houses pencils trees tablesRule #3Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing y to ies. Examples: lady, ladies; city, cities; army, armiesExercise: Write the plural of the following wordsfly baby pony injury cherrylady beauty story history berrycity sky duty study theoryRule #4Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding s. Example: boy, boys; day, daysExercise: Write the plural of the following wordsday toy essay turkey chimneyplay joy valley alley volleyRule #5Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by adding es. Example: hero; heroes; grotto, grottoesmotto calico buffalo hero potatocargo volcano grotto mosquito*tomatohalo*tornado*buffalo*portico*veto*may add s or es© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedThe following are among those that add s onlycanto solo piano lassohalo memento albino siroccoSpecial Note:Most nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel is formed into a plural by adding s. Example: folio, folios; cameo; cameos; studio, studios; portfolio, portfolios Rule #6Some nouns ending in f or fe are made plural by changing f or fe to ves. Example: beef, beeves; wife, wivesExercise: Write the plural of the following wordscalf self leaf sheaf lifeloaf shelf half wolf knifeelf half thief wife gulfchief dwarf*proof turfExceptions: The following may form their plurals by adding s.chief, chiefs fife, fifes mischief, mischiefshoof, hoofs roof, roofs grief, griefskerchief, kerchiefs safe, safesIRREGULAR PLURALSman, men foot, feet mouse, micewoman, women tooth, teeth louse, licechild, children ox, oxen goose, geeseThe following nouns have no singular:scissors oats tongs dregs trouserspinchers bellows snuffers cattle shearsmeasles mumps victuals tweezers vespersSome nouns are always singular. Some of these nouns may be used in the plural when different kinds are meant as sugars, coffees, cottonsgold, silver, wheat, corn, molasses, copper, sugar, cottonnews, gallows, mathematics, ethics (other words ending in ics) Singular nouns use this and that.Plural nouns use these and those.© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedSpecial note:singular pluralson-in-law sons-in-lawdaughter-in-law daughters-in-lawmaid of honor maids of honorsecretary of state secretaries of stateIn forming the plural of proper names with a title, some pluralize the title,e.g., the Misses Brown.Others pluralize the name, e.g., the Miss Browns.If a title belongs to each of the two names, it should take the s in forming the plural, e.g., Drs. Scott.© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedFlashcardsCut on solid lines and fold on the dotted lines.FrontBack© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedSingular Noun DefinitionWhen a noun means one only, it is said to be singular .Examples: boy, girl, book,church, boxPlur al Noun DefinitionWhen a noun means more than one, it is said to be plural.Examples: boys, girls, books,churchesRule #1: The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding s to a singular nounExample: lamp,lamp s ;cat, cat s ; fork, fork s ;flower , flower s ; pen, pen sHow are the plurals of most nouns for med?Rule #2: Nouns ending in s , z ,x , sh , and ch form the plural by adding es .Ex:moss, moss esbuzz, buzz es ; box, box es dish, dish es ; church, church esHow is a plural made when a noun ends in s , z , x , sh , and ch ?© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedWhy do you add es to make a plur al made when a noun ends in s , z , x , sh , and ch ?If you add s to such nouns as fox,bush, and bench, you will find that you cannot pronounce them without making an additional syllable. This is why such nouns form the plural by adding es .Rule #3: Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing y to ies .Ex: lady, lad ies ; city, cit ies ;army, arm ies ; baby, bab iesHow do you form a plural when a noun ends in y and is preceded by a consonant?Rule #4: Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding s .Example: boy, boy s ; day, day sHow do you form a plural when a noun ends in y and is preceded by a vowel?Rule #5: Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by adding es .Ex: hero; hero es ; grotto, grotto esHow do you form a plural when a noun ends in o and is preceded by a consonant?© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservedHow do you form a plural when a noun ends in o and is preceded by a vowel?Most nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel is formed into a plural by adding s .Ex: folio, folio s ;cameo; cameo s ; studio, studio s ;portfolio, portfolio sRule #6: Some nouns ending in f or fe are made plural by changing f or fe to ves .Ex: beef, bee ves ; wife, wi vesHow do you form a plur al when a noun ends in f or fe ?Exceptions: The following may form their plurals by adding s .chief, chief s ; fife, fife smischief, mischief s ; hoof, hoof s roof, roof s ;grief, grief sAr e ther e any exceptions to the f or fe to ves rule?If so, give an example.IRREGULAR PLURALSman, men; woman, women;child, children; foot, feet; tooth,teeth; mouse, mice; louse, lice; ox,oxen;goose, geeseGive a couple ofexamples of ir r egular plurals.© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reservednouns that have no singularscissors, oats, tongs, dregs,trousers,pinchers, bellows,snuffers, cattle, shears,measles, mumps, victuals,tweezers, vespersGive a couple ofexamples of nouns that have no singular.Some nouns are always singular .gold, silver ,wheat, corn, molasses,copper , sugar , cottonSome of these nouns may be used in the plural when different kinds are meant as sugars, coffees, cottonsGive a couple of examples of nouns that ar e always singular.Singular nouns use this and thatPlural nouns use these and those .When do you use this and that ?When do you use these and those ?Nouns taken from foreign languages without change generally retain their original plurals.Singular Plural Singular Pluralalumna alumnae focus fociformula formulae radius radiinebula nebulae stimulus stimulivertebra vertebrae terminus terminiautomaton automata amanuensis amanuenses curriculum curricula analysis analysesdatum data axis axeserratum errata basis basesgenus genera crisis crisesgymnasium gymnasia ellipsis ellipsesphenomenon phenomena hypothesis hypothesesstratum strata parenthesis parenthesesalumnus alumni thesis thesesSome nouns from foreign languages have both an English and a foreign plural.Singular English Plural Foreign Pluralbeau beaus beauxcherub cherubs cherubimformula formulas formulaefocus focuses focigymnasium gymnasiums gymnasiamemorandum memorandums memorandamedium mediums mediaradius radiuses radiispectrum spectrums spectravortex vortexes vortices© Beverly Schmitt 1997-2002, all rights reserved。
小学英语 Nouns Plural
What is the plural form of bat?
What is the plural form of
family?
What is the plurplural form of
police officer?
What is the plural form of
artist?
What is the plural form of
zipper?
football?
What is the plural form of
child?
What is the plural form of
rocket?
What is the plural form of ax?
What is the plural form of
boat?
What is the plural form of fox?
cake?
What is the plural form of
fish?
What is the plural form of
flip flop?
What is the plural form of
flipper?
What is the plural form of
snowman?
What is the plural form of
What is the plural form of
mouse?
What is the plural form of elf?
What is the plural form of
tooth?
What is the plural form of
kangaroo?
verbose_name_plural 用法
verbose_name_plural 用法
verbose_name_plural 用在 Django 模型中的 Meta 类中，用于指定该模型对象在后台管理界面中的复数形式显示的名称。
例如，假设我们有一个名为 "Book" 的模型类，我们可以使用verbose_name_plural 来指定其在后台管理界面中显示的复数形式名称。
```python
class Book(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
author = models.CharField(max_length=100)
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = "Books"
```
在上述示例中，我们将 verbose_name_plural 设置为 "Books"，这意味着在后台管理界面中，该模型对象的名称将显示为"Books"，而不是默认的 "Book"s。
这在多个模型对象需要以不同的方式显示其复数形式名称时是很有用的，因为 Django 默认将复数形式名称按照简单的方式自动生成（添加 's' 到模型的名称末尾）。
通过使用
verbose_name_plural，我们可以自定义显示的名称。
PluralSing-Nouns
感谢您的阅读收藏，谢谢！
kangaroo
• kangaroos
potato
• potatoes
8
Some nouns do not change at all when made plural:
sheep
• sheep
deer
• deer
9
Some nouns become a new word when made plural:
1. houses 2. baby 3. church 4. tables 5. books 6. bus
3
Write P if the noun below is plural. Write S if the noun below is singular.
1. Houses P
2. baby S
Plural and Singular Nouns
Project LA Activity
1
Plural Nouns
A plural form of a noun names more than one. It usually ends with s or es.
2
Write P if the noun below is plural. Write S if the noun below is singular.
12
Can you make these nouns plural?
1. mouse 2. memo 3. shelf 4. leaf 5. child
13
Can you make these nouns plural?
1. mice 2. memos 3. shelves 4. leaves 5. children
复数用法
1.A和AN的用法：词第一个字母是原音字母（a e i o u）用an.没有的话就用a2.关于复数的用法：一、最常见的名词复数(Plural)就是在单数(Singular)名词后边加上一个sboy boyscat catsroom roomshorse horsestree treesrose roses二、如果名词是以sh,ch,s或x结尾的话，那就要在单数的后面加上eslash lashes 鞭子push pushesbranch branchesmatch matchescoach coaches 教练gas gasesass asses驴子class classesbox boxesfox foxes三、如果名词结尾是一个子音(consonant,就是除了a,e,i,o,u之外的字母)加一个y，那就要将y换成i，再加上esbaby babiesfamily familiespony poniescity citiescountry countries四、可是，如果名词结尾是一个母音(vowel，就是a,e,i,o,u)加一个y，那只要在单数词后加一个s就成了play playsway waysvalley valleys 山谷donkey donkeystoy toysboy boysguy guys五、当单数名词的结尾是f或fe时，复数的写法就是将f改为v，再加esthief thievesshelf shelvesleaf leavescalf calveshalf halveswolf wolveswife wiveslife lives可是，f结尾的单数字，有许多只需加个s就成复数（你看，这又是英文的bugs）roof roofshoof hoofschief chiefscliff cliffsgulf gulfs六、结尾是o的单数词，一部份只加s就成复数词，但有的却需加es，真令人捉摸不定呀piano pianosphoto photosbamboo bambooszoo zooskangaroo kangaroos 袋鼠mulatto mulattos白黑混血儿hero heroesmango mangoespotato potatoesvolcano volcanoesnegro negroes黑人cargo cargoesecho echoesbuffalo buffaloestomato tomatoesmosquito mosquitoes七、由于古老传统的原因，一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词（鬼知道是什么原因）：ox oxenchild children (你看，这个就不守规矩了，不是加en ,是ren呀)brother brethren (哎呀，这个这个……是bre，不是bro）八、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词的哦：analysis analyses 分析basis bases基础datum data数据foot feetformula formulae/formulas 公式goose geeselouse lice虱子man menmouse micemedium media/mediums媒介memorandum memoranda/memorandums 备忘录parenthesis parentheses 圆括号phenomenon phenomena现象radius radii 半径tooth teethwoman women九、有些名词是单数、复数不分的，很可爱是吗？deerfishcannonsheepsalmon 鲑鱼trout鳟鱼（许多鱼类都是这么"可爱"的呀。
英语变复数规则
英语变复数规则The Rules of Forming Plural in EnglishIn English, forming plurals is a basic grammar rule that every English learner needs to master. Plurals are used to indicate that there is more than one of something. Understanding the rules for forming plurals is essential for clear and effective communication. In this article, we will explore the rules for forming plurals in English.1. Adding -s to the Singular NounThe most common way to form a plural in English is to add -s to the end of the singular noun. For example:- Singular: catPlural: cats- Singular: bookPlural: books- Singular: carPlural: cars2. Adding -es to Nouns Ending in -s, -x, -z, -ch, or -shWhen a singular noun ends in -s, -x, -z, -ch, or -sh, the plural form is created by adding -es to the end of the word. For example:- Singular: boxPlural: boxes- Singular: brushPlural: brushes- Singular: busPlural: buses3. Changing -y to -iesWhen a singular noun ends in a consonant + -y, the -y is changed to -ies in the plural form. For example:- Singular: babyPlural: babies- Singular: cityPlural: cities- Singular: partyPlural: parties4. Irregular PluralsSome nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow the standard rules. For example:- Singular: childPlural: children- Singular: footPlural: feet- Singular: toothPlural: teeth5. Nouns that End in -f or -feWhen a singular noun ends in -f or -fe, the -f or -fe is changed to -ves in the plural form. For example:- Singular: leafPlural: leaves- Singular: wolfPlural: wolves- Singular: knifePlural: knives6. Nouns that Remain the Same in Singular and PluralSome nouns are the same in both singular and plural form. For example:- Singular: deerPlural: deer- Singular: fishPlural: fish- Singular: sheepPlural: sheep7. Compound NounsIn compound nouns, the main word is usually the one that is pluralized. For example:- Singular: mother-in-lawPlural: mothers-in-law- Singular: passer-byPlural: passers-by- Singular: son-in-lawPlural: sons-in-law8. Collective NounsCollective nouns, such as family, team, and committee, can be either singular or plural, depending on the context. For example:- The family is going on vacation. (singular)- The family are arguing about where to go. (plural)9. Foreign WordsSome foreign words retain their original plural forms in English. For example:- Singular: criterionPlural: criteria- Singular: phenomenonPlural: phenomena- Singular: indexPlural: indices10. Plural Forms of AbbreviationsThe plural of an abbreviation is formed by adding -s to the end of the abbreviation. For example:- Singular: DVDPlural: DVDs- Singular: CEOPlural: CEOs- Singular: FAQPlural: FAQsIn conclusion, mastering the rules for forming plurals in English is essential for clear and effective communication. By understanding and applying these rules, English learners can improve their writing and speaking skills. Practice and repetition are key to mastering the formation of plurals in English. With time and effort, forming plurals will become second nature, and English learners will be able to communicate with confidence.。
复数可数名词. PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS
1. The absence of a determiner before plural countable nounsThe absence of a determiner before plural countable nouns generally has the same significance as the presence of a or an before singular countable nouns.a. Making a general statementWhen used in general statements, plural countable nouns are usually not preceded by determiners. The plural countable nouns in the following general statements are underlined.e.g. Musicians must practise a great deal.Newspapers can contain valuable information.Larches are conifers.A general idea can often be expressed either by means of a singular countable noun preceded by a or an, or by means of a plural countable noun not preceded by a determiner. For instance, in each of the following pairs of sentences, both sentences in the pair have the same meaning.Musicians must practise a great deal.A musician must practise a great deal.Newspapers can contain valuable information.A newspaper can contain valuable information.Larches are conifers.A larch is a conifer.See Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4.b. Referring to something not mentioned beforePlural countable nouns are generally not preceded by a determiner when referring to something not mentioned before.e.g. Branches blocked our path.Clouds were gathering overhead.Suddenly we saw buildings in front of us.In these examples, the plural nouns branches, clouds and buildings are not preceded by determiners. It is assumed that the branches, clouds and buildings have not been referred to previously.c. Naming a professionWhen a sentence such as the following is used to name a profession practised by two or more people, the name of the profession is in the plural and is not preceded by a determiner.e.g. They are doctors.My friends are electricians.We were chefs.2. The use of The before plural countable nounsa. Referring to something mentioned beforeIn general, the has the same meaning when used with plural countable nouns as when used with singular countable nouns. For instance, the is used with plural countable nouns when referring to something which has been mentioned before.e.g. Fallen leaves covered the ground. The leaves rustled as we walked.In the orchard were apples and pears. The apples were nearly ripe.The doors opened, and students and teachers began leavingthe building. The students were talking and laughing.In these examples, the first time the words leaves, apples and students appear, they are not preceded by determiners, because the things referred to have not been mentioned previously. The second time the words leaves, apples and students appear, they are preceded by the, since the things referred to have already been mentioned.See Exercise 5.b. Referring to something when it is considered obvious what is meantThe is used with plural countable nouns when the speaker or writer considers it obvious which particular persons or things are meant.e.g. The stars are shining brightly.The roses are blooming.We have put the children to bed.I was sitting on the front steps.These sentences give examples of the use of the to refer to things which are particularly important to the speaker or writer. Theexpression the stars usually refers to the stars which can be seen from the part of the earth where one lives. The expression the roses might refer to roses in one's own garden, or to roses in which one feels a particular interest. The children might refer to one's own children or to children for whom one is responsible. The front steps might refer to the front steps of one's own house.c. Names of nationalitiesThe is sometimes used with the name of a nationality in order to make a general statement about the people of that nationality. A plural verb must be used in such a statement.When the name of a nationality ends in the sound of ch, s, sh or z, the name of the nationality must usually be preceded by the.When the name of a nationality does not end in the sound of ch, s, sh or z, the letter s must be added to the end of the name when it isused in a general statement. Names of nationalities to which s has been added are often used without being preceded by the.d. Adjectives referring to classes of peopleAdjectives such as rich and poor can be used with the in order to refer to a group of people as a class. A plural verb must be used. e.g. The blind attend special schools.The poor do not own their own homes.The rich often married for money.In the above examples, the blind has the meaning of blind people, the poor has the meaning of poor people, and the rich has the meaning of rich people.The following table summarizes the most important uses of the determiners a, an, and the with singular and plural countable nouns.The absence of a determiner and the use of A, An and Thebefore countable nounsSee Exercise 6.3. The use of The with proper nounsa. Names of peopleIn English, names of people in the singular are not usually preceded by a determiner.e.g. Washington was the first president of the United States.Jack and Eleanor saw the movie.Determiners are also usually not used when a title precedes a person's name.Doctor Defoe has a good reputation.Mr. Carpenter is a friend of ours.In these examples, the titles Doctor and Mr. are not preceded by determiners.However, names of people in the plural are usually preceded bythe.e.g. The Smiths live in that house.I have known the Harrisons for years.b. Names of placesIn English, the is usually used before the following types of place name:Type of Place Namecanaldesertoceanriverseaplural place namesplace names containing the word ofThe following are examples of names of canals, deserts, oceans, rivers, and seas:e.g. the Panama Canalthe Mojave Desertthe Atlantic Oceanthe St. Lawrence Riverthe Beaufort SeaThe following are examples of plural place names:e.g. the United Statesthe British Islesthe Great Lakesthe Rocky MountainsThe following are examples of place names containing the word of: e.g. the Gulf of Mexicothe Cape of Good Hopethe Bay of Biscaythe Isle of WightOther types of place name are usually not preceded by determiners. For instance, determiners are usually not used before the following types of place name:See Exercise 7.4. Nouns used only in the pluralSome English nouns are usually used only in the plural. Such nouns take a plural verb, and generally have a plural form. For instance, the following nouns, which all refer to objects with two parts, are usually used only in the plural:e.g. jeanspajamaspliersscissorsIf it is desired to refer to such objects individually, the expression pair of is often used.e.g. a pair of jeansa pair of pajamasa pair of pliersa pair of scissorsWhen the expression pair of is used as the subject of the verb, the verb must agree with the word pair.e.g. Jeans are fashionable.A pair of jeans is expensive.Pliers are very useful.A pair of pliers is often useful.In the above examples, the nouns jeans and pliers take the plural verb are, and the noun pair takes the singular verb is.See Exercise 8.1. Rewrite the following general statements using singular nouns. Make sure that the verbs agree with their subjects. For example: Engineers must be familiar with computers.An engineer must be familiar with computers.Trees produce oxygen.A tree produces oxygen.1. Automobiles should be kept in good repair.2. Bats locate insects by means of sonar.3. Diplomats should, if possible, be multilingual.4. Hats are useful in cold weather.5. Physicists must study a great deal.6. Elephants can be dangerous.Answers2. Rewrite the following general statements using plural nouns. Make sure that the verbs agree with their subjects. For example:A bicycle is a convenient means of transportation.Bicycles are a convenient means of transportation.A secretary should be proficient in spelling and grammar.Secretaries should be proficient in spelling and grammar.1. A sportsman needs to remain calm under pressure.2. An eagle has good eyesight.3. A conference requires careful planning.4. A rock is composed of minerals.5. A potato is rich in starch.6. An omelette is made of eggs and other ingredients.Answers3. Rewrite the following general statements using singular nouns. Make sure that the verbs agree with their subjects. For example: Frogs are amphibians.A frog is an amphibian.Wrenches are tools.A wrench is a tool.1. Pines are evergreens.2. Otters are mammals.3. Computers are machines.4. Crabs are crustaceans.5. Crickets are insects.6. Oaks are hardwoods.Answers4. Rewrite the following general statements using plural nouns. Make sure that the verbs agree with their subjects. For example:A robin is a bird.Robins are birds.A refrigerator is an appliance.Refrigerators are appliances.1. A schooner is a ship.2. A mallard is a duck.3. A rhododendron is a bush.4. A beech is a tree.5. A kangaroo is a marsupial.6. An emerald is a gem.5. Paying attention to whether the people and things referred to have been mentioned previously, fill in each blank with a, an or the, or leave the blank empty if no determiner is required.I once had the chance to see ___ Chinese opera. It was very exciting. As well as ___ singers, there were ___ dancers and ___ acrobats. ___ acrobats staged ___ fights. During ___ fights, some of ___ acrobats wielded ___ swords, and others leaped over ___ swords. Many of ___ dancers carried scarves. ___ dancers ___ flourished ___ scarves to make ____ patterns in the air.Behind ___ screen was a group of ___ musicians. ___ musicians played various oriental instruments. ___ instruments included ___ drums, ___ cymbals, ___ flutes and ___ gong. ___ flutes usually played the melody, and ___ gong was sounded at particularly exciting moments.Of course there were ___ hero and ___ heroine. ___ hero had to rescue ___ heroine from ___ magician. ___ hero and ___ heroine had both proved their courage by the end of ___ opera.6. Fill in each blank with the or leave it empty, as appropriate. Be prepared to justify your choices. For example:Those participants are ____ lawyers.Those participants are lawyers.____ eagles are birds of prey.Eagles are birds of prey.___ deaf have their own language.The deaf have their own language.___ Dutch are members of the European Union.The Dutch are members of the European Union.____ planets circle the sun.The planets circle the sun.1. ____ English have a reputation for being animal lovers.2. ____ wounded were treated immediately.3. His friends are ____ scientists.4. ____ crows are black.5. ____ stars are covered by clouds.6. ____ French make excellent pastries.7. Two of the women are ____ reporters.8. ____ turtles are reptiles.9. ____ wealthy generally have a good knowledge of finance.10. ____ Americans like to watch television.11. They are ____ businessmen.Answers7. Paying attention to the rules for the use of the with proper nouns, fill in the blanks with the or leave them empty, as appropriate. For example:___ Rick is one of ___ Smiths who live on our street.Rick is one of the Smiths who live on our street.___ Channel Islands lie south of ___ England.The Channel Islands lie south of England.___ Rhine River flows through ___ Lake Constance.The Rhine River flows through Lake Constance.____ Isle of Man lies in ____ Irish Sea.The Isle of Man lies in the Irish Sea.Part of ___ New York City is situated on ___ Long Island.Part of New York City is situated on Long Island.1. ____ Hawaiian Islands are in the middle of ____ Pacific Ocean.2. ____ Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.3. ____ London lies on ____ Thames River.4. ____ Suez Canal connects ____ Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea.5. ____ Lake Huron and ____ Lake Erie are two of ____ Great Lakes.6. ____ Calcutta lies north of ____ Bay of Bengal.7. ____ North Sea separates British Isles from ____ Norway and ____ Denmark.8. ____ Bay of Biscay lies to the west of ____ France.9. ____ Orkney Islands are in the north of ____ Scotland.10. ____ Anticosti Island lies in ____ Gulf of St. Lawrence.11. Part of ____ Sahara Desert lies in ____ Algeria.12. ____ Gerry, one of ____ Johnsons, lives on ____ Belleview Street.13. ____ Mount Kilimanjaro is south-east of ____ Lake Victoria.14. ____ Vancouver Island lies off the west coast of ____ Canada.15. ____ Serengeti National Park lies in ____ Tanzania.Answers8. Paying attention to whether a singular or plural verb should be used, complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with is or are. For example:My scissors ___ very sharp.My scissors are very sharp.One pair of scissors __ not enough for the whole class.One pair of scissors is not enough for the whole class.Five pairs of scissors ___ sufficient for a small class.Five pairs of scissors are sufficient for a small class.1. Her jeans ______ white.2. Only one pair of jeans ______ clean.3. Three pairs of jeans ______ being washed.4. A good pair of pliers ______ handy for repairing a bicycle.5. His pliers ______ equipped with a sharp edge for cutting wire.6. Several pairs of pliers ______ on sale.AnswersAnswers to Exercise 1:1. An automobile should be kept2. A bat locates3. A diplomat should be4. A hat is5. A physicist must study6. An elephant can beAnswers to Exercise 2:1. Sportsmen need2. Eagles have3. Conferences require4. Rocks are composed5. Potatoes are6. Omelettes are madeAnswers to Exercise 3:1. A pine is an evergreen.2. An otter is a mammal.3. A computer isa machine. 4. A crab is a crustacean. 5. A cricket is an insect. 6. An oak is a hardwood.Answers to Exercise 4:1. Schooners are ships.2. Mallards are ducks.3. Rhododendrons are bushes.4. Beeches are trees.5. Kangaroos are marsupials.6.Emeralds are gems.Answers to Exercise 5:a Chinese opera. __ singers, __ dancers, __ acrobats. The acrobats, __ fights. the fights, the acrobats, __ swords, the swords, the dancers, __ scarves. The dancers, the scarves, __ patterns. a screen, __ musicians. The musicians. The instruments, __ drums, cymbals, __ flutes, a gong. The flutes, the gong. a hero, a heroine. The hero, the heroine, a magician. The hero, the heroine the opera.Answers to Exercise 6:1. The [nationality ending in sh]2. The [considered as a class]3. __[a profession] 4. __ [general statement] 5. The [obvious what is meant] 6. The [nationality ending in ch] 7. __ [profession] 8. __ [general statement] 9. The [considered as a class] 10. __ [nationality not ending in ch, se or sh] 11. __ [profession]Answers to Exercise 7:1. The Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific Ocean2. __ Salt Lake City, __ Utah3. __ London, the Thames River4. The Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea5. __ Lake Huron. __ Lake Erie, the Great Lakes6. __ Calcutta, the Bay of Bengal7. The North Sea,the British Isles, __ Norway, __ Denmark 8. The Bay of Biscay, __ France 9. The Orkney Islands, __ Scotland 10. __ Anticosti Island the Gulf of St. Lawrence 11. the Sahara Desert, __ Algeria 12. __ Gerry, the Johnsons, __ Belleview Street 13. __ Mount Kilimanjaro, __ Lake Victoria 14. __ Vancouver Island, __ Canada 15. __ Serengeti National Park, __ TanzaniaAnswers to Exercise 8:1. are2. is3. are4. is5. are6. are。
复数的英文有怎么说
复数的英文有怎么说你知道复数的英文怎么说吗?一起来学习一下吧!复数的英文：plural 英 [ˈplʊərəl] 美 [ˈplʊrəl]词组习语：cultural pluralism1.文化多元论2.文化多元主义plural scattering1.多次散射plural nationality1.多重国籍plural society1.多元社会复数的英文例句：1. What is the plural of "person"?person的复数形式是什么?2. "Data" is the Latin plural form of "datum".data在拉丁文中是datum的复数形式。
3. The word "you" can be singular or plural.单词you可以是单数也可以是复数。
4. The verb should be in the plural, e . g . " have " in " they have " .这个动词应用复数形式, 如theyhave中的 have.5. A plural marriage is forbidden by many countries.一夫多妻,一妻多夫制被许多国家禁止.6. " Boy " is singular, and " boys " is plural.boy是单数, boys 是复数.7. " One box " is singular; " two boxes " is plural.“ Onebox ” 是单数, “ twoboxes ” 是复数.8. Here you should use plural pronoun.这里你应该用复数代词.9. Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。
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)
>_< )
23
否定句
• BE 動詞的否定：直接在BE動詞後面加上 NOT
– Tom is not a teacher. teachers.
isn’t
– Tom and Ann are not
aren’t
– I am not a teacher.
一,一 >_<
24
Ann
Jim
Mr. Black
否定句
• 助動詞的否定：直接在助動詞後面加上 NOT。
– I study hard. I do not study hard. – He drives a car. He does not drive a car.
一,一
>_<
26
口語練習
Grass \ be blue. Dogs \ have tails. Grass isn’t blue.
+ s
= = = = = = = = = =
bees bikes cakes games gates jokes kites plates spades whales
>_<
3
加上 es 成為複數的字
~x ~ch ~sh ~z
~s ~ss
~o
一,一
>_<
4
ch 結尾的字
• • • • • • • 一,一 • 拱門 長椅 枝幹 教練 桃子 素描 手錶 女巫 arch bench branch coach peach sketch watch witch + + + + + + + + es es es es es es es es = arches = benches = branches = coaches = peaches = sketches = watches = witches
一,一
fox box fax buzz waltz topaz
+ es= foxes + es= boxes + es=faxes + es= buzzes + es= waltez + es=topazes
>_<
7
s 或 ss 結尾的字
• • • • • 公車 馬戲團 十字架 洋裝 玻璃杯 bus circus cross dress glass + es = buses + es= circuses + es= crosses + es= dresses + es= glasses
= days = donkeys = monkeys = runways = trays = trolleys = turkeys = valleys = ways
>_<
12
f 結尾的字，先把 f 改成 v ，再加 上 es
• • • • • • 小牛 精靈 一條 架子 小偷 野狼
一,一
calf v elf v loaf v shelf v thief v wolf v
一,一
>_<
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不可數名詞
相似物件 液體 固體 氣體 微粒 抽象概念 baggage, clothing, food, fruit, garbage…… water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, blood…… ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold…… air, smog…… rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, hair, salt… beauty, wealth, advice, time, space, energy..
>_<
17
常用不可數名詞
advice furniture mail money bread cheese pepper rice
help
homework jewelry
一,一 luck
music
peace weather work
coffee
food
salt
soup
information traffic
fruit
meat milk
sugar
tea water
>_<
18
句型
簡單句、否定句和疑問句
一,一 >_<
19
簡單陳述句→主詞 + 動詞
• 只需主詞和動詞即可成立，是最單 純的句型。
– – – – He smiled. The shop opens at ten. She was singing all day long. Our plane leaves at six thirty in the evening.
Mike
Mr. Rice
Sue
• • • • • •
Ann ___ a gardener. She ______________. Mike ___ a gardener. He ____ a artist. Jim ____ a bus driver. He _____________. Sue ____ a photographer. She _________. Mr. Rice ____ a police officer. He isn’t _____. 一,一 >_< Mr. Black isn’t ______. He ______________. 25
字尾有 e , 只要加上 s
• 蜜蜂 • 單車 • 蛋糕 • 遊戲 • 大門 • 玩笑 • 風箏 • 盤子 一,一 • 鏟子 • 鯨魚 bee bike cake game gate joke kite plate spade whale
+ s
+ s
+ s + s + s + s + s + s
+ s
>_<
9
特殊結尾的字改成複數
~y
一,一
~f
~fe
>_<
10
y 結尾的名詞 →子音加 y,去 y 改 成 ies
• • • • • • 嬰兒 小仙子 家庭 圖書館 故事 草莓
一,一
baby i fairy i family i library i story i strawberry i
+ es + es + es + es + es + es
>_<
14
+ s
+ s
不規則變化→不加 s 或 es
• 老鼠 mouse
• • •
一,一
•
•
☞ mice 小孩 child ☞ children 腳 foot ☞ feet 男人 man ☞ men 女人 woman ☞ women 牙齒 tooth ☞ teeth
>_<
15
單複數同型的名詞
• • • • • • • • • 飛機 aircraft → aircraft 鹿 deer → deer 魚 fish → fish 綿羊 sheep → sheep 鯉魚 carp → carp 鱈魚 cod → cod 鮭魚 salmon → salmon 鱒魚 trout → trout 馴鹿 reindeer → reindeer
Hale Waihona Puke + es + es + es + es + es + es
= calves = elves = loaves = shelves = thieves = wolves
>_<
13
fe結尾的字，先把 f 改成 v ，再加 上s
• life v • knife v • wife v
一,一
+ s
= lives = knives = wives
名詞單複數
名詞單數變成複數的規則
一,一 >_<
1
字尾加上 “s”
• 龍 • 地毯 • 杯子 • 舞者 • 蛋 • 豹 • 學校 一,一 • 商店 • 窗戶 dragon carpet cup dancer egg leopard school shop window + + + + + + + + + s s s s s s s s s = = = = = = = = = dragons carpets cups dancers eggs leopards schools shops >_< windows 2
一,一 >_<
21
我每天的習慣 1. The alarm clock rings.
(k) stretch, yawn, and rub my eyes
主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞
•
•
除了需要主詞、動詞之外，還需要受詞才 是完整的句子 受詞主要是名詞、代名詞
– – – –
一,一
He plays baseball. She ate an apple at three o’clock. She married Bob last month. We reached Taipei Station ten minutes ago.
>_<
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Exercise→找出句子的主詞、動詞和受詞
• Marie studies chemistry. 主詞( ) 動詞( ) 受詞 ( • The children are playing in the park. 主詞( ) 動詞( ) 受詞 ( • Children like candy. 主詞( ) 動詞( ) 受詞 ( • The teacher is erasing the board with her hand. 主詞( ) 動詞( ) 受詞 ( • Mike lives in Africa. 一,一 主詞( ) 動詞( ) 受詞 ( ) )