2010年上海交通大学英语专业考博语言学试题
上海交通大学考博英语-1
上海交通大学考博英语-1(总分：75.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：40，分数：20.00)1.I'll have to ______ this dress a bit before the wedding next week.（分数：0.50）A.let offB.let goC.let looseD.let out √解析：[解析] D项“let out放大(衣服)”，根据空格处的意思：我得把衣服改的大点，故选D。
A项let off放 (炮)；B项let go放开，松手；C项let loose松手，释放”，均不符合题意。
2.From the time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicine' s job was simple: to struggle with ______ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. A. immortal B. immune C lethal D. toxic（分数：0.50）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] C项“lethal致命的”，如Pot-holes can be lethal for the unwary cyclist(路上坑坑洼洼，骑车的人一不小心就有致命危险)，根据空格处的意思：与致命的疾病做斗争，故选C。
A项immortal 不朽的；B项immune免疫的；D项toxic有毒的，均不符合题意。
3.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ______ the postal service is less efficient.（分数：0.50）A.whereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas √解析：[解析] 四个选项的意思分别是where什么地方，在哪里，……的(地方)；since自……以后，自……以来，因为，既然；that(引导从句)；whereas然而，反之，鉴于，尽管，但是。
2010年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Word Formation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．A series of border incidents would______lead the two countries to war.A．inevitablyB．consistentlyC．uniformlyD．persistently正确答案：A解析：副词词义辨析。
inevitably“不可避免地”；consistently“一贯地，一致地”；uniformly“一律地，相同地”；persistently“持续地，坚持地”。
根据句意：一系列边界事件将“不可避免地”导致战争。
故答案为A。
2．When I took out my appointment book and busily______it, my client got the impression that I had a busy schedule.A．checked outB．thumbed throughC．held outD．put through正确答案：A解析：动词词组辨析。
根据句中的连词and判定，空格所填的动词词组与took out构成时间上顺序结构，也就是拿出my appointment book之后的动作应该是检查它。
选项中，checked out意为“检验”，符合句意。
故答案为A。
3．In the “New Horizon College English”course, students must take performance tests at monthly ______.A．gapsB．lengthC．intervalsD．distance正确答案：C解析：固定搭配。
各校语言学考博真题
2007年中国人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博试题语言学理论（100分）1.配价理论中的“配价”的性质，有人说其属于语法范畴，有人说其属于语义范畴，还有人说其属于句法——语义范畴，你的看法是什么？（30分）2.如何看待社会语言学所提出的“共时的变异反映历时的发展？”（30分）3.如何看待留学生的语言错误，对“有错必纠”和“有错不纠”有何看法？（40分）4.说说形式主义语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学的主张和特点（40分）汉语语法分析（100分）1.词语的再分类与句法分析的关系。
（30分）2.对“我偷了他一本书”这种句型如何看待，是双宾句还是单宾句，你的看法是什么？（30分）（打碎了他三个杯子）3.N1VN2（如“服装加工厂”和“汽车修理厂”）这种名词结构，有人说N1是V的前置宾语，有人说N1是受事成分，但是都有例外。
请你以此为研究对象，写一个论文提纲，包括研究的目的、方法和步骤等。
（40分）2008年人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博专业课试题语言学理论1.结合汉语实际论述语法形式和语法意义之间的关系（30分）2.结合汉语实际论述语言变异和语言变化的关系（30分）3.对外汉语教学方向选做第一题：（1）试论功能语言学对对外汉语教学的启发和影响（40分）（2）现代汉语中，934个汉字就能占到常用汉字的90%以上，那么如果掌握了这934个汉字，是不是就可以读懂书刊、报纸、网页等90%以上的内容呢？汉语语法分析：1．试论语法单位的同一性以及对词类划分的影响（30分）2．结合汉语实际，试论“语义指向”在现代汉语语法中的应用（30分）3．现代汉语中，常常说“时间还早着呢”，“她还小着呢”，却不能说“*时间还晚着呢”，“*她还大着呢”，为什么？人大2009现代汉语专业试题语言学理论1.探探你对“任意性”与“象似性”的认识（30分）2.为什么说变异理论是社会语言学最有价值的理论（30分）3.选做题（40）（1）谈谈结构主义、认知语言学、功能主义理论对对外汉语教学的启发。
2012年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Word Formation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Not knowing a foreign language is a(n)______to enjoying travel abroad.A．barrierB．opponentC．challengeD．limitation正确答案：A解析：名词词义辨析。
barrier“阻拦，阻碍”；opponent“对手，敌手”；challenge “挑战”；limitation“限定，限制”。
根据句意可以排除选项B、C、D。
故答案为A。
2．He______the driver who was attempting to pass for the accident.A．accusedB．chargedC．blamedD．criticized正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。
accuse“指控，控诉”；charge“控告，指控”；blame “处罚，责罚”；criticize“批评，分析”。
选项A一般用于accuse sb．of sth．“控告某人某事”，选项Cblame sb．for sth．“因某事处罚某人”，选项D不符合句意。
故答案为B。
3．A copyright protects authors and creators against______reproduction or use of writings and other original works of authorship for the life of the author plus 50 years.A．underminedB．unduplicatedC．unexpiredD．unauthorized正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。
2010年上海交通大学英语语言文学专业考研试题(回忆版)
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回忆版）
（回忆版2010年上海交通大学英语语言文学专业考研试题
年上海交通大学英语语言文学专业考研试题（
224德语（二外）
每年题型都会变动一点，10年考试题型为：
一，选择（考的主要是词汇和语法，复习时要细心，注意一些日常交际用语和一些简单词的用法）
二，词汇（今年没考介词填空，考了词缀填写，选词填空，和首字母填空，首字母填空是参考书第三册上的一篇文章）
三，翻译（六个小题德译中，前五个是参考书中课文上的，最后一个不是，有点难）
四，写作（题型与07年的一样，三个小题，今年考了对德国的了解，你可以为环境做些什么，电脑可以做些什么）
五，阅读（两篇，第一篇五个判断题，第二篇三个主观题，比较难，我基本没看懂那三个问题啥意思）
627英美文学
题型与出题范围较05，06，07变化很大
1，作家作品搭配只考了20分，题型是10个作品写出作者，10作家写出他们的MASTERPIECE.
2，文学术语今年考了ALLEGORY, TRAGEDY, 之类的词，与往年不大一样
3，诗歌今年考了华兹华斯的< 我心似一朵孤独的流云>
4，ESSAY并不像往年一样考了REALISM ,MODERNISM, POSTMODERNISM, 的特征，而是考了海明威对死的看法在他作品中的体现。
5，作文与以往也不同，以往是给个题目写篇ESSAY， 今年的题型与专八题型差不多。
849英语水平考试
题型没变，难度适中，三十个词汇选择题较其他题目要难一些。
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
上海交通大学考博英语2009年真题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
上海交通大学考博英语2009年真题(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that **pletes the sentence. Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1.Without outside ______ China"s advertising cannot really mature and obtain a foothold in the global ads market.SSS_SINGLE_SELA prestigeB consumptionC pressureD controversy分值: 0.5答案:D[解析] 名词词义辨析。
prestige“威望，声望”；consumption“消费，耗费”；pressure“压力，压迫”；controversy“争论；争战”。
根据句意，耍想mature and obtain a foothold，就必须有controversy。
故答案为D。
2.Our program is different ______ it stresses the technical skills that business and industry seek as they incorporate the internet intotheir enterprise systems.SSS_SINGLE_SELA now thatB in thatC in caseD regardless of分值: 0.5答案:B[解析] 逻辑关系。
华慧上海交通大学考博英语阅读理解考情分析
上交大考博英语阅读理解考情分析上海交通大学考博英语的阅读理解部分一般是6篇短文，每篇短文有5道题目，共30道题目，每道题1分，占30分。
考生需完成1800-2200词汇的阅读量。
从近几年上海交通大学考博英语阅读文章选材来看，文章主要涉及的是商业管理、家庭婚姻、心理等社会科学相关的话题，商业管理类的文章出现频率较高，考生可重点阅读相关主题的文章以提高阅读速度。
年份分值题目Passage1 公司资金Passage2 简历服务2006年30Passage3 医院的无线广播问卷调查Passage4 感情的作用Passage5 音乐Passage6 全球一体化Passage1虐待儿童Passage2 语言的发展2007年30Passage3 克隆Passage4 雷击急救Passage5 科技的发展Passage6 环境问题Passage 1 神秘的宇宙Passage2 工作计划的作用2008年30Passage3 商店盗窃Passage4 解释世界的方法Passage5 减肥的方法Passage6 港口地区的发展Passage1 互联网在公司中的应用Passage2 法国教育2009年30Passage3 婚姻Passage4 生气的职员Passage5航空公司Passage1 研究企鹅对人类行为的反应Passage2 聘请正确的员工的重要性2010年30Passage3 探讨抑郁症的症状和治疗Passage4 如何成为全能型人才Passage5爱斯基摩人的生存环境及气候Passage6 听取第二治疗意见的重要性Passage1平板印刷术给美国艺术家带来了巨大利2011年30益Passage2 莫斯科的建筑Passage3 英语语言的变化Passage4将冰川水作为淡水资源这一策略的可能性Passage5 人脸识别能力Passage6 人类与有害昆虫之间的抗争Passage1 婚姻幸福的秘诀——积极聆听2012年30Passage2臭氧污染形成原因及其对人类健康的影响Passage3 学校建筑格局与教学理念Passage4 导师对个人成功的重要作用Passage5 暴力游戏的影响Passage6 男女对肥胖问题态度的异同从上海交通大学考博英语阅读理解整体来看，最常考是以下几种题型：细节题、推论题词汇题和主旨题。
上海交通大学考博英语一本通--语法分析与技巧
语法上海交大考博英语语法概述及考情分析上海交大考博英语的语法不作为专门的题型出现，在词汇题中出现的也较少，主要体现在英语写作中。
所以对语法知识还是需要掌握和复习，并达到熟练应用的程度。
考生应该首先掌握基本的语法知识，为系统地掌握考博英语的考查要素打下扎实的基础。
考生具体需要掌握的内容如下：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及用法（2）动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法（3）形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成形式及其用法（4）常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成形式及其用法（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法（7）各类从句的构成及其用法（8）强调句型的结构及其用法（9）常用倒装句的结构第一节语法概述1、语法在测试中的地位语法是语言的组织形式（1）语法在词汇测试中的辅助作用（2）语法是篇章逻辑关系的纽带（3）语法在Cloze中的地位（4）语法是翻译的基础（5）语法在写作中与思想内容与词汇三分天下语法是语言的组织形式（1）语法在词汇测试中的辅助作用On the bitterly cold winter night, few peple walked along the ____ narrow street.A.loneB. aloneC. lonelyD. loneliness答案：C（2）语法是篇章逻辑关系的纽带So what has happened in the year that followed the disaster on the Gulf Coast In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls.They have got the walls to where they were before Katrina, more or less. That’s not enough, we can now say with confidence. But it may be all that can be expected from one year of hustle.What can we learn from the passage about the author’s attitude towards the work in New OrleansA.contentedB.dissatisfiedC.optimisticD.appreciated答案：B（3）语法在Cloze中的地位So what has happened in the year that followed the disaster on the Gulf Coast In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to where they were before Katrina, more or less. That’s not enough, we can now say with confidence. But it may be all ___ can be expected from one year of hustle.A.butB.asC.thatD.those答案：C（4）语法是翻译的基础In the reform of investment and fund-raising, we introduced a system where a legal person is leld responsible for projects, a capital system and public bidding system.在投资和融资领域的改革中，我们采用了这样的制度：法人负责制、资本金制度和公开投标制度。
上海交通大学考博英语完形填空题复习备考经验
上海交通大学考博英语完形填空题复习备考经验一、完型填空题的命题思路分析完型填空题虽然在考博英语中所占的分值不是很大，但却是多年来一个传统的考试题型。
那么出题者想通过完型填空这种题型达到考查考生什么能力的目的呢？我们首先分析一下完型填空的命题形式：完型填空是给考生一篇语句连贯的短文(按照新规定的规定在270-320字左右)，出题者有目的地在每隔一定数量的词语后去除一处词语，形成总共20处词语空缺，然后在相应的空缺处设置包括三个干扰项在内的四个备选答案，供考生做四选一的解答。
及要求考生在整篇短文的大背景下，在充分阅读理解整篇文章，对整篇文章融会贯通的基础上去处理每一个具体的填空。
因此，可以将完型填空的命题思路概述为："完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力"(教育部考试中心编辑出版的《全国博士研究生入学考试分析》对完型填空试题的定位)需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
二、完型填空的主要测试点根据完型填空的命题思路，完型主要考查考生的两大方面的能力：阅读理解能力以及在阅读理解基础上的英语知识(主要包括语法和词汇)运用的能力：阅读理解能力完型填空既然是以一篇短文为背景，首先要求考生对整个文章内容要有精确的理解，而且它所考察的阅读理解能力决不是泛泛的理解能力，而是包括三个层次的能力：1.对文章整体的把握和理解2.对上下文/句子之间关系的把握和理解3.对句子内部结构和意义的把握和理解从上述完型填空所要求的三个层次的能力来看，完型要求考生对文章进行"精读"，即考生要从文章整体到每个句子的内部细节都要完全把握，也就是说对文章要有100%程度的掌握。
英语知识运用的能力从完型填空所涉及的范围来看，它是考查考生对英语基础知识，主要是语法和词汇的运用能力，可以归纳为以下三大考点：1、语法(占20%-30%左右)2、习惯用语(占10%左右)3、词汇的辨析和使用(占60%-70%左右)三、完型填空题的基本解题思路(1)利用完型文章常用的总分对照结构迅速把握文章整体我们在上文中已经讲过，完型的基本命题思路就是在对完型文章阅读理解的基础上解题，即出题者要求考生首先要对文章有一个清晰、准确的整体把握。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编9(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编9(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The managing director took the ______ for the accident, although it was not really his fault.A．guiltB．blameC．chargeD．accusation正确答案：B解析：blame n.(过错，事故的)责任；责怪，责备。
guilt n．罪，罪责。
charge n.作“罪名，指控”解时不与take搭配；take charge of sth．表示“对……负责，接管”的意思。
accusation n．指责，控告(不能说take accusation for sth．)。
2．The local authorities seemed to ______ for the accident taking place last week. (2002年上海交通大学考博试题)A．shareB．takeC．criticizeD．blame正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说，应对发生的事故受到谴责。
be to blame的意思是“应受谴责”；share的意思是“分享”；take for的意思是“以为”：criticize的意思是“批评”。
四个选项中只有D项符合题意。
3．When Tom was doing his French translation, he left ______ for all the words he did not know.A．vacanciesB．bracketsC．spacesD．blanks正确答案：D解析：blank n.空白，空白处。
vacancy n.空缺(职位)：(暂无人住的)空房；没有表情。
bracket n．括号；等级段，档次。
上海交通大学2001-2004历年考博英语试题
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. ？However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ________.A. increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC. demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD. is based on the ability to recite the time2. The author believes that ________.A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced3. When a typist gets tired, ________.A. she has to try hard to raise her automaticB. she can type only automaticallyC. she cannot think about what she is doing.D. she can seldom type automatically4. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ________.A. the bottles must be held upside downB. it is difficult to see the particles of dirt？C. it requires high level of automaticD. most bottles are all right5. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ________. ？？？？？？A. the subject's knowledge of grammarB. the amount of sleep the subject has hadC. the level of arousal of the subjectD. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold？together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as theonly bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off ,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.6. A candle used to burn at auction sales ________.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made7. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ________.A. the current market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods must be soldD. free admission to the auction sale8. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because ________. ？？A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers9. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ________.A. then he earns more himselfB. the dealers are pleasedC. the auction-rooms become world famousD. it keeps the customers interested10. A “knock out”？is arranged ________.A. to keep the price in the auction room lowB. to allow one dealer only to make a profitC. to increase the auctioneer's profitD. to help the auctioneerQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.？The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other？？Directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incompletePleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物) multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys. with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold. and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous (一妻多夫制) societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enought for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.11. What are the “unusual traits or situations” referred to in the first sentence?A. Patterns of animal and plant growth.B. Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C. Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D. All of the above.12. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and societyB. describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC. describe Tibetan fauna and floraD. analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas13. The author 's knowledge of Tibet is probably ________.A. based on firsthand experienceB. the result of lifelong studiesC. derived from books onlyD. limited to geological history14. According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A. All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B. some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C. Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D. The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar viewsto one another.15. The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they ________.A. are originally found in continental climatesB. are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC. have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD. are found in land mass that used to be a separate continentQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program...only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different,” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,” says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O' Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate,” says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a january poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday's ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes.16. What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ________.A. no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B. minority applicants should be given favorable considerations.C. different standards for admitting minority students should be set up.D. selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.17. Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ________.A. win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB. be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion pollC. be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD. produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted18. What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A. NeutralityB. ObjectionC. ApprovalD. Indifference19. Which of the following is True about affirmative action according to the text?A. A vast majority of people support it.？B. The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C. The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D. the Court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.20. It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ________.A. ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB. adapt the Supreme Court's ruling to college situationsC. formulate the right policies for college admissionsD. discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissionsPart ⅡEnglish-Chinese Translation (25%)？Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Computers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology. 1. But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to total and catastrophic failure. Computer systems, when they are “down,” are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable. Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before. 2. This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing daily. Computer systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable. Unmanageable complexity, can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget “runaways.” For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports thatBank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $ 20-million computer system after spending five years and a further $ 60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $ 8 million to a staggering $ 100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1903. Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems. The claims totaled 200m i l l i o n—up from only $ 31 million in 1984.3. Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences. For example, between 1982 and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force's sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based “fly-by-wire” system. At least two people died after receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-ups. Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfer systems, and motor-vehicle license data bases. Although computers have often taken the “blame” on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in fact, human error.Every new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits--for society, and computers are no exception. 4. But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions. Sometimes industrial robots go crazy, while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or “electronic smog” emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games. Automated teller machines (ATMs) and pumps at gas stations are closed down because of unforeseen software snafus.The cost of all this downtime is huge. 5. For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee, reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.Part Ⅲ？？Chinese-English Translation (25%)？Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到２００４年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。
上海交通大学考博英语：考博英语词汇复习之基础部分
上海交通大学考博英语：考博英语词汇复习之基础部分Uultimate最后的，最终的The war ended for us in～victoryunanimous全体一致的，一致同意的They are～in asking for a rise in pay uncover揭开，揭露～a dish of foodunderestimate低估～the difficulties of the taskundergo经历，遭受，忍受～much sufferingunderline在……下划线，强调Please translate the～d sentences in the passageunderlie位于……之下Many facts～my decisionundermine在……下挖;暗中破坏～a wallundertake着手做，从事～an attackundesirable不合意的，不受欢迎的The drug has～side effectsuneasy心神不宁的，不安宁的be～uneasy about the futureunfold展开，打开～a newspaperuniform不变的，相同的，均匀，统一的a～temperatureunify使成一体，统一become a unified nationupdate更新，使现代化～a textbookupgrade提高，使升级，改善～products and servicesuphold举起，高举He upheld his clenched handupright挺直的，垂直的an～seatuproar骚乱，骚动The public～over unclear-radiation hazards continues to mountupset弄翻，打翻I’ve～a tin of paint on the carpetup-to-date时新的，新式的，现代化的They are～on recent developments inthe world computer industryurge推进，鼓励The president,～d on by his staff,has decided to attend the talksurgent紧迫的，紧要的He left the country on～businessutilize利用～solar energyutter发出（声音等），说，吐露～the truthVvacant未被占用的a～seat in a busvague含糊的，不明确的，模糊的a～answer examdavain徒劳的，无效的～effortsvalid有根据的a～excusevalue价值I was offered50pounds for my old car but its～is much higher vanish突然消失，逐渐消散With a wave of his hand,the magician made the rabbitveil面纱，面罩Jewish women wore～s in token of reverence and submission ventilate使通风，使空气流通～a roomventure冒险，冒险行动，投机行动take a～in oilverge边，边缘，边沿the～of a streamverify证明，证实Subsequent events verified my suspicionsversatile多才多艺的a～manversus诉讼，竞赛等中以……为对手The match tonight is China～Japan vertical垂直的，立式的a～engineveto否决，否决权，否决权的行使The rest of the committee could not accept the～vibrate使震动，使摆动His heavy footsteps upstairs made the old house～vicious邪恶的，恶毒的，凶残的lead a～lifevigor体力，精力，活力in the～of manhoodviolate违反，违背～the traffic regulationsvirtual实际上的，事实上的the～manager of the businessvirtue美德，德行Among her many～s are loyalty,courage,and truthfulness visible看得见的，可见的a ship barely～on the horizonvision视力，视觉～carevital有生命力的The heart is a～organvivid鲜艳的the～green of leaves in springvoid空的a～spacevolunteer志愿者，自愿参加者Are there any～s for a swim?vote投票，表决bring sth to a voteWwage工资，报酬What is your weekly～?wake醒来，醒着，唤醒He spends all his waking hours workingwaken醒来，睡醒He wakened when the alarm soundedwander漫步，徘徊He～ed homeward病房a4-bed～warrant授权，批准，正当理由，根据He had no～for his action waterproof不透水的，防水的～materialway方法，方式Do it your own waywear穿，戴～diamondsweary疲倦的，疲劳的a～lookweave织，编，编制～clothwedge楔子，三角木Please put a～in the door so that it will stay open weed杂草，野草My garden is running to～sweep哭泣，流泪～for one’s failureweigh称……重量，称～oneself on the scalesweld焊接，煅接It takes speed to～steel at this heatwhirl旋转，急转The couples～ed round the dance floor examda whisper低语，耳语，轻声说～to sbwhistle吹口哨，鸣笛The train～dwhitewash粉饰wholesome有益于健康的～surroundingswicked坏的，邪恶的，淘气的，恶作剧的～habitswind绕，缠The snake wound around a branchwire金属丝，金属线steel～withdraw抽回，收回，提取She withdrew her eyes from the terrible sight withhold使停止，阻挡be obliged to～one’s penwithstand经受，承受～hardshipswitness目击者，见证人a～of the accidentwonder奇迹the Seven Wonders of the World in ancient timesworship崇拜，崇敬the～of the dollarworth值……钱a house～50,000poundswrap包，裹～oneself in a blanketwreck失事，遇难a train～wrench扳手He is a～.wrinkle皱，皱纹He will wore the～s of anxiety on his forehead.write写，写字，写信，写作She～s to me every other week.Xerox静电复印（法），静电复印件，静电复印机Make me a～of this report本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
10年博士入学考试-基础英语
华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1.To most people, marriage is a_______ affair.A. love-and-hatredB. now or neverC. win-win situationD. give-and-take2.We tried to settle the argument but ________ nothing.A. finishB. completedC. endedD. accomplished3.We should settle our difference by ______________ not by war.A. assignmentB. compromiseC. securityD. appointment4.Tramps as pioneers? It seemed absurd. I kept _____ the idea _____.A. pondering, aboutB. mulling, aboutC. thinking, ofD. speculating, on5.People become _____ the place they live in.A. associated withB. attached toC. appreciative ofD. attachable with6.Since the days of Columbus, America has been another name for opportunity,where one seems to accomplish _______.A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. little7.No matter how difficult the problem is, he can handle it _____.A. at equal easeB. of equal easeC. with equal easeD. from equal ease8.The successful tramps would be ______ the pioneers.A. equalB. equal ofC. equal toD. equals9.I t’s likely for the outstanding ones to stand out ______ the rest.A.offB. ofC. fromD. aboveB.10.It’s human nature to _____ wealth ____ reach and neglect happiness already______.A.crave, within, within reachB.crave for, out of, in handC.chase after, beyond, beyond reachD.seek after, within, out of hand11.___ her surprise, migrant workers are __________.A.Out of, a tough and hard-working lotB.To, a diligent and cheerful lotC.To, diligent and tough lots.D.Out of, tough and hard-working lot12.When asked whether it’s the ______ he is _____, the answer, after some ____, isinvariably the same.A.money, after, hesitantB.money, craving for, thoughtC.money, chasing after, considerateD.money, craving, thinking13.Resourceful as the general was, he let ____ spread that he would attack on acertain day next month.A. the wordB. wordC. a wordD. words14.The ______ would perish in a world of fierce competition.A.adaptableB. adaptedC. inadaptableD. adaptive15.It’s easy for the tramps to ______ temper and get _____ with the steady job.A.lose, sickB. control, fed upC. lose, fed upD. control, sick and tired16.We genuinely ______ your opinion and your suggestion.A. appreciate ofB. valueC. evaluate asD. estimate about17.The Empire State Building is a famous______ on the New York skyline.A.stumbling blockB.stepping blockndmarkD.spring board18.The teacher tried to _____ the new boy ____ by letting him say something abouthis hometown.A. draw…forB. draw…backC. draw… awayD. draw… upon19.The grass was ____ with dew. Drops of water _______ in the sun.A.full, sparkledB.wet, sparkledC.filled, gleamedD.abundant, gleamed20.What he said last night is ______ a nuisance than it should be.A. more ofB. less thanC. just asD. more likePart II: Reading Comprehension (15%).Direction: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage One:Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A.D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so thatby 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.21. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economicrevival preceding cultural revival was reversed.(B) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion thatlasted until 1453.(C) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and itseconomic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.(D) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows culturalrebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.22. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic,and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closelyinterrelated in different societies.(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar,they are unrelated to other historical examples23. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces24. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case ofByzantium(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists25. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, th ough producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: thepower of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.26. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(A) earnings of the person at time of death(B) wealth of the party causing the death(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed27. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(B) required constant supervision while working(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school28. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield(B) present the central thesis of a recent book(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon29. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?(A) The average size of families grew considerably(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.30. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in(A) the mortality rate(B) the nature of industry(C) the nature of the family(D) attitudes toward reform movementsQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent to the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918.It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence.The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries – tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.31. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source ofinformation in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910(D) The federal census of 191032. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to herargument?(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of thecountry.(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses theentire industrial sector.33. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.34. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker's decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states35. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information(D) challenge a widely accepted explanationPart III: Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10%):1. 分析人士对浮动的美元会走向何方看法不一。
2007年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2007年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Word Formation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．She is a woman of______who has never abandoned her principles for the sake of her own benefits.A．dignityB．scarcityC．integrityD．stability正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：dignity尊严，高贵；scarcity稀少，缺乏，不足；integrity 正直，诚实，完整；stability稳定性，稳定。
2．Many important mistakes have been escaping______, and a lot of money has been lost as a result.A．detectionB．commissionC．compensationD．precaution正确答案：A解析：各项的意思是：detection察觉，发觉，侦查；scarcity缺乏，不足；integrity 正直，诚实；stability稳定性。
3．I don’t say that to persuade you, but merely to______my conscience.A．revolveB．relieveC．retrieveD．revive正确答案：B解析：各项的意思是：revolve旋转；仔细考虑；revolve around围绕；relieve 减轻(痛苦，焦虑，困扰等)；retrieve找回；revive复活，使再生。
4．When he left high school, he______to go to college and study for a degree, rather than get a job straight away.A．optedB．forwentC．indulgedD．excelled正确答案：A解析：各项的意思是：opt决定，opt to do sth．决定做某事：forgo放弃；indulge 放纵，indulge in sth．沉湎于某事：excel擅长，excel at／in sth．擅长做某事。
上海交通大学英语水平考试模考试题2010-4-16
XX交通大学大学英语课程测验2009----2010学年(第二学期)学生__________________ 年级：___________________________班级代号：_______________考试地点: 授课教师：Part I Listening （40％）Section 1 Long Conversations （10％）Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear five questions. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices.(注意：请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)Conversation 11. A) It is exaggerated.B) It is self-important.C) It is a move toward the concepts she teaches.D) It doesn’t give a clear idea of what the department does.2. A) S he didn’t agree with him.B) It illustrates one of her basic ideas.C) The man was an expert on people management.D) It shows how some people do not understand people management.3. A) Worrying can cause needless stress.B) It is important to remember other things as well.C) They can stop you thinking about more basic things.D) We can’t solve them, so there’s no point in worrying.4. A) Completely.B) In no way at all.C) With respect to relationships.D) With respect to professional questions.5. A) By giving them a written warning.B) By sacking people who break the rules.C) By following organizational procedures.D) By understanding the employee’s personal circumstances.Conversation 26. A) Sarcastic.B) Humorous.C) Indifferent.D) Matter-of-fact.7. A) She was talking about suicide literally.B) She was talking about smoking literally.C) She wanted to be left alone by saying so.D) She was talking about both smoking and her life.8. A) None of them helped her positively.B) Her mother was too busy to be around her.C) Her father was the role model she followed.D) Her friends always cheered her up when she was feeling down.9. A) She feels less hopeless.B) She feels she has many dreams.C) She feels she is not part of this world any more.D) She feels that her life took the wrong way in the past, but now she wants tomake a change for the better.10. A) He is a psychiatrist.B) He is a school teacher.C) He is a policeman in disguise.D) He is a stranger she just ran into by chance.Section 2 Compound Dictation （10％）Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage THREE TIMES. You have its script in the following, but with eleven blanks in it. You are required to fill in the first eight blanks with the exact words you have just heard. For the last three blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Remember, there will be a pause for the last three blanks in the second reading. (注意：请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)The medical center at New YorkUniversity is one of the clinical sites for the study.Thirty-nine-year-old Denise Harris is helping researchers gain a better understanding of the brain. She suffers from epilepsy, and doctors are monitoring her seizures in the hope of performing an operation to minimize them. Her head is 1)____________. Wires protruding from the side are attached to electrodesimplanted in her brain. Harris says doctors are monitoring her to see whether she is a good candidate for surgery."I've been on many medications throughout my life and after a while, they don't work," said Denise Harris. "I still get seizures. So now, when they remove the part that the seizure is 2) ____________ from, it's supposed to stop."But while Harris is in the hospital, she is also helping scientists understand how the braincomprehends and uses language. For the study, researchers are monitoring the implanted3)____________ on a part of the frontal lobe called Broca's area, named after 19th century French physician Pierre Paul Broca. He was the first doctor to recognize the major role of that area in language.Through the implant process, called Intra-cranial Electrophysiology, or ICE, the researchers have found that Broca's area processes three different language functions in4)____________–– within a quarter of a second. It is the first time the technique has been used to document how the brain processes grammar and produces words.Eric Halgren of the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, is one of the5)____________ investigators of the study."What we were able to find was that within a centimeter, around less than an inch, certainly, and probably half an inch, there were different regions - perhaps they6)____________ some ––but they were doing, at different times, different processes, all within this small area."The first function deals with recognizing a word, the second with understanding the word's context in a sentence, and the third lets us7)____________ the word by speaking.HarvardUniversity brain expert Steven Pinker is another of the study's authors. Ned Sahin, a8)____________ fellow at Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine was the first author of the paper outlining the work, which was published in the journal Science.According to Sahin,9)___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________."Nearly every introductory textbook as well as people practicing in the field in speech pathology, for instance, teach and believe that10)______________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________––Broca's area and Wernicke's area, where Broca's area is responsible for producing, for speaking, and Wernicke's for comprehending," said Sahin.This study shows that Broca's area is involved in both speaking and comprehension, illustrating that parts of the brain perform more than one task."Here's an example of one relatively small part of the brain that's doing three very different things at three different times, but all within the space of a quarter of a second."But Eric Halgren points out that despite our growing knowledge, much about the human brain remains unknown."How does this hunk of flesh, which is not much different from a muscle –– it'sjust a bowl of porridge –– how does it produce the mind? It's a total mystery".Hesays11)________________________________________________________________________ ______________________.Section 3 Short-answer Questions （10％）Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage ONLY ONCE. In the following you have five questions. You are required to answer these questions with as few words as possible, in any case,no more than25 words.(注意：请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)1) What is the basic idea about intercultural competence?2) What is listed as one of the most important criteria for intercultural competence?3) What is considered as offensive in the Arab countries according to the woman?4) What mistake did the woman make when conducting business in Russia?5) What is the advice the woman gave in the end?Section 4: Listening and Translating （10％）Directions:In this section you are going to hear five short passages. You will hear them ONLY ONCE. In each of these passages some of the sentences are already printed. You are required to translate the missing parts into Chinese. After each of the passages there will be a pause lasting one and a half minutes. The pause is intended for you to do the translation.(注意：请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)1) Our development agenda will also focus on women as drivers of economic growthand s ocial stability. Women have long comprised the majority of the world’s unhealthy, unschooled, and underfed. They are also the bulk of the world’s poor.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________2) About 80 percent of Australians live in coastal areas. There are fears that somelow-lying communities may have to be abandoned in years to come because of flooding and erosion. And with higher sea levels, heavy rains and massive tides known as storm surges, which often accompany tropical storms, can do unexpected damage. _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3) It is no coincidence that the relationship between our countries has accompanied aperiodof positive change. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4)And yet the success of that engagement depends upon understanding -- onsustaining an open dialogue, and learning about one another and from one another. For just as that American table tennis player pointed out, we share much in common as human beings, but our countries are different in certain ways. _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5)For a variety of reasons, production of the H1N1 vaccine has lagged behind demand.The vaccine for the so-called swine flu is made in the same way as the seasonal flu vaccine - in chicken eggs. But the government's top infectious disease expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said the goal is to perfect new ways to make a vaccine. "What we really want to do is get away from that and get it to be 21st century technology - molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, where you have very good control over the process. It's rapid, it's consistent, and it proves to be something that we can rely on." _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________Part II Integrated Reading (30%)Section 1 Banked Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. You may not use any of the words in the bankmore than once. Give your answers to the questions on your ANSWERSHEET.Attention:You need to change the forms of the words in the word bank where necessary.(注意：请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)A name might tell you something about a person's background. Names can be1)__________ of class and race. Data show African Americans are far more likely than other 2) __________ groups to give their children uncommon names. White people tend to 3) ________ more familiar names that were formerly popular with more affluent white people.The new study purports to show a link between name and outcome of life: The more 4) _________ your name, the more likely you are to land in juvenile hall. That's because we know that boys with uncommon names are more likely to come from a socio-economically 5) _________ background, which means that they also are more likely to get involved with crime. Even the researchers readily admit that it's not a name alone that 6）_______ a child's outcome, but rather the circumstance underlying the name.The researchers first assigned a popularity score to boys' names, based on how often they showed up in birth records in an undisclosed state from 1987 to 1991. Michael, the No. 1 boy's name, had a Popular Name Index score of 100; names such as Malcolm and Preston had index scores of 1. The researchers then assessed names of young men born during that time who landed in the juvenile justice system. They found that only half had a rating higher than 11. By 7) __________, in the general population, half of the names scored higher than 20. "A 10% increase in the popularity of a name is associated with a 3.7% 8) _________ in the number of juvenile delinquents who have that name."Still, the study theorizes that teenagers named Malcolm might also 9) ___________ because their peers treat them differently or they just don't like their names. And since the study's release last week, the name-crime 10)___________ has been written or talked about in major media outlets.Section 2 True or FalseJudgement & Sentence Completion(10%)Directions:In this part, you will find 7 statements and 3 incomplete sentences followed by the reading passage.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Attention: For questions 1-7, one more point will be deducted if you do n’t answer each one correctly.(注意: 1-7题中每答错一题倒扣1分, 不答不得分,答对得1分;请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)Who are smarter, men or women? It's a topic of common––and often comic––contemplation, but it has also become a serious policy issue for colleges and students in the United States.After years of concentrated effort to raise the academic achievement of girls, who in previous decades had often received less attention in the classroom and been steered away from college-prep courses, the nation can brag that female students have progressed tremendously. Though still underrepresented in calculus and other advanced-level science and math courses in high school, women now outnumber men applying to and graduating from college–– so much so that it appears some colleges are giving male applicants an admissions boost. As a result, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is examining whether colleges are engaging in widespread discrimination against women in an effort to balance their male and female populations.Consider some of the numbers at leading schools: At Vassar College in New YorkState, a formerly all-women's college that is still 60% female, more than two-thirds of the applicants last year were women. The college accepted 35% of the men who applied, compared with 20% of the women. Locally, elite PomonaCollege accepted 21% of male applicants for this year's freshman class, but only 13% of female applicants. At Virginia's College of William & Mary, 7,652 women applied for this year's freshman class, compared with 4,457 male applicants. Yet the numbersof each who gained admittance were nearly the same. That's because the college accepted 45% of the men and only 27% of the women.A 2007 analysis by U.S. News & World Report, based on the data sent by colleges for the magazine's annual rankings, found that the admissions rate for women averaged 13 percentage points lower than that for men. But percentages don't tell the whole story. It could be that the men were stronger candidates, or they might have applied in areas of engineering and science where women's numbers are still lower. But such justifications, even if true, are unlikely to fully explain these numbers. At schools such as the University of California, where admissions rely overwhelmingly on statistical measures of academic achievement such as grades and test scores, the disparities don't appear. Far more women than men applied to UCLA––the UC's most selective campus–– last year. The university accepted about the same percentage of each, with a slight edge to the women. As a result, the freshman class has close to 800 more women than men.In recent years, several college leaders have admitted that their institutions give a boost to male applicants to maintain gender balance on campus. Most students of either sex, they point out, prefer such balance. If Vassar accepted equal percentages of each sex, women would outnumber men by more than 2 to 1.Jennifer Delahunty Britz, the dean of admissions at KenyonCollege in Ohio, a formerly all-male school, brought the matter to broad public attention in 2006 with an Op-Ed article for the New York Times describing the dilemma of her admissions office. "What messages are we sending young women that they must . . . be even more accomplished than men to gain admission to the nation's top colleges?" New York Times has long favored allowing colleges to use race as an admissions factor in order to diversify student populations.She also wrote that exposure to people of different backgrounds and viewpoints better educates all students –– not just those given a leg up. We are not in favor of accepting underqualified or clearly inferior students for the sake of diversity. But most colleges are inundated with applications from students who more than meet their standards; the differences among many of them are slight. It makes sense for collegesto pick a balanced population from within this group. At the same time, admissions officers should avoid rigid notions of what constitutes enough men on campus. It's not harming UCLA, or destroying college social life, to admit somewhat more women than men.Even if the Civil Rights Commission finds pervasive gender discrimination in admissions, there's little it could do about the situation. Such discrimination ––though not racial discrimination –– is legal for undergraduate admissions at private, nonprofit colleges, even those that receive federal funding. Commission documents on the inquiry suggest that colleges could find more "gender-neutral" ways of balancing their student numbers, perhaps by offering programs and extracurricular activities that attract men.Those might work for some schoolsbut won't change the overall scenario. Not with college populations composed of 57% women nationwide. The issue we'd like the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate is: What's happening with the education of U.S. boys? Why are so few of them applying to and graduating from college?Theories and arguments abound. Some say that boys are more active and thus less able to sit still for long periods –– and as a result, more likely to be categorized as having attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or needing special education. A 2008 study by researchers at NorthwesternUniversity found that when girls are involved in a language-related task –– such as reading –– they show more activity in areas of the brain involved in encoding language. Boys use more sensory information to do linguistic tasks. The study suggests boys might do better if they were taught language and arts in different ways. Race is a factor as well. The gender gap is starker among African American and Latino students.There may be no one reason –– or solution. But figuring out ways to help boys achieve in school is a better response to the gender gap than making it easier for them to get into college later.1. As a result of the effort to raise the academic achievement of the girls for years, the girls have exceeded boys tremendously in all courses in colleges except calculus and other advanced-level science and math courses.2. Female students are facing the low admission rate because some collegesare engaging in discrimination against women to achieve the balance of their male and female populations.3. Although the men were traditionally considered stronger candidates in areas ofengineering and science, the admission rate for men in these areas is still lower than that for women.4. Women have outnumbered men in gaining admittance in UCLA’s freshman class this year because their admissions greatly rely on grades and test scoresof their applicants.5. Some college leaders hold that most college students prefer their policy of maintaining gender balance by admitting equal percentages of each sex.6. The dilemma of the dean of admissions at Kenyon College is whether to use gender as an admissions factor in order to achieve gender balance or use race as an admissions factor in order to diversify student populations.7. According to Jennifer Delahunty Britz, it is reasonable for colleges to pick a balanced population from the candidates who more than meet their standards.8. Actually the Civil Rights Commission can do little to change the situation of discrimination in college admission because such discrimination is____________________________________________________________________.9. The study shows that in doing linguistic tasks the boys use more sensory information, the girls show more _________________________________________.10. Despite various theories and arguments about why so few boys apply to and graduate from college, the better solution to the problem is to ____________________________________________________________________.Section 3 Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Give your answers to the questions on your ANSWER SHEET.(注意：请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)Part III Writing (20%)In this part, you have 30 minutes to write an essay on the following topic. You should write at least 200 words.（请务必写在答题卷上，否则以零分处理）Many college students complain of their heavy course load. They think some courses offered are time-consuming and not very useful. What do you think of the complaints? S hould college students’ opinions b e considered in curriculum development and policy-making? Please write an essay of about 200 words to express your opinion and explain why with specific reasons.XX 交通大学大学英语课程测验答题卷 2009----2010学年 (第二学期) 学生_______________ 年级：___________________________ 班级代号：___考试地点: 授课教师： 分数 __________ Part I Listening (40%)1) ___________ 2) _____________ 3) ___________ 4)_____________ 5)____________6) _____________ 7) ____________ 8) _____________ 9)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11) __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Section 3Short-answer Questions （10％） 1)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4) __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Section 4 Listening and Translating （10％） 1) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part II Integrated Reading (30%) Section 1 Banked Cloze （10％） 1) _________ 2) ___________ 3) ___________ 4)_______ 5)__________ 6) __________ 7) ____________ 8) ___________9)_________ 10) _________ Section 2True or FalseJudgement & Sentence Completion （10％） 1) _____ 2) _______ 3) _______ 4) ________ 5) _____ 6)_____ 7)_____ 8) _____________________________________________________________ 9) _____________________________________________________________ 10)____________________________________________________________Part III Writing (20%) （请将作文写在答题卷背面) In this part, you have 30 minutes to write an essay on the following topic. You shouldwrite at least 200 words.Many college students complain of their heavy course load. They think some courses offered aretime-consuming and not very useful. What do you think of the complaints? Should college students’ opinions be considered in curriculum development and policy-making? Please write an essay of about 200 words to express your opinion and explain why with specific reasons.Key答案：Section 1: 1-5CBBDC 6-10 ADACASection 2:1)Bandaged2）triggered 3）probes 4）succession 5）principal 6）overlap 7）articulate8) postdoctoral 9）scientists have known for some time that conventional explanations for how parts of the brain work need to be revised10)there is a separation of tasks and a division of labor between two very different parts of the brain11)brain studies are shedding light on the pieces of the puzzle and might one day solve the mystery Section 3:1) I t’s basically the ability to communicate successfully with people of other cultures. (2 points)2) Sensitivity to othercultures (1 point)3) Showing the bottom of your shoe or foot when crossing your legs (2 points)4) She did not removeher gloves when shaking hands with abusiness associate in Russia( without realising that this is considered impolite). (2 points)5) Never make false assumptions about other cultures, and never lack sensitivity. Be open tolearning aboutnew cultures. And learn the local language. (3 points)Section 4:1)全球经济的衰退对妇女和女孩所产生的影响尤其严重，这进而又波与到家庭、社区、乃至地区。
2009上海交通大学英语专业考博语言学试题
2009上海交通大学英语专业考博语言学试题I.Terms with examples 4x10=401. Functional categories: Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc., are known as function wordsand they belong to classes known as functional categories. For example, Bill thinks that Tom and Dick have been visiting Harriet to ask for help with one of the assignments which have to be finished for the next morphonolgy class.2. operator movement: Operator movement involves movement of an operator expressioninto the specifier position within CP. For instance, in sentence What languages can you speak, the phrase what languages is moved into the specifier position within CP.3. Null subject parameter:Null-subject parameter determines whether finite verbs andauxiliaries do or don’t license(i.e. allow) null subjects. For example, in Italian: Maria non vuole mangiare."Maria does not want to eat."Non vuole mangiare.[She] "Does not want to eat."The subject "she" of the second sentence is only implied in Italian. English, on the other hand, requires an explicit subject in this sentence.4. lexical tone: Lexical tone is the distinctive pitch level carried by the syllable of a word which is anessential feature of the meaning of that word. The pitch of voice is very important in language, and all languages make use of it for some purpose. In some languages different words are distinguished from each other by means of pitch. Here are some Yoruba words The word ti with the mark′over the vowel is pronounced at a higher pitch than the word ti, which is in turn is pronounced at a higher pich than ti.These different pitches are call tones.Some languages distinguish only two levels of tone, while others distinguish up to four levels. When a language distinguishes words from each other using pitch in this way we say that it has lexical tone.5. onset, necleus and coda: Words like bat, cat, rat, flat and sprat are said to rhyme, this is becausethey have identical pronunciations after the first consonant or consonant cluster. We can divide a syllable therefore into two halves, the Rhyme and the Onset. We have already referred to the vowel in the middle of the syllable as the Nucleus. The consonant or consonant cluster after the Nucleus will be called Coda.6. complementizer: A complementizer is a conjunction which marks a complement clause. Acomplementizer, as used in linguistics (especially generative grammar), is a syntactic category (part ofspeech) roughly equivalent to the term subordinating conjunction in traditional grammar. For example, the word that is generally called a complementizer in English sentences like Mary believes that it is raining. The term "complementizer" was apparently first used by Rosenbaum (1967).7. mood: A set of contrasts which are often shown by the form of the verb and which express the speaker’sor writer’s attitude to what is said or written. Three moods have often been distinguished---indicative mood, imperative mood, subjunctive mood.8. empty category:In syntax, an empty category is a nominal element which does not have anyphonological content and is therefore unpronounced; they may also be referred to as covert nouns, in contrast to overt nouns which are prounounced.9. linguistic determism:one’s thinking is completely determined by his native language because onecannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in that language.The hypothesis my be typically represented by the following statement. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.”10. conversational maxisms: A conversational maxim is any of four rules which were proposed byGrice 1975, stating that a speaker is assumed to make a contribution thatis adequately but not overly informative (quantity maxim)the speaker does not believe to be false and for which adequate evidence is had (quality maxim)is relevant (maxim of relation or relevance), andis clear, unambiguous, brief, and orderly (maxim of manner)II. Questions 12X5=601.According to some linguists, English is a two-tense, two–aspect language?Comment on the claim.Tense, indicating the time at which the activity took place. English has a binary(i.e. two-way) tense system.Although this distinction is traditionally said to be a past/present tense form, many linguists prefer to see it asa past/none-past distinction, since the so-called present tense form can be used with futuretime-reference(e.g. in sentences such as our guest is arriving at 3 p.m. tomorrow).Aspect is a term used to describe the duration of the activity describled by a verb, e.g. whether the activity is ongoing or completed). The -ing2.By what criteria can we distinguish between central and peripheral外围的ajectives?ExamplesWe have now looked at the main criteria for the adjective class - gradability, comparative and superlative forms, and the ability to occur attributively and predicatively. Most adjectives fulfil all these criteria, and are known as CENTRAL adjectives. Those which do not fulfil all the criteria are known as PERIPHERAL adjectives.In terms of syntactic function, adjective can be divided into two groups: central adjectives and peripheral adjectives.a. central adjectivesMost adjectives can be used both as modifier in a noun phrase and as subject/object complement. These adjectives are called central adjectives. In the following three examples green is a central adjective,functioning as modifier of nouns, subject complement and object complement receptively:Green apples are sour. (modifier in a noun phrase)Those apples are green. (subject complement)They have painted the door green. (object complement)b. peripheral adjectivesPeripheral adjectives refer to the few which can not satisfy both requirements. Someperipheral adjectives can only act as pre-modifier, e.g.chief, main, principal, utter, sheer, etc.other peripheral adjectives can only act as complement, e.g.afloat, afraid, asleep, alone, alive, etc.3.What are the major types of semantic change? What are the possible reasons?Semantic broadening: here the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g.The word companion used to mean “someone who eats bread with you”; now it means “someone who is with you”Semmantic narrowing: the word takes on a more restricted meaning than before. In middle english, a girl was a young person of either sex, a boy was a male person of any age and lust simply meant “pleasure”.Pejoration: involves the development of a less favorable meaning or connotation for a particular word. E.g. villains were formerly farm dwellers but are now criminals.Amelioration: the development of more favorable meanings for words, are few in number. Knight which in Old English referred to a boy or servant but now has a more pretigious meaning.Reasons:1.Most words are polysemic-they have a range of meanings- and over time marginal meanings may takeover from central meanings.2.children do not receive a fully formed grammar and lexicon from their parents, but with help fromUniversal grammar, have to figure it out for themselves. The child may therefore acquire a slightly different meaning for a word than that understood by its parents.3.the relationship between concepts and the words which conventionally refer to those concept isarbitrary and so either can vary or change fairly freely through time and across space.4.Saussure, claims that, dialects and languages have no natural boundaries. How doyou understand?(1)The usual conception of dialects nowadays is quite different. They are envisaged as clearly definedlinguistic types, determinate in all respects, and occupying areas on a map which are contiguous and distinct.But natural dialect changes give a quite different result. As soon as linguistics began to study each individual feature and establish its geographical distributions, the old notion of a dialect had to be replaced by a new one, which can be defined as follows: there are no natural dialects, but only natural dialect feature. Or- which comes to the same thing---there are as many dialects as there are places.(2) It is difficult to say what the difference is between a language and a dialect. Often a dialect is called alanguage because it has a literature: that is true of Portuguese and Dutch. The question of intelligibility also plays s part. People who cannot understand one another are generally described as speaking different languages. However, that may be , language which have developed in one continuous area with a settledpopulation exhibit the same phenomena as dialects, but on a larger scale. They show waves of innovation over a territory where a number of different languages are spoken. In the ideal conditions postulated, it is no more feasible to determine boundaries separating related languages than to determine dialect boundaries. The extent of the area involved makes no difference. Just as one cannot say where the High German ends and Low Germans begins, so also it is impossible to establish a line of demarcation between German and Dutch, or between French and Italian.Taking points far enough apart, it is possible to say with certainty “French is spoken here. Italian is spoken there.” But the intervening regions, the distinction becomes blurred. The notion of smaller, compact intermediate zones acting as linguistic areas of transition, for example Proencal as a half-way house between French and Italian , is not realistic either. In any case, it is impossible to imagine in any shape or form a precise linguistic boundary dividing an area covered throughout by evenly differentiated dialects. Language boundaries just like dialect boundaries, get lost in these transitions. Just as dialects are only arbitrary subdivisions of the entire surface covered by a language, so the boundaries held to separate two languages can only be conventional ones.5.The factor of analogy operate in the process of language change.(you can takesound change, verb forms, syntactic construction in English for example .Analogy refers to the use of one form as an exemplar by which other forms can be similarly constructed.1)In middle English, a mouse was called a mus[mu:s], and this mus mayhave lived in someone’s hus [hu:s](house). But now we pronounce musas [maus] and hus is pronounced as [haus] by analogy.2) E.g. based on bow/bows, sow/sows, English speaker began to say cowsinstead of the older kine.3)By analogy to bake/ baked and ignite/ignited, many children and adultsnow say I waked last night( instead of woke) and she lighted the bonfire(instead of lit)。
2012年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷.doc
2012年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷.doc2012年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(总分：212.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：40，分数：80.00)1.Not knowing a foreign language is a(n)______to enjoying travel abroad.（分数：2.00）A.barrierB.opponentC.challengeD.limitation2.He______the driver who was attempting to pass for the accident.（分数：2.00）A.accusedB.chargedC.blamedD.criticized3.A copyright protects authors and creators against______reproduction or use of writings and other original works of authorship for the life of the author plus 50 years.（分数：2.00）A.underminedB.unduplicatedC.unexpiredD.unauthorized4.Some teachers______their students' poor performance partially to a lack of intelligence.（分数：2.00）A.oweB.contributeC.attributeD.minister5.Many buildings here do not allow smoking; some will permit smoking only in______areas.（分数：2.00）A.designatedB.designedC.dedicatedD.descended6.The President______the public that taxes would not be increased after the election.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.insuredC.assuredD.secured7.The police are investigating how $ 20 million was illegally______out of the bank account.（分数：2.00）A.transformedB.transferredC.transmittedD.transplanted8.I know that if I start watching soap opera I will immediately become hopelessly______to it.（分数：2.00）A.excitedB.addictedC.interestedD.fascinated9.Most drugstores and big supermarkets have pharmacy(药房)department where the pharmacist will fill your______.（分数：2.00）A.presentationB.prepositionC.preservationD.prescription10.Many problems have______as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.（分数：2.00）A.risenB.arisenC.raisedD.aroused11.The peach tree they planted when they got married began to______fruit last year.（分数：2.00）A.makeB.growC.bearD.enjoy12.Youngsters who drink and smoke, and are often absent from school are far more likely to be ______from school.（分数：2.00）A.inducedB.disobeyedC.expelledD.forbidden13.The man was sentenced to 10 years in prison because he______a government official.（分数：2.00）A.bribedB.cheatedC.liedD.tricked14.As a lawyer, she has a high success______in the cases she handles.（分数：2.00）A.paceB.rateC.ratioD.percent15.After______research by a government council official confidently stated that this area of the sea is much safer than any other.（分数：2.00）A.partialB.absoluteC.extremeD.extensive16.The top floors of a building collapsed trapping a construction worker in the rubble(瓦砾), but he was______and can speak to rescuers.（分数：2.00）A.reasonableB.awakeC.consciousD.talkative17.The latest research seems to______that emotional maturity and self-knowledge is the key elements for success.（分数：2.00）A.implyB.confrontC.inquireD.encounter18.Although the nuclear radiation problems remain unsolved, the government's emphasis has been______from unclear to coal.（分数：2.00）A.attachedB.switchedC.locatedD.intended19.He is by no means a(n)______man. On the contrary, he always departs from customs.（分数：2.00）A.intelligentB.ignorantC.traditionalD.disgraceful20.In many Middle Eastern cultures, deadline is taken as a(n)______and such business behavior may lose the overseas salesperson business.（分数：2.00）A.insultB.campaignC.favor/doc/a9734281.html,petition21.Apartments owned by business often have a fixed price, but private owners are more inclined to______.（分数：2.00）A.negotiateB.surrenderC.coordinateD.mediate22.Dr. Hamiltonian was only going to make some introductory remarks, but______giving the speech himself when the speaker came down with the flu.（分数：2.00）A.set upB.turned upC.ended up/doc/a9734281.html,e up23.______telephone service provides immediate access to related personnel, which is free of charge.（分数：2.00）A.ImmediateB.EmergencyC.EmergenceD.Emerging24.More than two parties in different locations can talk______via a conference call.（分数：2.00）A.singularlyB.mutuallyC.similarlyD.simultaneously25.Never talk about that restaurant in front of me. It is______satisfactory.（分数：2.00）A.nothing butB.anything butC.something butD.everything but26.We were all______by the riddle " Why Bob and Tom are not twins though they have the same parents and were born almost at the same time?".（分数：2.00）A.distortedB.detachedC.breachedD.baffled27.Don't keep us in______any longer. Tell us what happened so that we can give you a hand.（分数：2.00）A.suspenseB.doubtC.suspectD.suspicion28.I've been very lazy but I'm going to turn over a new______and work hard.（分数：2.00）A.pageB.leafC.paperD.piece29.You have to speak to her louder as her hearing is found to be slightly______.（分数：2.00）A.affectionateB.defensiveC.effectiveD.defective30.Only a person with a pair of keen eyes could pick out those______paintings from these unwanted materials.（分数：2.00）A.valuelessB.worthlessC.pricelessD.featureless31.On weekends, people are queuing in the supermarket to______for there are only a few cashes.（分数：2.00）A.check onB.check upC.check inD.check out32.If you don't______cooking today, we can go out to eat at the new restaurant.（分数：2.00）A.go offB.feel likeC.try outD.take up33.Do you______her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?（分数：2.00）A.classifyB.notifyC.simplifyD.justify34.He suggested transporting the goods by air. This is absolutely not______, for it will cost too much.（分数：2.00）A.genuineB.exclusiveC.practicalD.incredible35.It will be worth the effort even if you fail; the rewards you______will be great.（分数：2.00）A.reapB.boastC.assureD.cultivate36.I wish to______a master's degree in electric engineering after I graduate from college.（分数：2.00）A.pledgeB.exploreC.pursueD.approach37.The people were very happy to see the government taking measures to______the possibility of inflation.（分数：2.00）A.maintainB.facilitateC.encloseD.eliminate38.The investigation______evidence of a large-scale illegal trade in wild birds.（分数：2.00）A.uncoveredB.outweighedC.overwhelmedD.evolved39.Mothers tend to be too______towards their children. They should let them see more of the world.（分数：2.00）A.hopefulB.protectiveC.modestD.considerate40.No other drugs are as good as this one; it must have been based on a(n)______formula.（分数：2.00）A.uniqueB.stimulatingC.enormousD.overwhelming二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Marriage therapists teach a skill called active listening. Each partner takes a turn listening then interprets what he/she has heard and validates(证实)it. There is, however, a problem. It rarely works. For 80 percent of couples, active listening is too hard. Even happy couples have screaming matches. Every time you raise a hot-button issue, such as —the in-laws or money, does your husband suddenly clam up？ More than 80 percent of the time,it is the wife who brings up tricky marital issues, while the husband tries to avoid discussing them. This isn't a symptom of a troubled marriage — it's true in most happy marriages. You'll often hear that staying in a bad marriage is worse, for everybody concerned —especially the children —than getting divorced. That may be true if your home is so full of hostility that it's like a war zone. But sociologist Linder J. Waite says she has found that 75 percent of couples who rated their marriagesas miserable but stayed married were happy five years later. We usually think the strongest marriages are those that survive major traumas, such as bankruptcy or an extramarital affair. But frequently, dealing with the little things, those daily annoyances, eats away at a marriage. "Every couple experiences disappointment as initial romance and passion fade and they discover all their difference," says Wolin. "He doesn't do enough housework. She is too emotional. He watches too much TV. She's too lenient(宽容)with the kids. People think of these differences as problems, but they're actually opportunities to build marital muscles.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true about active listening?（分数：2.00）A.Active listening has proven to be a little impractical.B.A majority of couples don't practice active listening.C.Active listening doesn't ensure happy marriages.D.Happy couples never shout at each other.(2).The phrase "clam up"(Line 5. Para. 1)probably means______.（分数：2.00）A.shut upB.get upC.show upD.cheer up(3).We know from Paragraph 1 that the author thinks that a happy marriage______.（分数：2.00）A.is always full of romance and passionB.requires the tolerance of the husbandC.may not be free of quarrels and fightsD.excludes the discussion of sticky martial issues(4).What is implied in the passage about divorce in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.A bad marriage should and up in divorce to avoid further harmB.Divorce is not the best solution to bad marriage.C.Most couples get divorced for the sake of their children.D.Divorce is much better than suffering in a bad marriage.(5).What's the main idea of the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Daily annoyances can do harm to marriages.B.Marriage is not for romance and passion.C.Differences are essential for happy marriages.D.Surviving major misfortunes help strengthen marriages.Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant that causes human health problems even at very low levels. It also damages crops and other vegetation. It is a key ingredient of urban smog. "Good ozone" occurs naturally in the stratosphere approximately 10 to 30 miles above the earth's surface and forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun's harmful rays. "Bad ozone" is formed in the earth's lower atmosphere, near ground level, when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the present of sunlight. Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months when the weather conditions needed to formground-level ozone —lots of sun, hot temperatures — normally occur. The length of ozone season varies from one area of the United States to another. Southern and southwestern states may have an ozone season that lasts nearly the entire year. Ozone can irritate lung airways and cause inflammation much like sunburn. Other symptoms include wheezing, coughing, pain when taking it deep breath, and breathing difficulties during exercise of outdoor activities. People with respiratory problems are most vulnerable, but even healthy people who are active outdoors can be affected when ozone levels are high. Repeated exposure to ozone pollution for several months may cause permanent lung damage. Anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer is at risk, particularly children and other people who are active outdoors. Even at very low levels, ground-level ozone triggers a variety of problems including aggravated asthma, reduced lung capacity, and increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses like pneumonia and bronchitis. Ozone damage can occur without any noticeable signs. People who love in areas where ozone levels are frequently high may find that their initial symptoms go away overt time —particularly when exposure to high ozone levels continues for several days. Ozone continues to cause lung damage even when the symptoms have disappeared.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Bad zone comes into existence in the Earth's upper atmosphere.B.Good zone appears in the Earth's lower atmosphere, near ground-level.C.Bad zone only damages crops and other vegetation.D.Ground-level ozone is made up of pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, and so on.(2).It can be learned from the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.Urban smog mainly consists of "good ozone"B.Bad ozone protects us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet raysC.Ozone pollution is especially harmful to people's health in summerD.The states in the North and Northwest of the U. S may have the longest ozone season(3).What does the word "vulnerable"(Line 3, Para. 3)most probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.Hard to deal with.B.Harmful and dangerous.C.Easy to be hurt or affected.D.Hot in temper and hard to calm down.(4).According to the passage, ground-level ozone causes the following health problem EXCEPT ______.（分数：2.00）A.stomach cancerB.more serious asthmaC.decreased lung capacityD.pneumonia and bronchitis(5).We can see that the passage is mainly about______.（分数：2.00）A.good ozone and its function of protecting peopleB.ozone pollution and its effects on people's healthC.the measures mat Southern states of the U. S. should take against ozone pollutionD.how people with respiratory problems should protect themselves from ozone pollution School buildings themselvescan reflect liberal or conservative views about what should go on in a classroom. The earliest schools built to accommodate large numbers of children had separate classrooms for graded groups. The rooms were laid out formally, with pupils' desks bolted to the floor in straight rows facing the teacher's desk. Clearly, the school itself reflected a teacher-and subject-centered view of education. Schools of the next generation, built after 1940, were lighter and airier and had more open space, and most had movable desks. They also often provided special rooms or areas for science, art, music, and physical education. There were still separate rooms for different grade levels, however, and the desks still were likely to be formally arranged in straight, rows. That is, the schoolroom was still largely designed to implement the old school program, which involved grade levels, uniform time blocks, uniformity of instruction, and absorption of subject matter. Newer subjects, not newer teaching methods, accounted for most of what was new in school design. The first school buildings specifically to facilitate liberal teaching methods began to appear in the mid-1950s. Folding interior walls — or no walls at all — permitted the flexible use of space to encourage large-group, small-group, or individual instruction. Some provided carrels for individual study, areas designed for team teaching, centers for programmed instruction and a language laboratory. In the newest buildings —called open schools —the use of space is even more flexible. Since so much of the space is undifferentiated, areas within the buildings can be readily expanded, converted to accommodate program changes,and used for many kinds of functions. As a reflection of a conservative or liberal attitude toward education, the physical layout of a school can either facilitate or hinder conservative orliberal teaching practices. But it cannot determine what those practices will be. It may be difficult for a conservative teacher to operate in a physically open classroom or for liberal teacher to operate in formal classroom. But it is not impossible. What determines whether the classroom is liberal or conservative, in terms of the education the students receive, is the spirit and attitude of the teacher.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.The physical layout of school buildings can reflect liberal or conservative views about education.B.The physical layout of a school can either facilitate or hinder conservative or liberal teaching practices.C.The spirit and attitude of the teachers determines whether the classroom is liberal or conservative.D.The development of school buildings reflects the improvement in education quality.(2).What's the greatest difference between the earliest and the second generation schools?（分数：2.00）A.The former had separate classrooms for different grades while the latter not.B.Classrooms were laid out formally in the former while informally in the latter.C.Teaching methods are newer in the latter as compared with the former.D.Subjects are newer in the latter as compared with the former.(3).The word "carrel" in Paragraph 3 most probably refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.a small room with a deskB.a bookshelf with reference materialsC.a self-study aiding toolD.a computer with teaching courseware(4).According to the passage, we may infer that the newest school buildings reflect______.（分数：2.00）A.a teacher-centered view of educationB.a student-centered view of educationC.a subject-centered view of educationD.a practice-centered view of education(5).The author holds a(n)______view towards the open schools in terms of how they affect teaching practices.（分数：2.00）A.positiveB.objectiveC.doubtfulD.indifferentEvery successful person has one thing in common. If you asked how they were able to reach their career goals, the answer would undoubtedly be the same, a mentor. A mentor is someone who supports, coaches, and advises you along your career path. None of us stands alone and without proper guidance and support from someone that can show us the topes, our paths are more difficult. Women have been missing the boat when it comes to taking advantage of the wealth of information other successful women have. Though this may not be by choice, most women find it very difficult to connect with other women on this level. One study showed two overwhelming reasons why this group of women felt they were having such a difficult time. They agreed that because they face what is known as the concrete ceiling and the lack of successful women role models, their chances for success are very limited. Mentoring has long been recognized by our male counterparts as a necessary part of career advancement.A mentor can help you avoid common pitfall associated withyour career because they have been there and done that. Their advice can be invaluable to you at every level of your career. Even the most successful individuals and top level executives depend on mentors or career coaches to assist them in difficult situations and to improve their skills and knowledge. Mentoring is a very special and unique relationship that allows each person to benefit from the experience. Women who have chosen to volunteer as mentors, in most cases have been mentored themselves. They recognize the benefits of such a relationship and want to offer the same kind of support to someone else. Career success takes more than just your typical college education; it requires networking skills and the support of influential people. A mentor can introduce you to other influential people, offer advice, make suggestions for a particular career path and even let you vent your career frustrations. One of the most important decisions you should make about your career is to seek out a mentor and begin to build this very powerful and wonderful relationship to help insure your future career success.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that______.（分数：2.00）A.mentoring is quite prevalent among career "women", who tend to support, coach and advise those inexperienced womenB.some women lose some good chance for career success because other successful women are not so willing to offer helpC.sometimes even a mentor can's help you avoid making silly mistakes associated with your careerD.there are some exceptions such as the most successful individual and top level executive, who don't need mentors orcareer coaches(2).The phrase "the concrete ceiling"(Line 2, Para. 2)most probably mean______.（分数：2.00）A.official upper limit, existing as something real or solid rather than what is imagined in the mindB.the inner surface of the top of a room, being made of concreteC.the height above the concrete groundD.the greatest height at which a particular type of plane can fly safely(3).It can be learned from the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a person can achieve career success with or without a mentor behindB.some people can reach their career goals on their ownC.there is always a mentor behind every successful personD.successful career women are likely to offer help to other women(4).According to the passage, a mentor can do the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.giving you advice and making suggestions for a particular career pathB.introducing you to other influential people, who can help you achieve your career successC.helping you master the most up-to-date technologyD.even letting you express your frustrations about your career(5).What is the passage mainly about?（分数：2.00）A.Men, women, and their career success.B.The importance of mentoring.C.Limited chances for career success.D.The common way to career success for women.Playing violent video games can have immediate and lasting effects on a person's thoughts and behavior, new research shows. In fact, researchers report that the interactive and increasingly graphic mature of some video games makes them "potentially more dangerous" than violence-charged television and movies. Psychologists Anderson and Dill conducted two studies. In one study of 227 college students, the investigators found that students who more frequently played violent video games during junior high and high school were more likely to have engaged in " aggressive behavior". A second study in which 210 college students played either a violent or non-violent video game revealed that the violence-packed game increased subjects' aggression immediatelyafterwards. In the first study, the investigators questioned students on their natural levels of aggression and irritability, and their delinquent(犯法的)behavior —for instance whether they had bit other students in the past year. The investigators found that students with aggressive personalities and those who more often played violent video games were more prone to real-life aggression. Students who considered themselves aggressive were also more likely to play violet video games. Since aggressive people may seek out violet games, coming to the conclusion that the video games caused real-life delinquency is too risky. However, the second study lined video-game violence with immediate increases in aggression. Anderson and Dill had students play either a violent game or a nonviolent game and let the students believe they were playing against an opponent in another room after completing the video game, participants played a competitive-reaction game with their imaginaryopponents, in this game the winner was allowed to publish the loser with a noise blast(响亮的噪音). The researchers found that students who were fresh from the violent video game blasted their opponents longer than those who played the nonviolent game. Because video games show short-term and long-term effects, Anderson and Dill suppose that videogame violence influences behavior not by arousing aggressive feelings, but by teaching players to find "aggressive solutions" to problems. Unlike TV, many video games demand that player identify with the aggressor and actively participate in violence.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, violent video games may be more dangerous than violent movies or TV programs because video games______.（分数：2.00）A.tend to be more violent/doc/a9734281.html,y more emphasis on violent actsC.require active involvement of playersD.arouse aggressive feelings more quickly(2).The purpose of the first study was to try to establish a cause effect relationship between ______.（分数：2.00）A.aggressive personality and real-life violenceB.violent behavior in the past and violent behavior at presentC.aggressive personality and more involvement in playing violent video gamesD.more involvement in playing violet video games and aggressive behavior(3).In order to find out the short-term effect of violent video game, researchers______.（分数：2.00）A.asked game players to blast the loser in the violent video gamesB.observed the behavior of game players when playing violent video gamesC.put game players into a real fight in a small room with aggressive opponentsD.observed game players' reaction to their imaginary opponents in competitive games(4).Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Violent video games arouse aggressive feeling in game players.B.Violent video games inevitably result in delinquent behavior of game players.C.Violent video games teach players to solve problems in an aggressive ways.D.Violent video games have short terms and long-term effect on game players.(5).This best title of the passage can be______.（分数：2.00）A.Effects of Violent Video GamesB.Video Games Increase CrimesC.Video Games and PsychologyD.New Research Findings of Video Games.It is a pleasure to see men of a certain age worrying about their weight. Listening to them is not such a pleasure. Because the men are new at the game, they don't hesitate to discuss the fat problem incessantly. However, women of the same age do not discuss the fat problem especially not in mixed company. They prefer to face the problem with quiet dignity. Discussing the problemmight only draw attention to some stray body part that may be successfully tucked away under an article of clothing. The ageat which a man begins to explore the fat problem can vary. The actual problem can manifest itself in the early 30's, but broad-range discussion usually starts later. There are early nonverbal symptoms. I've watched the rugged journalist who shares my apartment sneak by with a Diet Coke. His shirts are no longer neatly tucked in to display a trim waist. Recently he has begun to verbalize his anxiety. He tells me, with a sheepish grin, that he is taking his suits to Chinatown to have them "tailored". Still-older men have lost their dignity and rattle on unabashedly. Often, wives and children play important roles in their fat-inspection rituals. Take my oldest brother, a former college football player. His daughter says that several times a day he will stand at attention and call out. "Fat medium or thin?" She knows the correct answer medium. Thin would be an obvious stretch, and fat may not get her that new video. According to his wife, he stands in front of the mirror in the morning(before the day's meals take their toll), puts his hands behind his head and lurches into a side bend, then clutches the roll that has developed and says, "Am I getting fatter?" His wife is expected to answer. "You look like you may have lost a few pounds. " And then there are the ex-husbands, a pitiful group. They are extremely vocal. When I go to the movies with one, he confides that he is suffering from great hunger because he is dieting. He hasn't eaten since the pancakes and sausages he wolfed down that morning. He pauses in his monologue while he buys his popcorn. After the movie, we sprint to a restaurant, where he again pauses to devour a basket of bread. Before he orders his chaste salad and soup, he grows plaintive. Do I think he's fat?（分数：10.00）(1).Which statement is FALSE concerning the attitude women take towards the fat problem?（分数：2.00）。