自考英语语法笔记3-第四章-名词和名词短语

名词和名词短语（2）限定词和属格
4.1 限定词Determiner
在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。

Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of
anounphrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word.
2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。

The choice of Determiner is determined by
the head word but not that of adj.
3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。

Adj. describe the head
word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by
identifying or quantifying.
4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。

Adj. can post-modify the head word but not
Determiner.
5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few, little, many much外) 。

Adj. has comparative form but not Determiner（except few, little, many much）.
more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes
a fixed position , we identify their relative positions in the case of co-occurrence.
Pre-determiners and Central Determiners are mutually exclusive, that is in one and the same Noun Phrase, there could be only one Pre-determiner and Central Determiner, however, Post-Determiners are not mutually exclusive.
4.1.3 Usage of some Determiners
4.1.4 Article 冠词
As a determiner, it pre-modifies a head noun, in the English Language, there are two articles: Definite article 定冠词“the ” and indefinite article 不定冠词“An ”. The Two terms indicate some of the semantic implication of the article usage.
泛指和特指Generic reference vs. Specific reference:
Generic reference denotes class membership and it can also refer to a class as a whole, it ’s realized by a singular countable noun that goes with an indefinite article a(n),or with definite article “the ” or a plural countable noun goes without an article. e.g. The panda is a rare animal.
Specific reference can be made either in a definite way or in an indefinite way, definite specific reference identifies the referent in question and is realized by a noun with a definite article “the ”. Indefinite specific reference points to a particular, actual example of the class, realized by a singular countable noun with “a ”.
e.g. A dog charged me yesterday when I was on my way home.
*不定冠词 A(n) Indefinite Article“A(n)”
1. 当专有名词或者不可数作为一种可数名词的分来来讲的话，前面可加A He looks forward to owning a Benz.
2. 职业，工作为补语的名词需要不定冠词修饰。

John is a writer.
3. 仅可一个人担任的职业名词不需要不定冠词的修饰。

He was selected chairman of the committee.
*定冠词The Definite Article “The”
*Proper noun专有名词除了一下几种情况，一般不加定冠词
1. 复数名字前加“the”指“…一家人”
The Greens/ The Johns..
2. 海洋，河流，海峡，山脉等地理专有名词前要加“the”
The Mediterranean/ The Alps…
3.普通名词组成的组织名词
The United Kingdom/ The State Department…
4.某些特定的酒店，餐厅，剧院，电影院，博物馆，画廊要加“the”
The Grand Station..
5.名牌，作品要加“the”
*Special Usage of “the”
The + Adj. 表示一类人The Pool 穷人The old 老人The ugly 丑陋的人
4.2 Genitives 属格/ 所有格
4.2.5 Group Genitive 集体属格
The Group genitive is a term that refers to the genitive formed by adding“‘s”to Array
the last element of a post-modified or coordinated noun phrase.
e.g. : Someone else’s car An hour and a half’s test
***但是当名词短语包含1.“无论是限定或者非限定的后置修饰定语”时，2. 名词前置修饰过长3.前置修饰会引起歧义时不可以用集体属格。

（这时可以用of –Phrase）
e.g.：The man I know’s car (Wrong！！！)
The man with the dog’s food (Wrong！！！)
used alone without a following noun, Nouns used in local genitive are invariable nouns referring to persons and denoting residence, public buildings, place where business is conducted.
1.Well known buildings.
St, Paul’s (Cathedral)
2.店名.
The backer’s / the grocer’s …
3.名词或者名词表示“某人家”
We are having dinner at my aunt’s tonight.
”, it’s a combination of the genitive and
of –phrase.
Note: 1. 双重属格结构中的第二个名词一定是指人，不可指物。

A friend of my father’s. A window of the house’s (WRONG!!!)
2. 第一个名词前一般是不定冠词，而第二个名词前一般是定冠词。

（Have exceptions）That friend of my brother’s .。