Victorian Age

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维多利亚时期文学

维多利亚时期⽂学Part Ⅷ The Victorian Age(维多利亚时代)A.The Victorian Age1.It refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria, from heraccession in 1937 and her death in 1901, but the era of literature is from the Reform Bill（改⾰法案） in 1932 to the end of the Boer War（布尔战争）in 1902.2.Three phrases :The early Victorian Period (1832--1854), the time of troubles,the Reform Bill & ChartismMid—Victorian Period (1855—1879), a time of economicprospering, highest point of development as a world powerLast Period (1880—1902), a time characterized by decay ofVictorian values (e.g. Self-control, family loyalty, thrift,hard work, etc).B.The backgroundAmid the multitude of social and political forces of this great age, four things stand out clearly.First, the age of democracy;Second, the age of popular education, of religious tolerance;Third, the age of comparative peace;Fourth, the age of all the arts and sciences and in mechanicalinventions.C.Chartist Movement(宪章运动)Chartist Movement (1836-1848) was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.D.Literature Current(⽂学思潮)1.Chartist literature(宪章⽂学)The English working class created a literature of its own whichcan be, in full justice, called the Chartist Literature.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature— the struggle of the proletariat(⽆产阶级) for its rights.Some great Chartist poets are Ernest Jones (1819-1869), ThomasCooper (1805-1892), and William James Linton (1812-1897).2.Critical Realism(批判现实主义⽂学)Critical Realism is one of the literary genres that mainlyflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s in the 19th century.The critical realists not only gave the criticism tobourgeoisie and all ruling classes, bur also showed their deepsympathy for the common people. Hence humor and satire aboundin the English realistic novels of the 19th century. But thecritical realists did not find a way to eradicate(根除) socialevils. They did not realize the necessity of changing thebourgeois society. They were unable to find a good solutionto the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their worksis not of revolution but rather of reformism. Here we see atonce the strength and the weakness of critical realism. Threegreatest representatives of Critical Realism are CharlesDickens(狄更斯), William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷), andGeorge Eliot(艾略特). E.………………………………………………………………………………………………. F.…………………………………………………………………………………………………G.………………………………………………………………………………………………….H.Some Exercises1.The precisian may limit the Victorian period to the years betweenthe Queen’s accession in 1837 and her death in 1901, but a newera really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 andclosed at the end of the Bore war in 1902.2.Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took onits quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sacked andcomplex, and reflected both romantically and realistically thegreat changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.3.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trendcritical realism appeared after the romantic poetry, andflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s.4.Critical realism found its expression in the form of novel; mostof the critical realists were novelists.5.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule ofcash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially democraticand humanistic character if critical realism.6.The Chartist Movement appeared in the 30s of the 19th century.7.The most important poet of the Victorian Age was Tennyson, nextto him, were Robert Browning and his wife.8.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature: thestruggle of the proletariat for its rights.9.The Chartist poetry played an important role in the developmentof English proletariat literature; the greatest Chartist poet was Ernest Jones. I.．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．J.Charles Dickens（狄更斯）A.LifeCharles Dickens (1812--1870) was born in a poor family in the Portsmouth. He gave up schooling to work after his father was put into the prison because of the debt. In 1870, he died of overwork.B.The three period of his literary career1.the first period of youthful optimismAt this stage Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedied if only men behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.Main works in this period:Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》Pickwick Paper 《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤⼉》Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯尼克贝》Old Curiosity Shop 《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge 《巴纳⽐卢杰》2.the second period of excitement & irritationDickens' second period began from 1842, the year after his first visit to America.Main works in this period:American Notes 《美国札记》Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁朱杰尔维特》A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》The Chimes 《钟声》The Cricket on the Hearth 《炉边蟋蟀》Dombey and Son 《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield 《⼤卫科波菲尔》3.the third period of steadily intensifying pessimismThe last period of Dickens's literary career began with the publication of "Bleak House" in 1852-1853.Up to this time Dickens maintained some hope of reform under capitalism but beginning from "Bleak House" there was an "underlying tone of bitterness" which showed the novelist's loss of hope for English bourgeois society.Main works in this period:Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Time《艰难时世》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cites《双城记》Great Expectations 《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》Edwin Drood（unfinished) 《埃德温多鲁德》C.Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire(3) Complicated & Fascinating Plot(4) The Power of Exposure/doc/f75742644.htmlments of DickensCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London..Characterization is the most outstanding feature of his works.Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works.Yet he is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors.E.Some works1.The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Plot2.Oliver Twist 《雾都孤⼉》PlotThe novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.After experiencing an unhappy apprenticeship to an undertaker, he runs away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves.Then he is made to be a pickpocket. A benevolent rich old man called Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him home, but the thieves kidnap him and make him join them once again. A bad person named Monks, who turns out to be Oliver’s half-brother, helps the thieves in keeping Oliver in the gang, in order to ruin him and obtain the whole of his father’s property. Then Oliver is made to help one the thieves in breaking into a lady’s house. He gets wounded, and comes into the hands of her aunt. Finally the thieves in the gang are punished and Oliver’s half brother is compelled to confess his evil doing and put into prison. Oliver is adopted by Mr. Brownlow.F.Some exercises1. Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English Critical Realism.2. Of all of Dickens’s novels, David Copperfield is regarded as his masterpiece.3. In A Tale of Two Cities, the two cities are London and Paris in the time of revolution.4. The novel Nicholas Nickleby touches upon a burning question of Dickens’s time; the education of children in the private schools.5. The novel Oliver Twist tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist who was born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.6. The novel Hard Times makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois systemof education and the bourgeois philosophy Utilitarianism.G.OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray（萨克雷）A.His worksThe Books of Snobs 《势⼒⼈》Vanity Fair《名利场》Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The Newcomers《纽卡母⼀家》The Rose and the Ring (fairy tale) 《玫瑰与戒指》（通话）Henry Esmond《亨利·艾斯芒德》The Virginians (historical novels) 《弗吉尼亚⼈》B.Characteristics of Thackeray’s novels1．William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century.The pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life. He is good at describing the life of the upper class with which he is familiar.2．Thackeray is a satirist.3．He is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.C.Vanity Fair《名利场》1．The Origin of the TitleThis title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’sProgress (天路历程) by Bunyan. It means “a fair, wherein aresold all sorts of vanity.”2．The Implication of the Subtitle----Novel Without a HeroNo exactly positive characterAbout women instead of menNot about some particular person but about the society3．Theme of the novelIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the upper class of England in the early decade of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individual in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for allmembers of the upper class.4． Characters: A brief comment on Amelia and Becky in Vanity Fair In Vanity Fair Thackeray successfully characterizes two heroines who stand in contrast in their characters and attitudes towards life.Amelia is a character of milk-and-water type, good in nature, tame and moral, sentimental and sympathetic, but unable to master her own fate. Becky, who is more impressively character and can be said to be the real heroine of the novel in a way, is different from Amelia;she is crafty, unscrupulous, and resourceful and she is neverobedient to her destiny and always rebels in order to have a change in her life, regardless of morality and the social judgment of her.The two heroines are, to Thackeray, the victims of the social environment that is inhuman in its nature.5．D.Some exercise1.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece Vanity Fair, whichmarks the peak of his literary career.2.The sub-title of Vanity Fair is Novel without a Hero. The writer’sintention was not to portray individuals, but bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.3.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women:Amelia Sedlley and Rebecca Sharp, whose characters are sharp contrast.E.othersGeorge Eliot（爱略特）----Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.A.Her WorksScenes of Clerical Life 《教区⽣活场景》Adam Bede《亚当贝德》Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织⼯马南》Middlemarch《⽶德尔马奇》需要补充B.Some exercises1.George Eliot was the Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.2.The author of The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot.3.George Eliot produced three remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.4.In the novel Adam Bede, Adam falls in love with a village girl calledHetty Sorrel who is seduced and deserted by a squire.C.OthersCharlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte（夏洛特和爱⽶丽）A.Works of Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte Professor《教授》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Shirley《雪丽》Villette.《维莱特》Emily Bronte Wuthering House《呼啸⼭庄》Ann Bronte Agnes Grey 《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of Wildfell Hall《维尔德·霍的佃户》B.Jane Eyre1．The theme of the novelThe criticism of the bourgeois system of educationThe position of the women in society ---- the women should theequal rights with men2．The limitation of the novelCharlotte believes that education is the key to all social problems, and that by the improvements of the school system, most of the social evils could be removed.3．Why the novel is greatly admired?1) Jane’s characteristics.2) Jane’s treatment of her love and marriage.Jane, differentfrom many other women in the mammon worship society, considersmarriage not as a bargain but as a union of kindred souls.3) Jane sticks to her principles, successfully resists theoppression and other social evils in the inhuman world andacquires her own happiness.4) It contains the author’s criticism of bourgeois attitudetoward marriage and love, and her ruthless expose of inhumanmisery in charity schools of her days which were establishedand run in the name of philanthropy. She attacks the terribleeducational system in her day and points out the miserable fateof poor girls as charity school pupils and as governess.4．C.Wuthering HouseD.Some exercises1.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and AnnBronte.2.Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece is Jane Eyre.3.Emily Bronte’s masterpiece is Wuthering House.E.D. E.。

维多利亚时期背景介绍THE VICTORIAN AGE

THE VICTORIAN AGE (1832-1900)- Historical introduction and general characteristicsThe name of Victorian Age comes from Queen Victoria (1819-1901). She became queen of England and Ireland and the Empress of India when she was very young. She married with Prince Albert who was her cousin. They had 9 children and they married with other European royal families.In 1861 Prince Albert died and Edward, his son, became king when he was 60. Q. Victoria was admired and loved by British people because she introduced a period of stability to Britain, industrialisation and Imperialism.The way of life changed completely: A way based on the ownership of land to a modern urban economy based on trade and manufacturing. This was a time of progress: the telegraph, rail ways, photography, the sewing machine, great manufacturing cities (Manchester, the industrial north cities of England).The imperialism: this is a country of traders, new dominios appeared. More than a quarter of the world was British. Britain also had a very important fleet, which carry the goods to the metropolitan.- Periods:1.- Early Victorian (1832-1848):Technological development and the opening of the reform parliament.The Reform Bill: it was a response to the demands of middle classes, who were taking control of England's economy. It extended the right to vote to all males owning property worth £ 10 or more in annual rent.The State had a system of economic liberalism in which the State doesn't participate in the rules of economy, industry work. There were many abuses from industrialists and manufactures.Gradually there was a great conscious in the society of children's work. The state told that children between 9-14 years could only work no more than 12 hours a day. The working class lived in Slums (neighbourhood very poor).The abolition of the Corn Laws because there were high tariffs established to protect English farm products from having to compete with low prized products imported from abroad. This is the end of protectionism.T here were also a group of reforms who were called the Chartists, they wrote “the people'scharter” (1838). It was a kind of people rights. They asked for a Universal Manhood suffrage.2.- Mid Victorian (1848-70):Because of the new inventions this is a period of prosperity (agriculture, industry...). in 1851 was “The Great Exhibition” in the Chrystal Palace, London. It shows the new inventions and congratulations of English empire.In this period there were a confrontation of ideas:Utilitarianism: it is a theory based on the idea that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by whether its consequences are conductive to general utility. The main thinker was Jeremy Bentham (Wrote about social happiness. He believed that individuals acted by self-interest). The utilitarians applied this idea for all the institutions, for everything.Opposed to the utilitarianism: Thomas Carlyle, he thought that intellect had limitations and couldn't explain everything and he turned to the humanism soul, a sort of religious belief was necessary to explain things.It was a group of writers who were shocked for the condition of living in some parts of England and they wrote a series of novels, “condition of England Novels” they were about living in the slums and they critiqued the oppression of working class.Elisabeth Gaskell´s “North and South” and Benjamin Disraelis “Sybil of the two nations”3.- Late Victorian: (1870-1900):The U.K. had more competitors in trade, e.g. The United States and Germany which was becoming an empire.It is a period in which workers began to join in associations, which are called trade unions. The first workers who went together were miners and textile workers. A very important association until today is called The Trade Union Congress (1868), which is the assembly of all the associations. From here we have an order of workers and a political party, Labour Party (1906)GENERAL CHARASTERISTICS OF VICTORIAN LITERATURE1. - Prose: The beginning of a new kind of prose, the lyric prose, is a prose that not only communicate ideas, it express it beautifully. In this time the readers wanted for advice from authority and some writers provided advise, people needed a guide. E.g. Thomas Carlyle, John Henry Newman, Mathew Arnold. It's full of prepositions because of this didactic style and parallelisms.2. - Poetry: It was considered superior than prose, novel theatre. They said that the writing of agenius must be poetry. There were two main romantic inheritances in poetry:1.- the use of retrospective forms: archaic language. They revived many old forms (particularly the mixture of lyric and elegy which influenced others forms like epigram).2.- experimentation with genres. Some poets continued the movement of colloquial diction into poetry (Robert Browning)3. - Novel: The main theme is man in society (family, business, friends...). they don't speak abut the past, speak about things that were happening in that time. (Dickens, Brontës).4. - Drama: Theatre had a little importance (Oscar Wilde, George Bernal Shawn)THE BRONTËS- Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)- Emily Brontë (1818-1848)- Anne Brontë (1820-1849)Their father, Patrick Brontë was a clergyman in Yorkshire. He had six children, his mother died very soon. The four eldest were sent to a boarding school. The two eldest died of tuberculosis so the four children that remain were educated at home.He encouraged the children to learn by their own. Mr Brontë discussed poetry, history and politics with his children. The children themselves created a world of fantasy. Mr. Brontë gave his son a book of wooden soldiers, the soldiers became for them the centres of an increasingly elaborate set of manuscripts. They created new countries like Angria, Gondal. They wrote little novels of these imaginary countries.They worked as teachers and governess and they wanted to set up their own school. They wen to Brussels to study language.Branwell (the brother) was a very talented as a writer and painter, he took drugs and alcohol and died in 1848. In the funeral Emily caught a cold and it developed into tuberculosis and died in December, a year late Anne also died.- Charlotte Brontë: “Jane Eyre”, the novel examines many sides of the circumstances of women show a new move towards freedom ad equality.- Emily Brontë: “Wuthering Heights”, it is a novel of passion, an early psychological novel.- Anne Brontë: “The Tenant of Wildfell Hall” With an unusual central female character andinvolving complex relationships and problems.CHARLES DICKENSHe was born in the south of England, his father was a clerk, he went to prison and Dickens had to work in a factory (blacking workhouse) when he was 12 years old. He lived in different parts of London and knew poverty and London slums. He used this material in his novels.He became a reporter, he worked in many magazines and published in one of these magazines several sketches of the life and manners of the time these were together in one volume “Sketches by Boz”.He was asked to write “The Pickwick Papers” in 20 monthly numbers. He published his novels by instalments, he had to maintain the interest of the readers in order they want to read the following chapters. While he was writing the novel knew how was the reaction of the people, what people preferred and he could change the direction of the novel. Many critics think that the novels published in this way have a loose structure.He got married Catherine Hogarth, they had ten children, the couple separated because he had an affair with an actress. He went to America twice making them read his novels. He left his last novel unfinished.Sentimental work:- “Oliver Twist” (1837-38): it shows a great concern about social problems. He had very strong opinions against the factories in which children worked. It is a story of a poor boy that worked in a factory and describes his situation. He went away and discovered a band of thieves who taught him to be a thief. The novel is a mixture of melodrama and realism.- “The curiosity shop” (1840-41):This is the story of little Nell, a girl who lives with her grandfather. Her grandparent borrows money to a miser who takes the shop because he can't pay. They have to go away because the miser persecuted them.- “A Christmas Carol”: Scrooge a very bad miser received the visit of 3 ghosts which show past, present and the following Christmas and showed how bad he is.- “David Copperfield” (1949-50): The hero David, becomes the kind of success which Victorians admired, he is rich, he marries, and a general sense of happy ending is given. This novel was based in part of Dickens's own childhood and his success.Works after 1850:- “Bleak house”: it is a satire of the delays of law. It's a process which never ends.- “Hard Times”: it is an attack on capitalism, society and industrial life.- “A Tale of cities”: historical novel on the French revolution.- “ Great expectations”: it is about an orphan who has a secret benefactor. He help a prisoner to escape, the convict later helps him.General characteristics:He saw the world as a fresh experience. He had an extraordinary range of language, he could use colloquial and formal language. Great characters and intense emotionalism.THOMAS HARDY: “Far for the Madding Crowd”The tittle comes from the poem “Elegy written in a country churchyard”. It was published in 1874 in a magazine in serial form. He had to write in the way the readers wanted to know what was going to happen in the next chapter. It had a great success. When it was published he was 33 years old and it was his 4th novel.All Hardy's novels are settled in Wessex (the south west of England where there are a lot of counties, it is an imaginary noun).Hardy was very pessimistic and the main theme of his novels is the struggle of man against the indifferent forces that rule the world, his novels are tragic.In the first chapter, there is an introduction of the two main characters: Gabriel Oak and Bathseba; it is located in the countryside, rural setting.The narrator is omniscient, he controls everything. They are confident, they are sure of them. He goes through the novel controlling the novel, he could also change the point of view.Man in society is the main characteristic of Victorian novels. Gabriel is seen from the point of view of others.The basic idea is that he was just an ordinary man: Hardy conveys these ideas offering images of behaviour.GEORGE ELIOT (1819-1880)Her name was Mary Ann Evans, she used a pseudonym for his publications. She was born in the Church of England. At the school she converted into Methodism, which is very strict in words. She was a very cultivate woman, she was agnostic because of her intellectual formation. She translated religious texts and the critic about it. She was strongly influenced by religious concepts of love, morals, duty and behaviour.She became the assistant editor of a magazine, “The Westmister Review”. She felt strongly in love with the editor but this love was not reciprocated. Later she felt in love with Herbert Spencer but again this relation didn't go well. She met another writer G.H. Lewis, they felt in love and they went to live together until Lewis' death(1878). When he died she married her financial adviser (two years later) and seventeenth months later she died.Works:She translated many religious books. She knew Italian, German... she translated Feverbach's “Essence of Christianity”. It is important because she agreed with Feverbach view that religious beliefs are an imaginative necessity of man and a projection of his interest.Her novels were published by instalments. She has been considered the first modern English novelist.In the first generation the writers considered themselves as providers of advise and public entertainers. They wrote books to enjoy and offer them some advice. The new writers of the second generation took their job very seriously, they considered themselves as novelists, professional writers.Eliot takes her works seriously as novelists, the structure has to be perfect. She was a moral writer in the sense that she believed that the responsibility for a man's life and fate lay firmly on the individual and his moral choices. The individual has to decide in every situation and has the responsibility of his life. But the individual decisions are not external.She wrote: “Adam Bede”, “The Mill on the floss”, “Silas Marner”, “Romola, “Felix Holt”, “Middlemarch”, “Daniel Deronda”.We can represent her novels in two circles:“Middlemarch”: It was published in a serialised for. It is considered a masterpiece. The tittle is the changed name of a city where the action happens, Middlemarch is the provincial of Coventry. This novel is set during the years of the 1st reform bill. It has a multiple plot, with many arguments, several interlocking sets of characters, so she created a network that enclosed the whole life of this city.One of the stories is the story of Dorothea Brooke and Mr. Casaubon. She is an intelligent idealistic young woman and married Mr. Casaubon (a pedant). She wants to share her husband's world. When she married she realized that her husband has plans but didn't worked at them, she loses the respect of him. She begins to fell in love with Ladislaw.Another history is Dr. Lydgate, a young and very ambitious man who had plans, he wants to stablish professionally. A very beautiful woman plans to marry him, her name was Rosamand.They married but it didn't go well because she is materialist and selfish. He gets involved in some problems. In a determined point, Dorothe sees Rosemand and Ladislaw together and she decides not to love him.All the characters Know each other, at the end all the plots have relation between them, it makes a perfect portrait.THOMAS HARDY (1840-1928)He was born in Dorchester. His father was a stonemason and he worked as an apprentice to several architects, learning the profession. He began to write poetry and in the period of 1870-3 he published his first three novels, his great success came with his fourth novel, “Far from the Madding Crowd” (1874). Then he left architecture for novel writer. The most important novels that he published are “The return of the native” (1878), “The major of Casterbridge”(1886), “Tess of the D'urbervilless” (1891), and “Jude de Obscure” (1896).He became a very well known figure in London. His works were very tragic. The critics criticised his two last novels, they said that they were very immoral and pessimistic and because of this he abandoned the fiction novels and wro te only poetry, such as “Wessex Poems” (1898). He called himself “meliorist” and said that the world could be better by human effort. He received a honorary degree from Cambridge University.Work:The main theme is the struggle of man against the indifferent forces that rule the world: how people suffer because of fate who are more powerful than him. The disparity between the things that people wanted to be and the things that actually they are, between human ambition and fate. The fate is completely eternal and is important, also the social conditions.The characters are not the masters of their own fate but they can achieve dignity by endurance. He offers some sense of human in the description of rural characters.“Wesssex” is the name he gave to the south west of England. He changed the names of the places, the villages are real but the name is invented.“Tess of the D'urbervilless” : Tess is a country girl who is seduced by Alec, a rich young man, she gets pregnant and Alec leaves her. The child dies so she is very miserable, she has to work as a maid. She meets another man, angel, who is the son of a priest and they married. In the wedding night, Tess told about Alec and Angel abandoned her.Tess has to accept to become the mistress of Alec because of her bad situation. Angel returns to look for his wife, but Tess and Alec are living together. Tess gets mad and kills Alec. She is hung because of this.OSCAR WILDE (1854-1900)He was born in Dublin. His father was a very famous surgeon and his mother was a very well known poetess in Dublin. She was very controversial, provocative, excentric and Oscar had her influence. He was very estrange physically: tall, fattish, big dreamy eyes, too fleshy, big mouth, at the same time he was beautiful and awful. He dressed extravagantly because he didn't feel ashamed of his appearance.He learnt from his mother how to be funny courageous and he was a transgressor (to break the rules of society). He went to Oxford and he was a very good student. He caught syphilis from a prostitute. At the age of 29 he married Constance Lloyd. They had 2 children but soon Constance was a very sexual object for him. He convinced his wife to stop having sexual relationships, but they continued living together.By this time he wrote books of poems, tales, fairy stories. He was an excellent conversationalist, he speaks beautifully, funny, witty. Some writers said he looked like disgusted at first impression. Under this image, superficial, trivial, he was transcendent, he belonged to a poetical movement called Aestheticism whose motto is art for art sake.In 1891 Oscar met Lord Alfred Douglas (Basic) who was 21 years and Oscar 37. Basic was a young rich selfish, conceited, frivolous, cruel man. Oscar felt in love desperately in love with basic, who introduced him to the world of underground and make Oscar's life very awful. Oscar tried to leave him but he couldn't because he loved him and Bosie threatened Oscar to suicide if Oscar left him. Bosie's father was the marquis of Queensberry, he knew the relation between them and they became enemies.Meanwhile Oscar published his only novel “The portrait of Dorian Gray”, is a sort of gothic novel. Dorian wanted to be young forever. He wanted to try forbidden things.The real success came with his plays: “Lady Wardermere's fan” (1892); “A woman of no importance (1893); “An ideal husband” (1895); “The importance of being Earnest” (1895). ð Witty, funny, word plays, paradoxes.15 days after the streno of the last play Bosies's father left a note in Oscar's club accusing him of being sodomite. Oscar didn't want to answer. Bosie told Oscar to take his father to court because of difamation. The case was a hopeless case, because during the trial all the things they had done appeared and Oscar was arrested and taken to a jury. During this second case all the people he had met in the underground come to the court and told all the things they had done.He was sent to prison. Two years of force labour and his name was a matter of shame. His novels were retired of libraries; his novels never were represented again. His wife changed her surname and her child's. After 2 years he was a broken man and his friends took him to France. Oscar accepted to see Bosie again, who left him when discovered that Oscar didn't write and had lost his glamour.“The Ballad of Reading Gaol” (1898) about his prison experience.The last work published after his death “De Profundis” (1905) is a letter to reproche to Bosie, a confession.ALFRED, LORD TENNYSONHe is the Victorian poet, he wrote the model of Victorian poetry. Queen Victoria was an admirer. She was a widow for 40 years and found consolation in Tennynson's poetry. He is the poet of love and loss.His father was a priest, he was the fourth of twelve children. Their father taught them privately: classical language, philosophy, reading. He went to Cambridge and became friend of a group of artists and writers. One of them was Arthur Hallan, who was his confident, adviser, closest friend. He became engaged Arthur's sister, but died at the age of 22 and this provoqued a great depression in Tennynson, it was the origin of the poem “In Memorian” (1850)Before 1850 he had written many books of poems although they didn't became famous. He became Poet Laureate; before this publication he had the recognition of his works and it gave him a lot of money.Works:“Poems, chiefly lyrical” (1830); “in Memorian” (1850);“The charge of the light Brigade”(1854): it is inspirited on a piece of news on the newspaper about the soldiers who died in the Crimean War.“Maud” (1855): It is a monologue and best seller“Idylls of King” (1859): It is about King Arthur.General characteristics of his literature:Great virtuosity of technique. He studied the poetry of his predecessors and achieved a great technique.He had a great capacity to link scenarios to states of mind. His vision of nature is not idealistic as romantics. He prefers rural things rather than urban.Preoccupation with the problems of his days: about technological changes, he thought that it was positive but he was very worried because of horrors of industrialism (slums, working conditions, working of the children).He was an admirer of Yeats.“In Memorian”He started it in 1833. It is a series of poems put together around the same theme: the death of his friend. More than an elegy is a group of poems about anxieties and doubts about the meaning of life, what a rule of a man was in the world and doubts because of the death of his friend. It is a poet diary upon his reflections on this matter.ROBERT BROWNING (1812-1889)/ ELISABETH BROWNING (1806-1861)Robert is admired for two things:moral toneinnovations in poetry- Robert browning was born in London, he was the son of a banker, and educated basically at home because his father had a great library and he read a lot.At the beginning he wrote personal poems. Some critics attacked his poems and he was embarrassed because of this, so he changed his way of writing( very personal), which became more obscure.After 1936 and during ten years, he wrote plays but without success, but it was a good practice for a new model of poetry which he developed; dramatic monologue. It was his best known kind of poetry because he could write in a personal way under a character.“Dramatics Lyrics” (1842) it was the first collection of this kind of poetry.After 15 years in Italy, he and his son came back to England. He wrote “Dramatis Personae” (1864) which was a monologue; “The Ring and the Book”.- Elizabeth was a very well known poet who was semi-invalid, under the control of her father. She was kept at home, she had a tyrannical father, she was very well educated.She published “Poems” (1844) and Robert read it and enjoyed it very much and they stablished a correspondence. After a time they became engaged secretly. In 1846 they got married secretly and eloped to Italy and stayed there for 15 years. There she discovered that she wasn't invalid and they were very happy. The product of their love is “ Sonnets from the Portuguese” (1850): a sequence of forty four sonnets in which she recorded the stages of her love for Robert Browning, a sequence she presented under the guise of a translation from the Portuguese language.“Aurora Leigh”(1857)Differences between Browning and TennysonTennyson was the Victorian poet who was worried with the topics of the age. But he explored the topics of the day in a different way: faith/doubt, Good/evil.The main difference is the style. Tennyson belonged to the lyrical tradition. Browning had a more colloquial, prosaic tone, his poems are like prose.The social world within which this dilema has to be resolvedThe centre of her novelsA small group of individuals involved in a normal dilema。

维多利亚时代【英文】

The Victorian Age (1830-1901) Sambourne House, London.❑Victoria became queen atthe age of 18; she wasgraceful and self-assured.❑Her reign was the longestin British history.Franz Xavier Winterhalter, The young Queen Victoria, 1842❑In 1840 she married aGerman prince, Albert ofSaxe-Coburg.❑They had nine children andtheir modest family lifeprovided a model ofrespectability.❑During this time BritainFranz Xavier Winterhalter, The young Queen Victoria, 1842changed dramatically.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•England grew to become the greatest nation on earth “The sun never sets on England”.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•British Empire included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Kenya, and India.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•Great Britain imported raw materials such as cotton and silk and exported finished goods to countries around the world.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•By the mid-1800s, Great Britain was the largest exporter and importer of goods in the world. It was the primarymanufacturer of goods and the wealthiest country in the world.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•Because of England’s success,the British felt it was their duty to bring English values,laws,customs,and religion to the“savage”races around the world.•1832: The First Reform Act granted the vote to almost all male members of middle-class.•1833: The Factory Act regulated child labour in factories.•1834: Poor Law Amendment established a system of workhouses for poor people.•1867: The Second Reform Act gave the vote to skilled working men.•1871: Trade Union Act legalised trades unions.•1884: The Third Reform Act granted the right to vote to all male householders.•Women‟s suffrage did not happen until 1918.The Rights of Women or Take Your Choice (1869)4. The woman’s questionSuffragettesIndustrial revolution: factorysystem emerged; for the firsttime in Britain’s history therewere more people who lived incities than in the countryside.Technological advances:introduction of steam hammersand locomotives; building of a Workers in a Tobacco Factorynetwork of railways.Economical progress:Britainbecame the greatesteconomical power in the world;in 1901 the Usa became theleader, but Britain remainedthe first in manufacturing.Workers in a Tobacco FactoryCrystal Palace was built forthe Great Exhibition of1851; it was destroyed byfire in 1936.The Crystal PalaceIt was made of iron andglass, exhibited hydraulicpresses, locomotives,machine tools, power looms,power reapers andsteamboat engines.The Crystal PalaceIt had a political purposeit showed British economicsupremacy in the world.The Crystal PalacePollution in towns due to factory activity.Homeless Boys (1880)London in 1872Lack of hygienic conditions: houses were overcrowded, most people lived in miserable conditions; poor houses shared water supplies.Homeless Boys (1880)London in 1872•Epidemics , like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the Great Stink of 1858.•This expression was used to describe the terrible smell in London, coming from the Thames .•The “Miasmas”, exhalations from decaying matter, poisoned the air.8. The “Great Stink”Caricature appearing on the magazine «Punch»in18589. The Victorian compromise •The Victorians were greatmoralisers theysupported: personal duty,hard work, decorum,respectability, chastity.W. H. Hunt, The Awakening Conscience,1853-4, London, Tate Britain.•…Victorian‟, synonym for prude, stood for extremerepression; even furniturelegs had to be concealedunder heavy cloth not to be“suggestive”.•New ideas were discussed &debated by a large part of society.W. H. Hunt, The Awakening Conscience, 1853-4, London, Tate Britain.•The middle-class wasobsessed with gentility,respectability, decorum.•Respectabilitydistinguished the middle fromthe lower class.John Lamb, Victorian family portrait, 1879.Decorum meant:a.Victorian private lives weredominated by an authoritarianfather.b.Women were subject to maleauthority; they were expected tomarry and make home a “refuge”for their husbands.John Lamb, Victorian family portrait, 1879.John Stuart Mill and hisideas based on Bentham’sUtilitarianism.John Stuart MillKarl Marx and his studiesabout the harm caused byindustrialism in man’s life. Karl MarxCharles Darwin andthe theory of naturalselection.Charles Darwin•There was a communion of interests and opinions between the writers and their readers.•The Victorians were avid consumers of literature. They borrowed books from circulating libraries and readvarious periodicals.•Novels made their first appearance in instalments on the pages of periodicals.•The voice of the omniscient narrator provided a comment on the plot and erected a rigid barrier between «right»and «wrong», light and darkness.•The setting chosen by most Victorian novelists was the town.•Victorian writers concentrated on the creation of characters and achieved a deeper analysis of their inner life.12. PoetryAlfred, Lord Tennyson:the most popularVictorian poet. He wrotenarrative poems.Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, by George FredericWatts (died 1904), given to the National Portrait Gallery,London in 1895.Robert Browning: heraised the dramaticmonologue to new heightsmaking it a vehicle for adeep psychological study.Robert BrowningElizabeth Barrett Browning:she wrote love sonnets valuedfor their lyric beauty.Elizabeth Barrett Browning。

阅读Reading (3), unit 5教案

7.spirala.螺旋的
8.perspectiven.视角，观点；远景；透视画法，透视图
9.advocaten.~ (of sth) person who ports or speaks in favour of a cause, policy, etc（对一事业﹑方针﹑政策等的）支持者,拥护者,鼓吹者,提倡者: a lifelong advocate of disarmament为裁军奋斗终生的人
Because history is an indispensible part of culture. Without knowledge of history it will be hard to learn a language well.
2.What do you know about western history?
the Middle Ages中世纪;
Dark Age欧洲中世纪的早期;
Medieval中世纪的，中古(时代)的;
Renaissance -](文艺)复兴(时期);
Elizabethan Age伊丽莎白女王一世时代；
Industrialization工业化；
Victorian Age维多利亚女王时代；
徐州工程学院教案
2010年至2011年第一学期第五周星期一/二
课题名称（含教材章节）：Unit 5 History
教学目的和要求：to learn about models for understanding history;
to get familiarized with the unfamiliar words and expressions commonly used in the context of understanding history;

维多利亚时代【英文】

The Victorian Age
The Age and Its Double
Lesson Outline
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Queen Victoria. Some common ideas about the age. Periodization: Conventional subdivisions. Diversity. Compromise. Contradictions. Victorian values. Poverty, unrest and reform Change and progress The Woman Question. Science. Religion High culture and popular culture. Architecture Art. The genres. The canon. The construction of Victorianism Modernist attitudes regarding the Victorian age and their influence on its construction.
• • • •
•
An Age of Contrasts
• • • • Named by extrinsic facts. Sinterogeneous age. No clear-cut features to characterize it. Actually, an age of contrasts
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way - in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities

Chapter9 The Victorian Age 英国文学维多利亚时期汇总

the condition of the time and the dire poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand need a secular form to explore human relations
The Victorian Age
(1832 - 1901)
Historical Background
The similarities between Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) & Queen Victoria (1819-1901)
they were both on the throne for a long period of time;
5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose.
Novelists
1.Charles Dickens(1812-1870)
Before 1844
Sketches by Boz (1836) — First novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club（1836-1837）--
rather than sermons given in the church.
the feminist movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.
Common features of Victorian novels
1.The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what is had been in previous novels.

The Victorian Age 维多利亚时代

Mid-Victoria (1855-1879)
Late-Victoria (1868-1902)
The predominant theme in the early Victorian literature.
The Progress of Reform
Political &Social Background
Charlotte Bronte
• Famous work: Jane Eyre
• Promoted the development of feminism.
• Pseudonym: Currer Bell
William Makepeace Thackeray
• Feature of his writing: His novels contain satirical portrayal of the upper stratum of society。
lawer’s clerk: full of self-conceit, prudishness, petty tyranny and ignorance Conclusion: They are pinned on that class, that it was
servile to its social superiors and despotic to its social inferiors.
• Works: Oliver Twist, The Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfeild, Great Expectations.
A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities
街上落下一个大酒桶，磕散了，这次意外事件是在酒桶从车上搬下来时出现的。那桶一骨碌滚了下来，桶箍散开，酒桶躺在酒馆门外的石头上，像核桃壳一样碎开了。

精品文档-英国文学维多利亚时期

(一)The Victorian Age⏹General Introductiona)Period an Eras in English historyAnglo-Saxon655–1066Norman1066–1154Plantagenet1154–1485Tudor1485–1603Elizabethan1558–1603Stuart1603–1714Jacobean1603–1625Caroline1625–1649Interregnum1649–1660Restoration1660–1688Georgian1714–1830Victorian1837–1901Edwardian1901–1910World War I1914–1918Interwar1918–1939World War II1939–1945Modern1945–present⏹Brief intro:The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria. She was crowned in 1837 and died in 1901 (which put a definite end to her political career). A great deal of change took place during this period--brought about because of the Industrial Revolution; so it's not surprising that the literature of the period is often concerned with social reform. As Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) wrote, "The time for levity, insincerity, and idle babble and play-acting, in all kinds, is gone by; it is a serious, grave time."b)Victoria Period1)Time Span⏹The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria.⏹ A new era really began with the passage of Reform Bill 1832 and closed at the end ofBoer War in 1902.2)Three phases⏹The early Victorian period (1830~48): 多事之秋(A Time of Troubles)It saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it wasalso a time of economic distress.⏹The mid-Victorian period (1848~70): 经济繁荣和宗教分歧的时期（EconomicProsperity and Religious Controversy）It was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, andstability.⏹The later period (1870~1901) : 由盛到衰过程的时期（Decay of Victorian Values）The costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted withgrowing threats to its military and economic preeminence.c)Queen Victoria and Victorian Temper⏹Victoria was born in 1819.She came to the throne in 1837(aged 18), after the death ofher uncle William IV, crowned in 1838 and died in 1901.⏹She reigned for exactly 63 years, 7 months, 2 days (June 20, 1837 - January 22, 1901),longer than any other British monarch.⏹Her 9 children and 42 grandchildren tying them together and earning her the nickname"the grandmother of Europe".⏹Exemplifies Victorian qualities: earnestness, moral responsibility, domestic propriety⏹The Victorian Period was an age of transition⏹An age characterized by energy and high moral purpose1819年生于伦敦,1837年继位成为英国女王。

英国文学Victorian-Era-维多利亚时代

Colonial Expansion
Victorian Era
Society
• Factory system • Women and family life • Standers of living • Urbanization
Factory system
• The appearance of machine changes the situation of factory and workers.
Victorian era
n/million
35
30.5
30Leabharlann 252016.8
15 8.2
10
5
0 1851
4.5 1901
England Ireland
year
Victorian Era
EVENTS
EVENTS
1832
Reform Bill（修正法案）
1T1h883e362C-h1Ra8er4fto8isrtmMAocvteme1n8t6（7 R宪ef章or运m 动Ac）t
Victorian Era
------Growth of the empire
Outline
Introduction Events Economy Society
Culture
Victorian Era
INTRODUTION
Georgian period(1714-1830) Victorian Age (1830-1901)
• In Victorian Age, most of the workforce slowly changed to be employed in factory, not agriculture.

英国文学维多利亚时期全集

Victorian
literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented 空前的. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their harvest.
. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
the
greatest representive of English critical realism Born at Portsmouth, his father was put into the prison for debt when he was only 12 Worked in underground shoeblacking then lawyer’s office as a junior clerk In 1835, became a reporter, later an editor, manager
Chapter II the Victorian Literature
magnitude众多
& diversity: Great writers and great works abounded It was many-sided, complex, reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.

维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)

Major Poets of the Period

Lord Alfred Tennyson Robert Browning dramatic monologue Elizabeth Barret Browning Thomas Hardy
Victorian Poetry

Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry.

England became wealthiest nation
As a result, the time of Victoria’s reign is often called the Victorian Age.
Victoria’s achievement

During the Victoria Age, great economic, social, and political changes occurred in Britain. Economically: Britain went through a period of rapid industrialization and enjoyed tremendous industrial expansion at home. Railroads and lands crisscrossed the country. Science and technology made great advances. Politically: It built a great colonial empire and the British Empire reaches its height and covered about the fourth of the world’s land.

维多利亚时期的文学

维多利亚时期的文学维多利亚时期的文学The Victorian AgeThe Reform Bill（改革法案）of 1832 gave the middle class the political power it needed to consolidate—and to hold—the economic position it had already achieved. Industry and commerce burgeoned. While the affluence of the middle class increased, the lower classes, throwing off their land and going into the cities to form the great urban working class, lived ever more wretchedly. The social changes were so swift and brutal that Godwinian utopianism rapidly gave way to attempts either to justify the new economic and urban conditions, or to change them. The intellectuals and artists of the age had to deal in some way with the upheavals in society, the obvious inequities of abundance for a few and squalor for many, and, emanating from the throne of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), an emphasis on public rectitude and moral propriety.The NovelThe Victorian era was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class. The novels of Charles Dickens, full to overflowing with drama, humor, and an endless variety of vivid characters and plot complications, nonetheless spare nothing in their portrayal of what urban life was like for all classes. William Makepeace Thackeray is best known for Vanity Fair (1848), which wickedly satirizes hypocrisy and greed.Emily Brontë's (see , family) single novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), is a unique masterpiece propelled by a vision of elemental passions but controlled by an uncompromising artistic sense. The fine novels of Emily's sister Charlotte Brontë, especially Jane Eyre (1847) and Villette (1853), are more rooted in convention, but daring in their own ways. The novels of George (Mary Ann Evans) appeared during the 1860s and 70s. A woman of great erudition and moral fervor, Eliot was concerned with ethical conflicts and social problems. George produced comic novels noted for their psychological perception. Another novelist of the late19th cent. was the prolific Anthony , famous for sequences of related novels that explore social, ecclesiastical, and political life in England.Thomas 's profoundly pessimistic novels are all set in the harsh,punishing midland county he called Wessex. Samuel produced novels satirizingthe Victorian ethos, and Robert Louis , a master of his craft, wrote arresting adventure fiction and children's verse. The mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, writing under the name Lewis , produced the complex and sophisticated children's classics Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking Glass (1871). Lesser novelists of considerable merit include Benjamin , George , Elizabeth Gaskell, and Wilkie . By the end of the period, the novel was considered not only the premier form of entertainment but also a primary means of analyzing and offering solutions to social and political problems.NonfictionAmong the Victorian masters of nonfiction were the great Whig historian Thomas and Thomas , the historian, social critic, and prophet whose rhetoric thundered through the age. Influential thinkers included John Stuart , thegreat liberal scholar and philosopher; Thomas Henry , a scientist and popularizer of Darwinian theory; and John Henry, Cardinal , who wroteearnestly of religion, philosophy, and education. The founders of Communism, Karl and Friedrich , researched and wrote their books in the free environmentof England. The great art historian and critic John also concerned himselfwith social and economic problems. Matthew 's theories of literature andculture laid the foundations for modern literary criticism, and his poetry is also notable. PoetryThe preeminent poet of the Victorian age was Alfred, Lord . Although romantic in subject matter, his poetry was tempered by personal melancholy; in its mixture of social certitude and religious doubt it reflected the age. The poetry of Robert and his wife, Elizabeth Barrett , was immensely popular, though Elizabeth's was more venerated during their lifetimes. Browning is bestremembered for his superb dramatic monologues. Rudyard , the poet of the empire triumphant, captured the quality of the life of the soldiers of British expansion. Some fine religious poetry was produced by Francis , Alice , Christina , and Lionel .In the middle of the 19th cent. the so-called , led by the painter-poet Dante Gabriel , sought to revive what they judged to be the simple, naturalvalues and techniques of medieval life and art. Their quest for a richsymbolic art led them away, however, from the mainstream. William —designer, inventor, printer, poet, and social philosopher—was the most versatile of the group, which included the poets Christina Rossetti and Coventry .Algernon Charles began as a Pre-Raphaelite but soon developed his own classically influenced, sometimes florid style. A. E. and Thomas Hardy, Victorian figures who lived on into the 20th cent., share a pessimistic viewin their poetry, but Housman's well-constructed verse is rather more superficial. The great innovator among the late Victorian poets was the Jesuit priest Gerard Manley . The concentration and originality of his imagery, aswell as his jolting meter (―sprung rhythm‖), had a profound effect on 20th-century poetry.During the 1890s the most conspicuous figures on the English literaryscene were the . The principal figures in the group were Arthur , Ernest , and, first among them in both notoriety and talent, Oscar . The Decadents' disgust with bourgeois complacency led them to extremes of behavior and expression. However limited their accomplishments, they pointed out the hypocrisies in Victorian values and institutions. The sparkling, witty comedies of OscarWilde and the comic operettas of W. S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan were perhaps the brightest achievements of 19th-century British drama.维多利亚时代的英语文学威廉四世逝世后，英国开始了长达63年的维多利亚女王统治时期（1837年至1901年）。

英语国家概况名词解释英国篇

Chapter5 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The Reform Act of 1832改革法案：(1)It’s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832, it was passed by Parliament in 1832.(2)According to the Act, “rotten boroughs” were abolished, and parliament seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing industrial towns.(3)It also gave the vote to many householder and tenants who were required to have certain property.
The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴：(1)Renaissance was a cultural movement in Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century.(2)It originated in Italy and began to come to England in the late 15th century.(3)The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in poetry, drama and prose.(4)The greatest literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.

英国文学史 The Victorian Age习题

英国文学史习题The Victorian AgeI.Blank filling1.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____________________________appeared after the romantic poetry.2.The greatest English realist of the 19th century was ___________________________, whopictures bourgeois civilization, and shows the misery and suffering of the common people. 3.The V ictorian Age in English literature was largely on age of prose, especially of the_________________.4.Robert Browning is a great experimenter in poetic art. He is best known for the technique of__________________.5.The most important poet of the V ictorian Age was _________________________. Next tohim were Robert Browning and his wife.6.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature: the struggle of the_________________________ for their rights.7.The novel________________________ deals with the adventure of Mr. Pickwick, a retiredold merchant, who is the founder and chairman of the Pickwick Club.8.The novel “Oliver Twist” tells the story of a poor child nam ed_________________ who isborn in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.9.In “A T ale of Two Cities”, the two cities are _________ and ________ in the time ofrevolution.10.The subtitle of “V anity Fair” is __________________________. The write r’s intention wasnot to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.11.The main plot of “V anity Fair” centers on the story of two women: Amelia Sedley and___________________. Their characters are in sharp contrast.12.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, _____________________ and Anne Bronte.13.Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece is _____________________________.14.Emily Bronte’s masterpiece is _____________________________.15.The author of “Mary Barton” is ________________________.16.The author of “ The R eturn of the Native” is _______________________.17.Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to _______________________.18.George Eliot produced three remarkable novels including “Adam Bede”, “The Mill on theFloss” and _____________________.19.In the novel “Adam Bede”, Adam falls in love with a village girlcalled__________________________ who is seduced and deserted by a squire.20.Hardy’s novels of character and environment, which are also called______________________________, are of great significance.21.Among Hardy’s novels, the best-known are ___________________________ and “Jude theObscure”.22.Hardy’s novel _________________________ talks about the life of a merchant who leavesthe big city and return to his home village.23.__________________________ is the representative among the writers of aestheticism anddecadence. “The Picture of Dorian Gray” is a typical decadent novel written by him.24.“In Memoriam” is a collection of 131 short poems intended as a lament for the death of hisfriend___________________________.25.It was while living in Italy that Robert Browning published his finest volume of poems__________________ .II.Multiple choice1.Although writing from different points of view and with different technique, writers in theVictorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about________.A.the love story between the rich and the poorB.the techniques in writingC.the fate of the common peopleD.the future of their own country2.The author of the work “Dombey and Son” is _____.A. Charles DickensB. Henry JamesC. Robert BrowningD. Thackaray3. In the following figures, who is Dickens’s first child hero?A. FaginB. Mr. BrownlowC. Oliver TwistD. Bill Sikes4. As a love story, Wuthering Heights is one of the most moving: the passion between_______ proves the most intense, the most beautiful and at the same time the most horrible.A. Hareton and CathyB. Heathcliff and CatherineC. Hareton and CatherineD. Heathcliff and Cathy5. Which of the following statements about Emily Bronte is not true?A. She was famous for here Wuthering Heights.B. She wrote 193 poems.C. She lived a very short life.D. Her masterpiece is noted for its optimistic tone.6. The most important characteristic in Ulysses by Alfred Tennyson is ___________.A. mastering of languageB. excellent choice of wordsC. use of the dramatic monologueD. excellent metaphor7. In the Robert Browning’s works, which established his position as one of the great English poets?A. PaulineB. The Ring and the BookC. SordelloD. Dramatic Romances and Lyrics8. Which of the following poems is not by V ictorian poets?A. “Break, Break, Break”B. “My Last Duches”C. In MemoriamD. The Isles of Greece9. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.” The above passage is most pr obably taken from___________.A. Great ExpectationsB. Wuthering HeightsC. Jane EyreD. Pride and Prejudice10. The sentences “And now he stared as here so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his gaze, would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt” are foundin ________.A. Wuthering HeightsB. Jane EyreC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. Pride and Prejudice11. The first two lines of Alfred Tennyson’s well-known poem “Break, Break, Break” read “Break, break, break, / On thy cold grey stones, O Sea!” the repeated word “break” suggests_______.A. joyB. fearC. fondnessD. hatred12. In the long poem “The Ring and the book”, the “book” is compared to ______.A. loveB. comprehensive knowledgeC. the hard truthD. the method of study13. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex _______.A. a crude region in EnglandB. A fictional primitive regionC. a remote rural areaD. Hardy’s hometown14. Middlemarch is considered to be George E liot’s greatest novel, owning to all the following reasons except ________A. it vividly depicts English country lifeB. it probes into perpetual philosophical thoughtsC. it provides a panoramic view of lifeD. it reveals women’s true feelings15. Tes s of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best known novels, portrays man as __________.A. being hereditarily good or badB. being self-sufficientC. having no control over his own fateD. still retaining his own faith in a world confusion16.In the play “The Importance of B eing Earnest” by Wilde, the upper-class people is described as the following except_______.A. corruptB. snobbishC. hypocriticalD. ambitious17. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing society, but also due to its introduction to the English novel the first ______ heroine.A. workerB. peasantC. governessD. explorer18. Which of the following descriptions of Thomas Hardy is wrong?A. most of his novels are set in WessexB. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.C. Among Hardy’s major works, Under the Greenwood Tree is the most cheerful and idyllic.D. From The Mayor of Casterbridge on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of his novels.19. “Every day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his”, the sentence is found in ___________.A. Middlemarch by George EliotB. Tess of the D’Urber villes by HardyC. Jane Eyre by Charlotte BronteD. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte20. In ______ Tennyson dealt with the theme of women’s rights and positions.A. The PrincessB. MemoriamC. Idylls of the KingD. Poems21. Which of the following be st describes the protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s “The Mayor of Casterbridge”?A. He is a man of self-esteem.B. He is a man of self-contempt.C. He is a man of self-confidence.D. He is a man of self-sufficiency.22. _________ not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.A. George EliotB. Thomas HardyC.D. Lawrence D. Charles Dickens23. Robert Browning created the verse novel, transferring the thematic interest from mere narration of the story to revelation and study of characters’ inner world and brought to the Victorian Poetry____________.A. some psycho-analytical elementB. some romantic elementC. some realistic elementD. some classical element24. Dicken’s works are characterized by a mingling of __________ and pathos.A. metaphorB. passionC. satireD. humor25. Among the writings by George Eliot, _______ is her only novel on English politics.A. Felix Holt, the RadicalB. MiddlemarchC. Daniel DerondaD. Romola26. The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is _________.A. dramatic monologueB. use of symbolC. use of ironic languageD. use of lyrics27. Among George Eliot’s seven novels, ________ is essentially an autobiographic account of her life.A. Felix Holt, the RadicalB. MiddlemarchC. Daniel DerondaD. The mill on the Floss28. The author of ______ makes clear in the novel that it is wrong to discriminate on the basis of social status, and it is cruel and destructive to break genuine, natural human passions.A. Jane EyreB. Wuthering HeightsC. Pride and PrejudiceD. Tess of the D’Urbervilles29. George Eliot holds that the individual life is determined basically by two major forces:A. the spiritual self and the physical selfB. the good and the evilC. the individual’s personality and the outer social circumstancesD. the divided self and the integrated self30. A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that wriers became___________, exposing all kinds of social evils.A. didactic writersB. individual idealistsC. moral criticsD. religious advocators31. Thomas Hardy wrote novels of _______.A. psychoanalysisB. pure romanceC. character and environmentD. religious advocators32. The title of the Alfred Tennyson’s poem “Ulysses” reminds the reader of the following except ________.A. the Trojan WarB. HomerC. questD. Christ33. Tennyson’s poem, Idylls of the King, was based on _________.A. the Celtic legendsB. an Italian documentC. a Roman murder caseD. the Bible34. One of the typical features of Dickens’ novels is __________.A. complicated narrationB. exaggerated caricatureC. compressed syntaxD. streams of consciousness35. In style, Thomas Hardy is a traditionalist, though there are obvious traits of ______ in thematic matters.A. neo-classicismB. modernismC. romanticismD. utilitarianismIII. Error correction1.In the period of V ictorian Age, a new literary trend called preromanticism appeared, whichflourished in the forties and in the early fifties.2.The greatest English critical realist was Charles Dickinson.3.Both Robert Browning and his wife Elizabeth Gaskell were well-known poet.4.Heathcliff is a character in the novel “Emma”.5.In “Mary Barton”, Carson is an active Chartist.6.Opt imism and positivism are strongly reflected in Hardy’s writings.7.The subtitle of Hardy’s “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” is “a Novel without a Hero”.8.Oscar Wilde is the representative among the writers of aestheticism and critical realism.9.The greatest Chartis t poet was Thomas Cooper, who wrote a long poem “The revolt ofHindostan” in his imprisonment.10.The short poem “Break, Break, Break” was written by Shelly.IV. Exercises on Selected ReadingExercise 1The room in which the boys were fed was a large stone hall, with a copper at one end, out of which the master, dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women, ladled the gruel at mealtimes; of which composition each boy had one porringer, and no more－except on festive occasions, and then he had two ounces and a quarter of bread besides. The bowls never wanted washing—the boys polished them with their spoons till they shone again: and when they had performed this operation, (which never took very long, the spoons being nearly as large as the bowls) they would sit staring at the copper with such eager eyes as is they could devour the very bricks of which it was composed; employing themselves meanwhile in sucking their fingers most assiduously, with the view of catching up any stray splashes of gruel that might have been cast thereon. Boys have generally excellent appetites. Oliver Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months; at last they got so voracious and wild with hunger, that one boy, who was tall for his age, and hadn’t been used to that sort of thing, (for his father had kept a small cook’s shop)hinted darkly to his companions, that unless he had another basin of gruel per diem, he was afraid he should some night eat the boy who slept next him, who happened to be a weakly youth of tender age. He had a wild, hungry eye, and they implic itly believed him. A council was held; lots were cast who should walk up to the master after supper that evening, andask for more; and it fell to Oliver Twist.The evening arrived; the boys took their places; the master in his cook’s uniform stationed himself at the copper; his pauper assistants ranged themselves behind him; the gruel was served out, and a long grace was said over the short commons. The gruel disappeared, and the boys whispered to each other and winked at Oliver, while his next neighbours nudged him. Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger and reckless with misery. He rose from the table, and advancing, basin and spoon in hand, to the master, said, somewhat alarmed at his own temerity －“Pleased, Sir, I want some more.”The master was a fat, healthy man, but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralysed with wonder; the boys with fear.“What!” said the master at length, in a faint voice.“Please sir,” replied Oliver, “I want some more.”The master aimed a blow at Oliver’s head with the ladle; p inioned him in his arms; and shrieked aloud for the beadle.QUESTIONS:1.This passage is taken from a well-known novel entitled _____________________.2.The writer of the novel is ____________________.3.What can you see from this passage?Exercise 2MRS W ARREN: (piteously) Oh, my darling, how can you be so hard on me? Have I no rights over you as your mother?VIVIE: Are you my mother?MRS WARREN: (appalled) Am I your mother! Oh, Vivie!VIVIE: Then where are our relatives? my father? our family friends? Y ou claim the rights of a mother: the right to call me fool and child; to speak to me as no woman in authority over me at college dare speak to me; to dictate my way of life; and to force on me the acquaintance of a brute whom anyone can see to be the most vicious sort of London man about town. Before I give myself the trouble to resist such claims, I may as well find out the whether they have any real existence.MRS WARREN: (distracted, throwing herself on her knees) Oh no, no. Stop, stop. I am your mother: I s wear it. Oh, you can’t mean to turn on me－my own child! It’s not natural. Y ou believe me, don’t you? Say you believe me.VIVIE: Who was my father?MRS WARREN: Y ou don’t know what you’re asking. I can’t tell you.VIVIE: (determinedly) Oh yes you can, if you like. I have a right to know; and you know very well that I have that right. Y ou can refuse to tell me, if you please; but if you do, will see the last of me tomorrow morning.MRS WARREN: Oh, it’s too horrible to hear you talk like that. Y ou wouldn’t－you couldn’t leave me.VIVIE: (ruthlessly) Y e s, without a moment’s hesitation, if you trifle with me about this. (Shivering with disgust) How can I feel sure that I may not have the contaminated blood of that brutal waster in my veins?MRS WARREN: NO, no. On my oath it’s not he, nor any of the rest that you have ever met. I’m certain of that, at least.VIvie’s eyes fasten sternly on her mother as the significance of this flashed on her.QUESTIONS:1.This passage is taken from a play entitled________________ .2.Who is the writer of this play?3.Do you kno w what is Mrs. Warren’s profession?4.What is the theme of the play?V. Questions and Answers1. Comment on Tess of the D’ Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy.2. Make comments on Samuel Butler’s novels.。

The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期

1837年维多利亚女王即位时，英国已经完成了资本主义工业革命，为了满足国家寻找原料地和销售市场的要求，英国开始在世界各地建立殖民地和自治领。1840年英国占领了新西兰，这标志着英国在全世界的殖民体系形成。英国对中国的野心由来已久。英国与中国的贸易最早始于茶叶、丝绸的贸易；但是这些商品是英国市场上的奢侈品，而中国自给自足的经济体制使得英国的工业革命的产品毫无用武之地。为了扭转对华贸易逆差，英国商人开始在英国政府的支持下倾销鸦片。1839年，林则徐在虎门销烟，极大程度上打击了英国政府的倾销政策，1840年初，维多利亚女王在议会上发表了著名的演说，呼吁“为了大英帝国的利益”，向中国发动战争。第一次鸦片战争遂始。
• The Chartist Movement (1836-1848 )was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. The movement brought some improvement to the welfare of the working class. It was the first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
◆ Historical Situation Reign of Queen Victoria: 1837-1901

维多利亚时代特点(英文)

When it comes to Victorian Age, we can all imagine the prosperity of Britain. In the period, the Queen Victorian became the symbol of peace and prosperity in the English history.During the Victorian Age, economic, social, and political changes occurred in Britain, which made “the sun never sets on England”. With the development of industrialization, the size of the cities grew very quickly. What’s more, lots of people received the right to vote, which improves t he liberation of people's thoughts.In addition, The Victorian literature was also regarded as a high point in British literature as well as in other countries. The Novels, poetries, and dramas are always realistic. The works always started with strongly critical of the social reality, but ended up with a happy ending, which means an important compromise to current society.On the other side, there are still some problems in the Victorian Age. For example, in spite of the prosperity of the era, factory workers and farm workers lived in terrible poverty. It means that England was two nations, the poor and the rich. As a result, the class contradiction of that era increasingly difficult to reconcile, which has leaded a lot of problems to be solved.。

unit 12 The Victorian Age维多利亚时代

Charles Darwin 1809-1882
An English naturalist who was famous for his famous theory of "natural selection". As a young scientist he set sail on the voyage of the Beagle in 1831 and came back with observations on the varieties of fossils and living animals which made him question the Bible's story of creation. His findings were published in "The Origin of Species" in 1859. This theory caused a real stir and was sold out straight away.
• Queen Victoria ruled over Britain from 1837 – 1901. During this time Britain changed dramatically.
• The main reason for the change was the Industrial Revolution, which saw people moving from the countryside to the cities to find jobs in the newly expanding factories.
• British Empire expansion
– “The sun never sets on England.” – India, North America, South Pacific, etc.

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– Hard Times
• William Makepeace Thackeray
– Vanity Fair
• Elizabeth C. Gaskell • Mary Barton
– Cranford
• Anthony Trollope
– BarchCharlotte Bronte
Introduction to the Victorian Period
Definition: Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. In this period, class struggle was very tense. As a result, a new literary trend – critical realism appeared. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
• Novel
– (Critical) realist novel: reveal the social reality and c riticize the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy
• Charles Dickens • Oliver Twist • Great Expectations
• Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.
– monthly instalment became the fashion in novel publication: – Dickens, Thackeray, Gaskell, Collins, Trollope and Eliot organized their works in enticing迷人的, coherent morsels少量地分配that kept characters and plots running from month to month – authors had to keep to the schedule, no final idea how to end, making adjustments based on sales and reviews – readers had time to follow, digest, and also to influence the outcome; affected authors as they had to change their plan to meet readers’ requirements, thus usu. the planning/structure bad or loose.
– Jane Eyre
• Emily Bronte
– Wuthering Heights
• George Eliot • Adam Bede 《亚当．比德》 • The Mill on the Floss与《福洛斯河上的磨坊》 • Silas Marner 《织工马南》 • • • • • • Middlemarch 《米德玛奇》 Thomas Hardy Return of the Native （还乡）还乡） Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》卡斯特桥市长》 Tess of D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》苔丝》 Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》无名的裘德》
Features of Victorian Novels
• In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice.
Features of the Victorian Literature
• Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.
Literary Background --- A Golden Age of Novel
• • • • • 97% people able to read by 1900; cheaper paper; faster printing; easier circulation; more working readers demanding cheap literature: religious tracts 小册子, self-help manuals指南, reprinting of classics, penny newspapers, new prose and poetry which instructed and entertained; and
• And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (18361848). During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress. But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.

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The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期

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