Unit 4 教案-新世纪大学英语第二册

Unit 4 Work and Career
Lecturer: Cai Jie 蔡洁
Classes: 注会11401 （53）
Teaching Objectives:
1.To understand the relationship among work, labor and play.
2.Grasp the key words, phrases and structures.
Teaching Contents
1.Lead-in activities
2.Text Organization (Text A)
nguage points ( key words, phrases and difficult sentences)
4.Grammar Focus (simple sentences and complex sentences)
5.Guided Practice (Listening practice ,oral practice and written exercises) Teaching Focus
3.Transformation of Sentences
age of language points and expressions
5.Understanding of the text
Time Allotment:
Teaching Methods:
●Explanation
●Group discussion
●Questions and answers
●Multi-media
●Performance
Teaching Procedure:
1.Warm-up Activity
1) Group Discussion
1.What do you think work can provide ?
2.What factors do you think one should take into account when choosing a career?
3.What kind of job do you think will be suitable for you?
2) Quotes about work and labor.
1 Work will not kill a man but worry will.
累不死人愁死人。

2 Work has a bitter root but sweet fruit.
劳动根虽苦，然而果实甜。

3 What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
事既值得做，就把事做好。

4 Labour is often the father of pleasure.
勤劳常为快乐之源。

5 Work is the grand cure for all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind.
-— Thoas Carlyle, British historian
工作是良药，能医治一切困扰人的疾苦。

——英国历史学家T. 卡莱尔
2.Text Organization
Part one:(Para1-3) The author explains his understanding of work, labour, and play. Whether one is a labourer or a worker has little to do with whether he or she is doing a physical or a mental job, but with the attitude he or she takes towards the job he or she does.
Part Two: (Para 4) In the author’s eye, the majority of people in a modern technological society are labourers rather than workers.
Part Three: (Para 5) The author stresses the two negative aspects of technology and the division of labor: by eliminating the need for special skills, they
turned enjoyable work into boring labor and by increasing
productivity, they give people excessive leisure time.
3. Language Points
A. Words and Expressions
1) (L2) define: vt. state, show or explain clearly
e.g 把“幸福”界定为“拥有很多钱”是错误的。

(= It's wrong to define “happiness” as “owing lots of money”. )
2) (L4) compel: vt.
1. force or oblige
*You cannot compel good work from unwilling students.
2. inspire
*Her intelligence and skill compel universal admiration.
cf. compel, force, constrain, & oblige
这些动词均含“迫使”之意。

compel 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。

force 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。

constrain 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫
使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。

oblige 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫做出的反应。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. He felt _______ to leave after such an unpleasant quarrel. (=obliged)
2. Wealth is a power usurped by the few, to _______ the many to labour for their benefit. (=compel)
3. I’m by the need to care for my mother. (=constrained)
4. Survivors of the gas explosion are much _______ to the public for their concern and donations. (=obliged)
5. They the child into obedience. (=forced)
3) (L6) in the strict sense: in the most limited meaning
*In the strict sense, it is not a piece of classical music.
Collocations:
in a sense 在某种意义上
in the literal sense 就字面上而言
in the full sense 就全面的角度而言
in the broad sense 从广义的角度而言
4) (L7) abolish: vt. bring to an end by law; stop
e.g 我们应该废止种族隔离一事愈来愈受到重视。

(=There is growing recognition that we should abolish segregation.)
cf. abolish, cancel & repeal
这些动词均含“取消、废除”之意
abolish正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。

例如：
In my opinion, such corrupt practices should be abolished.
依我看，这些陋习应当废除。

cancel用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。

例如：
If it rains, let our engagement be cancelled.
如果下雨，就取消我们的约会吧。

repeal书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。

例如：The legislation was repealed five months later.
5) (L20) voluntary: a.acting or done willingly, without being forced
*She does voluntary social work.
Collocations:
voluntary clinic 免费诊所
voluntary coordination 自发性协调
voluntary association 自愿结合
voluntary agreement 无偿协议
voluntary labour 义务劳动
voluntary agency 志愿机构，志愿团体
voluntary assistance 义务援助
voluntary contribution 自愿捐款
6) (L21) classify: vt. arrange in classes or groups
*We usually classify types of character as good or bad.
cf. organize, categorize, classify & sort
这些动词均含“按一定规则加以组织、分类”之意。

organize 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。

categorize 强调贴标签于某物上并将其分类，或分列入目录中。

classify 指按照事物类型、质量或相似点进行分类。

sort 通常指根据类型或分类进行挑选。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. The books in the library are _______ to subjects. (=classified)
2. Please _______ out the things you want to keep and throw everything else away. (=sort)
3. She was the first to the work in this way. (=organize)
4. He was as a trouble-maker. (=categorized)
5. Natural resources can be as renewable and nonrenewable ones. (=classified)
7) (L22) undertake: vt. make oneself responsible for; agree; promise
e.g 量力而行。

(=Undertake no more than you can perform.)
8) (L23) coincide: vi.be in agreement
e.g 我和你政见不同。

(=I do not coincide with you in politics.)
9) (L21) compulsion: n. force or strong influence; strong unreasonable desire
e.g 对他们只能说服，不能压服。

(=Persuasion, not compulsion, is the only way to convince them.)
Pattern: under compulsion
10) (L40) eliminate: vt. remove; take away; get rid of
e.g 我们能消灭癌症以减少死亡率吗？
(=Can we eliminate cancer so as to reduce death rate?)
* Eliminate the false and retain the true.
(=去伪存真。

)
Collocations:
eliminate sex barriers 消除男女差别
eliminate errors 消除错误
eliminate illiteracy 扫盲
eliminate pornography 扫黄
cf. remove, eliminate, dismiss & expel
这些动词均有“开除、驱出、去掉”之意。

remove 普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。

eliminate 通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。

dismiss 既可指突然迅速地排除，也可指解雇、开除或驳回。

expel 多指强行解除公职或驱出居住地。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. The case against Robert Jones was _______ for lack of evidence. (=dismissed)
2. Six American diplomats have already been _______ . (=expelled)
3. The servant was for being lazy and dishonest. (=dismissed)
4. Please _______ your bag from the seat so that I can sit down. (=remove)
5. She once again went through her composition carefully to all spelling mistakes. (=eliminate)
11) (L47) recall: vt.
1. order to return; summon back
*The government recalled its ambassador when the war was declared.
2. remember; recollect
*The sight recalled the days of childhood to her.
cf. remember, recall, recollect & remind
这些动词均有“记忆、记住、回忆”之意。

remember含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。

例如：
I often remember the pleasant holiday we had with you.
我们时常忆起与你共度的愉快假日。

recall 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。

例如：Try to recall to mind exactly what happened. 把发生的事情尽可能仔细地回忆一
下。

recollect指把失去或消散的东西带回头脑中。

例如：Beasts and babies remember, that is, recognize; man alone recollects. 动物和婴儿能记住或者说能辨
认东西，只有成人才能回忆起事情。

remind 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。

例如：The film reminded him of what he had seen in Germany. 这部电影使他回想起在
德国所看到的情况。

12) (L48) prospect: n.
1. wide view of a landscape
*A magnificent prospect of mountain peaks and lakes revealed before us.
2. expectation; hope
*我看他没有什么痊愈的希望。

(=I see little prospect of his recovery. )
13) (L50) mass:
1. n. a large number, lots
*The flowers made a mass of colour in the garden.
2. a. of or for a large number, esp. of people
*mass meeting (=群众大会)
*mass media (=大众传媒)
*mass walk-out (=大批退席)
*mass production (=大量生产)
14) (L52) grouse: n. a smallish fat bird which is shot for food and sport.
e.g The Glorious Twelfth is usually used to refer to August 12, the start of the shooting season for red grouse in the United Kingdom. This is one of the busiest days in the shooting season, with large amounts of game being shot. It is also a major boost to the rural economy.
15) (L56) go in for:
1. take, enter (an examination or competition)
*I didn’t go on for the crossword competition.
2. have an interest in, have as a hobby
*I don’t go in for sport very much.
16) (L58) gamble: v.play games of chance for money; take great risks for the
chance of winning
*She was fond of gambling on cards and horses.
17) (L60) senseless: a.
1. pointless; foolish
I condemn this senseless violence.
2. unconscious
*The little match girl fell senseless to the ground in the storm.
18) (L60) commit: vt.
1. perform (a crime, foolish act, etc. )
*He denied that he had committed the murder.
2. give or transfer for safe keeping, treatment, etc.
*They committed the patient to the mental hospital.
3. make oneself responsible; undertake
*He has committed himself to support his brother’s children.
NB: 注意该词的词性变化，它的名词为：commitment 。

B. Difficult Sentences
1) (LL6~9) In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been
abolished, whether what a man does has social value depends on whether
he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage
slave.
Q: Why does the author call a laborer a wage slave?
(=The author calls a laborer a wage slave because a laborer’s social value depends on the money he is paid. To a laborer, the job that society offers him is of no interest to him. He is compelled to take it because he has to earn a living and support his family. )
Q: What is the implied meaning of this sentence?
(=Just like slaves in the past, laborers are compelled to do jobs that they don’t really enjoy. As a result, the only difference between a laborer and a slave is that one is paid while the other is not. )
2) (LL17~20) A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society
pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary
labour is from his own point of view voluntary play.
Q: What does “voluntary play” mean in this context?
(=“V oluntary play” in the context means the job one enjoys doing. )
3) (LL22~25) The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference
between a manual and a mental job;a gardener or a cobbler may be a
worker, a bank clerk a laborer.
Q: What can we infer from this sentence?
(=According to the author, whether one is a worker or a laborer does not depend on the kind of job he or she does but on whether he or she really enjoys doing the job. Therefore, a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker if he is interested in his job, while
a bank clerk is a laborer if he is bored with his job.)
4) (LL28~30) He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much;
workers die of heart attacks and forget their wives’ birthdays.
Q: Why is a worker likely to take too little leisure?
(=Because to a worker, leisure means simply the time he needs to relax and rest in order to work more efficiently.)
Q: Translate this sentence into Chinese.
（＝所以，他可能只有少量的闲暇，而不会有大量的空闲。

工作者可能会死于心脏病，并会忘记自己妻子的生日。

）
5) (LL44~47) It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the
population, that is to say, its labourers, will have almost as much
leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy.
Q: Paraphrase this sentence.
(=We can already imagine a world where the majority of the workforce have as much leisure time as the upper classes used to have in the past.)
Q: Translate this sentence into Chinese.
（＝已经可以想象出这样一个社会：其人口的大多数，也就是其中的劳动者们，
将会享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。

）
6) (LL47~49) When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the
prospect is not cheerful.
Q:What does this sentence imply?
(=If today’s labourers who have almost as much leisure time as aristocracies in the past, should kill their time by indulging in dangerous and meaningless activities, it would have a great negative impact on society. With such a prospect in mind, one cannot but feel worried.)
7) (LL49~51) Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more
difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. Q:Translate this sentence into Chinese.
（=的确，在未来这样一个大众社会里，人们要解决“无聊”这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。

）
8) (LL53~55) The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion
which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain
people.
Q: Paraphrase this sentence.
(=Unlike the aristocracy, ordinary people spend too much leisure time following fashions that change frequently in the economic interest of certain people. )
9) (LL57~60) For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare,
it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving,
drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence.
Q: What can we infer from this sentence?
(=Unlike aristocracies, laborers cannot afford activities like gambling, dueling, and warfare, yet they may easily find similar amusements available in the modern society by spending their excessive leisure time in driving dangerously, taking drugs, or committing senseless acts of violence. )
10) (LL60~63) Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their
aggression into their work,be it physical like the work of a smith,
or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
Q: Why do you think workers can put their aggression into their work?
(=Workers usually enjoy what they are doing, so they are willing to spend most of their time and energy on their jobs. As they are bent on their work, the aggressiveness inside themselves, if any, would naturally turn into the motivation and determination to do their jobs well. )
Q：Translate this sentence into Chinese.
(=工作者很少从事暴力活动，他们可以把自己的“敌对心理”用在工作上，不管是
工匠的体力活，还是科学家、艺术家的脑力活。

)
C. Useful phrases and expressions
1) 从严格意义上说in the strict sense
2) 谋生earn a living
3) 体力劳动manual job
4) 脑力劳动mental job
5) 与……一致，相符coincide with
6) 心脏病heart attacks
7) 摆脱强制freedom from compulsion
8) 据推测at a guess
9) 劳动分工the division of labor
10) 受雇职业paid occupations
11) 大众社会mass society
12) 爱好，沉迷于go in for
13) 广大民众the masses
14) 吸食毒品drug-taking
15) 进行暴力活动commit acts of violence
16) 埋头做，认真做get one’s teeth into
4. Grammar Focus (simple sentences and complex sentences)
(1) 简单句
当一个句子里只有一个“主语+谓语”的结构即只有一个分句时，那么这个分句就是独立分句，这个句子就是简单句（simple sentence）。

简单句不是看长短来划分，而是看结构，大部分句子都是简单句，虽然有的灰常长。

简单句只有一个主语，一个谓语，这两者是关键其他成分暂不考虑。

比如：I clean.
I clean my house.
I want to clean my old house thoroughly to make it smell better at this weekend.
最后一个句子虽然看似复杂却仍然是简单句，因为结构简单，一个主语I，一个谓语want.另外要注意的是，动词有宾语和没有宾语时意思会有很大不同，第一句话I clean既可以理解为我做清洁，也可以理解为我杀人（清理人），这就要看语境的不同了，所以一句话的动词后要尽量讲清楚具体动作的对象，否则很容易产生歧义。

特殊情况，有时一个简单句也可以有好几个动词作谓语，多用来表示一连串的动作,
如
He sat there, stood up, walked up and down, and then made the decision. 这一连串的平行结构中，最后两个要用and连接起来
还比如：It looks delicate, elegant and wonderful.
I like apples, bananas, oranges and grapes.
(2) 复杂句
当一个句子里有两个或两个以上的分句，且一个分句的某些成分（如主语、宾语、状语）是由其他分句充当的，那么这样的句子就是复杂句（complex sentence），那些不能独立存在而依附于主句的分句就是从属分句，简称“从句”。

试比较：
We feltλ tired. （简单句，仅含一个独立分句）
As we felt tired, we went to bed early. （复杂句；we went to bed early是主句，as we felt tired是从句，作原因状语）
注意，从属分句还可以参与构成词组。

例如：
The man whoλhelped you yesterday is Tom’s brother. （该句是简单句；who helped you yesterday是关系分句，用来修饰man，整个名词词组作句子的主语）I’m sorryλ about what he has said. （该句也是简单句；what he has said是名词性分句，作介词about的补足成分，构成介词词组；整个介词词组作形容词sorry 的补足成分，构成形容词词组；形容词词组在句子里作主语补语）
凡是带有从属分句作为分句成分的句子，就是复杂句。

下面我们来了解一些主要的从属分句：
（一）名词性分句
名词性分句在句子中的功能类似于名词词组。

例如：
What heλ said is not true. （作主语）
It is clear that she doesn’t know the facts.λ（作主语，且被后置，用it来作先行主语，以避免句子头重脚轻）
Please tell me where she lives.λ（作宾语）
She asked me whether there would be anyλ meeting that afternoon. （作宾语）That’s why she is absent. （作主语补语）λ
This bookλ is just what I have been looking for. （作主语补语）
（二）状语分句
状语分句可以表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等意义。

（1）时间状语分句
能引导时间状语分句的连词有when(ever)、while、as、before、after、since、till/until、as soon as等等。

例如：
Whenever she goes to town, she will visit herλ grandmother.
Since he joined the army, he has made greatλ progress.
（2）地点状语分句
地点状语分句通常由where(ver)引导。

例如：
The hotelλ will be built where there used to be a church.
（3）原因状语分句
原因状语分句通常由because、as、since引导。

例如：
Mary didn’tλ go shopping because she had a lot of work to do.
As he wasλ ill, Mr Lee cancelled the appointment.
（4）结果状语分句
结果状语分句通常由so that引导。

例如：
He overslept, so that he was late forλ work.
（5）目的状语分句
目的状语分句通常由so that、in order that引导。

例如：
He got up early so that he could catch theλ train.
注意这两句例句中的状语分句都由so that引导，意思却不一样。

区别在于，目
Zooming In: An Integrated English Course (Book IV)
新世纪大学英语第四册
的状语分句里通常用情态助动词，而结果状语分句里一般不用。

（6）条件状语分句
条件状语分句通常由if、unless、as long as等引导。

例如：
If he worksλ hard, he will surely succeed.
We can’t write to her unless she sends us her address.
（7）让步状语分句
让步状语分句通常由though、although、however、even if等引导。

例如：
Though/Alt hough he was very tired, he didn’tλ stop working.
However hard he tried, he didn’t succeed.
Even if it rains tomorrow, I will start off.
5. Guided Practice
1) Listen and Respond ( 参见教材)
2) Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.
1.How does the author define a laborer and a worker ?
2.What is the difference between the attitudes of workers and laborers towards leisure according to the author?
3.What are the results technology and the division of labor have brought about according to the author ?
4.Why do workers seldom commit acts of violence according to the author?
5.What is the author’s attitude towards workers and laborers?
6. Summary
Directions: Summarize the author’s explanation of his underst anding of “work”, “labor” and “play”.
Work: 1.Whether a job can be classified as work depends on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
2.Work has nothing to do with the division between a manual and a mental
job.
3.Whether a man’s job can be viewed as work depends on his attitude toward
leisure.
Labour:1.A job can be classified as labour if a person has no interest in it.
2.He is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and
supporting his family.
Play:1:Play is a private activity that one enjoys doing as a pastime.
2: Whether one plays or not is a matter of the least concern to society.
7. After-Class Assignments
1) Do Words In Action
2) Do Cloze
3) Do Translation
11。