Lecture-9-Pragmatics
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The maxim of Relation关系relevant
The maxim of Manner方式perspicuous 清晰
第11页，共13页。
Characteristics of implicature 含义的特征
Calculability可推导性（如弦外之音） Cancellability可取消性/可废除性，即通过改变
后续行为第7页，共13页。Locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act
Locutionary act(发话行为）非语内
表现行为:
the utterance意见 of a sentence with determinate确定 sense and reference. 说出一些具有一定意义的语言单位，这种意 义上的行为叫做发话行为
第1页，共13页。
1. What is Pragmatics?
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in use.
meaning divided into two major sides:the side more closely related to the words used(semantics);the side more closely related to the context,pragmatics
话语对听话人产生的效果
第10页，共13页。
3. The theory of conversational implicature会话含义理论
The cooperative principle合作原则（Four
maxims）
The maxim of Quantity数informative The maxim of Quality质true
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure相关的规约 程序, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed执行 correctly and completely.
第8页，共13页。
illocutionary act语内表现行为
the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it.
第3页，共13页。
言语行为理论包括
两种句子：
Performative and constative
施为句
叙事句
Typical performatives use first
person singular subject, simple present tense, indicative指示 mood, active voice and
说明我们说话的目的，相当于说话人意义、 语境意义或附加意义，可以译成汉语的“言 外之意”。
第9页，共13页。
Perlocutionary act言语表达效果
the bringing out of effects on the audience by means of uttering发出 the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance说话.
Relation:contribution necessary
The Q- I- and M-principles数量、信息量
和方式原则
Informativeness Manner
第13页，共13页。
第6页，共13页。
C. very often, (i) the relevant people must have the requisite 必需的 thoughts, feelings and intentions, and (ii) must follow it up with actions as specified.相关的
Pragmatics语用=meaning意义semantics语义
第2页，共13页。
2. Speech act theory言语行为理论
J. L. Austin began to give lectures
words and deeds in 1952.
In 1955, he changed the title to How to do things with words which was published after his death in 1962.
Non-conventionality非常规性，含义会随着
语境的变化而变化
第12页，共13页。
4. Post-Griceandevelopments
后格赖斯时期的发展：对合作原则及其准则的 简化
Relevance theory关联理论 The Q- and R-principles Quantity：contribution sufficient
Lecture 9 Pragmatics语用 学
1. The definition of pragmatics
2. Speech act theory 3. The theory of conversational
implicature 4. Post-Gricean developments
performative verbs.
第4页，共13页。
I declare the meeting open. He declares the meeting
open. 我宣布第四十六届运动会开幕。
第5页，共13页。
Felicity conditions合适条件 for performatives
一些因素，含义也会相应地发生变化
Non- detachability不可分离性not separated from utterance as a whole E.G.John's a mental prodigy(if ironically)will implicate John's an idiot
The maxim of Manner方式perspicuous 清晰
第11页，共13页。
Characteristics of implicature 含义的特征
Calculability可推导性（如弦外之音） Cancellability可取消性/可废除性，即通过改变
后续行为第7页，共13页。Locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act
Locutionary act(发话行为）非语内
表现行为:
the utterance意见 of a sentence with determinate确定 sense and reference. 说出一些具有一定意义的语言单位，这种意 义上的行为叫做发话行为
第1页，共13页。
1. What is Pragmatics?
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in use.
meaning divided into two major sides:the side more closely related to the words used(semantics);the side more closely related to the context,pragmatics
话语对听话人产生的效果
第10页，共13页。
3. The theory of conversational implicature会话含义理论
The cooperative principle合作原则（Four
maxims）
The maxim of Quantity数informative The maxim of Quality质true
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure相关的规约 程序, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed执行 correctly and completely.
第8页，共13页。
illocutionary act语内表现行为
the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it.
第3页，共13页。
言语行为理论包括
两种句子：
Performative and constative
施为句
叙事句
Typical performatives use first
person singular subject, simple present tense, indicative指示 mood, active voice and
说明我们说话的目的，相当于说话人意义、 语境意义或附加意义，可以译成汉语的“言 外之意”。
第9页，共13页。
Perlocutionary act言语表达效果
the bringing out of effects on the audience by means of uttering发出 the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance说话.
Relation:contribution necessary
The Q- I- and M-principles数量、信息量
和方式原则
Informativeness Manner
第13页，共13页。
第6页，共13页。
C. very often, (i) the relevant people must have the requisite 必需的 thoughts, feelings and intentions, and (ii) must follow it up with actions as specified.相关的
Pragmatics语用=meaning意义semantics语义
第2页，共13页。
2. Speech act theory言语行为理论
J. L. Austin began to give lectures
words and deeds in 1952.
In 1955, he changed the title to How to do things with words which was published after his death in 1962.
Non-conventionality非常规性，含义会随着
语境的变化而变化
第12页，共13页。
4. Post-Griceandevelopments
后格赖斯时期的发展：对合作原则及其准则的 简化
Relevance theory关联理论 The Q- and R-principles Quantity：contribution sufficient
Lecture 9 Pragmatics语用 学
1. The definition of pragmatics
2. Speech act theory 3. The theory of conversational
implicature 4. Post-Gricean developments
performative verbs.
第4页，共13页。
I declare the meeting open. He declares the meeting
open. 我宣布第四十六届运动会开幕。
第5页，共13页。
Felicity conditions合适条件 for performatives
一些因素，含义也会相应地发生变化
Non- detachability不可分离性not separated from utterance as a whole E.G.John's a mental prodigy(if ironically)will implicate John's an idiot