化学第一章org2alkanes.cycloalkanes

CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CCH2CH2CH2CH3 3,5,8-三甲基-5-丁基十一烷 CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 4-甲基-6-乙基癸烷 CH2CH3
Sequence rule(次序规则)
a system of rules based on atomic number. CH3 4-甲基-8-异丙基十一烷 CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 CH(CH3)2
about single bonds
H
H
CH4
H
C H
H
H H H
constitutional formula configurational formula
H
H C H
H C H
H
C 2 H6
C 3 H8
H
C H
H
H
CH3-CH3
H
C H
C
H
H
CH3-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
7 6 5 H3C CH 2 CH
4 CH 3 2 1 CH CH CH CH 3 3 CH 3 CH 35' 2 CH 2' CH 2CH 3 6' 7'
1
2,3,5-三甲基-4-丙基庚烷
CH3
2,7,8 3,4,9
H3C C C CH2 C H2C CH CH CH2 CH3 2,7,8-三甲基癸烷 10 9 H 8 3 7 6H2 5 4 2 1 CH3 CH3
Nanotubes, a new class of carbon-based materials with strength roughly one hundred times that of steel, also have an exceptional toughness.
The properties of these materials depends on many things, but central to them is whether or not rotation is possible around C–C bonds.
1o
1o
2o H2 C
1o primary (伯)
CH3
1o
2o secondary (仲)
3o tertiary (叔)
4 o quarternary (季)
3
2. Nomenclature of alkanes(烷烃的命名)
2.1 Common names(普通命名法) straight chain(直链) 甲烷 乙烷 丙烷 正丁烷 正戊烷 正壬烷 正癸烷 正十一烷... Branched chain(支链) ?
CH3 CH2-CH-CH-CH3 CH3
CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3
CH3 CH2-C-CH2-CH3 CH3
1.4 Classes of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms(碳 原子和氢原子的类型)
1o
CH3
1o
CH3 CH3 C 4o C H CH3 o
C-C
3-乙基-5-(1,2-二甲基丙基)壬烷 3-乙基-5-1’,2’-二甲基丙基壬烷
CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CCH3 CH3 CH(CH3)2
2,2,7-三甲基-6-乙基辛烷
-CH2CH3 -CCl3
-SCH3 >
-CH2CH2CH3 -SCH3
> -CCl3 >
-CH2OH -CHDCH3
2-甲基-5,5-二(1,1-二甲基丙基)癸烷
CH3 CH3CH2CHCHCH2C(CH3)3 CH2CH2CH3
2,2,5-三甲基-4-丙基庚烷
CH3 CH3CHCH2CCH2CH3 CH3 CH(CH3)2
2,3,5,5-四甲基庚烷
3-甲基-3-乙基庚烷 ?
Electron micrograph of myosin (肌球蛋白 )
CH3— 甲基
CH3CH2—
乙基
CH3CH2CH2—
正丙基
CH3CH2CH2CH2—
正丁基 1-甲基乙基
CH3
H3C
CH CH3
异丙基
CH3CHCH2 异丁基 CH3
2-甲基丙基
CH3CH2...CH- 仲某基 (CH3)2CH...CH2- 异某基
CH3
CH3 CH3C CH3
H3CH2C CH CH3
Systematic names (系统命名法) 2.2 Systematic names(系统命名法) 2.2.1 Fundamental knowledge(基础知识) straight chain 甲烷 乙烷 丙烷 正癸烷 十一烷...
丁烷 戊烷
己烷
庚烷 正辛烷
正壬烷
2.2.2 Alkyl groups(烷基)
H3C(H2C)7 H
(CH 2)12CH3 H
5) Many insect sex attractants have been synthesized and are used to lure(引 诱) insects into traps(圈套，陷阱) as a means of insect control.
When your muscles contract it is largely because many C–C sigma (single) bonds are undergoing rotation (conformational changes构象转变) in a muscle protein called myosin (肌球蛋白).
Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
saturated aliphatic ~ alkanes chain ~ aliphatic ~ (烷烃) (饱和脂肪烃) alkenes (链烃) (脂肪烃) unsaturated (烯烃) hydrocarbons aliphatic ~ alkynes (碳氢化合物—烃) alicyclic ~ cyclic ~ (炔烃) (脂环烃) (环烃) aromatic ~ (芳香烃)
Alkanes
1. Homologous series and constitutional isomers of alkanes(烷烃的同系列与构造异构) 1.1 Homologous series
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, ..., CnH2n+2
-CH 2-
1.2 Structure
H
C4H10
CH3 CH2-CH-CH3
constitutional isomers (构造异构体)
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
C5H12
CH3 CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3 CH2-C-CH3 CH3
C6H14
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3
CH2CH3
CH3 CH2CH2CHCH3
2,7,9-三甲基-6-异丁基十一烷 2,7,9-三甲基-6-(2-甲丙基)十一烷 2,7,9-三甲基-6-2’-甲丙基十一烷
CH3CHCH2CHCHCH2 CH3 CH2CHCH3 CH3
3'
C-C-C
9 8 7 6 5
1' 2' 4
C C3
2 1
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
CH3 CH2-CH-CH3
CH3 CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
正己烷
正庚烷 正辛烷
CH3 CH2-C-CH3 CH3
异丁烷
utional isomers
IUPAC ( international union of pure and applied chemistry) names
> -COOCH3
-CH2NH2
-COOCH3
-CH2Br
-CH2Br >
-CH2CHDCH3
> -CH2OH > > -CH2CH3
-CH2NH2
-CHDCH3
-CH2CHDCH3
>
-CH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CHCHCHCH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3
3-甲基-5-乙基-4-丙基庚烷 ?
?
CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CHCHCH2CHCH3 CH2CHCH3 CH3
?
2,5-二甲基-4-异丁基庚烷
CH 3 CH 3
H3C
CH 2 C
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 H3C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 3 H3C CH 2 C CH 3 CH 3 H3C
CH3(CH2)9CH3 (cockroach(蟑螂) aggregation pheromone) (CH3)2CH(CH2)14CH3 (sex attractant of female tiger moth灯蛾)
4) Muscalure is the sex attractant of the common housefly(家蝇) (Musca domestica).
(CH3)3CCH2-
叔丁基
CH3CH2...C1,1-二甲基乙基 CH3
叔某基
仲丁基
新戊基
1-甲基丙基
2,2-二甲基丙基
2.2.3 Nomenclature(命名) 1)Select as the parent structure the longest continuous chain(选取碳原子数最多的碳链为主链). 当一个分子具有相同长度的链可以作为主链时,选择具有侧链数目数 多的链为主链. 2)Number the carbon to which the alkyl group is attached. 从距离支链最近的一端开始编号，并使取代基的位次为最小. 使取代基的号码尽可能小，若有多个取代基，逐个比较，直到到比 出高低为止. 3)Name. 汉字与阿拉伯数字之间要用“-"连起来. 顺序规则:小的基团放在前面(基团小到大的顺序:甲基,乙基,丙基, 丁基,戊基,异戊基,异丁基,新戊基,异丙基,仲丁基,叔丁基)
H
H H
Hybridization? Bonding?
1.3 Constitutional isomers（构造异构体）
constitution Order of atomic connections that defines a molecule (构造) structure configuration Arrangement of atoms that characterizes a particular stereoisomer (构型) conformation Different arrangements of atoms that can be converted into one another by rotation (构象)
Pheromones(信息素): Communication by Means of Chemicals
Many animals, especially insects, communicate with other members of their species based on the odors (气味) of pheromones. 1) Pheromones are secreted(藏匿，分泌) by insects in extremely small amounts but they can cause profound and varied biological effects. 2) Pheromones are used as sex attractants(性吸引剂) in courtship(求偶), warning substances, or ―aggregation(集合) compounds‖ (to cause members of their species to congregate(聚集)). 3) Pheromones are often relatively simple compounds.
2 5 3 4 4 3 5 2 6 1
3 2 H2 4
5
6 7
8
9
10
1 6
CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
2，4，5 2，3，5 2，3，5－三甲基己烷
CH3 6 5 4 7 3 2 1 8 CH3-CH2-CH2-C-CH2-CH-CH2CH3 5,5-二甲基－3－乙基辛烷 CH3 CH2CH3