中医英语课后答案9.10.11.12.13.15

中医英语课后答案9.10.11.12.13.15
第十课
一．术语翻译
1.theory of meridians and collaterals
2.system of meridians and collaterals
3.transporting qi and blood to the whole body
4.being connected with the viscera and limbs
5.running routes
6.twelve regular meridians
7.the regions through or along which the meridians
run and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other
8.(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian
9.eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)
10.branches of the twelve regular meridians 11.divergent collaterals
12.skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians
13.tendons of the twelve regular meridians
14.qi of meridians
15.syndrome differentiation of meridians and
collaterals
16.meridian conduction
17.meridian manifestations
18.blockage of meridians
19.soothing meridians and activating collaterals
20.collateral pricking and cupping therapy
二．句子翻译
1.Meridians are the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body.
2.The meridians, which are the major trunks in the system of meridians and collaterals, mainly run in the deep
regions of the body. The collaterals, which are the branches of the meridians, run in the shallow regions of the body or just beneath the skin.
3.The twelve regular meridians start from and end at certain points, run through or along certain regions, follow
certain orders to connect with each other, distribute in the limbs with rules and are directly associated with the internal organs.
4.The eight extraordinary vessels include the governor vessel, conception vessel, thoroughfare vessel, belt
vessel, yin heel vessel, yang heel vessel, yin link vessel and yang link vessel.
5.The twelve branches of meridians, which stem from the twelve regular meridians, start from the four limbs,
run deep in the viscera and emerge from the shallow region of the neck.
6.The branches of the yang meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and finally merge into the meridians proper. The branches of the yin meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and merge into the yang meridians that are internally and externally related to the yin meridians.
7.Collaterals can be divided into three categories, i.e. divergent collaterals, superficial collaterals and minute collaterals.
8.The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called grandson-collaterals.
9.According to the theory of meridians, tendons of meridians
where qi of the meridians stays, accumulates,
dissipates and associates with other parts of the body in the musculature and joints.
10.Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body through meridians.
11.The Plain Conversation says, “Liver disease is characterized by hypochondriac pain involving the lower abdomen…and lung disease is characterized by panting, cough, adverse flow of qi and pain in the shoulders and back.”
12.Generally speaking, cough due to disorder of the lung meridian is accompanied by lung distension, chest
oppression and pain in the superclavicular fossa; cough due to disorder of the kidney meridian is often accompanied by throbbing sensation in the heart like being hungry and frequent fear.
13.The theory of meridians studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of meridians and their relationships with the viscera.
14.The main physiological function of the twelve meridians is to strengthen relationship between the two
meridians that are internally and externally related to each other.
15.The skin of the whole body is the region over which the functional activities of the twelve meridians are
manifested.
16.Since the three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are connected with each other over the head, the head is the place where all kinds of yang meets.
17.Therapeutically, the acupoints located in the meridians
that are internally and externally related to each other can be used alternately.
18.Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles.
19.Under pathological condition, meridians become the pathways that transmit pathogenic factors and manifest pathological changes.
20.Clinically the places where symptoms manifest and the regions through or along which the meridians run and associate with the viscera are taken as the evidences for diagnosing diseases.
Lesson 11
ⅰ.
1.six exogenous pathogenic factors
2.improper diet and overstrain
/doc/897e64aed1f34693daef3e90.html mon cold due to wind-cold
4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea
5.five endogenous pathogenic factors
6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior
7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain
8.wind being the leading pathogenic factor
9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold
10.decline of yang qi
11.cold tending to stagnate by nature 12.stagnation of interstitial space
13.spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons
14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen
15.inactivation of spleen-yang
16.production of endogenous heat due to yin
deficiency
17.extreme heat producing wind
18.internal impairment due to yin deficiency
19.improper diet
20.engorgement
ⅱ.
1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body.
2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.
3. Exogenous pathogenic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind.
4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission.
5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-yang, which is called “cold damage”.
6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body.
7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse.
8. Pathogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body.
9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading.
10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid.
11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends to
consume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid.
12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid.
13. Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.
14. Pestilence is a kind of highly contagious pathogenic factors, characterized by sudden onset, severe conditions, fulminating infection and widespread transmission.
15. The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorder of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.
16. Improper diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.
17. Overstrain will impair qi, and eventually lead to deficiency of qi, fatigue and weak constitution.
18. Phlegm and fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water and fluid.
19. The diseases caused by blood stasis vary according to the location and cause of the stasis.
20. Pain caused by blood stasis is usually marked by stabbing, fixed and unpalpable pain that worsens in the night. Lesson 12 ⅰ.
1.occurrence, development, and changes of
disease
2.(body )constitutional state
3.dysfunction of qi and blood
4.various pathological changes
5.exuberance or decline of pathogenic factors
and healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenic
factors and healthy qi
6.deficiency or excess changes of disease
/transformation between deficiency and
excess during a disease
7.the hu man body’ resistance against diseases
8.feverish sensation over the five centers
(palms, soles, and chest)
9.deficiency complicated with excess 10.turnover of disease/prognosis of disease
11.relative predominance of yin or yang
12.extreme changes of five emotions
13.depletion of essence causing deficiency
14.mutual consumption of yin and yang
15.true heat and false cold; false cold and true
heat
16.stagnation of qi activity
17.disorder of fluid metabolism
18.endogenous cold/ cold originating from the
interior
19.fluid consumption producing dryness
20.stirring of endogenous wind/disturbance of
endogenous wind
ⅱ.
1.The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and healthy qi as well as the ebb and flow of their strengths.
2.Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results in deficiency.
3.Healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, leading to improvement of or recovery from an illness.
4.Yang deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient or hypofunctional yang qi failing to warm the
body.
5.Yin deficiency refers to the morbid state of depleted essence, blood and fluid leading to relative
hyperactivity of yang.
6.Loss of yin or yang refers to the critical state of sudden, profuse loss of yin-fluid or yang-qi.
7.The disorders of qi include insufficient production of qi, excessive depletion of qi, hypofunction of qi
and abnormal movements of qi.
8.The topical stagnation of qi may lead to such symptoms as distension, pain, or even blood stasis and
retention of water, fluid, or phlegm
9.Qi adverseness refers to the morbid state of abnormal ascending and descending of qi and adverse,
upward flow of visceral qi.
10.Blood deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient blood failing to nourish the body.
11.Blood stasis refers to the morbid state of slow and unsmooth flow of blood.
12.Blood heat refers to the morbid state of heat in the blood hastening the blood flow.
13.Blood stasis due to qi stagnation means that the unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of blood
circulation.
14.Impairment of thin-fluid often develops to depletion of thick-fluid, and depletion of thick-fluid is a result
of insufficient thin-fluid.
15.Qi stagnation due to fluid retention refers to the morbid
state of disturbance of fluid metabolism and
retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid lead to stagnation of qi.
16.Stirring of endogenous wind refers to a morbid state due to hyperactivity of yang qi within the body.
17.Endogenous dampness is mostly caused by deficiency of the spleen, so it is also called “dampness due to
spleen deficienc y”.
18.Endogenous dryness can be manifested in any organs or tissues, especially the lung, stomach and large
intestine.
19.The prolonged deficiency of yin-fluid of the lung often involves the kidney and results in simultaneous
deficiency of the lung-yin and kidney-yin.
20.The obstruction of the urinary bladder is called “uroschesis”and the incontinence of urine is called
“enuresis”.
Lesson 13
ⅰ.
1.spirit, complexion, and physical conditions
2.mental activities
3.sufficient essence and abundant qi
4.apathetic facial expressions
5.normal complexion and varied normal
complexion
6.convulsion of the limbs
7.stirring of wind due to damp-heat
8.interior sinking of pathogenic toxin
9.scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin
10.hunger without appetite
/doc/897e64aed1f34693daef3e90.html bined use of the four diagnostic methods
12.facial expressions
13.favorable prognosis
14.dispiritedness
15.five colors indicating diseases / diagnostic
significance of five colors
16.facial distortion
17.flaming of deficient fire
18.retention of heat in the large intestine
19.uncoated tongue/ mirror-like tongue
20.pulse manifestations
ⅱ.
1.Inspection is a diagnostic method of observing general or local changes of spirit, complexion and physical
conditions.
2.The listening-smelling method refers to an approach to diagnosis by listening to the voices of the patients and smelling the odors emitted from the patients.
3.Inquiry is a diagnostic method used to understand the occurrence, development, present subjective symptoms and other things concerning the diseases by asking the patients or their companions.
4.Pulse-taking and palpitation refer to the diagnostic method of feeling the pulse and palpating the stomach and abdomen, foot and hand as well as other regions of the patients.
5.Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be manifested in various
aspects.
6.The four diagnostic methods were developed gradually in the long-term medical practice.
7.“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality.
8.“Without spirit” is a manifestation of impaired essence, deficient qi, and dispiritedness.
9.“False spirit” is a false manifestat ion of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.
10.Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.
11.Bluish color indicates cold syndrome, pain syndrome, blood stasis and infantile convulsion.
12.Inspection of physical conditions can provide information about the state of visceral qi and blood, strength
contrast between yin and yang or pathogenic factors and healthy qi, as well as prognosis and location of the diseases.
13.V omiting is caused by adverse rising of stomach qi.
14.Bulgy tongue is usually caused by retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid.
15.Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused by depletion of stomach yin and impairment of stomach qi.
16.Yellow tongue coating is caused by fumigation of pathogenic heat and usually indicates interior syndrome and heat syndrome.
17.Greasy tongue coating, usually caused by interior accumulation of damp-turbidity and stagnation of yang qi, mainly indicates retention of phlegm-fluid, damp-turbidity, food, damp-heat and obstinate phlegm, etc.
18.Pressing diagnosis includes pulse-taking and palpation.
19.The variation of pulse that reflects the state of a disease is
known as morbid pulse.
20.Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform the correct diagnosis.
Lesson 15
ⅰ.
1.辨证论治treatment with syndrome
differentiation/ treatment according to syndrome differentiation
2.表里同病disease involving both exterior and
interior/ simultaneous disorder of exterior and interior
3.寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of cold and
heat/ mixture of cold and heat
4.里邪出表regression of interior pathogenic
factors to the exterior
5.真寒假热true cold and false heat
6.恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat
7.口淡不渴tasteless sensation in the mouth
without thirst
8.寒邪郁而化热transformation of stagnated
pathogenic cold into heat
9.外感表虚exterior-deficiency syndrome due to
exogenous pathogens
10.五心烦热feverish sensation over five centers
11.病位与病性location and nature of disease
12.虚实夹杂mixture of deficiency and
excess/co-existence of deficiency and excess 13.外邪入里invasion of exterior pathogenic factors
into the interior
14.寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heat
syndrome
15.真假寒热true heat and false cold
16.热证转寒heat syndrome transforming into cold
syndrome
17.舌淡苔白而润滑pale tongue with white, moist
and slippery fur
18.脉数无力rapid and weak pulse
19.潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating
20.神昏谵语coma with delirium
ⅱ.
1.疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲加以归纳。

The manifestations of diseases, though
complicated, can be generalized into certain patterns in the light of the eight principles.
2.运用八纲辩证就能将错综复杂的临床表现归纳为表里、寒热、虚实、阴阳四对纲领性症候。

In the light
of the eight principles, the complicated clinical manifestations can be generalized into four pairs of patterns: exterior and interior, cold and heat, deficiency and excess, yin and yang.
3.表里是辨别疾病病位内外和病势深浅的两个纲领。

The exterior and interior are two principles used to
differentiate the location and severity of diseases.
4.表证病浅而轻，里证病深而重。

Exterior syndrome indicates that the disease is shallow in location and mild
in severity, while interior syndrome shows that the diseases is deep in location and serious in severity.
5.表邪入里为病进，里卸出表为病退。

Interior penetration of exogenous pathogenic factors indicates progress
of the disease while exterior regression of endogenous pathogenic factors suggests withdrawal of the disease.
6.表证和里证同时出现称为表里同病。

The simultaneous manifestation of exterior syndrome and interior
syndrome is known as “disease involving both exterior and interior”.
7.寒证是感受寒邪或阴盛阳虚所表现的证候。

Cold syndrome is usually caused by cold attack or
predominance of yin and decline of yang.
8.热证是感受热邪或杨肾阴虚，人体的功能活动亢进所表现的证候。

Heat syndrome, characterized by
hyperactivity of physical functions, is usually caused by invasion of pathogenic heat or predominance of yang and decline of yin.
9.热证是转化为寒证多属邪盛正虚，正不胜邪所致。

The transformation of heat syndrome into cold syndrome is a reflection of pathogenic factors triumphing over healthy qi.
10.表寒证是表邪侵袭肌表所表现的证候。

Exterior cold syndrome is caused by invasion of pathogenic cold
into the superficies.
11.里寒证是寒邪直中脏腑，或阳气虚衰所表现的证候。

Interior cold syndrome is caused by direct attack of
pathogenic cold on the viscera or by decline of yang qi.
12.里热证多为外邪传里化热，或热邪直中脏腑致里热炽盛所表现的证候。

Interior heat syndrome is caused
by invasion of exogenous pathogenic factors that transform into heat in the interior, or by direct attack of pathogenic heat on the viscera that makes the interior heat become exuberant.
13.虚证是对人体正气虚弱等各种临床表现的病理概括。

Deficiency syndrome is a generalization of various
pathological manifestations due to deficiency of healthy qi.
14.实证是对人体感受外邪，或体内病理产物蓄积而产生的各种临床表现的病理概括。

Excess syndrome is a
generalization of various pathological manifestations caused by exogenous pathogenic factors or accumulation of pathological substances in the body.
15.阳气有余，为身热无汗；阴气有余，为多汗身寒。

Excess of yang qi leads to fever with sweating while excess
of yin qi results in cold sensation without sweating.
16.真阴不足与真阳不足就是肾阴不足和肾阳不足。

Deficiency of genuine yin or yang refers to insufficiency
of kidney yin or yang.
17.亡阴与亡阳一般是在高热大汗或发汗太过，或吐泻过度，或失血过多的情况下会出现。

Loss of yin or
yang is usually caused by high fever with profuse sweating, over-diaphoresis, excessive vomiting and diarrhea, or massive bleeding.
18.脉浮主表证，脉沉主里正。

Floating pulse indicates exterior syndrome while sunken pulse shows interior
syndrome.
19.热结肠胃则腹胀满痛拒按，大便秘结。

Retention of heat in the intestine and stomach is marked by
constipation or unpalpable abdominal distension, fullness and pain.
20.表证舌苔少变化，里证舌苔多变化。

Manifestations of tongue coating rarely change in exterior syndrome
while constantly change in interior syndrome.
language points
1.疾病的表现尽管及其复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲加以归纳。

The manifestations of
diseases ,though complicated, can be generalized into
certain patterns in the light of the eight principles.
2.一般来说，凡符合阴的属性的证候称为阴证，如里证、寒证、虚证等；凡符合阳的属性
的证候称为阳证，如表证、热证、实证等。

Generally speaking, any syndromes that correspond to “yin” in nature are termed yin syndromes ,such as interior syndrome, cold syndrome and deficiency syndrome; while any syndrome that correspond to “yang”in nature are termed yang syndrome ,such as exte rior syndrome, heat syndrome and excess syndrome.
3.蜷卧lying with the knees drawn up
4.表里辩证适用于外感病，课察知病情的轻重深浅及病理变化的趋势。

The
differentiation of exterior and interior syndrome is applicable to exogenous disease for detecting the depth of transmission and the development of pathological changes.
5.口淡
6.小便清长
7.寒邪化热入里，或七情过激，郁而化热，或饮食不节，积蓄为热。

8.小便短赤
9.虚证指正气不足，实指邪气盛实。

10.面色淡白或萎黄
11.五心烦热
12.腹痛拒按
13.八纲虽然可以分为不同的类型，但实际上是相互关联的，不可截然分开。