Tsinghua_2005MBA_Lecture_12(Monopolistic competition and Oligopoly)(ppt 105页)(英文)
2005年MBA英语考试试题(part 2)
2005年MBA英语考试试题（part 2）11. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port _________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.A. to announceB.announced C.announcing D. was announced12. According to one belief, if truth is to be known itwill make itself apparent, so one _________ wait instead of searching for it.A. would ratherB. hadto C. cannotbut D. had best13. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite _________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally.A. being resignedB. havingresigned C. going to resign D. resign14.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _________ an anonymous, statistically insignificantpart of a huge and diverse audience.A. everything exceptB. anythingbut C. no lessthan D. nothing more than15.One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. _________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.A. ByB.In C.For D. With16. The chairman of the board _________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A. compelledB.posted C.pressed D. tempted17.The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once _________.A. thrivedB.swelled C.prospered D. flourished18. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to _________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.A. overturnB.overtake C.offset D. oppress19. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as _________.A. novelB.remote C.distant D. foreign20. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost _________ as microorganisms.A. preciselyB.instantly C.initially D. exclusively。
2005MBA英语真题及答案
2005年MBA英语真题及答案详解考生须知选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
其他题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
2005年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.1. Advertises often aim their campaigns at young people as they have considerable spending _____.A. powerB. forceC. energyD. ability2. We've bought some ______ chairs for the garden so that they are easy to store awayA. adaptingB. adjustingC. bindingD. folding3. The new speed restrictions were a ______ debated issue,A. heavilyB. hotlyC. deeplyD. profoundly4. His change of job has ____ him with a new challenge in lifeA. introducedB. initiatedC. presentedD. led5. No _____you're hungry if you haven't eaten since yesterdayA. matterB. surpriseC. wonderD. problem6. The pianist played beautifully, showing a real _____ for the musicA. feelingB. understandingC. appreciationD. sense7. The boss into a rage and started shouting at Robert to do as he was toldA. flewB. chargedC. rushedD. burst8. Politicians should never lose ______ of the needs of the people they representA. viewB. sightC. regardD. prospect9. The employees tried to settle the dispute by direct _____with the bossA, negotiation B. connection C. association D. communication10. You haven't heard all the facts so don't _____ to conclusionsA. dashB. jumpC. muchD. fly11. I am _____ aware of the need to obey the vales of the competitionA. greatlyB. farC. muchD. well12. The manager has always attended to the _____ of important business himselfA. transactionB. solutionC. translationD. stimulation13. As is known to all a country gets a (an) ______from taxesA income B. revenue C. Rind D. paymentI4, The government has decided to reduce ______ on all imports.A. feeB. chargeC. tariffD. tuition15. The need for financial provision not only to producers but also to consumersA. connectsB. links C .associates D. relates16. The ability of bank to create deposits is determined by the ratio of liouid assetswhich they___.A. mount.B. containC. remainD. maintain17 .The first serious prospect of a cure for Aids_____ a treatment which delays its effectsha emergedother than B. rather than C. more than D. less than18. His parents died when he was young, so he was ____ by his grandmaA. bredB. broughtC. fedD. grown19.The Japanese dollar-buying makes traders eager to ______dollars in fear of another government interA. let inB. let outC. let go ofD. let off it’s20. The local people could hardly think of any good way to ______ the disaster of the warA. shake offB. get offC. put offD. take offSection II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.A few decades ago, the world banking community invented new Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) systems to move money more efficiently across countries and around the globe. The ___21__benefit of such systems was to __22___the float of capital that was unavailable for __23__ checks were being cleared through banking__24__. Today, we understand that benefits of electronic banking are far more _25__ than just reducing floating cash. The world of banking__26__revolutionizeD．It is __27_ more efficient and faster, but more global. And now_28_the Internet, EFT systems are increasingly __29__with the new world of e-commerce and e-trade.__30__1997 and 2003, EFT value__31__from less than $50 trillion to nearly $40 trillion, more than the __32__economic product of all the countries and territories of the entire world. These statistics__33__should emphasize the true importance of transnational EFT Satellite, wireless, and cable-based electronic fund transfers _34__ the hub of global enterprise.Such electronic cash is _35__central to the idea of an emerging “worldwide mind.” Without the satellite and fiber infrastructure to support the flow of electronic funds, the world economy would grind to a halt.Section III Reading comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage OneWorking at nonstandard times-----evenings, nights, or weekends----is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to HarrietB. Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades.The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents’nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employer. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours-sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. “Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention,” she says./36．Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？A．Stress on familial relationships．B．Rotating shifts.C．Evenings，nights，or weekends.D．Its consequences.37．Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours？A．Children.B．Marriage.C．Single mothers.D．Working women.38．Who would be in favor of the practice of working nonstandardhours？A．Children.B．Parents.C．EmployeesD．Professional child providers.39．It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are .A．emphasizedB．absentC．neglectedD．prevalent40．What is the author’s attitude towards working irregular hours？A．Positive.B．Negative.C．Indifferent.D．Objective.Passage TwoMost human beings actual1y decide before they think. When any human being----executive, specialized expert, or person in the street----encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how inte1ligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themse1ves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the pat of the “losing”faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn’t end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the 4ecision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.There is a better. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, “It isn’t who is right, but what is right, that counts.”The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it’s possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and thedecision makers closer together. Although it isn’t possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it’s possible to organize the experts’ information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it’s a sim ple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.4l．From the first paragraph we can learn that .A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the streetB．very few people dec1de before they thinkC．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do soD．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions42．Judging from the context, what does the word “them”(line 4, paragraph 2) refer to/A．Decision makers.B．The “losing”faction.C．Anger, resentment, and jealousy.D．Other people.43．Aldous Huxley’s remark (Paragraph 3) implies that .A．there is a subtle difference between right and wrongB．we cannot tell who is right and what is wrongC．what is right is more important than who is rightD．what is right accounts for the question who is right44．According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is .A．to make decision by debateB．to apply the Internet and wireless computer technology.C．to brake on the thinking process, slowing it downD．to create a level of conceptual clarity45．The structured-inquiry process can be useful for .A．decision makersB．intelligence analysis meetingC．the experts’informationD．marketing focus groupsPassage ThreeSport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality: sport as a business.The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay for it. In the UnitedStates the system of the future has already started: pay-as-you-view. Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present; they could watch from the trainer’s stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game. And at their disposal will be the sane option s the producer of the recorded programmer has to select replays, to choose which camera to me and to decide on the sound whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest teams. This is true, but the future of those team is also modest. They have reached their ceiling . It is the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audience.The world I being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and , in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.The most visionary executives go further. That philosophy is: rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television 46．What does the writer mean by use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage”in the first paragraph/A．sport is combined with television.B．sport controls television.C．television dictates sports.D．Sport and television will go their own ways47．What does “they”in line 2 paragraph 2 stand forA．Broadcasts.B．Channels.C．Spectators.D．Technologies.48．How do many sports executives feel with the new technologiesA．they are too old to do anything.B．They feel ill at ease.C．They feel completely at home.D．Technologies can go hand in hand with sports.49．What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphsA．the philosophy of visionary executives.B．The process of television taking over sport.C．Television coverage expansion.D．An example to show how sport has taken over television.50．What might be the appropriate title of this passageA．the arguments of sports executives.B．The philosophy of visionary executives.C．Sports and television in the 21st century.D．Sports: a business.Passage FourConvenience food helps companies by creating growth, but what is its effect on people For people who think cooking was the foundation of civilization ,the microwave is the last enemy. The communion of eating togetherIs easily broken by a device that liberates households citizens from waiting for mealtimes. The first great revolution in the history of food is in danger of being undone. The companionship of the campfire, cooking pot and common table, which have helped to bond humans in collaborative living for at least 150000 years could be destroyed.Meals have certainly sated from the rise of convenience food. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of to getherness. Indeed, the day’s first meal has all but disappeared. In the 20th century the leisure British breakfast was undermined by the corn flake; in the 21st breakfast is vanishing altogether a victim of the quick cup of coffee in Starbucks and the cereal bar.Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook one of the apparent paradoxes of modern food is that while the amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen from 60 minutes a day in 1980 to 13M a day in 2002, the number of cooks and television programmer on cooking has multiplied. But perhaps this isn’t a paradox. Maybe it is became people can’t cook anymore, s o they need to be told how to do it, or maybe it is because people buy books about hobbies---golf, yachting ---not about chores. Cooking has ceased to be a chore and has become a hobby.Although everybody lives in the kitchen. its facilities are increasingly for display rather than for use. Mr. Silverstein’s now book, ”trading up”look at mid-range consumer’s milling now to splash out. He says that industrial --style Viking cook pot, with nearly twice the heat output of other ranges, have helped to push the “kitchen as theater” trend in hour goods. They cost from $1000 to $9000.Some 75% of them are never used.Convenience also has an impact on the healthiness, or otherwise, of food ,of course there is nothing bad about ready to eat food itself. You don’t get much healthier than an apple, and supermarkets sell a better foryou range of ready-meals. But there is a limit to the number of apples people want to eat; and these days it is easier for people to eat the kind of food that makes them fat The three Harvard economists in their paper “why have Americans become more obese” point out that in the past, if people wanted to eat fatty hot food, they had to cook it. That took time and energy a good chip needs frying twice, once to cook the potato and once to get it crispy. Which discouraged of consumption of that cost of food. Mass preparation of food took away that constraint. Nobody has to cut and d ouble cook their own fries these days. Who has the time 51．What might the previous paragraphs deal withA．The relationship between meals and convenience food.B．The importance of convenience food in people’s life.C．The rise of convenience food.D．The history of food industry./52 ．What is the paradox in the third paragraphA．People don’t know how to cook.B．The facilities in the kitchen are not totally used.C．People are becoming more obsess ,thus unhealthy.D．Convenience food actually does not save people thrive.53．What does the passage mainly discussA．The bad effects of convenience foodB．Mr. Silverstein’s new bookC．People’s new hobbyD．Disappearance of the old symbol of togetherness.54．Why has American become more obsessA．Because of eating chips.B．Because of being busy.C．Because of being lazy.D．B and C.55 ．Which of the following might the another mostly agree withA．There is nothing bad about convenience food.B．Convenience food makes people lazy.C．Convenience food helps companies grow.D．Convenience food is a revolution in cooking.Section IV Translation (20 points)Directions:In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.An art museum director with foresight might follow trends in computer graphics to make exhibit more appealing to younger visitor.For instances, capable corporate manager might see alarming rise in local housing price that could affect availability of skilled workers in the region. People in government also need foresight to keep system running smoothly, to play budget and prevent war.Many of the best known technique for foresight were developed by government planner, especially in the military, thinking about the unthinkable.The futurist recognized that the future world is continuing with preset world. We can learn a great deal about what many happen in the future by looking systematically at what is happy nowSection V Writing (20 points)Directions:In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.“五一”、“十一”长假已逐步为人们所习惯，她给百姓带来了充足的娱乐休闲机会，更促进了旅游经济的发展。
Tsinghua_2005MBA_Lecture_03(Individual and Market Demand(ppt 93页)(英文)
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Demand Curve
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4 12 20
Chapter 1
Food (units per month)
Slide 10
Individual Demand
Income Changes
Using the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the income can be illustrated using indifference curves.
Simultaneously, the increase in income shifts the demand curve to the right.
Chapter 1
Slide 15
Individual Demand
Normal Good vs. Inferior Good
Income Changes
Chapter 1
Slide 14
Individual Demand
Income Changes
An increase in income shifts the budget line to the right, increasing consumption along the income-consumption curve.
are tangent to each budget line.
Food (units per month)
Slide 5
Effect of a Price Change
Clothing (units per
2005年MBA(英语)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2005年MBA（英语）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.A few decades ago, the world banking community invented new Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) systems to move money more efficiently across countries and around the globe. The【1】benefit of such systems was to【2】the float of capital that was unavailable for use【3】checks were being cleared through banking【4】Today, we understand that the benefits of electronic banking are far more【5】than just reducing floating cash. The entire world of banking【6】revolutionized. It is【7】more efficient and faster, but also more global. And now【8】the Internet, EFT systems are increasingly【9】with the new world of e-commerce and e-trade. 【10】1997 and 2003, EFT value【11】from less than $50 trillion to nearly $400 trillion, more than the 【12】economic product of all the countries and territories of the entire world. These statistics【13】should emphasize the true importance of transnational EFT. Satellite, wireless, and cable-based electronic fund transfers【14】the hub of global enterprise. Such electronic cash is【15】central to the idea of an emerging “worldwide mind”. Without the satellite and fiber infrastructure to support the flow of electronic funds, the world economy would grind to a halt.1．A．hidingB．gettingC．drivingD．giving正确答案：C解析：the driving benefit即“具有推进作用的好处”。
2005年mba英语试题及答案
2005年mba英语试题及答案2005年MBA英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）1. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the new trend in management? (4分)A. It emphasizes on the importance of technology.B. It focuses on the role of the individual.C. It highlights the significance of teamwork.D. It stresses the necessity of competition.答案：C2. The author mentions the example of the basketball team to illustrate that ________. (4分)A. teamwork is essential for success.B. individual performance is crucial.C. technology has a limited impact.D. competition is a key factor.答案：A3. What is the main idea of the passage? (4分)A. The importance of technology in management.B. The role of individuals in management.C. The significance of teamwork in management.D. The necessity of competition in management.答案：C4. What can be inferred from the passage about the future of management? (4分)A. It will become more technology-driven.B. It will focus more on individual performance.C. It will emphasize the importance of teamwork.D. It will become more competitive.答案：C5. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of teamwork mentioned in the passage? (4分)A. Improved communication.B. Enhanced creativity.C. Increased efficiency.D. Reduced cost.答案：D二、完形填空（共20分）6. The word "innovative" in the sentence "The company is looking for innovative solutions to its problems" most nearly means ________. (4分)A. creativeB. traditionalC. expensiveD. complex答案：A7. The phrase "a matter of" in the sentence "It's a matter of time before the company goes bankrupt" most nearly means ________. (4分)A. a subject ofB. a question ofC. a period ofD. an issue of答案：B8. The word "substantial" in the sentence "The company has made substantial progress in reducing costs" most nearly means ________. (4分)A. significantB. temporaryD. uncertain答案：A9. The phrase "in the long run" in the sentence "In the long run, the company will benefit from these changes" most nearly means________. (4分)A. eventuallyB. immediatelyC. occasionallyD. rarely答案：A10. The word "demonstrate" in the sentence "The manager demonstrated the new software to the team" most nearly means________. (4分)A. explainedB. testedD. proved答案：C三、翻译（共20分）11. 将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
2005年MBA综合能力考试试题(2)
2005年MBA综合能力考试试题(2)三、逻辑推理（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
从下面每题所列的A、B、C、D、E五个备选答案中选出一个，多选为错。
）24．对美国的肉食工业而言，既有好消息也有坏消息。
坏消息是在过去的三年中，国民吃的肉越来越少了。
好消息是在同一时期内，肉食生产商的利润一直在稳步上升。
（）下列哪一项在过去的三年中如果为真，最能解释上文中明显不一致的地方？A．人们之所以吃肉越来越少，是因为他们比过去有更强的健康意识。
B．在美国，许多特别供应素食的新餐馆已经开张了。
C．来自不断增长的鱼肉业的竞争迫使肉食生产商廉价销售肉食以吸引更多的顾客。
D．那些自己不能生产足够多的肉食以满足国民需要的国家已成为美国肉食生产商的一个新的有利可图的市场。
E．肉食生产商在广告方面已进行了大量投资，以便稳住那些不断减少其肉食消费的回头客。
25．一个随机抽取的由顾客组成的样本回答了一项市场调查中的有关问题。
六个月以后，另一个随机抽取的由顾客组成的样本回答了市场调查中的同样的问题，只是问题的排列顺序与上次不同。
结果两个样本对许多问题的回答方式有很大不同，这因此证明了：一个问题，仅仅由于它在某个问题之后，有时就会得出不同的回答。
上述论证依赖下面哪一个假设？（）A．对问题的重新排序并没有将六个月以前的问题的序列全部打乱重排。
B．六个月以后，回答市场调查问题的顾客一般都不记得他们曾经给出的回答。
C．第二次调查的目的只是想了解调查中包含的问题的顺序是否会影响调查的结果。
D．调查中包含的问题不会使顾客在一年的不同时期给出不同的回答。
E．第一个由顾客组成的样本中没有任何人包括在六个月以后的由顾客组成的样本中。
26．在其3年任职期间，某州长经常被指控对女性有性别歧视。
但在其政府19个高层职位空缺中，他任命了5名女性，这5人目前仍然在职。
这说明该州长并非性别歧视者。
下面哪个说法，如果正确，将最严重地削弱上述结论？（）A．该州长任命的一位就职高层的女性打算辞职。
2005年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试
2005年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试2005年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题中国MBA备考网考生注意：答案必须写在答题卡和答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效Section I VocabularyDirections:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were ________.[A] hung up [B]hungback[C]cutdown[D]cut off2. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be ________with everyone who comes to the store.[A] [B]admitt[C]admire[D]acquaiaccepteded d nted3. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been __________the goal of a practicaland economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.[A]pursuing[B]chasing [C]reaching [D]winning4. The discussion was so prolonged and exhaustingthat __________the speakers stopped forrefreshments.[A] at large [B]atintervals[C]at ease [D]atrandom5. He ______ that there will be an earthquake in this area in the next few years.[A] addicts [B]indicts[C]predicts[D]contradicts6. Changing from solid to liquid water takes in heat form all substances near it, and thisproduces artificial cold surrounding it.[A] absorpt ion [B]transition[C]consumption[D]interaction7. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ________ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.[A] indistin ctly [B]specially[C]irrelevantly[D]independently8. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to thebarn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to _______ her laughter.[A] hold back [B]holdon[C] holdout[D]holdup9. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her _________attitude toward customers.[A] imparti al [B]mild [C]hostile [D]opposing10. The pollution question as well as several otherissues is going to be discussed when theCongress is in _____________again nest spring.[A] assemb ly [B]session[C]conference[D]convention11. Christmas is a Christian holy day usuallycelebrated on December 25th __________ the birth of Jesus Christ.[A]in accordan ce with [B]intermsof[C]infavor of[D] inmemoryof12. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ________to carrying out the plan.[A] obliged [B]committed[C]engaged[D]resolved13. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it __________as well as we had hoped.[A] came off [B]wentoff[C]brought out[D]madeout14. By the end of 1994, 558 kinds of products had been __________ green food.[A] named [B]restricted[C]classified[D]labeled15. The bank extends long-term ______ at favorablerate to foreign buyers, thus financing the purchase of US goods and services.[A] mortga [B]securities[C] loans [D]insurancges es16. The pressure of a gas plays ______ important a part than that of a liquid.[A] no less [B] noneless[C] nonethe less[D] notthe less17. The ______ thus incurred will be payable by the ship, freight, and cargo in proportion to their respective value.[A] investm ent [B]consumption[C]expenditure[D] cost18. Your bill, including room service and the mealsyou had here, ______ one hundred and forty-five dollars.[A] adds up to [B] makesup[C]countsup[D] getstogether19. This novel is so badly written that I can hardly ______ what the writer is trying to say.[A] fill out [B]. findout[C] thinkout[D]figureout20. My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very ______ about the food he eats.[A] special [B].peculiar[C]particular[D]unusualSection II ClozeDirections:Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (15 points)Racing is a competition of speed. There are many kinds of racing 21 almost every means of transportation and physical activity. There are races on foot, 22 vehicles of all kinds and on horses. There are races between animals large and small—horses, dogs and even frogs. Sometimes prizesare 23 for victory, but often the pleasure is enough reward.Foot racing was a major sport at the ancient Greek Olympic Games. 24 were rewarded and honored by the people. This sport was 25 at the Roman games. Foot racing is a sport in which endurance is often important. In short the competitors run the course as fast as they can but in longer 26 ..T hey must save enough strength to end the race in a strong finish.As various machines 27 for speed were developed, man raced them. He has raced boats, bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles and airplanes.Most races involve direct 28 by the participants. They start at the same time from a starting 29 .The first to 30 the finish line is the winner. However, mass starts are dangerous in some races, such as skiing. In these 31 competitors run the course individually. The person or team to complete the course in the 32 time is the winner.Relay race are 33 races. Each team member races the same distance. As the first man finishes, the second 34 .This continues until each team member complete his part of the race. Victory is awarded to the team 35 to an individual.21. [A] including [B] having [C] involving [D] keeping22. [A] in [B] on [C] with [D] between23. [A] rewarded [B] awarded [C] given [D] handed24. [A] athletes [B] winners [C] participants[D] players25. [A] also present [B] also popular [C] present also [D] popular also26. [A] course [B] race [C] instance [D] track27. [A] got [B] made [C] that did [D] that made28. [A] contact [B] competition [C] contract[D] contrast29. [A] point [B] area [C] district [D] line30. [A] hit [B] cross [C] across [D] strike31. [A] events [B] races [C] courses [D] places32. [A] less [B] lest [C] least[D] short33. [A] individual [B] personal [C] team [D] group34. [A] starts [B] sets [C] moves [D] runs35. [A] more than [B] rather than [C] not [D] insteadSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage 1NASA scientists said the examination revealed as many questions as answers. “We have now a number of hypotheses（假设）about what’s going on in the Martian soil,” said Steve Squyres, principal investigator from Connell University, describing the soil analysis that the rover conducted on Monday.The six-wheeled robot turned its attention Tuesday to the large, sharply angled rock scientists have dubbed “Adirondack.” Results of that testing were expected on Wednesday. The Spirit rover is being used to examine its surroundings in the Gusey Crater as scientists search for evidence that the planet’s surface once had liquid water.“We don’t know that this soil came from the Gusey Crater. The stuff could have come from somewhere else. It’s going to b e very interesting. To dig some holes and see if it looks the same deeper down”, Squyres said. One instrument told scientists the soil contained a mixture of materials that included a mineral called olivine.Scientists were surprised to find olivine, which is usually associated with volcanic eruptions, said Squyres. Mission members now believe the soil could be a layer of finely ground lava, he said.“That would be a surprise to me,” he said. “I think we’re going to learn wonderful things by using t he wheels to scrape and push” the soil away to see what’s underneath. Another tool detectedthe elements iron, argon, sulfur, chlorine, nickel and zinc in the soil, said Johannes Brueckner of Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Chemistry.Most of the minerals had been noted during previous Mars expeditions, but this is the first time scientists have detected nickel and zincs, he said. Spirit extended its robotic arm Tuesday and placed a drilling tool against the surface of the “Adirondack” rock to test the drill’s position, said Jennifer Trosper, mission manager for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.Mission members were still deciding whether to use the tool to drill into the rock to see if its inner composition matches readings they were collecting from its exterior using other instruments. Scientists believe the rock is made of a volcanic rock called basalt. “You can think of it as a time capsule that contains a history of its formation,” said Dave Des Marais of NASA’s Ames Research Center.Trosper said the rover was doing remarkably well and was transmitting an “incredible amount of data. It’s like we got an Internet upgradeovernight.” Spirit’s twin, Opportunity, is due to land Saturday on Meridiani Planum, which lies halfway around the plane t from Spirit’s Jan. 3 landing site in Gusev Crater.36. When NASA scientists said the examinationrevealed as many questions as answers, theyprobably imply ______________.[A] the examination revealed many questions as well as many answers[B] the examination has already provided ready answers to all the many questions[C] that while tile examination revealed thequestions scientists would quickly findanswers to them[D] that corresponding hypotheses wereformulated as to all the questions therover’s analysis revealed37. The verb phrase “have dubbed” is best used to mean ___________[A] have doubted [B] have named[C] have honored [D] have doubled38. The main idea of Paragraph Three can best be ____________.[A] the examination has not only found soil fromthe Gusey Crater or from somewhere else,but also has determined its content[B] it’s very interesting to dig some holes and see what is inside[C] NASA scientists now feel sure that the soilcontained a mixture of materials with olivineinside[D] NASA scientists are not sure if the soil tineinstrument examined came from the GuseyCrater or came from somewhere else39. Which of the following elements belong to whathad not been detected in the previous Marsexpeditions?[A] Iron and argon[B] sulfur and chlorine[C] nickel and zinc[D] nickel and sulfur40. The tone of the author in this passage sounds ______________.[A] cool-hearted and analytic[B] objective and critical[C] sympathetic and thoughtful[D] optimistic and confidentPassage 2It is incongruous（不协调）that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 per cent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speedy assumptions might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree—not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures.What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed tothe scrutiny（审查）of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos”rather than “might- dos”, and who feel that academia has not been sufficiently appreciative of the needs of industry or of the employers’ possible requirements.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, resting anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management’s 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one percent of managers thought they would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications of character, a degree of self-control, and, above all, the ability to communicate and lead.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are now praised captains of industry. We may, therefore not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places or even the doubt aboutMBAs. The increase and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in the relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No one doubts that we need more scientists and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued andunder-used, working in industrial is not a promising signal for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misunderstandings between science and industry. Above all, we have to make sure that management is not itself proud of its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue.41. According to the passage, the author believed that __________[A] there are too many MBAs[B] the degree is over-valued[C] standards are inconsistent[D] the degree has doubtful value42. According to the passage, employers____________[A] feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needs .[B] consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualification[C] are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselves[D] feel that MBAs will be not necessary because of shrinking management structures43. It can be learned from the passage that______________.[A] managers need the ability to communicate to a degree[B] training needs to be done in groups to be successful[C] managers today must have good communication and leadership skills[D] industrial managers do not need to write letters44. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____________[A] science increases competition[B] scientists are undervalued[C] management of science needs reassessment[D] management feels proud of its status45. Which of the following is True according to the passage?[A] Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability.[B] Companies would have benefited more frominvesting in their own staff rather thanrecruiting MBAs.[C] Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training.[D] The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAsPassage 3We have less in common with our nearest animal relative than we thought, at least if our DNA is anything to go by. New comparisons of human and chimpanzee（黑猩猩）DNA show there are more differences than we realized.For years, one very special number has helped shape both our sense of self and our sense of kinship with our closest relative, Pan troglodytes. We’re told that we share 98.5 per cent of our DNA with chimps, a figure boasted so widely it has almost become a manta (圣歌). Now it seems that number is wrong. We actually share less than 95 per cent of our genetic material, so the difference is three times as great as was thought.The new figure came to light when Roy Britten of the California Institute of Technology became suspicious about the reliability of the 98.5 per cent figure. It was originally derived from a technique that Britten himself developed decades ago at Caltech with his colleague Dave Kohne. By measuring the temperature at which corresponding stretches ofDNA from two species comes apart, you can work out how different they are.But the technique only picks up one type of variation, called a single base substitution (单基因替代). This is when a single “letter” of the genetic code differs in corresponding strands of DNA from the two species.But there are two other major types of variation which the previous analyses ignored. Insertions add a whole section of DNA to one species but not to the corresponding strand of the other. Likewise, deletions mean that a piece of DNA has been lost from one species but not from the other. Together, t hey’re termed “indels”.So Britten looked for the true variation between the two species by analyzing five stretches of chimp DNA just published on the Internet.When he compared these to corresponding pieces of human DNA, he found that single base substitutions accounted for a difference of 1.4 per cent, very close to the expected figure. But he also found that the DNA of both species was littered withindels that add around 4 per cent to the genetic differences between us and chimps.The result is only based on about 1 million DNA bases out of the 3 billion which make up the human and chimp genomes, says Britten. “It’s just a glance.” But the differences appear to be evenly distrib uted across “junk” regions of DNA and regions that contain genes.46. The first paragraph of this passage implies but does not clearly state that __________.[A] we should have confidence in conventional beliefs[B] chimpanzees are not our nearest animal relatives[C] DNA is not such a reliable source for determination in this area[D] The DNA of chimpanzees has very little in common with that of humans47. Roy Britten believes that the differences between humans and chimpanzees may well be about[A] 98.5% [B] 95% [C] 1.5%[D] 5%48. The original figure is wrong because it is based merely on __________.[A] A single base substitution[B] insertions[C] deletions[D] indels49. Britten thinks that his study on DNA of humans and chimpanzees is __________.[A] quite complete[B] only of preliminary work[C] not very reliable[D] probably misleading50. Which of the following might be the most appropriate title for the passage?[A] Not such close relatives after all[B] Development of DNA technology.[C] Chimpanzees are our closest relatives.[D] Distribution of DNA in the chimpanzees. Passage FourThough England was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though by comparison with her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not deny the fact that the world of which she formed a part was torn by hatred and conflicts as fierce as any in human history. Men were still far from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own, and hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy such a society and bring all its members into danger of hell. So the struggle went on with increasing angry within each nation to impose a single brief upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants（新教）, aided by the power of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luther’s revolt in the earlier part of the century. It did this in two ways, by the activities of its missionaries（传教士）, as in parts of Germany, orby the military might of the Catholic Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to re-conquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and divided; and so, in the 157,. Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries.These missionaries were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having done so, had felt called to become priests. There being, of course, no Catholic seminaries（神学院）left in England, they went abroad, at first quite easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or long-term clergy（牧师）, the other for the member of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as Jesuits, a new order established by St. Ignatius Loyola some thirty years before. The long-term missionary came first; theyachieved a success which even the most eager could hardly have expected. Cool-minded andwell-informed men, like Cecil, had long predicted that the conversion of the English people to Protestantism was far from complete; many-Cecil thought even the majority had doubt at the rapid changes in belief and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but with many others whom their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would land at the ports in disguise（伪装）, as merchants, courtiers, and make for their first house of refuge. There they preach to（传教）the households and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to some other locality to which they were directed or from which they received a call.51. The main idea of this passage is ______________.[A] The continuous religious struggle in Britain in new ways[B] How British people believe in religion[C] The victory of the New religion in Britain[D] England became prosperous52. What was Martin Luther’s religion?[A] Buddhism [B] Protestantism.[C] Catholicism [D] Orthodox.53. Through what way did the Rome recover some of the lost land?[A] Civil and military ways.[B] Publication a and attack.[C] Persuasion and criticism.[D] Religious and military ways.54. What did the second paragraph mainly describe?[A] The activities of missionaries in Britain.[B] The conversion of English people to Protestantism was far from complete.[C] The young in Britain began to convert to Catholicism.[D] Most families offered hospitality to missionaries.55. Why were the missionaries welcomed in case they visit British families?[A] Majority of British families take the pride of the religion they have chosen.[B] Majority of British families feel puzzled at thequick changes in doctrine and worshipimposed on them.[C] The missionaries are usually cool-minded and well-informed men in the British society.[D] The missionaries in Britain always try to actas merchants or courtiers whenadministering the preach to theneighborhoods.Section IV TranslationDirections:In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 (15 points)We have been speaking of the love of which a person is the object. I wish now speak of theaffection that a person gives. 56) This also is of two different kinds of love one of which is perhaps the most important expression of a passion for life, while the other is an expression of fear. The former seems to me wholly admirable, while the latter is at best a consolation. If you are sailing in a ship on a fine day along a beautiful coast, you admire the coast and feel pleasure in it. This pleasure is one derived entirely from looking outward, and has nothing to do with any desperate need of your own. If, on the other hand, your ship is wrecked and you swim towards the coast, you acquire for it a new kind of love: it represents security against the waves, and its beauty or ugliness becomes an unimportant matter.57) The better sort of love corresponds to the feeling of the man whose ship is secure, the less excellent sort corresponds to that of the survivor ofship-wrecked. The first of these kinds of affection is only possible in so far as a man feel safe, or at any rate is indifferent to such dangers as beset him; the latter kind, on the contrary, is caused by the feeling of insecurity. 58) While recognizing the fact thatsuch love has to play in life, we must still hold that it is less excellent than the other kind, since it depends upon fear, and fear is an evil and also because it is more self-centered.The best type of love is reciprocally life-giving; each receives affection with joy and gives it without effort, and each finds the whole world more interesting in consequence of the existence of this reciprocal happiness. 59) There is, however, another kind, by no means uncommon, in which one person sucks (吮吸) the vitality （活力）of the other, one receives what the other gives, but gives almost nothing in return. Some very vital people belong to bloodsucking type. They extract the vitality from one victim after another, but while they prosper and grow interesting, those upon whom they live grow pale. Such people use others as means to their own ends, and never consider them as ends in themselves. 60) Fundamentally they are not interested in those whom for the moment they think they love; they are interested only in the stimulus to their own activities, perhaps of a quite inconsideratesort. Evidently this springs from some defect in their nature, but it is one not altogether easy either to diagnose or to cure.Section V WritingDirections:In this section, you are required to write a composition entitled “Is Money Everything?”. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)。
2005年MBA英语测试试卷(part 1)
2005年MBA英语测试试卷（part 1）A. toB. withC. forD. on2. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont____I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading "Boston".A. whichB. whereC. whenD. that3. The roles expected___ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.A. ofB. onC. toD. with4. It wasn\'t so much that I disliked her___ that I just wasn\'t interested in the whole business.A. ratherB. soC. thanD. as5. France\'s ____of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption6. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties_____.A. came offB. came onC. came roundD. came down7. It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be____ at the manager\'s office.A. declaredB. obtainedC. reclaimedD. recognized8. When I___ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.A. woke upB. took toC. picked upD. came to9. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and ____ to everyone.A. speculationB. attributionC. utilizationD. proposition10. You don\'t have to install this radio in your new car, it\'s an_____ extra.A. excessiveB. optionalC. additionalD. arbitrary2005年MBA英语测试试卷（part 1）相关内容:。
Tsinghua_2005MBA_Lecture_10(Market power)(ppt 121页)
MRMCor402Q2Q Q10 WheQn 10,P30
Chapter 1
SliMonopolist’s Output Decision
An Example
By setting marginal revenue equal to marginal cost, it can be verified that profit is maximized at P = $30 and Q = 10.
Chapter 1
Slide 3
Perfect Competition
P D
Market
P
S
Individual Firm LMC
LRAC
P0
P0
D = MR = P
Q0
Q
q0
Q
Market Power
A market, or industry, in which individual firms have some control over the price of their output is imperfectly competitive. All firms in an imperfectly competitive market have one thing in common: They exercise market power, the ability to raise price without losing all demand for their product. Imperfect competition and market power are major source of inefficiency.
Chapter 1
Tsinghua_2005MBA_Lecture_04(Consumer Behavior)(ppt 141页)(英文)
Chapter 1
Slide 4
Consumer Behavior
General Mills had to determine how high a price to charge for AppleCinnamon Cheerios before it went to the market.
U2 U1
Indifference Curves Cannot Cross
A D
The consumer should be indifferent between A, B and D. However, B contains more of both goods than D.
B
Chapter 1
2) Then we will turn to budget constraints.
People have limited incomes.
Chapter 1
Slide 8
Consumer Behavior
There are three steps involved in the study of consumer behavior.
Chapter 1
Slide 2
Consumer Purchasing Decision Making Process
Preference
Budget Constraint
Choice
Chapter 1
Slide 3
Consumer Behavior
Two applications that illustrate the importance of the economic theory of consumer behavior are:
Tsinghua_2005MBA_Lecture_10(Market power)(ppt 121页)
Chapter 1
Slide 11
Monopoly
Finding Marginal Revenue
As the sole producer, the monopolist works with the market demand to determine output and price.
Chapter 1
Slide 10
Demand in Monopoly Markets
With only one firm in a monopoly market, there is no distinction between the firm and the industry. In a monopoly, the firm is the industry. The market demand curve is thus the demand curve facing the firm, and the total quantity supplied in the market is what the firm decides to produce.
The Monopolist’s Output Decision
At output levels below MR = MC the decrease in revenue is greater than the decrease in cost (MR > MC).
At output levels above MR = MC the increase in cost is greater than the decrease in revenue (MR < MC)
Lecture 10
Tsinghua_2005MBA_lecture_09(TheAnalysisofCompetitiveMarkets)
Chapter 1
18
Lecture 9
The Analysis of Competitive Markets
Chapter 1
1
Topics to be Discussed
Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer Surplus
Chapter 1
16
Price Controls and Natural Gas Shortages
Measuring the Impact of Price Controls
1975 Change in consumer surplus
= A - B = 18 - 0.04 = $17.6 billion
To determine the welfare effect of a governmental policy we can measure the gain or loss in consumer and producer surplus.
Welfare Effects
Gains and losses caused by government intervention in the market.
Between 0 and Q0 producers receive
a net gain from
MBA全景教程之二管理经济学
第一讲管理经济学概述与基础概念（一）【本讲重点】经济学的基本命题管理者的基本任务管理经济学的性质管理经济学的主要理论管理经济学常用的分析方法市场与企业（一）管理经济学概述管理经济学是微观经济学在管理实践中的应用，它为企业决策和管理提供分析工具和方法，其理论主要是围绕需求、生产、成本、市场等几个因素提出的，常用的分析方法有三种：均衡分析方法、边际分析方法和数学模型分析方法。
经济学的基本命题1.经济学的基本命题：有效配置稀缺性的经济资源管理经济学是经济学的一个分支。
在学习管理经济学之前，我们必须先了解经济学的产生机制。
经济学的基本命题是现实经济中产生的一对矛盾：经济资源的稀缺性与人类需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
在这个世界上，所有的经济资源都是有限的，而人们的生产和生活的需求则是无限的。
任何社会或个人都无法得到所想要的一切东西。
怎样使有限的经济资源最大限度地满足人们的生产和生活需求？这就是经济学这一门学科产生的前提。
也许有人会对“所有的经济资源都是有限的”这一说法提出质疑——空气、海水不就是大量存在的吗？回答这个问题，必须了解成为经济资源需要满足的三个条件：2. 经济资源的三个条件（1现在，人类已经探明的地球上的石油、煤炭、铁矿等资源的储量都是有限的。
而且，这些资源都属于非再生资源。
也许经过一段时间，当我们耗尽了这些资源以后，人类的生产和生活需求就会遭遇到很大的难题。
乐观的人认为，不必为这种问题担心，在今天的资源用完之前，人类完全有可能已经发现了新的替代资源。
但是，经济工作必须立足于现实——人类将来的确可能发现新的资源来替代今天的石油、铁矿和煤炭，但这是未知的、不确定的。
我们可以统计到经济资源目录里的是人类今天已经发现的资源，而那些没有被发现或将来可能被发现的资源，都不能列入经济资源的目录。
这是衡量是否属于经济资源的首要条件。
（2）经济资源应具有使用价值，也就是“有用”因为没有使用价值的物质，是没有经济性的，也就不能成为经济资源。
2005年MBA联考英语-MBA考试.doc
一、考试性质工商管理硕士生入学考试是全国统一的选拔性考试，在教育部授权的工商管理硕士生培养院校范围内进行联考，联考科目包括综合能力、英语。
本的制定力求反映工商管理硕士专业学位的特点，了科学、公平、准确且规范地测试考生的相关知识基础，基本素质和综合能力。
英语考试的目的是测试考生的英语综合运用能力。
二、评价目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能（一）语言知识
语法部分（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动词基本时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）的基本用法及强调句型的结构；（8）常用倒装句的结构。
2.词汇考生应较熟练地掌握常用词汇4500个左右（其中包括约10％的常用商务词汇）及600个左右常用词组。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
（二）语言技能
阅读考生能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科学等；体裁包括说明文、议论文、记叙文等。
根据阅读材料考生应能（1）应能掌握文章的中心思想，主要内容和细节（2）理解上下文的逻辑关系（3）根据上下文推断生词
的含义（4）进行一定的判断和推理（5）理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。
123。
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Chapter 1
Slide 25
Oligopoly
Equilibrium in an Oligopolistic Market
Topics to be Discussed
Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Price Competition Competition Versus Collusion: The
Prisoners’ Dilemma
Chapter 1
Slide 1
Topics to be Discussed
Chapter 1
Slide 19
Oligopoly
Characteristics
Small number of firms Product differentiation may or may not exist Barriers to entry
Chapter 1
Slide 20
Oligopoly
2) Is there much monopoly power in these two markets?
3) Define the relationship between elasticity and monopoly power.
Chapter 1
Slide 18
Example
At its current output level of 10, a monopolistically competitive firm has MR=4, MC=4, ATC=6, and P=8. Is this market in long-run equilibrium? If not, describe the adjustment process necessary to achieve long-run equilibrium?
Monopolistic Competition in the Market for Colas and Coffee
The markets for soft drinks and coffee illustrate the characteristics of monopolistic competition.
$/Q
$/Q
MC AC
Deadweight loss
MC AC
P
PC
D = MR
MRLR
DLR
QC
Quantity
QMC
Quantity
Monopolistic Competition
Monopolistic Competition and Economic Efficiency
The monopoly power (differentiation) yields a higher price than perfect competition. If price was lowered to the point where MC = D, consumer surplus would increase by the yellow triangle.
Chapter 1
Slide 22
Oligopoly
The barriers to entry are:
Strategic action Flooding the market Controlling an essential input
Chapter 1
Slide 23
Oligopoly
The old firm’s demand will decrease to DLR Firm’s output and price will fall Industry output will rise No economic profit (P = AC) P > MC -- some monopoly power
The Makings of Monopolistic Competition
Two important characteristics Differentiated but highly substitutable products Free entry and exit
Chapter 1
Slide 7
Consumers can have a preference for Crest---taste, reputation, decay preventing efficacy
The greater the preference (differentiation) the higher the price.
Chapter 1
Slide 9
A Monopolistically Competitive Firm in the Short and Long Run
Observations (long-run)
Profits will attract new firms to the industry (no barriers to entry)
Management Challenges
Strategic actions Rival behavior
Question
What are the possible rival responses to a 10% price cut by Ford?
Chapter 1
Slide 24
Oligopoly
Chapter 1
Slide 14
Monopolistic Competition
Questions 3) What is the degree of monopoly power? 4) What is the benefit of product diversity?
Chapter 1
Slide 15
Observations (short-run)
Downward sloping demand--differentiated product
Demand is relatively elastic--good substitutes
MR < P Profits are maximized when MR = MC This firm is making economic profits
Chapter 1
Slide 3
Monopolistic Competition
The amount of monopoly power depends on the degree of differentiation.
Examples of this very common market structure include:
A Monopolistically Competitive Firm in the Short and Long Run
$/Q
Short Run MC
$/Q
Long Run MC
AC
AC
PSR
PLR DSR
DLR
QSR
MRSR
Quantity
MRLR
QLR
Quantity
A Monopolistically Competitive Firm in the Short and Long Run
Defining Equilibrium Firms doing the best they can and have no incentive to change their output or price All firms assume competitors are taking rival decisions into account.
Chapter 1
Slide 10
Comparison of Monopolistically Competitive Equilibrium and Perfectly Competitive Equilibrium
Perfect Competition
Monopolistic Competition
Toothpaste Soap Cold remedies
Chapter 1
Slide 4
Monopolistic Competition
Toothpaste
Crest and monopoly power
Procter & Gamble is the sole producer of Crest
-2.4 -5.2 to -5.7 -7.1 -8.9 -5.6
Chapter 1
Slide 17
Elasticities of Demand for Brands of Colas and Coffee
Questions
1) Why is the demand for Royal Crown more price inelastic than for Coke?
Examples
Automobiles Steel Aluminum Petrochemicals Electrical equipment Computers
Chapter 1
Slide 21
Oligopoly
The barriers to entry are:
Natural Scale economies Patents Technology Name recognition
Chapter 1
Slide 12