[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷6.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 suprasegmental2 rime(rhyme)3 cranberry morpheme4 phrasal category5 mental lexicon6 genetic relation7 paraphrase8 implicature9 synecdoche10 syllabus二、音标题11 For each natural class of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)that they all share.121314 [j][w][l][r][m]1516 In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatal consonants[t, s, z]are in complementary distribution with their palatal counterparts[c,∫,], as shown in the following words: tobola to bore a hole cina to cuttanu five kofi lioncibabanana imola almskesoka to be cut nselele termitekasu emaciation lolo i to wash housekunezulu heaven ze ga to cutnzwetu our ima to stretchzevo then(1)State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals, and(2)formulate one phonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using the word ima "to stretch" for illustrating the derivation.17 The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i. e. "not able to lock" and "able to be unlocked". The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree diagram with proper categories.三、简答题18 How do you understand "performative" and "constative"?19 How do you distinguish "error" from "mistake"?20 What is a social dialect?四、分析题21 Syntactic analysis.The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given in(la, lb)and(2a, 2b).(1a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b)Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b)* Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence(la)and sentence(lb)respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What syntactic mechanism(s)operate(s)to derive the structure of sentence(lb)from the structure of sentence(la)?Question 2: Why sentence(2b)is ungrammatical?22 Semantic properties of words are not directly observable. Their existence must be inferred from linguistic evidence. One source of such evidence is "slips of the tongue" that speakers of a language produce. Consider the following unintentional word substitutions that some English speakers have actually produced. Name the semantic properties shared by or related in the intended word and its substitution in each pair of the utterances.Intended utterances Actual utterances(slips of the tongue)1. bridge of the nose bridge of the neck2. when my gums bled when my tongues bled3. he came too late he came too early4. Mary was young Marry was early5. The lady with the dachshund the lady with the Volkswagen6. there's a horse of another color there's a horse of another race7. he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent8. I saw the dog in the garden I saw the cat in the garden23 Identify the thematic roles in each of the sentences given below.a. The door opened.b. The key opened the door.c. The boy opened the door with the key.24 Analyze the conversations below as required.9a. Analyze the following mini-talk in light of the cooperative principle.A: Have you had your lunch?B: I have been unwell for the whole morning.25 9b. Find the deixis in the following dialogue and analyze them into different groups according to their function in the linguistic interaction.(1)Debby: Go anywhere today?(2)Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.(3)Debby: Anything to see there ?(4)Dan; Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it's worth the trip.(5)Debby: I might do that next Saturday.(6)Jane; What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?(7)Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting. . .(8)Dan: Just trying to be polite. . .26 Grammaticality judgments are made on the basis of linguistic knowledge.27 The difference among " locutionary meaning" , " illocutionary meaning" and "perlocutionary meaning".。

环球时代：2013英语专业考研语言学全真模拟题(6)

英语语言文学语言学全真模拟题(6)*All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.I.(1)To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning(10points)?(2)Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(10points)II.Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other.The first said“唉，几点了？”and the second said“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您带表了吗？”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?(25points)III.Explain and comment on the following pair of sentences a and b ：a.John is easy to please.b.John is eager to please.(10points points))IV.Describe the constructions used in these two examples from one English dialect:(a)Weain ain’’t got none.(b)He just lazy?(25points)V.(1)Give an account of what you know about the English present perfect tense.(20points)(2)If you are to teach a group of junior middle school students the present perfect tense in 45minutes,how are you going to plan your class?(20points)VI.Give a critical account of Bernstein Bernstein’’s theory of restricted and elaborated codes with particular reference to the language language-deficit-deficit hypothesis (30points)参考答案Ⅰ.1.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning(10 points)?The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical practical levels.Theoretically,the new findings and advances in first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition.The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition.(5分)Acquisition is process similar to the way children acquire their first language,it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.Learner can hardly be aware of their learning but they are using the language to communicate.People refer it to implicit learning,information learning or natural learning etc.Learning as another route is a conscious learning about the rules,that is,second language learning is a purposeful process, and the learner’s motivation and context are very important factors to the achievement of the learning process.On the other hand the learner’s memory and ability to distinguish the differences between the L1and L2are also important factors.(5分)（本题考查母语学习和二语之间的异同。

[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH; language as interaction2 recreational function of language3 UG(universal grammar)4 fricative consonant5 IC analysis6 Define the following terms with at least two examples;conceptual meaning7 radiation in word meaning8 performative verb9 conversational implicature10 linguistic relativity二、词汇题11 Determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed:(10 points)asset12 burgle13 enthuse14 greed15 hush16 automate17 donate18 escalate19 homesick20 amusing三、简答题21 Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?22 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign language learning?23 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:(10 points) Anthropological linguists E. Sapir and B. Whorf claim that the language a people use shapes their perspective of perception, which in turn shapes their thought. The key notions of their famous " Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis" include " language determinism" and " language relativity". Do you know anything about the notions of theirs? If you do, what is your opinion on it? Please briefly express your ideas in a passage.。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way ponential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, prehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、plete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some pound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of theirponents, such as the pound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strongversion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the wordleisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

语言学考研模拟测试题

语言学考研模拟测试题一、填空题（每空 1 分，共 20 分）1、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，也是的载体。

2、现代语言学之父是，他的代表作是《》。

3、音素是的最小单位，音位是的最小单位。

4、语法单位有四级，分别是语素、词、和。

5、词义的性质包括概括性、和。

6、文字是记录语言的，汉字属于体系的文字。

7、语言演变的特点包括渐变性、和。

8、社会方言是由或因素而形成的语言变体。

9、语言接触的结果主要有语言的借用、、和语言混合。

10、转换生成语法的创始人是。

二、选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、下列属于元音的是（）A pB mC uD s2、汉语普通话中“妈”“麻”“马”“骂”的语音区别在于（）A 音高B 音强C 音长D 音色3、“黑板”这个词属于（）A 单纯词B 合成词C 派生词D 复合词4、下列词中属于动宾结构的是（）A 白菜B 理发C 飞机D 提高5、“他跑得很快”中“得”的作用是（）A 表示可能B 表示程度C 表示结果D 表示趋向6、下列句子中属于兼语句的是（）A 他叫我去北京。

B 我知道他来了。

C 他有个妹妹很聪明。

D 他喜欢读书。

7、下列属于词缀的是（）A 老师B 烟头C 鸟儿D 绿化8、世界上使用人数最多的语言是（）A 汉语B 英语C 西班牙语D 阿拉伯语9、语言发展的根本原因是（）A 社会的发展B 语言内部的矛盾C 语言的接触D 人的发音器官的发展10、下列属于借词的是（）A 扑克B 马虎C 玻璃D 沙发11、下列属于舌尖中音的是（）A dB tC nD l12、汉语普通话中“一”的变调规律不包括（）A 在去声前读阳平B 在阴平前读去声C 在阳平前读去声D 在轻声前读阳平13、“他不喜欢游泳”中的“不”是（）A 副词B 动词C 形容词D 助词14、下列属于会意字的是（）A 日B 刃C 休D 江15、语言融合的必要条件是（）A 政治上的平等B 经济上的发达C 文化上的先进D 各族人民杂居三、名词解释（每题 5 分，共 20 分）1、语流音变2、语义场3、词类活用4、语言规划四、简答题（每题 10 分，共 20 分）1、简述语言和言语的区别和联系。

北京语言大学外语用考研语言学第一章模拟考试

北京语言大学外语用考研语言学第一章模拟考试（请把答案统一填写在电子答题卡上）I.Blanks(50*1=50points)1.According to F.de Saussure,refers to the abstract system shared by all the members of a speech community.2.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is.3.About language families have been documented.(13年复试知识点)4.A historical study of language is a study of language.5.is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This refers to the language features of.nguage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between and meanings.8.In the course of time,the study of language has come to establish close link with other branches of studies such as sociology and psychology.9.The function of language can extend to the control of reality.10.The interpersonal function of language is the most important use of language.11.The language symbols are said to be because they do not relate to what they represent.ngue refers to the linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.nguage is a system of vocal symbols used for human communication.14.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in language is called.15.Though human capacity for language has a basis but the details of language have to be taught and learned.nguage is in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.17.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be.18.studies the basic concepts,theories,descriptions,models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.19.Diachronic linguistics can also be referred to.20.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to overemphasize the form of language and encourage people to imitate the"best authors"for language usage.21.Jakobson defines six primary factors of any speech events,namely:speaker,addressee,context, message,code and.22.Linguistics is generally defined as study of language.23.If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for"correct"behavior,i.e.,to tell people what they should say and what they should not say,it is said to be.nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker.This feature is called.25.The function of the expression"How do you do?"is.26.is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.27.is one of language functions to mean the language used to define,explain or analyse language itself.28.grammars are based on the grammarian's views of what is best.nguage is because of its duality and recursiveness.30.To bridge the gap between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching,serves as a mediating area.31.What a linguist should do,according to,is to abstract langue from parole.32.The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries----expression of pain or joy has been called the theory.33.,which is proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett,can distinguish human language form any animal system of communication.34.The feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.35.refers to that langue is used for its sheer beauty to entertain people.36.Phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics all belong to the.37.The reason why we human people can understood novel utterance is that language is.38.Modern linguistics is mainly,focusing on the present-say.39.helps define and maintain interpersonal relations.nguage functions as a means of communication when language users use it to convey information.nguage marks our identity from the point of view in terms of personality and intelligence.42.The function of language is predominantly the major role of language.43.Chomsky defines"competence"as knowledge of the rules of his language.44.seem to be evidence of bow-wow hypothesis.45.According to Jakobson,the primary function of language is for.nguage is because the primary medium is sound for all language.47.All language has three major components:a sound system,a system of lexicogrammar and a system of.48.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by.49.Metalingual function makes the language infinitely.50.Arbitrariness makes language potentially creative,and makes learning a language laborious.II Terms(10*5=50points)1.arbitrariness2.displacement3.productivity4.parole5.diachronic linguisticspetence7.prescriptive linguistics8.duality9.cultural transmission10.phatic communionIII.Questions(5*10=50points)1.What the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics?2.What is your understanding of language?3.Why do we say that performative is unique to language?4.In modern linguistics,what do linguists regard as primary,speech or writing?pare the two kinds of distinction:langue and parole;competence and performance.。

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷9.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷9一、简答题1 Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:Example; Smoking grass can be nauseating.a. Putting grass in a pipe and smoking it can make you sick.b. Fumes from smoldering grass can make you sick.Terry loves his wife and so do I.They said she would go yesterday.(3)The governor is a dirty street fighter.The design has big squares and circles.1 Explain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two or more sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. Example: She can't bear children can mean either She can't give birth to children or She can't tolerate children.2 He waited by the bank.3 Is he really that kind?4 We bought her dog biscuits.5 He saw that gasoline can explode.6 Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.7 He saw her drawing pencils.8 Two relations involving word meaning are antonymy and synonymy. Which relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below?flourish - thriveintelligent - stupid(3)casual - informalyoung-olduncle-auntintelligent - ableflog - whipdrunk - sober9 What connotations or connotative meanings do you think the following nouns have in English? charity iron mole snow street9 Some of the sets of terms below form semantic fields. For each set:a. acquire, buy, collect, hoard, win, inherit, stealb. whisper, talk, narrate, report, tell, harangue, scribble, instruct, briefc. road, path, barn, way, street, freeway, avenue, thoroughfare, interstate, methodd. stench, smell, reek, aroma, bouquet, odoriferous, perfume, fragrance, scent, olfactory10 Identify the words that do not belong to the same semantic field as the others in the set.11 Identify the superordinate term of the remaining semantic field, if there is one(it may be a word in the set).12 Determine whether some terms are less marked than others, and justify your claim.13 Identify which of the following may be considered to have or to be homographs, homophones, homonyms or polysemy:sea break line ear prayer mature trace house14 What are the differences between less marked and more marked terms in the same semantic field?14 For each group of words given below, state what semantic feature or features distinguish between the classes of(a)words and(b)words. If asked, also indicate a semantic feature shared by both the(a)words and the(b)words.Example; a. widow, mother, sister, aunt, maidb. widower, father, brother uncle, valet The(a)and(b)words are "human". The(a)words are "female" and the(b)words are "male".15 a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief b. bull, rooster, drake, ramThe(a)and(b)words are______The(a)words are______The(b)words are______16 a. ask, tell, say, talk, converseb. shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, hollerThe(a)and(b)words are______The(a)words are______The(b)words are______17 a. walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swimb. fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glideThe(a)and(b)words are______The(a)words are______The(b)words are______18 What are the deictic expressions in the following utterance? I'm busy now so you can't do that here. Come back tomorrow.19 What are the anaphoric expressions in the following utterance? Dr. Dang gave Jane some medicine after she asked him for it.20 What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says;Where did he buy the beer?Your watch is broken.(3)We regret buying that car.21 Someone stands between you and the TV set you were watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct and which would be indirect speech acts.Move!You're in the way.(3)Could you sit down?I can't see anything.Please get out of the way.22 What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?23 Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about: Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today.24 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers? .Carol; Are you coming to the party tonight?Lara; I've got an exam tomorrow.25 What is meant by the term "cohesion" in the study of discourses?26 Say what one is replacing in the following text.A group of people marching on the road should keep to the left. There should be look-outs in front and at the back wearing reflective clothing at night and fluorescent clothingby day. At night the look-out in front should carry a white light and the one at the back should carry a bright red light visible from the rear.27 Pick out all the instances of discourse reference in the following text.At one point the Brundtland report states that " The loss of plant and animal species can greatly limit the options of future generations; so sustainable development requires the conservation of plant and animal species". What, all of them? At what price? ... At another point the Brundtland report says that economic growth and development obviously involve changes in the physical ecosystem. " Every ecosystem everywhere cannot be preserved intact. " Well, that's a relief. But how can it be made consistent with the earlier objective? Does it mean that it is all right to deprive some people in some parts of the world of a piece of their ecosystem but not others? What justification is there for this discrimination?。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets infront of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

2021年硕士研究生入学考试《外国语言文学综合考试》模拟试题

4.A statement is said to be_____________if the speaker unnecessarily says the same thing twice using the same or different words.
5.______________ means that the meaning of one sentence is contained in that of another.
12.“Shall I compare thee to a Summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more: /Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Maie,/And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date.”
A. George Washington B. William Penn
C. Thomas Jefferson D. Benjamin Franklin
II. Fill in the blanks with proper answers. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Both linguistics candidates and literature candidates must do this part. (20%)
B.Ulysses
C.Paradise Lost
D.Wuthering Heights
9. The world’s largest freshwater lake is Lake _________.
A. Superior B. Ontario

[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编28.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28一、填空题1 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______. (中山大学2008研)2 ______is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. (中山大学2006研)3 Hymes' theory leads to notion/function-based syllables, and a step further,______syllabuses. (中山大学2005研)4 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. (中山大学2008研)5 As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning. (中山大学2011年研)二、单项选择题6 In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）interaction（B）interference（C）input（D）intake7 The______is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the language items needed for them. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）structural syllabus（B）situational syllabus（C）notional syllabus（D）functional syllabus8 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.（A）interference（B）interlanguage（C）fossilization（D）acculturation9 ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.（A）error analysis（B）performance analysis（C）contrastive analysis（D）discourse analysis三、简答题10 How do you understand interlanguage? (西安交通大学2008研)11 What are the four obvious barriers to adult 12 acquisition? (浙江大学2003研)12 Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?(北外201 1研)13 What is the difference between mistakes and errors?14 What are the distinctions between interlingual and intralingual errors?15 What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discourse's contribution to language acquisition?四、名词解释16 Applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)17 Interlanguage (北外2010研；北航2010研；上海交大2005研)18 Contrastive analysis (北航2010研；浙江大学2004研)19 face validity (南开大学2011年研)20 Error Analysis (中山大学2011年研)五、举例说明题21 Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Language Learning.(北交大2006研)22 Explain one of the teaching approaches that you're familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (浙江大学2004研)23 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first anda second language? (北外2003研)24 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning? (四川大学2009研)25 Read the following paragraphs and then answer four questions. (北外201 1年研) The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more ' traditional' approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning)leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experiential approach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an ' in at the deep end strategy'. Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001: 79)An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularitiesof language and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularities can facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e. , isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners' abilityto put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general , the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon. ... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996: 83) refers to as 'generativity' and ' economy'. Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances. ... Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners' ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001: 86-7)1. What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?2. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?3. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?4. How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?26 How many types of data analysis have been employed in language acquisition research? How are these types of data analysis significant in SLA research?。

[考研类试卷]2011年南京大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2011年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 Define the following terms. Support your definition with one or two appropriate examples.Ambiguity2 metalanguage3 minimal pair4 neologism5 euphemism二、单项选择题6 The word "edit" is formed through the process of______.（A）blending（B）back-formation（C）compounding（D）derivation7 By______, it is sometimes meant that the form of a word or sign partially or fully conveys the meaning of the word or sign.（A）arbitrariness（B）creativity（C）duality of structure（D）iconicity8 Assimilation occurs in the articulation of the word "______".（A）invincible（B）inconvenience（C）inherent（D）inadequate9 Deletion occurs in the articulation of all the words below except "______". （A）debt（B）rhetoric（C）style（D）flight10 The primary stress of the word "______" falls on the first syllable. （A）comparable（B）resistible（C）considerable（D）negotiable11 All the following words except "______" are dynamic verbs.（A）boost（B）discourage（C）unpack（D）concern12 The proverb "Modest dogs miss much meat" exemplifies the use of______. （A）alliteration（B）consonance（C）assonance（D）rhyming13 As a presupposition trigger, "continue" belongs to the category of______. （A）factive verbs（B）iterative verbs（C）implicative verbs（D）change-of-state verbs14 The expression "first priority" is generally considered to be a case of______. （A）redundancy（B）tautology（C）contradiction（D）inconsistency15 All the following words except "______" are performative verbs.（A）warn（B）advise（C）understand（D）remind三、分析题16 Analyze the structure of the following by means of binary cutting.(12/150) deinstitutionalization17 The person I met yesterday is my boss.18 In most cases, a sentence with a prepositional phrase indicating transfer can be naturally transformed into a double-object construction, as in:He gave a book to Mary. →He gave Mary a book.However, when the following three sentences undergo the same transformation, they sound rather unnatural(possibly for different reasons), as marked by the question mark. Explain why.(15/ 150)(1)He sent a book to London. →? He sent London a book.(2)He sang a song to his dead lover. →? He sang his dead lover a song.(3)He gave a book to the fans who followed him around the world for over three months. →? He gave the fans who followed him around the world for over three months a book.19 Study the following collection of words carefully. Point out what types of semantic relations are involved among these words. Put the words into different groups according to the different semantic relations involved(Note that some words can be found in more than one group). Add ONE word of your own to each semantic group, wherever possible.(18/ 150)vessel van deck boat wing subwayengine truck metro jet sail vehicle20 Study the following headlines carefully. Specify the type of rhetorical device used in each and the presupposed information in(1)and(3).(20/150)Mercury. Once Coveted, Now Orphaned21 U. S. and South Korea Begin Joint Naval Exercises22 Fashion Goes, Keds Stay.23 Digital Domain: When the Software Is the Sportswriter24 In China, Cultivating the Urge to Splurge25 Domestic Lives; An Empty House Where Time Stands Still26 Read the following two pairs of sentences. Compare Sentences A and B and answer the following two questions: 1)How are Sentences A and Sentences B different? and2)Which sentence(Sentence A or Sentence B)in each pair do you prefer to use in academic writing? Why?(15/150)(1)A. It may be said that the commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.B. The commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.(2)A. Recent work on the religious demography of Northern Ireland seems to show a separating out of protestant and catholic, with the catholic population drifting westwards and vice versa.B. Recent work on the religious demography of Northern Ireland shows a separating out of protestant and catholic, with the catholic population drifting westwards and vice versa.27 Below is a questionnaire aimed at investigating the learner autonomy among college EFL learners(i. e. , to what extent can college students take an autonomus role in their English learning). Go over the items in the questionnaire and try to categorize them in the following table. Do you think these categories(or aspects of the learner autonomy)are adequate? If not,add TWO more categories together with specific items.(20/150) 英语学习情况问卷调查请根据下面每个数字所代表的含义，选出其中一个数字填在句子开头的括号里。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20一、填空题1 As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones______. (中山大学2008研)2 In traditional grammar, ______is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)3 In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into______words and ______words. (南开大学2007研)4 The______is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)5 There are two fields of morphology: the study of______and the study of______. (人大2006研)6 A______morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)7 ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)8 ______is a relatively complex form of compounding in whicha new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from______and______. (人大2006研)9 Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an______affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)10 ______is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)11 Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and______. (北京邮电大学2010研)12 Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have______changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)13 Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and______root.14 A word formed by derivation is called a______, and a word formed by compounding is called a______.二、判断题15 Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（A）真（B）假16 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假17 Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（A）真（B）假18 Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（A）真（B）假19 The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（A）真（B）假20 Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假21 Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假22 A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研) （A）真（B）假23 The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研) （A）真（B）假24 The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（A）真（B）假25 Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（A）真（B）假26 The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题27 Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（A）open-class（B）closed-class（C）neither open-class nor closed-class28 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（A）lexical words（B）grammatical words（C）function words（D）form words29 Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（A）roots（B）prefixes（C）suffixes（D）words30 ______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）Polymorphemic words（B）Bound morphemes（C）Free morphemes31 ______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（B）Inflection（C）Derivation（D）Conjugation32 Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break—daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）inflection and compound（B）compound and derivation（C）inflection and derivation33 Compound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（A）bound（B）free（C）both bound and free34 Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（A）WTO（B）Motel（C）Bookshelf（D）red-faced35 Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（A）girlfriend（B）television（C）smog（D）bunch36 The word UN is formed in the way of______. (西安交大2008研)（A）acronymy（C）initialism（D）blending37 Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）INVENTION.（B）ACRONYM.（C）LEXICON.38 Language has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）phonology（B）lexicon（C）syntax（D）semantics39 "Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)（A）semantic shift（B）semantic broadening（C）semantic elevation（D）semantic narrowing40 It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to______.（A）narrowing of meaning（B）meaning shift（C）loss of meaning（D）widening of meaning41 A suffix is an affix which appears______.（A）after the stem（B）before the stem（C）in the middle of the stem（D）below the stem四、简答题42 What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007研)43 What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学2004研)44 What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学2005研)45 How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)46 A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceased's cremains were scattered over the hill.(b) He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学2007研)47 How to distinguish root and stem?48 Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.49 What are closed-class words and open-class words?五、名词解释50 Open-class words (浙江大学2007研)51 Lexical word (武汉大学2005研)52 Morpheme (武汉大学2008研)53 Stem (四川大学2007研)54 inflectional morpheme (南开大学2004研)55 Free morphemes (西安交大2008研)56 Bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)57 Inflection (四川大学2007研)58 Compound (四川大学2007研)59 Allomorph (四川大学2006研)60 Back-formation(四川大学2008研；北外2010研)61 Prefix (北外2010研)62 cognate(南开大学2011年研)六、举例说明题63 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院2008研)64 Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学2008研)65 Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005研)66 What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大2006研)。

英语语言学试题6及答案

英语语言学试题6及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A letter of the alphabetC. The smallest unit of sound in a languageD. A combination of sounds2. Which of the following is not a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Astronomy3. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. Historical linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics4. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A wordB. A prefix or suffixC. The smallest meaningful unit in a languageD. A sequence of words5. The process of inflection involves:A. Adding affixes to a word to change its meaningB. Changing the order of words in a sentenceC. Combining two words into oneD. Replacing one word with another6. The concept of "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A style of language appropriate to a particular social settingB. A type of language used by a specific group of peopleC. A language used for a specific purposeD. All of the above7. The field of linguistics that studies how language is used in social contexts is:A. PragmaticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Computational linguistics8. What is the term for the study of the meanings of words?A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Morphology9. The process of forming new words by combining existing words or word parts is called:A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Clipping10. In linguistics, "pragmatics" is concerned with:A. The structure of sentencesB. The sounds of languageC. The meaning of language in contextD. The history of language二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as __________.12. In linguistics, the smallest unit of grammar that carries meaning is called a __________.13. The systematic study of language is called __________.14. A dialect is a __________ of a language that is characteristic of a specific group of speakers.15. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as __________.16. The field of linguistics that studies the relationship between sound and spelling is called __________.17. The study of language in relation to culture is known as __________.18. A sentence that is grammatically correct but does not make sense is called a __________.19. The study of the way people use language to communicate is called __________.20. The process of simplifying complex words to create new words is known as __________.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between "phonetics" and "phonology".22. Describe the role of "pragmatics" in languagecommunication.23. Discuss the concept of "language acquisition" and its significance in linguistics.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）24. Compare and contrast the two main theories of language origin: the "Great Chain of Being" and the "Proto-World" hypothesis.25. Analyze the impact of globalization on language diversity and language change.答案：一、选择题1. C2. D3. C4. C5. A6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C二、填空题11. Phonetics 12. Morpheme 13. Linguistics 14. variety 15. Language acquisition 16. Orthography 17. Anthropological linguistics 18. Garden path sentence 19. Pragmatics 20. Back-formation三、简答题21. Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and perception. Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the abstract system of sounds within a language, focusing on the way sounds function to distinguish meaning.22. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the ways in which context contributes to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It is concerned with how language users understand what others mean, and how they intend theirown utterances to be understood. 23. Language acquisition refers to。

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷7.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷7一、简答题1 Distinguish between synchronic and diachronic linguistics.2 A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, Confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man's? If not, why not?3 What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language? Illustrate how the test works with examples.4 What's the difference between an open and a closed syllable?4 For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share. Example; [p] [b] [m] Feature; bilabial, stop, consonant5 [g][p][t][d][k][b]6 [u][u:][ ɔ]6 Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds.7 [ ð] : [θ]8 [p] : [f]9 [I] : [e]10 [b] : [m]11 [s] : [∫]12 [s] : [ð]12 The following sets of minimal pairs show that English [p] and [b] contrast in initial, medial and final positions.Initial Medial Finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given;13 [k]-[g]14 [m]-[n]15 [b]-[v]16 [b]-[m]17 [P]-[f]17 The English data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs. ABC ap'pear a'dapt as'tonishcol'lide col'lapse con'sidere'rase e'lect i'magineca'rouse ob'serve de'terminecor'rode tor'ment 'promise18 Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.19 Provide syllable representations of the words col'lide, e'lect, and con'sider in order to illustrate your conctusion about stress placement in these forms.20 Which of the following forms are possible words ofEnglish?mboodcoofp(3)sprokeworpzfrailktleemflukebsarn21 Consider the following words and finish two tasks:For each word, determine whether it is simple or compound.Circle all of the bound morphemes. Underline all of the roots, fly reuse spiteful preplan desks triumphed suite optionalityuntie delight fastest prettiertree justly deform mistreatdislike payment disobey premature。

[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编6.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编6一、单项选择题1 The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)（A）synonymy（B）antonymy（C）entailment2 Conceptual meaning is not______（A）affective（B）cognitive（C）logic（D）denotative3 The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word______（A）is interpreted through the mediation of concept.（B）is related to the thing it refers to.（C）is the idea associated with that word "in the minds of speakers".（D）is the image it is represented in the mind.4 Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or______which can not be determined by the context.（A）homonymy（B）antonymy（C）meronymy（D）synonymy5 The speech act theory was developed by______.(对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech6 Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of illo-cutionary act)(南京大学2007研)（A）threaten（B）advise（C）beseech（D）urge7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function.(西安外国语学院2006研)（A）A perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open," a speaker might be performing the three acts; locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______.(西安交大2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______.(西安交大2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.(西安外国语学院2006研)（A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?(对外经贸2006研)（A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 ______variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation. （A）Regional（B）Social（C）Stylistic（D）Idiolectal13 The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（A）diglossia（B）bilingualism（C）pidginization（D）blending14 ______are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations. （A）Slang（B）Address terms（C）Registers（D）Education varieties15 Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is______.（A）British English（B）American English（C）Black English（D）Australian English16 ______refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.（A）Lingua franca（B）Creole（C）Pidgin（D）Standard language17 ______is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.（A）Competence（B）Performance（C）Learning（D）Acquisition18 ______is the study of psychological aspect of language.（A）language acquisition（B）applied linguistics（C）psycholinguistics（D）pragmatics19 A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: ______, one-word, two-word and multiword.（A）no-word（B）babbling（C）talking（D）uttering20 In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?（A）The sax has the flu today.（B）Watergate changed American politics.（C）Wall Street is in a panic.（D）She is the apple in her parents' eyes.21 Which is not a type of iconicity?（A）Iconicity of distance（B）Iconicity of complexity（C）Iconicity of intimacy（D）Iconicity of order22 In Krashen' s monitor theory, "i" in "i +1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______.(对外经贸2006研)（A）interaction（B）interference（C）input（D）intake23 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.（A）interference（B）interlanguage（C）fossilization（D）acculturation24 ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.（A）error analysis（B）performance analysis（C）contrastive analysis（D）discourse analysis二、名词解释25 arbitrariness（四川大学2006研)。

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷8.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8一、简答题1 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process. Column I Column II Column IIImouse/mice go/went 'record/re'cordride/rode is/was 'import/im'porttake/ took good/better 'convict/con'victman/men she/her 'imprint/im 'printeat/ate am/are 'dispute/dis'puteWhat morphological process is at work in each column?Describe in your own words the difference between the process exemplified in Column I and that in Column II.(3)Think of at least one more English example to add to each column.2 Each of the following words can be either a noun or a verb. record outline report journey convict outrage exchange imprint answer remark contest import surprise retreat crippleFor each word, determine whether stress placement can be used to make the distinction between the noun and the verb.Think of two more English examples illustrating the process of stress shift to mark a category distinction.3 In English, the suffix -er can be added to a place name. Examine the words in the two columns below.Column A Column BLondoner GlasgowerNew Yorker DenvererBerliner SydneyerDubkiner AustraliaerNewfoundlander VictoriaerWinnipeger CalcuttaerNew Zealander BristolerIn general terms, what does the suffix -er mean in these words?How is this -er different in meaning from the -er found in the words skater and walker?(3)State the constraint on the distribution of -er illustrated above in your own words. Does this constraint also apply to the type of -er used in the word skater?(Hint: What would you call "one who discovers" or "one who ploughs"?)4 Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.go, goes, going, gonediscover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability(3)lovely, lovelier, loveliestinventor, inventor's, inventors, inventors'democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize5 Do you think that morphology and syntax should be treated as separate are as of study? Give reasons to support your views.5 Place an asterisk next to any of the sentences that sound ungrammatical to you. Explain what makes these sentences ungrammatical.6 The tutor told the students to study.7 The tutor suggested the students to study.8 The customer asked for a cold beer.9 The customer requested for a cold beer.10 He gave the Red Cross some money.11 He donated the Red Cross some money.12 The pilot landed the jet.13 The jet landed.14 A journalist wrote the article.15 The article wrote very well.16 Julie is bored of her job.17 Julie is tired of her job.18 Myself bit John.19 I was surprised for you to get married.20 Has the nurse slept the baby yet?21 Explain why the following sentence is ungrammatical. Which personal pronoun in English would have the same form whether it occupied the position of "us" or "she" below?* Us visit she on Sundays.22 5.List as many examples of these constituents as you can identify insentences(a)and(b)below: NP, PP, VP.List as many examples of these lexical categories as you can identify insentences(a)and(b): N, prep, V.a. A Guns "N" Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ended in disaster after some 2500 fans staged a full-fledged riot.b. The trouble started when Axl Rose asked venue security to confiscate a camera he saw near the front of the stage.23 What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences?That's the girl I gave my roller skates to.He wanted to simply borrow your car for an hour.24 In the following sentence, the phrase "in the car" could be used(i)to show where the biting took place or(ii)to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for(i)and(ii)differ?The dog bit the man in the car.。

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8一、简答题1 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process. Column I Column II Column III mouse/mice go/went 'record/re'cordride/rode is/was 'import/im'porttake/ took good/better 'convict/con'victman/men she/her 'imprint/im 'printeat/ate am/are 'dispute/dis'puteWhat morphological process is at work in each column?Describe in your own words the difference between the process exemplified in Column I and that in Column II.(3)Think of at least one more English example to add to each column.2 Each of the following words can be either a noun or a verb. record outline report journey convict outrage exchange imprint answer remark contest import surprise retreat cripple For each word, determine whether stress placement can be used to make the distinction between the noun and the verb.Think of two more English examples illustrating the process of stress shift to mark a category distinction.3 In English, the suffix -er can be added to a place name. Examine the words in the two columns below.Column A Column BLondoner GlasgowerNew Yorker DenvererBerliner SydneyerDubkiner AustraliaerNewfoundlander VictoriaerWinnipeger CalcuttaerNew Zealander BristolerIn general terms, what does the suffix -er mean in these words?How is this -er different in meaning from the -er found in the words skater and walker?(3)State the constraint on the distribution of -er illustrated above in your own words. Does this constraint also apply to the type of -er used in the word skater?(Hint: What would you call "one who discovers" or "one who ploughs"?)4 Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.go, goes, going, gonediscover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability(3)lovely, lovelier, loveliestinventor, inventor's, inventors, inventors'democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize5 Do you think that morphology and syntax should be treated as separate are as of study? Give reasons to support your views.5 Place an asterisk next to any of the sentences that sound ungrammatical to you. Explain what makes these sentences ungrammatical.6 The tutor told the students to study.7 The tutor suggested the students to study.8 The customer asked for a cold beer.9 The customer requested for a cold beer.10 He gave the Red Cross some money.11 He donated the Red Cross some money.12 The pilot landed the jet.13 The jet landed.14 A journalist wrote the article.15 The article wrote very well.16 Julie is bored of her job.17 Julie is tired of her job.18 Myself bit John.19 I was surprised for you to get married.20 Has the nurse slept the baby yet?21 Explain why the following sentence is ungrammatical. Which personal pronoun in English would have the same form whether it occupied the position of "us" or "she" below?* Us visit she on Sundays.22 5.List as many examples of these constituents as you can identify insentences(a)and(b)below: NP, PP, VP.List as many examples of these lexical categories as you can identify insentences(a)and(b): N, prep, V.a. A Guns "N" Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ended in disaster after some 2500 fans staged a full-fledged riot.b. The trouble started when Axl Rose asked venue security to confiscate a camera he saw near the front of the stage.23 What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences?That's the girl I gave my roller skates to.He wanted to simply borrow your car for an hour.24 In the following sentence, the phrase "in the car" could beused(i)to show where the biting took place or(ii)to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for(i)and(ii)differ?The dog bit the man in the car.。