英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

英语语言学

一、名词解释

第一课

l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind・

2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community・

3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.

^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

第二课

1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning・ The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

2

3

which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair

第三课

LMorphology 形态学：Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

2.Derivational morphemes 派生词素：Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of

words are called…

3Jnflectional morphemes 曲折词素：Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

第四课

1 .Syntax 语法句法：A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences・

2.Syntactic categories 句法范畴：Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes,

called syntactic categories・

3>Deep structure 深层结构：Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties,

is called deep structure or D・ structure・

4.Surface structure 表层结构：Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.

第五课

LReference 指称：Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienee.

2.Homonymy 同音异义：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,

i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both・

3・Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word・

第六课

l.Pragmatics 语用学：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.