The κ-point Exponent Set of Central Symmetric Primitive Matrices
亨利克·易卜生
（Henrik Johan Ibsen，1828-1906）
挪威戏剧家、诗人。 出生于挪威南部小 城希恩的一个木材 商人的家庭，后来 家道中落。
15岁时离开父母， 16岁到小城格里姆 斯塔做药店学徒
1848年开始写作 诗歌。
1850到奥斯陆报考大学，未 被录取，同年完成第一部剧 作《凯替莱恩》。
notably the restriction of women's lives in A Doll's House (1879), sexually-transmitted disease in Ghosts (1882) and provincial greed in An Enemy of the People (1882).
Problem play
The problem play is a form of drama that emerged during the 19th century as part of the wider movement of realism in the arts. It deals with contentious social issues through debates between the characters on stage, who typically represent conflicting points of view within a realistic social context.
把剧情安排在圣诞节前后三天之 内，借以突出节日的欢乐气氛和 家庭悲剧之间的对比；以银行职 员柯洛克斯泰因被海尔茂辞退， 便利用借据来要挟娜拉为他保住 职位为主线，引出人物之间各种 矛盾的交错展开，
2014考研英语阅读理解原文之英语一text4
2014考研英语阅读理解原文之英语一text4Illiberal Education and the 'Heart of the Matter'A new report on the humanities and social sciences misses a big reasonthey're in trouble.ByPETER BERKOWITZJune 30, 2013 6:27 p.m. ET'The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, with Duke University President Richard Brodhead and retired Exelon CEO John Rowe as co-chairmen. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21stcentury, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.One of the more novel ideas in the report is the creation of a "Culture Corps" in cities and town across America to "transmit humanistic and social scientific expertise from one generation to the next."Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for disseminating "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.We know from the extensive documentation that William F. Buckley Jr. provided in his stellar critique of American academia, "God and Man at Yale," first published in 1951, that this propagandizing extends back at least to the middle of the 20th century.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets, self-reliance and a distrust of central planning—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.Meanwhile, courses proliferate on highly specialized topics—Muslims in movies, gay and lesbian gardeners, the mathematical formalization of political decision making, for example—that closely correspond to professors' niche research interests but contribute little to students' grasp of the broad sweep of Western civilization and its literary, philosophical and religious masterpieces.Through speech codes, endless seminars and workshops designed to teach students how to avoid "offensive" speech—and by handling sexual harassment and sexual-assault allegations with procedures that undermine the presumption of innocence—universities teach students to discount free speech and due process.The American Academy of Arts and Sciences displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.Mr. Berkowitz, a senior fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution, is author of "Constitutional Conservatism: Liberty, Self-Government and Political Moderation" (Hoover Institution Press, 2013).。
学术英语Unit4
Unit FourTask 1The Dawn of The Age of Artificial IntelligenceReasons to cheer the rise of the machinesErik Brynjolfsson & Andrew Mcafee【1】The advances we’ve seen in the past few years– cars that drive themselves, useful humanoid robots, speech recognition and synthesis systems, 3D printers, Jeopardy!-champion computers—are not the crowning achievements of the computer era. They’re the warm-up acts. As we move deeper into the second machine age we’ll see more and mo re such wonders, and they’ll become more and more impressive.【2】How can we be so sure? Because the exponential, digital, and recombinant powers of the second machine age have made it possible for humanity to create two ofthe most important one-time events in our history: the emergence of real, useful artificial intelligence (AI) and the connection of most of the people on the planet via a common digital network.【3】Either of these advances alone would fundamentally change our growth prospects. When combin ed, they’re more important than anything since the Industrial Revolution, which forever transformed how physical work was done.Thinking Machines, Available now【4】Digital machines have escaped their narrow confines and started to demonstrate broad abilities in pattern recognition, complex communication, and other domains that used to be exclusively human. We’ve recently seen great progress in natural language processing, machine learning (the ability of a computer to automatically refine its methods and improve its results as it gets more data), computer vision, simultaneous localization and mapping, and many other areas.【5】We’re going to see artificial intelligence do more and more, and as this happens costs will go down, outcomes will improve, and our lives will get better. Soon countless pieces of AI will be working on our behalf, often in the background. They’ll help us in areas ranging from trivial to substantive to life changing. Trivial uses of AI include recognizing our friends’ faces in photos and recommending products. More substantive ones include automatically driving cars on the road, guiding robots in warehouses, and better matching jobs and job seekers. But these remarkable advances pale against the life-changing potential of artificial intelligence.【6】To take just one recent example, innovators at the Israeli company OrCam have combined a small but powerful computer, digital sensors, and excellent algorithms to give key aspects of sight to the visually impaired (a population numbering more than twenty million in the United States alone). A user of the OrCam system, which was introduced in 2013, clips onto her glasses a combination of a tiny digital camera and speaker that works by conducting sound waves through the bones of the head. If she points her finger at a source of text such as a billboard, package of food, or newspaper article, the computer immediately analyzes the images the camera sends to it, then reads the text to her via the speaker.【7】Reading text ‘in the wild’– in a variety of fonts, sizes, surfaces, and lighting conditions—has historically been yet another area where humans outpaced even the most advanced hardware and software. OrCam and similar innovations show that this is no longer the case, and that here again technology is racing ahead. As it does, it willhelp millions of people lead fuller lives. The OrCam costs about $2,500 – the price of a good hearing aid – and is certain to become cheaper over time.【8】Digital technologies are also restoring hearing to the deaf via cochlear implants and will probably bring sight back to the fully blind; the FDA recently approved a first-generation retinal implant. AI’s benefits extend even to quadriplegics, since wheelchairs can now be controlled by thoughts. Considered objectively, these advances are something close to miracles –and they’re still in their infancy.Billions of Innovators, Coming Soon【9】In addition to powerful and useful AI, the other recent development that promises to further accelerate the second machine age is the digital interconnection of the planet’s people. There is no better resource for improving the world and bettering the state of humanity than the world’s humans– all 7.1 billion of us. Our good ideas and innovations will address the challenges that arise, improve the quality of our lives, allow us to live more lightly on the planet, and help us take better care of one another. It is a remarkable and unmistakable fact that, with the exception of climate change, virtually all environmental, social, and individual indicators of health have improved over time, even as human population has increased.【10】This improvement is not a lucky coincidence; it is cause and effect. Things have gotten better because there are more people, who in total have more good ideas that improve our overall lot. The economist Julian Simon was one of the first to make this optimistic argument, and he advanced it repeatedly and forcefully throughout his career. He wrote, “It is your mind that matters economically, as much or more than your mouth or hands. In the long run, the most important economic effect of population size and growth is the contribution of additional people to our stock of useful knowledge. And this contribution is large enough in the long run to overcome all the cos ts of population growth.”【11】We do have one quibble with Simon, however. He wrote that, “The main fuel to speed the world’s progress is our stock of knowledge, and the brake is our lack of imagination.” We agree about the fuel but disagree about the brake. The main impediment to progress has been that, until quite recently, a sizable portion of the world’s people had no effective way to access the world’s stock of knowledge or to add to it.【12】In the industrialized West we have long been accustomed to having libraries, telephones, and computers at our disposal, but these have been unimaginableluxuries to the people of the developing world. That situation is rapidly changing. In 2000, for example, there were approximately seven hundred million mobile phone subscriptions in the world, fewer than 30 percent of which were in developing countries.【13】By 2012 there were more than six billion subscriptions, over 75 percent of which were in the developing world. The World Bank estimates that three-quarters of the people on the planet now have access to a mobile phone, and that in some countries mobile telephony is more widespread than electricity or clean water.【14】The first mobile phones bought and sold in the developing world were capable of little more than voice calls and text messages, yet even these simple devices could make a significant difference. Between 1997 and 2001 the economist Robert Jensen studied a set of coastal villages in Kerala, India, where fishing was the main industry.10 Jensen gathered data both before and after mobile phone service was introduced, and the changes he documented are remarkable. Fish prices stabilized immediately after phones were introduced, and even though these prices dropped on average, fishermen’s profits actually increa sed because they were able to eliminate the waste that occurred when they took their fish to markets that already had enough supply for the day. The overall economic well-being of both buyers and sellers improved, and Jensen was able to tie these gains directly to the phones themselves.【15】Now, of course, even the most basic phones sold in the developing world are more powerful than the ones used by Kerala’s fisherman over a decade ago. And cheap mobile devices keep improving. Technology analysis firm IDC forecasts that smartphones will outsell feature phones in the near future, and will make up about two-thirds of all sales by 2017.【16】This shift is due to continued simultaneous performance improvements and cost declines in both mobile phone devices and networks, and it has an important consequence: it will bring billions of people into the community of potential knowledge creators, problem solvers, and innovators.‘Infinite Computing’ and Beyond【17】Today, people with connected smartphones or tablets anywhere in the world have access to many (if not most) of the same communication resources and information that we do while sitting in our offices at MIT. They can search the Web and browse Wikipedia. They can follow online courses, some of them taught by the best in the academic world. They can share their insights on blogs, Facebook, Twitter,and many other services, most of which are free. They can even conduct sophisticated data analyses using cloud resources such as Amazon Web Services and R, an open source application for statistics.13 In short, they can be full contributors in the work of innovation and knowledge creation, taking advantage of what Autodesk CEO Carl Bass calls “infinite computing.”【18】Until quite recently rapid communication, information acquisition, and knowledge sharing, especially over long distances, were essentially limited to the planet’s elite. Now they’re much more democratic and egalitarian, and getting more so all the time. The journalist A. J. Liebling famously remarked that, “Freedom of the press is limited to those who own one.” It is no exaggeration to say that billions of people will soon have a printing press, reference library, school, and computer all at their fingertips.【19】We believe that this development will boost h uman progress. We can’t predict exactly what new insights, products, and solutions will arrive in the coming years, but we are fully confident that they’ll be impressive. The second machine age will be characterized by countless instances of machine intelligence and billions of interconnected brains working together to better understand and improve our world. It will make mockery out of all that came before.Notes1.Erik Bynjolfsson: He is an American academic and Schussel Family Professor ofManagement at the MIT Sloan School of Management, the Director of the MIT Center for Digital Business and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, known for his contributions to the world of IT Productivity research and work on the economics of information more generally.2.Andrew Mcafee:He is the associate director of the Center for Digital Business atthe MIT Sloan School of Management, studying the ways information technology (IT) affects businesses and business as a whole. His research investigates how IT changes the way companies perform, organize themselves, and compete, and at a higher level, how computerization affects competition, society, the economy, and the workforce. He was previously a professor at Harvard Business School and a fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society. He is the author of Enterprise 2.0, published in November 2009 by Harvard Business School Press, and co-author of Race Against the Machine with Erik Brynjolfsson. In 2014, thiswork was expanded into the book The Second Machine Age. He writes for publications including Harvard Business Review, The Economist, Forbes, The Wall St. Journal, and The New York Times. He speaks frequently to both academic and industry audiences, most notably at TED 2013 and on the The Charlie Rose Show.3.Julian Simon: 朱利安·西蒙，美国伊利诺斯大学的经济学和工商管理教授。
美国文学选择题2014
1. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. "Nature"B. "Self-Reliance"C. "Divinity School Address"D. "The American Scholar"2. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _______ , the narrator, Moby Dick is stilla mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. AhabB. IshmaelC. StubbD. Starbuck3. Most of the poems in Whitman's Leaves of Grass sing of the "mass" and the _______ as well.A. natureB. self-relianceC. selfD. life4. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more _______ .A. rationalB. humorousC. optimisticD. pessimistic5. Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and _______ .A. The GeniusB. The TycoonC. The StoicD. The Giant6. The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American ________ .A. local colorismB. imagismC. modernismD. naturalism7. It is on his _______ that Washington Irving's fame mainly rested.A. childhood recollectionsB. sketches about his European toursC. early poetryD. tales about America8. Which of the following works concerns most concentrated the Calvinistic view of original sin?A. The Wasteland.B. The Scarlet Letter.C. Leaves of Grass.D. As I Lay Dying9. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______.A. conversational and crudeB. lyrical and well-structuredC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing10. Who exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers?A. FreudB. Darwin.C. W.D. Howells.D. Emerson11. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ____.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism12. The period before the American Civil War is commonly referred to as _______.A. the Romantic PeriodB. the Realistic PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Modern Period13. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by（）.A. e.e. Cummings C. Ezra PoundB. T.S. Eliot D. Robert Frost14. In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _______.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich15. "Two roads diverged in a yellow woodAnd sorry I could not travel both ..."In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by i mplication, was referring to _______.A. a travel experienceB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. one’s course of life16. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is _______.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking17. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s?A. The House of the Seven Gables.B. The Blithedale Romance.C. The Marble Falun.D. White Jacket.18. _________is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.A. Carl SandburgB. Edwin Arlington RobinsonC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald19. In Hawthorne’s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as _______.A. commentatorsB. observersC. villainsD. saviors20. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.A. poetic theoryB. French artC. history of New YorkD. life of George Washington21. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, there are detailed descriptions of big parties. The purpose of such descriptions is to show _______.A. emptiness of lifeB. the corruption of the upper classC. contrast of the rich and the poorD. the happy days of the Jazz Age22. In American literature, escaping from the society and returning to nature is a common subject. The following titles are all related, in one way or another, to the subject except _______.A. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. Dreiser’s Sister CarrieC. Copper’s Leather-Stocking TalesD. Thoreau’s Walden23. Which of the following novels can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of literary modernism?A. The Sound and the FuryB. Uncle To m’s Cabin.C. Daisy Miller.D. The Gilded Age.24. Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression?A. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.25. Most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth-century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the _______ movement.A. transcendentalB. leftistC. expatriateD. expressionistic26. As an autobiographical play, O'Neill's _______ （1956）has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.A. The Iceman ComethB. Long Day's Journey Into NightC. The Hairy ApeD. Desire Under the Elms27. Apart from the dislocation （错位）of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include _______ , symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.A. impressionismB. expressionismC. multiple points of viewD. first person point of view28. Stylistically, Henry James' fiction is characterized by _______ .A. short, clear sentencesB. abundance of local imagesC. ordinary American speechD. highly refined language29. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms with a plain speech of _______ farmers .A. SouthernB. WesternC. New HampshireD. New England30. Henry David Thoreau's work, ________has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.A. WaldenB. The pioneersC. NatureD. Song of Myself31. The famous 20-years sleep in “Rip Van Winkle” helps to construct the story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irving's ___.A. concern with the passage of timeB. expression of transient (短暂的）beautyC. satire on laziness and corruptibility of human beingsD. idea about supernatural manipulation of man's life32.Walt Whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry. His innovation first of all lies in his use of __, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. blank verseB. heroic coupletC. free verseD. iambic pentameter33. In Moby-Dick, the white whale symbolizes _______ for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A. natureB. human societyC. whaling industryD. truth34. Hester, Dimmsdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in ___.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Portrait of a LadyD. The pioneers35. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, _______ became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19thcentury.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism36. After The adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom's buddy Huck in a book entitled ___.A. Life on the MississippiB. The Gilded AgeC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court37. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be _____.A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists38.In the last chapter of Sister Carrie, there is a description about Hurstwood, one of the protagonists of the novel, “Now he began leisurely to take off his clothes, but stopped first with his coat, and tucked it along the crack under the door. His vest he arranged in the same place.” Why did he do this? Because ________.A. he wanted to commit suicideB. he wanted to keep the room warmC. he didn’t want to be found by othersD. he wanted to enjoy the peace of mind39.The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the ___ in the American literary history.A .individual feelingsB. idea of survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature40. Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ____.A. Ezra PoundB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Robert FrostD. Emily Dickinson41. The Hemingway Code heroes（硬汉形象）are best remembered for their __.A. indestructible spiritB. pessimistic view of lifeC. war experiencesD. masculinity (男性，男子气）42. IN The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape, O'Neill adopted the expressionist techniques to portray the _____ of human beings in a hostile universe.A. helpless situationB. uncertaintyC. profound religious faithD. courage and perseverance43. The high tide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around .[A]1820[B]1850[C]1880[D]192044.The subj ect matter of Robert Frost’s Poems focuses on .[A] ordinary country people and scenes[B]battle scenes of ancient Greek and Roman legends[C]struggling masses and crowded urban quarters[D]fantasies and mythical happenings45.Which group of writers are among those who may be called early pioneers of American literature?[A]Mark Twain and Henry James.[B]Fenimore Cooper and Washington lrving.[C]Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner[D]Jack London and O’Henry.46.To Theodore Dreiser, life is “so sad, so strange, so mysterious and so inexplicable.” No wonder the characters in his books are often subject to the control of the natural forces, especially those of _____and heredity.[A]fate[B]morality[C]social conventions[D]environment47.Hawthorne generally concerns himself with such issues as in his fiction.[A]the evil in man’s heart[B]the material pursuit[C]the racial conflict[D]the social inequality48._______ provides the main source of influence on American naturalism.[A]The puritan heritage[B]Howells’ ideas of realism[C]Darwin’s theory of evolution[D]The pioneer spirit of the wild west49.In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, Huck writes a letter to inform against Jim, the escaped slave, and then he tears the letter up. This fact reveals that______ .[A]Huck has a mixed feeling of love and hate[B]there is a conflict between society and conscience in Huck[C]Huck is always an indecisive person[D]Huck has very little education50.Which terms can best describe the modernists’ concern of the human situation in their fiction?[A]Fragmentation （崩溃）and alienation.[B]Courage and honor.[C]Tradition and faith.[D]Poverty and desperation.51.Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except .[A]a strict poetic form[B]a simple and conversational language[C]a free and natural rhythmic pattern[D]an easy flow of feelings52.All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly ____.[A]prolific (多产的）[B]artistic.[C]optimistic[D]pessimistic53.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Henry James’s writing style?[A] exquisite and elaborate language[B]minute and detailed descriptions[C]lengthy psychological analyses[D]American colloquialism54.In the beginning paragraph of Chapter 3, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald describes a big party by saying that “men and girls came and went like moths.” The author most likely indicates that______ .[A]there was a crowd of party-goers[B]such life does not have real meaning[C]these people were light-hearted[D]these were crazy and ignorant characters55.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of William Faulkner?[A]He is master of stream-of-consciousness narrative.[B]His writing is often complex and difficult to understand.[C]He often depicts slum life in New York and Chicago.[D]He represents a new group of Southern writers.56._________is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-of-consciousness” novels and the founder of psychological realism.A. Theodore DreiserB. William FaulknerC. Henry JamesD. Mark Twain57.By the end of Sister Carrie, Dreiser writes, “It was forever to the pursuit of that radiance of delight which tints the distant hilltops of the world.” Dreiser implies that_____ .[A]there is a bright future lying ahead[B]there is no end to man’s desire[C]one should always be forward-looking[D]happiness is found in the end58. At the beginning of Faulkner’s A Rose For Emily, there is a detailed description of Emily’s old house. The purpose of such description is to imply that the person living in it ______.A. is a wealth ladyB. has good tasteC. is a prisoner of the pastD. is a conservative aristocrat59. ________ is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.A. Carl SandburgB. Edwin Arlington RobinsonC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald60.The theme of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is（）.A. the conflict of human psycheB. the fight against racial discriminationC. the familial conflictD. the nostalgia（怀旧之情）for the unrecoverable past61.Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel ______ the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”A. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventures of Tom SawyerC. The Gilded AgeD. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg。
英国文学史名词解释2
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11th centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance: the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad: A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend. Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries. The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism: it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature. it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the RenaissanceSonnet：A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject. Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance.Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of aimportance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, andblood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy, greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humors demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chiefly known for his comedy of humorsSoliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a character’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical” indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. DrawsHeroic drama: A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets. the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
《英美概况一》练习题一
《英美概况（一）》练习题一一、1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by referring to the text.1)The literature career of Bronte sisters has close relationship with one of the geographic features inYorkshire County, where they were born and raised, which is _______.2)The river ________ in UK has been an important trade and transport route since prehistoric times.3)The overall climate in England is called temperate ________.4)The Anglo-Saxons spoke a language that we now call______.5)Following the Wars of the Roses was the rule of the House of the_________.6)On July 7th, 1937, Japan began an all-out attack on _____.7)On December 7th, 1941, Japan's planes from carriers at sea made a swift and sudden raid on the UnitedStates' naval base at ________.8)Britain, under the leadership of _______, defeated Germany's attempt to destroy its air force and airdefenses in the Battle of Britain and escaped invasion.9)Margaret Thatcher gained her reputation as “the ________ lady” for her tight control of Britain'smonetary policy.10) The British Parliament is often referred to as ________--- the body that makes or unmakes laws.11)The Church of England today is all-inclusive, having the ability to be both Protestant and ________.12)Buddhism was originated in ______ about 500 B.C.13)Overseas commodity trade alone accounts for about _________ of the country's national income.14)There are three academic degrees in Britain: the_______, Master's degree and Doctor's degree.15)The best-known scientific achievement in the nineteenth century was Charles Robert Darwin'sdevelopment of a theory of ____ .2. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.1)Among the three regions of UK, Scotland is the largest in size.2)For ninety-six years after the nominal conquest by Julius Caesar, Britain was left in peace and freedom.3)The Chartists advocated violence.4)There was no advertising on any BBC program, either sound or television.5) It can be said that the Thatcher Era is the longest ministry of last century in UK.6)The life of Parliament in UK is fixed at five years.7) A lot of people in UK regularly attend church. （三-9 五-19）8)The British economy was the first to have been fully industrialized. （四-19。
大学计算机基础英语教学 (2)
Structure of LAN
The structure of LAN is following the structure of network, also been called topology of network. Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be
Wired
technologies Wireless technologies
By Scale
computer networks may be classified according to the scale, in Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), and Wide Area Network (WAN).
文学随堂测
一．Multiple Choices1. The ship “___”carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. Sunflower B．Armada C. Mayflower D. Pequod2.From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous “___”, an annual collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine3. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. The Rights of ManD. The Autobiography4. “These are the times that try men’s souls,” these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington5. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. “___”was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution6. At the age Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the “___”.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movemen7.The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted “___” in 1776.A. The Declaration of IndependenceB. The Sugar ActC. The Stamp ActD. The Mayflower Compact8.___ is respectfully remembered as a master of adventurous narrative and as the creator of an American hero-myth.A. Washington IrvingB. John Greenleaf WhittierC. James Fenimore CooperD. Oliver Wendell Holmes9.The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well illustrated in the following works ___A. The AutobiographyB. The Sketch BookC. the Leatheringstocking TalesD. Nature10.The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as ___A. the Romantic PeriodB. the Modern PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Realistic Period11.There is the famous ___, in which there is the memorable event of an apparently headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love, and the memorable character of Ichabod Crane with his mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-assertiveness, and cowardice.A. Rip Van WinkleB. The legend of Sleep HollowC. The PioneerD. The American Scholar12.As a philosophical and literary movement, ___ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism13.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Henry David Thoreau.A. Thomas JeffersonB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Philip FreneauD. Edgar Allan Poe14.Transcendentalist recognized ___ as the “highest power of the soul.”A. intuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinking15.The publication of ___ established Ralph Waldo Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. Common Sense16.From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experience came his famous essay, ___, which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. The Divine School Address17.Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne ____ in American literary.A. the largest brain with the largest heartB. father of American poetryC. the transcendentalistD. the American scholar18.___ is an appalling fiction version of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s belief that “ the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones” and that evil will come out evil though it may take many generations to happen. A. The Marble Faun B. The House of Seven GablesC. the Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman Brown19.The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT___A. mystery of the universeB. sin of the whaleC. power of the Great NatureD. evil of the world20.In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praise of all of the following values EXCEPT ____A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man21.In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes ____A. natureB. a search for truthC. the unknown worldD. the microcosm of human society22.Which of the following works is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A.O n BeautyB. WaldenC. The Conduct of LifeD. Nature23.Early in ____ , the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.A. 14th centuryB. 15thC. 17thD. 16th24.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them______.A .QuakersB AnglicansC CatholicsD Puritans25.The first symbol of self-made American man is _____A George WashingtonB Washington IrvingC Thomas JeffersonD Benjamin Franklin26.Which one of the following concepts is related to the understanding of American Romanticism?A .survival of the fittest B. indifference of the universe C. exaltation of emotion over reason D. the human beast27. Which one of the following is the author of “ The Leather Stocking Tales”?A. ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Allan Poe D . Cooper28. Which one of the following statements is applicable to the understanding of Transcendentalism.A It is strongly influenced by social DarwinismB Belief in individualism, independent mind, and self relianceC Man has no free willD Determinism governs everything.29.In _______ , Captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale.A. Typee B .White Jacket C. Moby Dick D. Billy Budd30.Which one of the following is the author of the poem Song of Myself?A Walt WhitmanB Stephen CraneC Edgar Allan PoeD Henry Longfellow31. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself, and what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you”In the above quoted verse lines taken from “song of myself”, what does the central image “myself”refer to ?A merely the poet himselfB the common people of AmericaC masculine sublime egoD American puritans 二．Filling in the blank1.In his ______ Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from____ to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities.2.Emerson belonged to the school of _____.3.Ralph Emerson wrote _____ which was called the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism and _____ whichhas been regarded as American’s Declaration of Intellectual independence.4.Pearl is a character in ______ written by _______.As a reflection of Hester’s moral development, the _______ symbolically undergoes a gradual and imperceptible change from____ to able and last to angel.三．Term Definition1.American Dream2.Historical novel3.Transcendentalism4.American Renaissance5.Gothic tradition四．Short Essay Questions1.What is the significance of American Puritanism in American Literature?2.In American literary history, the Romantic Period, during which many famous writers and their masterpiece came into being, played an important role. According to their writings, briefly discuss the features of American literature in this period.3.Emily Dickinson is now recognized as a poet of considerable influence upon American poetry of the present century. What are the qualities of her poems?4.Emerson states “Let a man then know his worth, and keep things under his feet”. Please make comments on it.5.What is the major thematic concern of “Walden”.6.Emily Dickinson’s poetry abounds in images. In the best of her poems every word is a picture seen. Comment on the images in “Because I could not stop for death”.。
2016年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲
2016年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲The 2016 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Text 4: An In-Depth AnalysisThe year 2016 marked a significant milestone for countless students in China as they faced the daunting challenge of the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Test Text 4 This text presented a unique set of obstacles and opportunities for those aspiring to further their academic pursuits beyond the undergraduate level The text demanded a meticulous level of comprehension and analysis from the test takers requiring them to not only understand the surface level meaning but also delve deeper into the nuances and implications woven throughout the passageOne of the key factors that contributed to the complexity of this text was the diverse range of topics and concepts it encompassed From discussions on the impact of globalization on local cultures to the role of technology in shaping modern societies the text challenged students to synthesize information from various disciplines and formulate a cohesive understanding of the underlying themes At the heart of this challenge lay the necessity for test takers to develop a keen eye for detail and the ability to extract relevant informationfrom the text while discarding superfluous detailsAnother crucial aspect of the 2016 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Test Text 4 was the demand for critical thinking skills Students were required to move beyond mere comprehension and engage in a deeper level of analysis Interpreting the author's perspective evaluating the validity of the arguments presented and drawing logical conclusions based on the information provided were all essential components of the test The ability to recognize underlying assumptions biases and logical fallacies separated the high-performing test takers from the restFurthermore the text challenged students to demonstrate their proficiency in navigating complex sentence structures and vocabulary The density of the passage coupled with the use of sophisticated language tested the limits of the test takers English language proficiency Mastering the art of deciphering intricate grammatical structures and comprehending the nuanced meanings of words was crucial for achieving a high score on this section of the examPerhaps one of the most daunting aspects of the 2016 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Test Text 4 was the time constraint imposed on the test takers Students were required to thoroughly read analyze and respond to the text within alimited timeframe adding an additional layer of pressure and challenge to the already demanding task At this juncture the ability to effectively manage time optimize reading strategies and maintain focus became paramount in determining the success of the test takersIn conclusion the 2016 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Test Text 4 stood as a formidable obstacle for aspiring postgraduate students in China Requiring a multifaceted approach encompassing deep comprehension critical analysis and exceptional language skills the text pushed the boundaries of the test takers abilities Yet for those who rose to the challenge the experience served as a testament to their academic prowess and a stepping stone towards their desired postgraduate pursuits。
美国数学大联盟常用英文词汇
美国数学大联盟常用英文词汇一、基础数学词汇1. Arithmetic 算术2. Algebra 代数3. Geometry 几何4. Trigonometry 三角学5. Calculus 微积分6. Statistics 统计学7. Probability 概率论8. Combinatorics 组合数学9. Number theory 数论10. Set theory 集合论二、代数词汇1. Variable 变量2. Equation 方程3. Inequality 不等式4. Function 函数5. Graph 图像6. Polynomial 多项式7. Factorization 因式分解8. Exponent 指数9. Logarithm 对数10. Matrix 矩阵三、几何词汇1. Point 点2. Line 线3. Plane 平面4. Angle 角度5. Triangle 三角形6. Quadrilateral 四边形7. Circle 圆8. Perimeter 周长9. Area 面积10. Volume 体积四、三角学词汇1. Sine 正弦2. Cosine 余弦3. Tangent 正切4. Cosecant 余割5. Secant 正割6. Cotangent 余切7. Arcsine 反正弦8. Arccosine 反余弦9. Arctangent 反正切10. Radian 弧度五、微积分词汇1. Derivative 导数2. Integral 积分3. Limit 极限4. Series 级数5. Sequence 数列6. Differentiation 微分7. Integration 积分8. Differential equation 微分方程9. Taylor series 泰勒级数10. Fourier series 傅里叶级数六、统计学词汇1. Data 数据2. Sample 样本3. Population 总体4. Mean 平均值5. Median 中位数6. Mode 众数7. Standard deviation 标准差8. Variance 方差9. Probability distribution 概率分布10. Hypothesis testing 假设检验七、概率论词汇1. Event 事件2. Probability 概率3. Random variable 随机变量4. Probability space 概率空间5. Conditional probability 条件概率6. Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理7. Independence 独立性8. Law of large numbers 大数定律9. Central limit theorem 中心极限定理10. Random walk 随机游走八、组合数学词汇1. Permutation 排列2. Combination 组合3. Binomial coefficient 二项式系数4. Pascal's triangle 帕斯卡三角形5. Catalan number 卡塔兰数6. Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契数列7. Partition 分割8. Graph theory 图论9. Ramsey theory 拉姆齐理论10. Combinatorial design 组合设计九、数论词汇1. Prime number 质数2. Composite number 合数3. Divisor 因数4. GCD 最大公约数5. LCM 最小公倍数6. Modular arithmetic 模运算7. Fermat's little theorem 费马小定理8. Euler's theorem 欧拉定理9. Chinese remainder theorem 中国剩余定理10. RSA encryption RSA加密十、集合论词汇1. Set 集合2. Element 元素3. Union 并集4. Intersection 交集5. Complement 补集6. Power set 幂集7. Cartesian product 笛卡尔积8. Function 函数9. Relation 关系10. Equivalence relation 等价关系美国数学大联盟常用英文词汇一、基础数学词汇1. Arithmetic 算术2. Algebra 代数3. Geometry 几何4. Trigonometry 三角学5. Calculus 微积分6. Statistics 统计学7. Probability 概率论8. Combinatorics 组合数学9. Number theory 数论10. Set theory 集合论二、代数词汇1. Variable 变量2. Equation 方程3. Inequality 不等式4. Function 函数5. Graph 图像6. Polynomial 多项式7. Factorization 因式分解8. Exponent 指数9. Logarithm 对数10. Matrix 矩阵三、几何词汇1. Point 点2. Line 线3. Plane 平面4. Angle 角度5. Triangle 三角形6. Quadrilateral 四边形7. Circle 圆8. Perimeter 周长9. Area 面积10. Volume 体积四、三角学词汇1. Sine 正弦2. Cosine 余弦3. Tangent 正切4. Cosecant 余割5. Secant 正割6. Cotangent 余切7. Arcsine 反正弦8. Arccosine 反余弦9. Arctangent 反正切10. Radian 弧度五、微积分词汇1. Derivative 导数2. Integral 积分3. Limit 极限4. Series 级数5. Sequence 数列6. Differentiation 微分7. Integration 积分8. Differential equation 微分方程9. Taylor series 泰勒级数10. Fourier series 傅里叶级数六、统计学词汇1. Data 数据2. Sample 样本3. Population 总体4. Mean 平均值5. Median 中位数6. Mode 众数7. Standard deviation 标准差8. Variance 方差9. Probability distribution 概率分布10. Hypothesis testing 假设检验七、概率论词汇1. Event 事件2. Probability 概率3. Random variable 随机变量4. Probability space 概率空间5. Conditional probability 条件概率6. Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理7. Independence 独立性8. Law of large numbers 大数定律9. Central limit theorem 中心极限定理10. Random walk 随机游走八、组合数学词汇1. Permutation 排列2. Combination 组合3. Binomial coefficient 二项式系数4. Pascal's triangle 帕斯卡三角形5. Catalan number 卡塔兰数6. Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契数列7. Partition 分割8. Graph theory 图论9. Ramsey theory 拉姆齐理论10. Combinatorial design 组合设计九、数论词汇1. Prime number 质数2. Composite number 合数3. Divisor 因数4. GCD 最大公约数5. LCM 最小公倍数6. Modular arithmetic 模运算7. Fermat's little theorem 费马小定理8. Euler's theorem 欧拉定理9. Chinese remainder theorem 中国剩余定理10. RSA encryption RSA加密十、集合论词汇1. Set 集合2. Element 元素3. Union 并集4. Intersection 交集5. Complement 补集6. Power set 幂集7. Cartesian product 笛卡尔积8. Function 函数9. Relation 关系10. Equivalence relation 等价关系十一、数学竞赛相关词汇1. Contest 竞赛2. Problem 问题3. Solution 解答4. Strategy 策略5. Practice 练习6. Challenge 挑战7. Competition 比赛8. Award 奖项9. Medal 奖牌10. Rank 排名十二、数学教育相关词汇1. Curriculum 课程2. Lesson 课3. Exercise 练习4. Homework 作业5. Test 测试6. Assessment 评估7. Instruction 指导8. Resource 资源9. Tool 工具10. Technique 技巧十三、数学研究相关词汇1. Research 研究2. Theory 理论3. Hypothesis 假设4. Proof 证明5. Result 结果6. Experiment 实验7. Observation 观察8. Analysis 分析9. Conclusion 结论10. Publication 发表十四、数学应用相关词汇1. Application 应用2. Model 模型3. Algorithm 算法4. Simulation 模拟5. Optimization 优化6. Data 数据7. Analysis 分析8. Solution 解答9. Design 设计10. Evaluation 评估十五、数学文化相关词汇1. History 历史2. Development 发展3. Influence 影响4. Mathematician 数学家5. Theory 理论6. Concept 概念7. Idea 思想8. Innovation 创新9. Tradition 传统10. Legacy 遗产通过掌握这些常用英文词汇，你将能够更好地理解和参与美国数学大联盟的数学竞赛、教育、研究以及应用等领域的讨论和交流。
美国文学题型
一．选择题1. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as ___C________. （东北师大2006研）A. The Naturalist PeriodB. The Modern PeriodC. The Romantic PeriodD. The Realistic Period2. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for____D_____.（天外2008研）A. Rip’s escape into a mysteriousB. The story’s German legendary source materialC. Rip’s seeking for happinessD. Rip’s 20-years sleep3. Rip Van Winkle reveals the theme of ____A_ the past.A. nostalgiaB. rejection toC. detachment fromD. dislike for4. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle got ideas from _C____ legends. （西南大学2004研）A. BritishB. ItalianC. GermanD. French5. ___C__ has always been regarded as a writer who “perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.”A. MelvilleB. WhitmanC. IrvingD. Hawthorne6. In Rip Van Winkle the drastic political changes in the lapsed 20 years are suggested by all the following except __C___. （北二外2005研）A. the flag of the USB. the portrait of George WashingtonC. the graves of the dead Union soldiersD. the mention of election and Congress7．Which of the following statement is not true about Washington Irving?（中南2006研）CA. Washington Irving is regarded as Father of the American short stories.B. Irving’s relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.C. Irving’s taste was essentially progressive or radical.D. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced."8.Henry David Thoreau’s work, ____A____, has always been regarded asa masterpiece of the New England Transcendental Movement.A. WaldenB. The PioneersC. NatureD. "Song of Myself"9."There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity", which author of the following authors does the mention belong to__C______.A. Washington IrvingB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman10.In Hawthorne’s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as ____B____.A. saviorsB. villainsC. commentatorsD. observers11."Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind" is a famous quote from__D____’s writings.A. Walt WhitmanB. Henry David ThoreauC. Herman MelvilleD. Ralph Waldo Emerson12.The Publication of _A_____established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-Soul13.The phrase "a transparent eye-ball’ compares philosophical mentation of Emerson’s. It appears in____B_____.A. The American ScholarB. NatureC. The over SoulD. Essays: Second Series14.In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled __C_____at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmeasas :Our Intellectual Declaration of Independence".A. "Self-Reliance"B. "Divinity School Address"C. "The American Scholar"D. "Nature"15.The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is__C__, therefore, self-reliant.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking16.In the following works, which sign the beginning of the Americanliterature? AA. The Sketch BookB. Leaves of GrassC. Leather Stocking TalesD. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn17. ____C_ is the first American to achieve an international literary reputation in the American literary history.A. CooperB. WhitmanC. IrvingD. Hawthorne.18.__A___ is the author of the work The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.A. Washington IrvingB. James JoyceC. Walt WhitmanD. William Butler Yeats19.Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for_______D__.A. Rip’s escape into a mysteriousB. The story’s German legendary source materialC. Rip’s seeking for happinessD. Rip’s 20-years sleep20.Rip Van Winkle reveals the theme of ___A__ the past.A. nostalgiaB. rejection toC. detachment fromD. dislike for21.Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle got ideas from __C___ legends.A. BritishB. ItalianC. GermanD. French22.__C___ has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced."A. MelvilleB. WhitmanC. IrvingD. Hawthorne23.In Rip Van Winkle the drastic political changes in the lapsed 20 years are suggested by all the following except __C___.A. the flag of the USB. the portrait of George WashingtonC. the graves of the dead Union soldiersD. the mention of election and Congress24.In his_Autobiography____, Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from ___poors___to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.(天津外国语2008)25.The first symbol of self-made American man is ___D__.A. George WashingtonB. Washington IrvingC. Thomas JeffersonD. Benjamin Franklin26. Thomas Paine’s Commen Sense____ states that “Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in his worst state an intolerable one”.27.It is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth, that is _C___.A. the ancient Greek myth of ZeusB. the British myth of the Saint GrailC. the Biblical myth of the Garden of EdenD. the Legend of the Sleepy Hollow28.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at __A_.A. JamestownB. New YorkC. BostonD. Concord29.What is the analogy that Emily Dickinson uses in the her poem “Because I could stop for Death” ?AA. Horse and carriageB. Stage and performanceC. Cloud and shadeD. Ship and harbor30.In “I heard a Fly buzz ---when I died” and “Because I could not stop for Death,” Emily Dickinson’s attitude toward death is that of _C___.A. eager embraceB. helpless anxietyC. peaceful acceptanceD. terrified despair31.Perhaps Emily Dickinson’s greatest interpretation of the moment of _D____ is to be found in “I heard a Fly buzz--when I died—”, a poem universally regarded as one of her masterpieces.A. fantasyB. birthC. crisisD. death32.Altogether, Emily Dickinson wrote 1775 poems, of which only ___C___ had appeared during her lifetime.A．three B．five C．seven D．nine33.Which of the following statements is NOT true of Emily Dickinson and her poetry? BA．She remained unmarried all her lifeB．She wrote, 1,775 poems, and most of them were published duringher life time.C．Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.D．Her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.34.In general, the American woman poet __B___ wanted to live simply as a complete independent being，and so she did，as a spinster.A. Anne BretB. Emily DickinsonC. Anna DickinsonD. Emily Shaw35.Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme and technique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereas Whitman likes to keep his eye on human society at large, Dickinson often addresses such issues as（ D ）, immortality, religion, love and nature.A. progressB. freedomC. beautyD. death36.Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression? DA. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.37.Most of Emily Dickinson’s poems were published __D__.A. When she was young.B. After her failed love affairC. In her old age.D. After her death.二．作家作品1. William Cullen Bryant ：To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》Thanatopsis 《死亡随想》The Yellow Violet 《黄色堇香花》2．Walt Whitman：Leaves of Grass (9 editions)：①Song of Myself②There Was a Child Went Forth(有一个孩子在成长)③Democratic Vistas （民主远景）the title : It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass . He said that where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass. Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.3.Philip Freneau's：The Wild Honey Suckle (1786)The Indian Burying Ground(1788)4.Herman Melville：①Moby-Dick (a white whale): His best work and masterpiece; the first American prose epic.（散文体史诗）②Typee «泰皮» ③Mardi «玛地»④Pierre «皮埃尔»⑤Billy Budd 《比利•巴德》5.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow：①Voices of the Night 《夜吟》：A Psalm of Life 《人生礼赞》②Evangeline 《伊凡吉林》③The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》④Ballads and Other Poems 《歌谣及其他》6.Nathaniel Hawthorne ：Young Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》7.Henry David Thoreau：Walden：Where I Lived, and What I Lived for.8.Ralph Waldo Emerson：Nature The American Scholar 论美国学者Self-Reliance 论自立The Over-Soul 论超灵9.Edgar Allan Poe:The Raven, Annabel Lee, To Helen10.James Fenimore Cooper:①The Spy (1821)《间谍》②The Pilot (1824) 《舵手》③Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》:The Pioneers (1823), 《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans (1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》The Pathfinder (1840), 《探路人》The Deerslayer (1841). 《杀鹿者》11.Washington Irving: The Sketch Book《见闻札记》:(1)Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普凡温克尔》(2)The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》12.Thomas Jefferson :the Declaration of Independence (1776)Note on the State of Virginia《弗吉尼亚笔记》13.Thomas Paine:Common Sense《常识》The American Crisis 《危机》14.Bartram:Travels《旅行散记》.15.Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard’s Almanack 穷理查德年鉴The Way to Wealth 致富之路The Autobiography 自传16.John Smith:A True Relation of Virginia 《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》17.John Winthrop:The History of New England《新英格兰史》A Model of Christian Charity 《基督教之爱》18.William Bradford:the History of Plymouth Plantation (annals)19.Anne Bradstreet:the Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America.To My Dear and Loving Husband20.Edward Taylor:Upon a Spider Catching a Fly The Ebb and Flow Upon Wedlock and Death of Children God’s Determination Preparatory Meditations21.Emily Dickinson: Over the fence Because I could not stop for Death 因为我不能停下来等候死神I heard a Fly buzz–when I died 我死的时候—听见一只苍蝇嗡嗡地响三．名词解释1.“Gilded Age”镀金时代：an age of extremes of decline and progress，of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant （持续上涨的）hope．2.Realism：Realism originated in France. A literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. American Realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as a reaction against Romanticism. It stresses t ruthful treatment of material. It focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people, and emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.3.free verse：A kind of poetry that lacks regular meters or patterns. Free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry free from conventional rules of meter.4.predestination：God decided everything before things occurred.5. original sin/total depravity(堕落) : Human beings were born to be evil , and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation;6.limited atonement: only the “elect” can be saved.7.Half rhyme: Face and Greece are similar only in that they have one syllable and the same ending–"ce." The vowels "a" and "ee" do not rhyme. Thus, face and Greece make up what is called half rhyme, also known as near rhyme, oblique rhyme, and slant rhyme.8.Romanticism: appeared in England in the 18th century. A modern term applied to the profound shift in Western attitudes to art and human creativity in the first half of the 19th c. Reaction against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism (reason) during the Age of Reason.9.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of Puritans. The American puritans, like their English brothers, are idealists. They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.10.Transcendentalism: That philosophical movement is called the Transcendentalism(超验主义) which helped American literature branch off European culture and heralded the real beginning of American literature which is later called as: American Renaissance.II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1. "Time grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on: a tart temper mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village.Questions:1) Please identify the author and the title of the work.2) What’s the meaning of this passage?参考答案:1) This is an excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle" by Washington Irving. (P408)2) With his wife’s dominance at home, the situation became harder and harder for Rip Van Winkle. His wife’s temper became worse and she scolded him for more often. He had to stay in the club with idle people. (P407)附:Question: Please describe the changes Rip Van Winkle experienced. Answer: 1) Rip Van Winkle was the hero in Irving’s works. He was a good-natured man, a henpecked (惧内的，妻管严的) husband.2) Because his wife’s shrewish (泼妇一样的) treatment, Rip had to escape from his home to the little inn in the village. When it failed to give him some restful air, he had to go hunting in the high mountain, where Rip met a stranger, and the man asked Rip to carry keg for him. Then Rip reached the place in the valley, where many strangers were playing nine-pins. Later Rip got drunk after drinking the liquor, which made him sleep for 20 years.3) Rip woke up as an old man, entering the village learned that his wife had died, he got the freedom of his own,; and the American had been dependent from the control of Britain, he had changed from a subject of the King (George III) into a citizen of the independent new U.S.....2. " I celebrated myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you"Questions:1) Please identify the author and the title of the poem that had used when published. 2) What is the theme of this poem?参考答案:1) In the 1856, the title was "Poem of Walt Whitman, an American", then it became "Walt Whitman" in 1860, until 1881, it finally became "Song of Myself". The author is Walt Whitman. (P456--457)2) In this poem Whitman sets forth two principle beliefs:A. The theory of universality (普遍性), which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and things;B. The belief in the singularity (个别性) and equality(平等性) of all beings in value. (P457)3. "Standing on the bare ground, ----my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -----all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all."Questions:1) Please identify the author and the title of the work.2) Please briefly interpret this passage.3). What rhetorical device of "transparent eye-ball".4) Emerson said he want to become a transparent eye-ball, what king idea did he want to express?参考答案:1) This selection is from "Nature" by Emerson. (P427)2) In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature. Emerson develops his concept of "Over-Soul" Or "Universal Mind". Last but not the leas, it affirms the divinity of the human beings. (P423)3) It used the device of metaphor. (P423) 4) He wanted to tell us: Nature can purify (净化) our quality and let us get comfort. (P243)III. Questions and answers:1. The Romantic Period was called "The American Renaissance". Discuss the background of the Romantic Period, and compare it with the Romanticism of Britain.Answer:1) The two Romanticism both stress the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature;2) They all pay attention to psychic states of the characters and exalt the individual and common man;3) American Romanticism revealed unique characteristics: (difference)<1> American authors describe their native land,, especially the spirit of the pioneering into the west, the desire for an escape from society anda return to nature;<2> American writers use local dialect in language;<3> Puritanism has great influence over American Romantics;<4> Calvinism of original sin is obvious in their works;<5> Transcendentalism is very important theory in American Romanticism;<6> The important setting in American Romanticism are: ①the early puritan settlement; ②the confrontation with the Indians; ③the frontiersmen’s life; ④the wild west; ⑤imagination. (P399—402)2. Analyze the themes and characteristic of Hawthorne.Answer:Hawthorne was a man with inquiring imagination, meditative mind and dark vision to life.His themes in writing are:1) Man was born with evil and sin, one source of them is over-reaching intellect, whose image was always villain; (Chllingworth e.g.)2) Hawthorne was influenced greatly by Puritanism, while he criticized it bitterly;3) He believed Calvinistic ideas, thinking man was depraved and corrupted; they should obey God for saving the spirits;4) He concerned the moral life of man and human history;5) He was keen on the description of man’s development of psychology. (P432—433)3. Explain the theory of Transcendentalism, then list its important author and works.Answer:Transcendentalism is a very important theory in American Romanticism, its main ideas are:1) Man has the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or the ability of getting knowledge transcending the senses;2) Nature is ennobling and individual is divine, therefore, man should beself-reliant.3) Man is divine/holy and perfectible and man can trust himself to decide what is right and act accordingly; (but to Hawthorne and Melville man is a sinner);4) Universe is over-soul -a symbol of the spirit, God or the universe, there is an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal "over-soul" -unity of Nature.5) The important authors are: Emerson (The American Scholar) and Thoreau.6) "Nature", Emerson’s works, is called the unofficial manifesto for the club. (P421—P422)4. Hawthorne was a master in using symbol and allegory; cite some example to analyze it.Answer:1) Allegorically, Young Goodman Brown becomes an Everyman called Brown, who will be aged in one night by an evil adventure, and the evilness makes everyone a fallen idol in the world.2) In the angle of Symbol: "Brown look up to the Heaven and resist the wicked one" symbols Brown has the force to resist the evilness of the Nature and he still has the faith to God; but "he is alone in the forest" symbols the society is the place full of sins and evilness, Brown’sstrength is not enough at all; then after returning, he lives a dismal and gloomy life symbols he has been crushed down by the social evilness and lost his belief in goodness and piety. (P434—435)5. Washington Irving was called "Father of the American short stories" and "the American Goldsmith". What characteristics did he have? Answer:1) He was nostalgic author, and he always juxtaposing the Old and the New world;2) He remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past, and he prefer the past to present, prefer a dream-like world to a real one;3) His stories were always from legend, especially German legends, showing best classic style. (P405—406)6. Sea adventures are Melville’s favorite subject; "Moby-Dick" is a great novel in the theme, which is also noted for its symbolism, please analyze it in detail.Answer:1) About the sea adventure: it symbols the voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe; a spirit exploration intoman’s deep reality and psychology;2) About the boat; it symbols the society, and the crew symbol all kinds of people with different social and ethnic ideas;3) About the white whale: To the author, it symbols nature, it is a complex, unfathomable and beautiful; To the captain Ahab, it is evilness, is a wall. So he will lead all his crew to cut through the wall to dig out all the unknown, mysterious things behind it. To the narrator, Ishmael, it is a mystery. (P460—461)7. Walt Whitman is a unique poet. Can you explain what make him unique?Answer:1) His themes are: Democracy; the Revolutionary War and the Civil War; freedom; openness; brotherhood; individualism; the growth of industry and the wealth of the cities; universality.2) His styles are special: "free verse"; "catalogue"; simple and even crude language. (P448-551)。
TOEFL托福阅读理解真题汇总
TOEFL托福阅读理解真题汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读真题1The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South, Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains, and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the countrys most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a crueland merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainlydiscuss?(A) The influence of science on literature(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers(C) The emergence of realism and naturalism(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism2. The word prevailed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) dominated(B) transformed(C) entered(D) generalized3. The word they in line 8 refers to(A) authors(B) dialects(C) stories(D) relationships4. According to the passage , a highly significant factor in the development of realist andnaturalist literature was(A) the Civil War(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular(C) an increased interest in the study of common speech(D) an economic depression5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT(A) human relationships(B) characteristics of different regions(C) the idealization of life(D) social and historical theories6. The word depicted in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) emphasized(B) described(C) criticized(D) classified7. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors(C) As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style8. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?(A) Ellen Glasgow(B) Sarah Orne Jewett(C) Hamlin Garland(D) Mark Twain9. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he(A) was the first realist writer in the United States(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach(C) wrote humorous stories and novels(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech10. The word foremost in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) most difficult(B) interesting(C) most focused(D) leading11. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage ?(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.(C) He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C托福阅读真题2The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady sellerbecause their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Laws governing the printing industry.(B) Competition among printers(C) Types of publications produced(D) Advances in printing technology2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle majorprojects.(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly(B) were in great demand in European markets(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists4. The word they in line 17 refers to(A) chapbooks(B) tales(C) jokes(D) pages5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) predecessor(B) format(C) imitation(D) component6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by(A) fine paper(B) cardboard covers(C) elaborate decoration(D) a large number of pages7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) dependable(B) respectable(C) enduring(D) attractive8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) topic(B) season(C) interest(D) place10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Broadsides (line 6)(B) catechisms (line 15)(C) chapbooks (line l6)(D) Almanacs (line 25)PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB托福阅读真题3Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (todays Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tatehams Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North Americacreated many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB。
自考英美文学选读00604考前串讲(3)
英美文学考前串讲（3）Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodI. Choose the right answer:1. ____brings Henry Fielding the name of the "Prose Homer".A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.Tom JonesC.Robison CrusoeD.Colonel JackAnswer: B (P122)2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poemsand finally brought to its last perfection ______Drydenhad successfully used in his plays.A.the heroic coupletB.the free verseC.the blank verseD.the Spenserian stanzaAnswer: A (P92)3. Of all the 18th century novelists ___was the first to set out,both in theory and practice, to write specially a "comic epic in prose."A.Henry FieldingB.Daniel DefoeC.Jonathan SwiftD.John BunyanAnswer: A (P120)4. ____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A.Genesis AB.The Holy WarC.The Pilgrims progressD.ExodusAnswer: C (P85)5. In which of the following works can you find the proper names "Lilliput", "Brobdingnag", "Houyhnhnm" and "Yahoo"?A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.The Faririe QueeneC.Gulliver’s travelsD.The School of ScandelAnswer: C (P108)6. "As shades more sweetly recommend the light,So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit;For works may have more wit than does’em goodAs bodies perish through excess of blood."In the above lines, Pope tries to sat that_______.A.more wit will make better poetryB.plainness is more important than wit in poetryC.too much wit will destroy good poetryD.plainness will make wit dullAnswer: C (P93-94)7. The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is written in the formof a mock______, which describes the triviality of high societyin a grand style.A.epicB.elegyC.sonnetD.odeAnswer: A (P92)8. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature ofSamuel Johnson’s language style?A.His sentences are long and well structured.B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel words.C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words.D.His sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly expressed. Answer: C (P132)9. "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends to saythat great family, power, beauty and wealth___________.A.will never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory.B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreamsC.are the very best things to lead people to their gloriesD.will never prevent people from reaching their final destination---grave. Answer: D (P154)10. ____has been regarded by some as "Father of the English novel"for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A.John BunyanB.Henry FieldingC.Daniel DefoeD.Johnathan SwiftAnswer: B (P121)11. ____was very much concerned with the theme of the vanityof human wishes and tried to awaken men to this follyand hoped to cure them of it through his writing.A.Samuel JohnsonB.Jonathan SwiftC.Richard Brinsley SheridanD.Thomas GrayAnswer: A (P132)12. ____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century,in his plays, morality is the constant theme.A.Alexander PopeB.Richard Brinsley SheridanC.Samuel JohnsonD.George Bernard ShawAnswer: B (P136)13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was oneof the first to introduce___to England.A.RationalismB.CriticismC.RomanticismD.RealismAnswer: A (P91)14. The Rivals and ____are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.A.The School for ScandalB.The DuennaC.Widower’s HousesD.The Doctor’s DilemmaAnswer: A (P137)15. ____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德沦丧) of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England.A.The RivalsB.Gulliver’s TravelsC.Toms JonesD.The School for ScandalAnswer: D (P138)16. The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Grayis regarded as the most representative work of _____.A.The Metaphysical SchoolB.The Graveyard SchoolC.The Gothic SchoolD.The Romantic SchoolAnswer: B (P152)17. _______, written in heroic couplet by Pope, is consideredmanifesto of English Neoclassicism.A.An Essay of Dramatic PoetryB.An Essay on CriticismC.The Advancing of learningD.An Essay on FreedomAnswer: B (P93)18. ______is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.A.Elegant styleB.Causal narrationC.Bitter satireplicated sentence structureAnswer: C (P107)19. In the following writings by Henry Fielding,which brings him the name of the "Prose Homer"?A.The Coffee---House Politician.B.The Tragedy of Tragedies.C.The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling.D.The History of Amelia.Answer: C (P120)20. "Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to thedoor----I have a particular message for you if it should be my brother." The two sentences are found in ________.A.The School for ScandalB.The RivalsC.The CriticD.The Scheming LieutenantAnswer: A (P139)21. In terms of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which is wrong?A.The author employs metaphor in this poem.B.The author excessively expresses his personal melancholy.C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown.D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.Answer: B (P152-153)22. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are________.A.horses that are endowed with reason.B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdom.D.Hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures,who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.Answer: A (P108)II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1. "Words are like leaves;and where they most abound,Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.False eloquence, like the prismatic glass,Its gaudy colors spreads on every place;The face of Nature we no more survey,All glares alike, without distinction gay."Questions:1) Identify the author and the passage;2) Name the devices used in the passage with examples;3) Explain "Words….found".4) What is the mainly implied idea of the passage?参考答案：1) The passage is from Pope’s "An Essay on Criticism". (P94)2) In the passage the author used "Simile" the device,e.g. "Words are like leaves" and "false eloquence,like the prismatic glass’ etc.3) The sentence means: Where/When too many words are used,they seldom express much sense.4) The passage implies authors shouldn’t stress too muchthe artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language,they should pay special attention to True Wit, which is bestset in the plain style. (just as too many leaves will cover the fruits,too gaudy/ showy glass will hide the face the Nature,too false and eloquent language will hide the Wit in the articles.)2. "Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smileThe short and simple annals of the poor.The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.The paths of glory lead but to the grave."Questions:1) Identify the author and the works;2) What does "the inevitable hour"?3) Explain the first stanza;4) What does the whole passage imply.参考答案：1) This is Thomas Gray’s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard".托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》(P154)2) "The inevitable hour" means time of death. (P156)3) The first stanza means: The men with ambition and high positionshouldn’t laugh at the ordinary people for their simple life and hard work.4) In the passage, the poet reflects on the death----no matter how poor or wealthy, or how important and humble, every is equal before death, the author givesmuch sympathy to the poor and unknown (P153)III. Questions and answers:1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters of the literature.参考答案：1)The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798, also known as"the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".2)Its background was:a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;b.It was an age of fast development for English to becomethe first powerful capitalist country in the world;c.It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.3)In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement.4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality, equality and science.They advocated universal education, which could make peoplerational and prefect, they believed.5)In literature, The Enlightenment Movement brought about arevival of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman classical works; theworks at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing; having fixed laws and rules for every type of the literature; among which prose and the modern English novel predominated the age. (At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic Novel appeared.) 6) The age was an important age with the remarkable authors Pope, Defoe, etc.2.Please cite examples from "Gulliver’s Travels" to explain brieflyhow did Swift criticized and allude to the government and the society.参考答案:1)In the first part of the "Gulliver’s Travels",Swift described the tricks and practices in the competitionheld before royal members to allude to the fact that the successof the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence but fortheir skills in the games;2)In the part 4 of the book, Swift made horses with reason and good qualities.The citizens who are "hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes,who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every way" to criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life,and urge people to consider the nature of the human and life. (P108-109)3. People always say that: "As a member of the middle class,Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class" .How do you understand this sentence? Please explain it with the character of him.参考答案：1) In most of his works, Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working,sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe was such a character.2) Robison goes out to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned/landed on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is saved by a ship and returns to England. During the period Robinson leads a harsh and lonely life and survives by growing corps, taming animals, etc. growing from a naive young man into a hardened man.3) With a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy (精力充沛),courage and persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling against nature, Crusoe becomes the prototype / representative of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）．4) In the novel, Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan fortitudewhich the middle class praised highly, so he can be regarded as aspokesman of the bourgeois. (P98-100)。
dp6000系列万用表手册说明书
M1⁄8 DIN Process Panel MeterWith Optional USB CommunicationsDP6000 SeriesDP6000 shown smaller than actual size.U M odular USB,RS232, RS485 Serial Communication Options and Relays U 0 to 20 mA, 4 to 20 mA, 0 to 5V, 1 to 5V , and ±10V Inputs U N EMA 4X (IP65) Front U U niversal 85 to 265 Vac or 12/24 Vdc Input Power U L arge Dual-Line 6-Character Display,15 and 12 mm (0.60 and 0.46")U S unlight Readable Display Models UI solated 24 Vdc @ 200 mA Transmitter Power Supply Standard U P rogrammable Displays and Function Keys U 32-Point, Square Root, or Exponential Linearization U MODBUS ® RTU Communication Protocol Standard U F ree Software forOperation, Monitoring and ProgrammingThe DP6000 Series meter boasts specifications and functionality that clearly make it one of the most advanced process meters available. Its dual-line 6-digit display (999,999), advancedsignal input conditioning functions, function keys, MoDbuS RTu serial communications, and optional expansion modules are only a few of the features found on the DP6000. Sunlight readable display models have an extraordinarily bright LED display. They are perfect for applications where the meter is in directsunlight or in applications where visibility may be impaired by smoke, fog, dust, or distance. The upper display can be programmed to indicate PV ,maximum (peak), minimum (valley), alternating maximum/minimum, one of eight alarm set points, or MoDbuS input. The lower display can also be configured to display engineering units, set points, user defined legends, or simply turned off. The user friendly dual-line display makes the DP6000 easy to set up and program. No jumpers to set for input selection. All setup and programming are done via the front panel. Three levels of password protection help maintain the reliability of the programming. The Copy feature is used to copy (or clone) all the settings from one DP6000 to other meters in about 20 seconds! The Copy function is a standard feature on all meters. It does not require a communications adaptor, only an optional cable assembly.General SpecificationsDisplay: both displays are 6 digits (-99999 to 999999), red LEDs with leading zero blankingUpper Display: 15 mm (0.60") high Lower Display: 12 mm (0.46") high Display Intensity: 8 intensity levels Display Update Rate: 5/second (200 ms)Overrange: Display flashes 999999 Underrange: Display flashes -99999Display Assignment: The upper and lower displays may be assigned to PV1, PV2, PCT (percent), max/min, alternate max and min, set points, units (lower display only), or MoDbuS inputFront Panel: NEMA 4X (IP65) Programming Methods: 4 front panel buttons, digital inputs, PC and software, MoDbuS registers, or cloning using copy functionNoise Filter: Programmable from 2 to 199 (0 will disable filter)Filter Bypass: Programmable from 0.1 to 99.9% of calibrated span Recalibration: Calibrated at thefactory. Recalibration is recommended at least every 12 monthsMax/Min Display: Max (peak)/ min (valley) readings reached by the process are stored until reset by the user or until power to the meter is cycledPassword: 3 programmablepasswords restrict modification of programmed settings; Pass 1: Allows use of function keys and digitalinputs; Pass 2: Allows use of function keys, digital inputs and editing set/reset points; Pass 3: Restricts all programming, function keys, anddigital inputsNon-Volatile Memory: All programmed settings are stored in non-volatile memory for a minimum of ten years if power is lostPower Options: 85 to 265 Vac50/60 Hz, 90 to 265 Vdc, 20 W max, or jumper selectable 12/24 Vdc ±10%, 15 W maxFuse (External, Required): 5 A max, slow blow; up to 6 meters may share one 5 A fuseIsolated Transmitter Power Supply: 24 Vdc ±5% @ 200 mAmax (standard), (12/24 Vdc powered models rated @ 100 mA max); 5 or 10 Vdc @ 50 mA max, selectable with internal jumper J4Normal Mode Rejection: Greater than 60 db at 50/60 HzIsolation: 4 kV input/output-to-power line; 500 V input-to-output oroutput-to-P+ supplyOvervoltage Category: Installation overvoltage category II; local level with smaller transient overvoltages than installation overvoltage category IIIOperating Temperature Range:-40 to 65°C (-40 to 149°F)Storage Temperature Range:-40 to 85°C (-40 to 185°F)Relative Humidity: 0 to 90%non-condensingConnections: Removable screw terminal blocks accept 12 to 22AWG wire, RJ45 for external relays, digital I/o, and serial communication adaptorsEnclosure:1⁄8 DIN, high impact plastic, color: blackMounting:1⁄8 DIN panel cutout required: 92 x 45 mm (3.622 x1.772"); two panel mounting bracket assemblies are providedTightening Torque: Screw terminal connectors: 5 lb-in (0.56 Nm) Overall Dimensions:119 W x 62 H x 143 mm D(4.68 x 2.45 x 5.64")Weight: 269 g (9.5 oz)Process InputInput: Field selectable: 0 to 20 mA,4 to 20 mA, ±10 Vdc (0 to 5, 1 to 5,0 to 10V), MoDbuS PV (slave) Accuracy: ±0.03% of calibrated span ±1 count, square root and programmable exponent accuracy range: 10 to 100% of calibrated span Temperature Drift: 0.005% of calibrated span/°C max from 0 to 65°C ambient, 0.01% of calibrated span/°C max from -40 to 0°C ambientSignal Input Conditioning Function: Linear, square root, programmable exponent, or round horizontal tank volume calculation Multi-Point Linearization:2 to 32 points for PV or PV1;2 to 8 points for PV2 (dual-scalelevel feature)Programmable Exponent:1.0001 to2.9999Low-Flow Cutoff: 0 to 999999(0 disables cutoff function)Decimal Point: up to 5 decimalplaces or none: d.ddddd, dd.dddd,ddd.ddd, dddd.dd, ddddd.d, or ddddddCalibration Range:4 to 20 mA: Minimum span;input 1 and Input 2: 0.15 mA±10 V: Minimum span;input 1 and 2: 0.10 VAn Error message will appear if input1 and input2 signals are too closetogetherInput Impedance:Voltage Ranges: Greater than1 MΩCurrent Ranges: 50 to 100 Ω(depending on resettable fuseimpedance)Input Overload: Current inputprotected by resettable fuse, 30 Vdcmax; fuse resets automatically afterfault is removedRelaysRating: 2 or 4 SPDT (Form C) internaland/or 4 SPST (Form A) external;rated 3 A @ 30 Vdc and 125/250 Vacresistive load; 1/14 HP (≈ 50 W)@ 125/250 Vac for inductive loadssuch as contactors, solenoids, etc.Noise Suppression:Recommended for each relaycontact switching inductive loadsDeadband: 0 to 100% of span, userprogrammableHigh or Low Alarm: user mayprogram any alarm for high or low trippoint; unused alarm LEDs and relaysmay be disabled (turned off)Relay Operation: Automatic (non-latching), latching (requires manualacknowledge), sampling (based ontime), pump alternation control(2 to 8 relays), off (disable unusedrelays and enable interlock feature,manual on/off control mode)Time Delay: 0 to 999.9 seconds,on and off relay time delays;programmable and independent foreach relayFail-Safe Operation: Programmableand independent for each relayNote: Relay coil is energized in non-alarmcondition. In case of power failure, relaywill go to alarm state.Auto Initialization: When power isapplied to the meter, relays will reflectthe state of the input to the meterSerial CommunicationsProtocol: MoDbuS RTuMeter Address/Slave ID: 1 - 247Baud Rate: 300 to 19,200 bpsTransmit Time Delay: Programmablebetween 0 and 199 msData: 8 bit (1 start bit, 1 or 2 stop bits)Parity: Even, odd, or none with 1 or 2stop bitsByte-to-Byte Timeout:0.01 to 2.54 secondsTurn Around Delay:Less than 2 ms (fixed)Isolated 4 to 20 mATransmitter OutputOutput Source:Process variable (PV),max, min, set points 1 through 8,manual control setting, orMoDbuS inputScaling Range: 1.000 to 23.000 mAfor any display rangeFactory Calibration: 4.000 to20.000 = 4 to 20 mA outputAnalog Output Programming:23.000 mA maximum for allparameters: overrange, underrange,max, min, and breakAccuracy: ± 0.1% of span ± 0.004 mATemperature Drift: 0.4 μA/°Cmaximum from 0 to 65°C ambient,0.8 μA/°C maximum from -40 to0°C ambientNote: Analog output drift is separate frominput drift.Isolated Transmitter Power Supply:Terminals I+ & R: 24 Vdc ± 5% @40 mA maximum, may be used to powerthe 4 to 20 mA output or other devicesExternal Loop Power Supply:35 Vdc maximumOutput Loop Resistance:24 Vdc Power Supply:10 Ω minimum, 700 Ω maximum35 Vdc (External) Power Supply:100 Ω minimum, 1200 Ω maximumDigital I/O ExpansionModuleChannels: 4 digital inputs and4 digital outputs per moduleSystem: up to 2 modules for a total of8 inputs and 8 outputsDigital Input Logic:High: 3 to 5 VdcLow: 0 to 1.25 VdcDigital Output Logic:High: 3.1 to 3.3 VdcLow: 0 to 0.4 VdcSource Current: 10 mA maximumSink Current: 1.5 mA minimum+5 V Terminal: T o be used as pull-upfor digital inputs only4-Relay Expansion ModuleRelays: 4 Form A (SPST) rated 3 A @30 Vdc and 125/250 Vac resistive load;1/14 HP (≈ 50 W) @ 125/250 Vac forinductive loadsMclone) all the settings from one DP6000 not require a communications adapter, only an optional cable assembly, model Comes complete with 2 side mounting brackets and operator’s manual.Ordering Example: DP6000-6R2, process panel meter with 2 relays, and DPA8008, USB serial adaptor.。
新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读c课后翻译
课后Unit 11．Has the importance of technology been stressed over that of the humanities at a time when perhaps the converse should be ture?在一个也许更需要强调人文学科的重要性的时代里，是否相反过分强调了技术的重要性？2．Thus the art of architecture and its decoration—the post-office mural or the restored Williamsburg –are forced on millions who, left to themselves, might live in a cave or a tent.于是，建筑及其装饰艺术，如邮局墙面上的壁饰或是复原的威廉斯堡，强加给了成百上千万人，如果任其自然，这些人就会生活在洞穴或帐篷里面。
3．On the surface, these uses appear more individual than social, more self-indulgent than altruistic.从表面上来看，这些用途是个人的而不是社会的，是自我陶醉而不是利他主义。
4．We may acknowledge the desirability of devoting human energies to killing viruses and improving our neighbors; but it does not follow that all rewards and research funds should go to projects for the immediate relief of pain and sorrow .我们可以赞赏把人类精力投入到杀死病毒并改善我们邻里环境的愿望，但是这并不意味着所有的奖赏和研究基金都应该分配给旨在立即消除疼痛和悲伤的项目上去。
自考英美文学选读00604考前串讲(5)
英美文学考前串讲（5）Chapter 4 The Victorian PeriodI. Choose the right answer:Chronologically the Victorian refers to__________.A.1798---1832B.1836---1901C.the Romantic periodD.the Neoclassical PeriodAnswer: B (P233)____works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.A.Thomas Hardy’sB.Charles Dickens’sC.Charlotte Bronte’sD.George Eliot’sAnswer: B (P241)3. _____is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld in the 19th century London.A.Oliver TwistB.Great ExpectationsC.David Copper FieldD.Hard TimesAnswer: A (P243)____is an elaborate and powerful expression of Alfred Tennyson’s philosophical and religious thoughts.A.Idylls of the KingB.“Ulysses”C.Poems, Chieoqy Lyrical]D.In MemoriamAnswer: D (P274)4. The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens’s works lies in his ______.A.social criticismB.optimismC.character-portrayalD.social settingAnswer: C (P241)_____is based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.A.In MemoriamB.“Ulysses”C.Idylls of the KingD.The PrincessAnswer: C (P275)5. _____is Robert Browning’s best-known dramatic monologue.A.“My Last Duches”B.“Meeting at Night”C.“Parting at Morning”D.“Pippa Passes”Answer: A (P287)6. _____initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.A.Charles DickensB.George EliotC.Charlotte BronteD.Thomas hardyAnswer: B (P292)7. _____works are known as “novels of characters and environment.”A.Charles Dickens’sB.George Eliot’sC.Jane Austen’sD.Geroge Eliot’sAnswer: B (P300)8. ____belives that man’s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of ‘nature”, both inside and outside.A.Charles DickensB.Thomas hardyC.Bernard ShawD.T.S. EliotAnswer: B (P301)9. The author of the work “Dombey and Son” is _________.A.Charles DickensB.Henry JamesC.Robert Lee FrostD.Ezra PoundAnswer: A (P239—240)10. The most important characteristic in Ulysses by Alfred Tennyson is _______.A.mastering of languageB.excellent choice of wordse of the dramatic monologueD.excellent metaphorAnswer: C (P273)11. “Self-conceited”, “cruel” and “tyrannical” are most likely the names of the character in______.A.Robert Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’B.Christopher Marlowe’s ‘Dr.Faustus’C.Shakespeare’s Love’s ‘Labour’s lost’D.Sheridan’s ‘The School for Scandal’Answer: A (P287)12. Robert Browning’s style is_______.A.identical with that of the other VictorianB.similar to that of TennysonC.perfectly artisticD.rough and disproportionate in appearanceAnswer: D (P285)13. According to D.H. Lawrence, _____was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.A.George EliotB.Thomas HardyC.Charles DickensD.T.S. EliotAnswer: A (P236)14. Middlemarch is considered to be George Eliot’s greatest novel, owing to all the following reasons EXCEPT_______.A.it vividly English country lifeB.it probed into perpetual philosophical thoughtsC.it provides a panoramic view of lifeD.it reveals women’s true feelingsAnswer: B (P293)15. ‘Every day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his”, the sentence is found in_____.A.Middlemarch by George EliotB.Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas HardyC.Jane Eyre by Charlotte BronteD.Wuthering Heights by Emily BronteAnswer: B (P309)16. Which of the following best describes the protagonist (Henchard) of Thomas Hardy’s “The Mayor of the Casterbridge”?A.He is a man of self-esteemB.He is a man of self-contemptC.He is a man of self-confidenceD.He is a man of self-sufficiencyAnswer: D (P300)17. Which of the following description of Thomas Hardy is wrong?A.Most of his novels are set in Wessex.B.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.C.Among Hardy’s major works, Under the Greenwood Tree is the most cheerful and idyllic.D.From The Mayor of Casterbridge on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of his novels. Answer: D (P299---302)18. Charlotte’s works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularly________.ernessesB.clerksC.baby-sittersD.managersAnswer: A (P255)II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:“You teach me now how cruel you’ve ---cruel and false. Why did you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort---you deserve this…”Who is the speaker?What does it refer to “you despise me, you break your own heart”?What was the meaning of the story from the social point of view?What is the main device of the story in description?Answer:The speaker was Heathcliff.(P270—271)It refers to Cathy married her husband (Linton) and deserted him and her own love.From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man –Heathcliff abused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters/by the people with higher social position, because he is a poor nobody. (P266)Flashback. (P267)“In pursuance of this determination, little Oliver, to his excessive astonishment, was released from bondage, and ordered to put himself into a clean shirt. He had hardly achieved this very unusual gymnastic performance when Mr. Bumble brought him, with his own hands, a basin of gruel and the holiday allowance of two ounces and a quarter of bread. A very tremendous sight, Oliver begins to cry very piteously. Thinking, not unnaturally, that the board must have decided to kill him for some useful purpose, or they never would have begun to fatten him up in this way.”Identify the title and the writer.Why Oliver was released from the bondage?Why had he been punished?Interpret “A very tremendous sight”.Answer:This is an excerpt from “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens. (P249)Because he would be sold to a notorious chimney-sweeper (at 3 pound ten) and became his apprentice. (P243)Oliver was punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more gruel.” (P242)]From the passage we can see the food is so little and poor in fact, but in the little Oliver’s eyes, it became “A very tremendous sight”. Because in the usual days Oliver and other children were maltreated and abused cruelly, they couldn’t eat well and were punished severely by the cruelty and hypocrisy of the dehumanizing workhouse board. (P243)“Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea.”Explain the implications of the “sunset, evening star, sea”.Name the title of the poem and interpret it.Can you say some comment on the poem?Answer:Sunset, evening star: the images of the death; sea symbolizes life. (P277—278)The title is “Crossing the Bar”. It means leaving this world and entering the next world –the world of the spiritThe poem expresses the fearlessness to death of the poet and his faith in God and an afterlife. (The poem is musical in language, rich in poetic images, elaborate in texture and melancholy in air –the characters of Tennyson.) (P273/P278)“My favour at her breast,The dropping of the daylight in the west,The bough of cherries some officious foolBroke in the orchard of her, the white muleShe rode with round the terrace –all and eachWould draw from her alike the approving speech,Or blush, at least. She thanked men –good! ButthankedSomehow –I know not how –as if she rankedMy gift of a nine-hundred-years-old nameWith anybody’s gift”Name the author and the title of the works.What does it mean “a nine-hundred-years-old name”, and to whom the word was spoken? Interpret the passage and analyze the character of the speaker.What is the literary form?Answer:This is the “My last Duchess” written by Robert Browning. (P286)It means the title of the Duchess (of Ferrara) the Duck gave her through marriage has a family history of over 900 years. (P288)Interpret: My favor –the title of the Duchess is better and more proud than any gifts of the world, but my last duchess was ready to be grateful to others’ flatter andThe Duck was a self-conceited, cruel, possessive, and tyrannical person.The word was spoken to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage of the Duck. (P287)The literary form is “dramatic monologue”. (the Duck’s own defensive words betrays and condemns himself) (P287)“I will drinkLife to the lees:all times I have enjoy’dGreatly, have suffer’d greatly, both with thoseThat loved me, and alone; on shore, and whenThro’ scudding drifts the rainy HyadesVext the dim sea: …………but honour’d of them all”Identify the name of the poem.Explain “drink life to the lees”.What is the theme of the poem?In what form is the poem written?Answer:The name of the poem is “Ulysses”. (P278)The sentence means: I will keep travelling and exploring till the end of my life. (P281)The theme is Ulysses can’t endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuaded his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge. (the poem also expresses Tennyson’s own determination and courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness and aspiration/anxiety of the age.) (P281)The literary form is “dramatic monologue”. (P281)“Come, Tess, Tell me in confidence.”…“The trees have inquisitive eyes, haven’t they? … and drive all such horrid fancies away!”1) Interpret the passage.Answer:Tess, as pure woman brought up with the traditional ideas, is abused and destroyed by the destructive force, and the misery made her frightened to the future, which implied the naturalistic viewpoint of Hardy. (P303)7. “Break, break, break,On thy cold grey stones, O Sea!And I would that my tongue could utterThe thought that arise in me.”Name the poet and the poem.Name the main tone of the whole poem, the device and the rhyme.Interpret the passage.Answer:Alfred Tennyson. “Break, Break, Break”. (P276)The main tone is Sadness. The device is contract. The rhyme scheme is “a b c d”. (P277)The poem expressed the poet’s feeling of sadness in memory of his best friend. (P276)III. Questions and answers:Ideologically, what influenced Victorian literature? What characters does it have?Darwin’s theory “the survival of the fittest”shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith, many authors expressed their doubts and uncertainty in their works;Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced, many conscious authors severely criticized the Utilitarianism, especially its devalue of culture and its cold indifference to human feeling and imagination;Realism novels criticized the society and defended for the mass, and they concerned about the fate of the common people such as their poverty misery, angry with the inhuman social institution, the social immorality, injustice and money-worship.Victorian literature represents the reality of the age. The high-spirit vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humour and unbound imagination are unprecedented. (P235—237)Jane Eyre is the greatest governess image in the literature history; can you analyze the character of her?Jane Eyre was a little plain governess with quick wit, honesty, frankness, loving heart and the spirit of independence and self-dignity.In literature, she is an individual conscious to self-realization. She was lonely and neglected young woman with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.In author’s mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual struggle between sin and virtue, good and evil. The heroines’joy, comes from the sacrifice of self and the overcome of some weakness.By Jane’s experience, we can see the cruelty, hypocrisy, and other evils of the upper classes and the misery and the suffering of the poor, and the false social convention on love and marriage. (P256—259)Analyze the background of the Victorian Period.Economic developed rapidly and social problems prevailed in England and it became the “workshop of the world”.England settled down to a time of prosperity and stability, the people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty, and democracy.In the last decades, British empire declined, and Victorian values decayed.Analyze the character created by George Eliot with an example and his style.George Eliot set a new type of realism –both naturalistic and psychological novel;She sought to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulse and hereditary influences, the slow growth or decline of the character;Her masterpiece “Middlemarch”is a study of provincial life, showing a panoramic view of life in a small English town;She concerned for the destiny of women, the heroin in “Middlemarch”–Dorothea, was a typical character of Eliot. She was a lady with great intelligence, potential and social aspiration. She had the ideals to devote to the society, later, she married an elder man to realize her ideals by helping him in the holy Christianity Career. At the end of the story, she became content with giving her second husband “wifely help”.From her experience, we can see Eliot’s view: women were born with the pathetic tragedy. Her spirit declined owing to the social environment and her own weakness.(the story is full of an air of a lifeless bitterness and disappointment) (P292—294)Analyze the style of Charles Dickens.Adeptness/skilfulness with the vernacular and large vocabulary;The most distinguishing/remarkable character-portrayal;The best writing from the child’s point of view; (His best depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless children)The depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters;The mingling/mixing features of humor and pathos/sorrow. (P241)How do you know the naturalistic idea of Hardy?The tragic sense is the keynote of Hardy’s novels, and he is a nostalgic author.Hardy’s novels always set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude region, which is threatened by the invading capitalism, expressing the conflict between the traditional and the modern, the old and the modern.Man’s fate is tragic with born, driven by the force of the nature of outside and inside, and man is bound by his inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for happiness or success, and set him in conflict with the environment; we can see he is influenced greatly by Darwin’s theory “survival of the fittest”.Man proves to be incompetent/impotent before Fate, and he seldom escapes his destiny. The pessimistic view of life predominates most works of Hardy, which earns him the name of a naturalistic writer.Hardy is noted for he rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is also called local-colorist. (P300--302)。
英语数学词汇
Algebraic Equation代数方程Elementary Operations-Addition基础混算-加法Elementary Operations-Subtaction基础混算-减法Elementary Operations-Multiplication 基础混算-乘法Elementary Operations-Division基础混算-除法Elementary Operation基础四则混算Decimal Operations小数混算Fractional Operations分数混算Convert fractional no. into decimal no. 分数转小数Convert fractional no. into percentage. 分数转百分数Convert decimal no. into percentage. 小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no. 百分数转小数Percentage百分数Numerals数字符号Common factors and multiples公因子及公倍数Sorting数字排序Area图形面积Perimeter图形周界Change Units : Time单位转换-时间Change Units : Weight单位转换-重量Change Units :Length单位转换-长度Directed Numbers有向数Fractional Operations分数混算Decimal Operations小数混算Convert fractional no. into decimal no. 分数转小数Convert fractional no. into percentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. into percentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Indices指数Algebraic Substitution代数代入Polynomials多项式Co-Geometry坐标几何学Solving Linear Equation解一元线性方程Solving Simultaneous Equation解联立方程Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Geometry几何学Inequalities不等式Rate and Ratio比和比例Bearing方位角Trigonometry三角学Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of central tendency统计学-量度集中趋势Salary Tax薪俸税Bridging Game汉英对对碰Indices指数Function函数Rate and Ratio比和比例Trigonometry三角学Inequalities不等式Linear Programming线性规划Co-Geometry坐标几何学Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Method of Bisection分半方法Polynomials多项式Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of central tendency统计学-量度集中趋势Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度分布Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Surds根式Probability概率Statistics-Measure of dispersion 统计学-量度离差Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Statistics-Binomial Distribution 统计学Statistics-Poisson Distribution 统计学Statistics-Geometric Distribution 统计学Co-Geometry坐标几何学Sequence序列十万Hundred thousand三位数3-digit number千Thousand千万Ten million小数Decimal分子Numerator分母Denominator分数Fraction五位数5-digit number公因子Common factor公倍数Common multiple中国数字Chinese numeral平方Square平方根Square root古代计时工具Ancient timing device古代记时工具Ancient time-recording device 古代记数方法Ancient counting method古代数字Ancient numeral包含Grouping四位数4-digit number四则计算Mixed operations (The four operations)加Plus加法Addition加法交换性质Commutative property of addition未知数Unknown百分数Percentage百万Million合成数Composite number多位数Large number因子Factor折扣Discount近似值Approximation阿拉伯数字Hindu-Arabic numeral定价Marked price括号Bracket计算器Calculator差Difference真分数Proper fraction退位Decomposition除Divide除法Division除数Divisor乘Multiply乘法Multiplication乘法交换性质Commutative property of multiplication乘法表Multiplication table乘法结合性质Associative property of multiplication被除数Dividend珠算Computation using Chinese abacus倍数Multiple假分数Improper fraction带分数mixed number现代计算工具Modern calculating devices售价Selling price万Ten thousand最大公因子Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)最小公倍数Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)减Minus / Subtract减少Decrease减法Subtraction等分Sharing等于Equal进位Carrying短除法Short division单数Odd number循环小数Recurring decimal零Zero算盘Chinese abacus亿Hundred million增加Increase质数Prime number积Product整除性Divisibility双数Even number罗马数字Roman numeral数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE) 公理 axiom定理 theorem计算 calculation运算 operation证明 prove假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题 proposition算术 arithmetic加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数 augend, summand加数 addend和 sum减 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.) 被减数 minuend减数 subtrahend差 remainder乘 times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n .)被乘数 multiplicand, faciend乘数 multiplicator积 product除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.) 被除数 dividend除数 divisor商 quotient等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to大于 is greater than小于 is lesser than大于等于 is equal or greater than小于等于 is equal or lesser than运算符 operator平均数mean算术平均数arithmatic mean几何平均数geometric mean n个数之积的n 次方根倒数（reciprocal） x的倒数为1/x有理数 rational number无理数 irrational number实数 real number虚数 imaginary number数字 digit数 number自然数 natural number整数 integer小数 decimal小数点 decimal point分数 fraction分子 numerator分母 denominator比 ratio正 positive负 negative零 null, zero, nought, nil十进制 decimal system二进制 binary system十六进制 hexadecimal system权 weight, significance进位 carry截尾 truncation四舍五入 round下舍入 round down上舍入 round up有效数字 significant digit无效数字 insignificant digit代数 algebra公式 formula, formulae(pl.)单项式 monomial多项式 polynomial, multinomial系数 coefficient未知数 unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor等式，方程式 equation一次方程 simple equation二次方程 quadratic equation三次方程 cubic equation四次方程 quartic equation不等式 inequation阶乘 factorial对数 logarithm指数，幂 exponent乘方 power二次方，平方 square三次方，立方 cube四次方 the power of four, the fourth powern次方 the power of n, the nth power开方 evolution, extraction二次方根，平方根 square root三次方根，立方根 cube root四次方根 the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根 the root of n, the nth rootsqrt(2)=1.414sqrt(3)=1.732sqrt(5)=2.236常量 constant变量 variable坐标系 coordinates坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis横坐标 x-coordinate纵坐标 y-coordinate原点 origin象限quadrant截距(有正负之分)intercede（方程的）解solution几何geometry点 point线 line面 plane体 solid线段 segment射线 radial平行 parallel相交 intersect角 angle角度 degree弧度 radian锐角 acute angle直角 right angle钝角 obtuse angle平角 straight angle周角 perigon底 base边 side高 height三角形 triangle锐角三角形 acute triangle直角三角形 right triangle直角边 leg斜边 hypotenuse勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形 obtuse triangle不等边三角形 scalene triangle等腰三角形 isosceles triangle等边三角形 equilateral triangle四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形 parallelogram矩形 rectangle长 length宽 width周长 perimeter面积 area相似 similar全等 congruent三角 trigonometry正弦 sine余弦 cosine正切 tangent余切 cotangent正割 secant余割 cosecant反正弦 arc sine反余弦 arc cosine反正切 arc tangent反余切 arc cotangent反正割 arc secant反余割 arc cosecant补充：集合aggregate元素 element空集 void子集 subset交集 intersection并集 union补集 complement映射 mapping函数 function定义域 domain, field of definition 值域 range单调性 monotonicity奇偶性 parity周期性 periodicity图象 image数列，级数 series微积分 calculus微分 differential导数 derivative极限 limit无穷大 infinite(a.) infinity(n.)无穷小 infinitesimal积分 integral定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral复数 complex number矩阵 matrix行列式 determinant圆 circle 圆心 centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径 radius直径 diameter圆周率 pi弧 arc半圆 semicircle扇形 sector环 ring椭圆 ellipse圆周 circumference轨迹 locus, loca(pl.)平行六面体 parallelepiped立方体 cube七面体 heptahedron八面体 octahedron九面体 enneahedron十面体 decahedron十一面体 hendecahedron十二面体 dodecahedron二十面体 icosahedron多面体 polyhedron旋转 rotation轴 axis球 sphere半球 hemisphere底面 undersurface表面积 surface area体积 volume空间 space双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola四面体 tetrahedron五面体 pentahedron六面体 hexahedron菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond正方形 square梯形 trapezoid直角梯形 right trapezoid等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid五边形 pentagon六边形 hexagon七边形 heptagon八边形 octagon九边形 enneagon十边形 decagon十一边形 hendecagon十二边形 dodecagon多边形 polygon正多边形 equilateral polygon相位 phase周期 period振幅 amplitude内心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)内切圆 inscribed circle外切圆 circumcircle统计 statistics平均数 average加权平均数 weighted average方差 variance标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation比例 propotion百分比 percent百分点 percentage百分位数 percentile排列 permutation组合 combination概率，或然率 probability分布 distribution正态分布 normal distribution非正态分布 abnormal distribution图表 graph条形统计图 bar graph柱形统计图 histogram折线统计图 broken line graph曲线统计图 curve diagram扇形统计图 pie diagramEnglish Chineseabbreviation 简写符号；简写abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直 与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线 ；分角线 angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线 ；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy's principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西 - 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列; 圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数；公约common factor 公因子；公因子common logarithm 常用对数common multiple 公位数；公倍common ratio 公比common tangent 公切commutative law 交换律comparable 可比较的compass 罗盘compass bearing 罗盘方位角compasses 圆规compasses construction 圆规作图compatible 可相容的complement 余；补余complement law 补余律complementary angle 余角complementary equation 补充方程complementary event 互补事件complementary function 余函数complementary probability 互补概率complete oscillation 全振动completing the square 配方complex conjugate 复共轭complex number 复数complex unmber plane 复数平面complex root 复数根component 分量component of force 分力composite function 复合函数; 合成函数composite number 复合数；合成数composition of mappings 映射构合composition of relations 复合关系compound angle 复角compound angle formula 复角公式compound bar chart 综合棒形图compound discount 复折扣compound interest 复利；复利息compound probability 合成概率compound statement 复合命题; 复合叙述computation 计算computer 计算机；电子计算器concave 凹concave downward 凹向下的concave polygon 凹多边形concave upward 凹向上的concentric circles 同心圆concept 概念conclusion 结论concurrent 共点concyclic 共圆concyclic points 共圆点condition 条件conditional 条件句；条件式conditional identity 条件恒等式conditional inequality 条件不等式conditional probability 条件概率cone 锥；圆锥（体）confidence coefficient 置信系数confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信极限confocal section 共焦圆锥曲 congruence (1)全等；(2)同余congruence class 同余类congruent 全等congruent figures 全等图形congruent triangles 全等三角形conic 二次曲 ;圆锥曲conic section 二次曲 ;圆锥曲conical pendulum 圆锥摆conjecture 猜想conjugate 共轭conjugate axis 共轭conjugate diameters 共轭轴conjugate hyperbola 共轭(直)径conjugate imaginary / complex number 共轭双曲conjugate radical 共轭虚/复数conjugate surd 共轭根式; 共轭不尽根conjunction 合取connective 连词connector box 捙接框consecutive integers 连续整数consecutive numbers 连续数；相邻数consequence 结论；推论consequent 条件；后项conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conserved 守恒consistency condition 相容条件consistent 一贯的；相容的consistent estimator 相容估计量constant 常数constant acceleration 恒加速度constant force 恒力constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 恒速率constant term 常项constant velocity 怛速度constraint 约束；约束条件construct 作construction 作图construction of equation 方程的设立continued proportion 连比例continued ratio 连比continuity 连续性continuity correction 连续校正continuous 连续的continuous data 连续数据continuous function 连续函数continuous proportion 连续比例continuous random variable 连续随机变量contradiction 矛盾converge 收敛convergence 收敛性convergent 收敛的convergent iteration 收敛的迭代convergent sequence 收敛序列convergent series 收敛级数converse 逆(定理)converse of a relation 逆关系converse theorem 逆定理conversion 转换convex 凸convex polygon 凸多边形convexity 凸性coordinate 坐标coordinate geometry 解析几何；坐标几何coordinate system 坐标系系定理；系；推论coplanar 共面coplanar forces 共面力coplanar lines 共面co-prime 互质; 互素corollary 系定理; 系; 推论correct to 准确至；取值至correlation 相关correlation coefficient 相关系数correspondence 对应corresponding angles (1)同位角；(2)对应角corresponding element 对应边corresponding sides 对应边cosecant 余割cosine 余弦cosine formula 余弦公式cost price 成本cotangent 余切countable 可数countable set 可数集countably infinite 可数无限counter clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向counter example 反例counting 数数；计数couple 力偶Carmer's rule 克莱玛法则criterion 准则critical point 临界点critical region 临界域cirtical value 临界值cross-multiplication 交叉相乘cross-section 横切面；横截面；截痕cube 正方体；立方；立方体cube root 立方根cubic 三次方；立方；三次(的)cubic equation 三次方程cubic roots of unity 单位的立方根cuboid 长方体；矩体cumulative 累积的cumulative distribution function 累积分布函数cumulative frequecy 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲cumulative frequcncy distribution 累积频数分布cumulative frequency polygon 累积频数多边形；累积频率直方图curvature of a curve 曲线的曲率curve 曲线curve sketching 曲线描绘(法)curve tracing 曲线描迹(法)curved line 曲线curved surface 曲面curved surface area 曲面面积cyclic expression 输换式cyclic permutation 圆形排列cyclic quadrilateral 圆内接四边形cycloid 旋输线; 摆线cylinder 柱；圆柱体cylindrical 圆柱形的damped oscillation 阻尼振动data 数据De Moivre's theorem 棣美弗定理De Morgan's law 德摩根律decagon 十边形decay 衰变decay factor 衰变因子decelerate 减速decelaration 减速度decile 十分位数decimal 小数decimal place 小数位decimal point 小数点decimal system 十进制decision box 判定框declarative sentence 说明语句declarative statement 说明命题decoding 译码decrease 递减decreasing function 递减函数；下降函数decreasing sequence 递减序列；下降序列decreasing series 递减级数；下降级数decrement 减量deduce 演绎deduction 推论deductive reasoning 演绎推理definite 确定的；定的definite integral 定积分definition 定义degenerated conic section 降级锥曲线degree (1) 度; (2) 次degree of a polynomial 多项式的次数degree of accuracy 准确度degree of confidence 置信度degree of freedom 自由度degree of ODE 常微分方程次数degree of precision 精确度delete 删除; 删去denary number 十进数denominator 分母dependence (1)相关; (2)应变dependent event(s) 相关事件; 相依事件; 从属事件dependent variable 应变量; 应变数depreciation 折旧derivable 可导derivative 导数derived curve 导函数曲线derived function 导函数derived statistics 推算统计资料; 派生统计资料descending order 递降序descending powers of x x的降序descriptive statistics 描述统计学detached coefficients 分离系数(法)determinant 行列式deviation 偏差; 变差deviation from the mean 离均差diagonal 对角线diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagram 图; 图表diameter 直径diameter of a conic 二次曲线的直径difference 差difference equation 差分方程difference of sets 差集differentiable 可微differential 微分differential coefficient 微商; 微分系数differential equation 微分方程differential mean value theorem 微分中值定理differentiate 求...的导数differentiate from first principle 从基本原理求导数differentiation 微分法digit 数字dimension 量; 量网; 维(数)direct impact 直接碰撞direct image 直接像direct proportion 正比例direct tax, direct taxation 直接税direct variation 正变(分)directed angle 有向角directed line 有向直线directed line segment 有向线段directed number 有向数direction 方向; 方位direction angle 方向角direction cosine 方向余弦direction number 方向数direction ratio 方向比directrix 准线Dirichlet function 狄利克来函数discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 间断(的);连续(的); 不连续(的)discontinuous point 不连续点discount 折扣discrete 分立; 离散discrete data 离散数据; 间断数据discrete random variable 间断随机变数discrete uniform distribution 离散均匀分布discriminant 判别式disjoint 不相交的disjoint sets 不相交的集disjunction 析取dispersion 离差displacement 位移disprove 反证distance 距离distance formula 距离公式distinct roots 相异根distincr solution 相异解distribution 公布distributive law 分配律diverge 发散divergence 发散(性)divergent 发散的divergent iteration 发散性迭代divergent sequence 发散序列divergent series 发散级数divide 除dividend (1)被除数；(2)股息divisible 可整除division 除法division algorithm 除法算式divisor 除数；除式；因子divisor of zero 零因子dodecagon 十二边形domain 定义域dot 点dot product 点积double angle 二倍角double angle formula 二倍角公式double root 二重根dual 对偶duality (1)对偶性; (2) 双重性due east/ south/ west /north 向东/ 南/ 西/ 北dynamics 动力学eccentric angle 离心角eccentric circles 离心圆eccentricity 离心率echelon form 梯阵式echelon matrix 梯矩阵edge 棱；边efficient estimator 有效估计量effort 施力eigenvalue 本征值eigenvector 本征向量elastic body 弹性体elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数elastic force 弹力elasticity 弹性element 元素elementary event 基本事件elementary function 初等函数elementary row operation 基本行运算elimination 消法elimination method 消去法；消元法ellipse 椭圆ellipsiod 椭球体elliptic function 椭圆函数elongation 伸张；展empirical data 实验数据empirical formula 实验公式empirical probability 实验概率；经验概率empty set 空集encoding 编码enclosure 界限end point 端点energy 能; 能量entire surd 整方根epicycloid 外摆线equal 相等equal ratios theorem 等比定理equal roots 等根equal sets 等集equality 等(式)equality sign 等号equation 方程equation in one unknown 一元方程equation in two unknowns (variables) 二元方程equation of a straight line 直线方程equation of locus 轨迹方程equiangular 等角(的)equidistant 等距(的)equilateral 等边(的)equilateral polygon 等边多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形equilibrium 平衡equiprobable 等概率的equiprobable space 等概率空间equivalence 等价equivalence class 等价类equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent 等价(的)error 误差error allowance 误差宽容度error estimate 误差估计error term 误差项error tolerance 误差宽容度escribed circle 旁切圆estimate 估计；估计量estimator 估计量Euclidean algorithm 欧几里德算法Euclidean geometry 欧几里德几何Euler's formula 尤拉公式；欧拉公式evaluate 计值even function 偶函数even number 偶数evenly distributed 均匀分布的event 事件exact 真确exact differential form 恰当微分形式exact solution 准确解；精确解；真确解exact value 法确解；精确解；真确解example 例excentre 外心exception 例外excess 起exclusive 不包含exclusive disjunction 不包含性析取exclusive events 互斥事件exercise 练习exhaustive event(s) 彻底事件existential quantifier 存在量词expand 展开expand form 展开式expansion 展式expectation 期望expectation value, expected value 期望值；预期值experiment 实验；试验experimental 试验的experimental probability 实验概率explicit function 显函数exponent 指数exponential function 指数函数exponential order 指数阶; 指数级express…in terms of…以………表达expression 式；数式extension 外延；延长；扩张；扩充extension of a function 函数的扩张exterior angle 外角external angle bisector 外分角external point of division 外分点extreme point 极值点extreme value 极值extremum 极值face 面factor 因子；因式；商factor method 因式分解法factor theorem 因子定理；因式定理factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial 多项式因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的)falsehood 假值family 族family of circles 圆族family of concentric circles 同心圆族family of straight lines 直线族feasible solution 可行解；容许解Fermat's last theorem 费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number 斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fictitious mean 假定平均数figure (1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity 末速度finite 有限finite dimensional vector space 有限维向量空间finite population 有限总体finite probability space 有限概率空间finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集first approximation 首近似值first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程first projection 第一投影; 第一射影first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项fixed deposit 定期存款fixed point 定点fixed point iteration method 定点迭代法fixed pulley 定滑轮flow chart 流程图focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal length 焦距focus(foci) 焦点folium of Descartes 笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular 垂足for all X 对所有Xfor each /every X 对每一Xforce 力forced oscillation 受迫振动form 形式；型formal proof 形式化的证明format 格式；规格formula(formulae) 公式four leaved rose curve 四瓣玫瑰线four rules 四则four-figure table 四位数表fourth root 四次方根fraction 分数；分式fraction in lowest term 最简分数fractional equation 分式方程fractional index 分数指数fractional inequality 分式不等式free fall 自由下坠free vector 自由向量; 自由矢量frequency 频数；频率frequency distribution 频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table 频数分布表frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形friction 摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动frustum 平截头体fulcrum 支点function 函数function of function 复合函数；迭函数functional notation 函数记号fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理gain 增益；赚；盈利gain perent 赚率；增益率；盈利百分率game （1）对策；（2）博奕Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian elimination 高斯消去法general form 一般式；通式general solution 通解；一般解general term 通项generating function 母函数; 生成函数generator (1)母线; (2)生成元geoborad 几何板geometric distribution 几何分布geometric mean 几何平均数；等比中项geometric progression 几何级数；等比级数geometric sequence 等比序列geometric series 等比级数geometry 几何；几何学given 给定；已知global 全局; 整体global maximum 全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum 全局极小值; 整体极小值golden section 黄金分割grade 等级gradient (1)斜率；倾斜率；(2)梯度grand total 总计graph 图像；图形；图表graph paper 图表纸graphical method 图解法graphical representation 图示；以图样表达graphical solution 图解gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravity 重力greatest term 最大项greatest value 最大值grid lines 网网格线group 组；grouped data 分组数据；分类数据grouping terms 并项；集项growth 增长growth factor 增长因子half angle 半角half angle formula 半角公式half closed interval 半闭区间half open interval 半开区间harmonic mean (1) 调和平均数; (2) 调和中项harmonic progression 调和级数head 正面（钱币）height 高（度）helix 螺旋线hemisphere 半球体；半球heptagon 七边形Heron's formula 希罗公式heterogeneous (1)参差的; (2)不纯一的hexagon 六边形higher order derivative 高阶导数highest common factor(H.C.F) 最大公因子；最高公因式；最高公因子Hindu-Arabic numeral 阿刺伯数字histogram 组织图；直方图；矩形图Holder's Inequality 赫耳德不等式homogeneous 齐次的homogeneous equation 齐次方程Hooke's law 虎克定律horizontal 水平的；水平horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线horizontal component 水平分量horizontal line 横线 ；水平线horizontal range 水平射程hyperbola 双曲线hyperbolic function 双曲函数hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布hypocycloid 内摆线hypotenuse 斜边hypothesis 假设hypothesis testing 假设检验hypothetical syllogism 假设三段论hypotrochoid 次内摆线idempotent 全幂等的identical 全等；恒等identity 等（式）identity element 单位元identity law 同一律identity mapping 恒等映射identity matrix 恒等矩阵identity relation 恒等关系式if and only if/iff 当且仅当；若且仅若if…, then 若….则；如果…..则illustration 例证；说明image 像点；像image axis 虚轴imaginary circle 虚圆imaginary number 虚数imaginary part 虚部imaginary root 虚根imaginary unit 虚数单位impact 碰撞implication 蕴涵式；蕴含式implicit definition 隐定义implicit function 隐函数imply 蕴涵；蕴含impossible event 不可能事件improper fraction 假分数improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分impulse 冲量impulsive force 冲力incentre 内力incircle 内切圆inclination 倾角；斜角inclined plane 斜面included angle 夹角included side 夹边inclusion mapping 包含映射。
学术综合英语unit3
DoTrffic Tickets Sve Lives?Study Shows Trffic Tickets CouldSve Drivers ’ LivesL ee Dye Pity the poor trffic cop. He ’s the lst guy you wnt to see in your rerview mirror when you ’ re speeding down the highwy. Why isn’t he out looking for murderers insted of niling drivers for minor infrctions of the lw?交通罚单能救命吗？研究显示交通罚单能救司机的命李·戴哎，这可怜的交警。
他是你在高速公路上飞奔时最不情愿在后视镜里看见的人。
他为什么不去抓那些杀人犯，却在这儿为了一点儿芝麻大的交通违规对司机们穷追不舍？Well, ccordingto mjor reserch project by scientists in CndndCliforni, tht copjustmight be sving your life. Or the life of someone else.然而，根据加拿大和加利福尼亚科学家们的一项重要研究，那位 JC 也许恰恰是在救你的命，或者救别的什么人的命。
The reserchers hve found tht trffic ticket reduces driver’s chnce of beinginvolved in ftl ccident by whopping 35 percent, t lest for few weeks. The effect doesn’t lst long, however. Within three tofour months, the ledfoot is bck on the pedlnd the risk of killing yourself or someone else is bck up to where it ws before tht copstred you in the eye nd wrote out tht expensive cittion.研究者们发现一张交通罚单能让司机至少在几周内遭遇重大车祸的概率降低 35% 。
考研英语阅读理解思路透析和真题揭秘（25）
1996年Passage 2 With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s pragrammes and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years--yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers--to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporation-of whom there are many---are fond of quoting the American slogan If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. The BBC ain’t broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels---TV and Channel 4-were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels--funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. 57. The BBC`s royal charter (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for__ [A] the financial support from the royal family [B] the privileges granted by the Queen [C] a contract with the Queen [D] a unique relationship with the royal family [答案] C [解题思路] ⽂章第三段的最后⼀句话指出 The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes(这样征求民意的原因在于BBC持有的皇家许可证到了1996年就会到期，政府必须决定继续使公司维持现状，抑或做出⼀些改变)，royal charter即皇家协议，也就是指BBC与英国⼥王签订的合约或协议，C选项符合题意。
美国文学分章试题
Exercises for American LiteraturePartⅠⅠ. Multiple choice:1._____ reports of exploration in Jamestown have been described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English.A. John Smith’sB. Washington Irving’sC. Franklin’sD. Jefferson’s2. Which statement is NOT true about the 17th century American literary life?A. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the early settlements.B. The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smithmade their greatest contribution to American literature.C. There were more urban audience for books and newspapers.D. Literature developed slowly especially in the South.3. _____ was the first American writer.A. John SmithB. Benjamin FranklinC. Philip FreneauD. Anne Bradstreet4. John Smith’s _____ (1624) contains his most famous tale of how the Indian Princess Pocahontas saved him from the wrath of her father Powhatan.A. The General History of VirginiaB. The history of New EnglandC. A Map of VirginiaD. The history of Plymouth Plantation5. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the _____ values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.A. PuritanicB. TranscendentalC. romanticD. realistic6. _____ , the Puritan clergyman who wrote more than 450 works in his life, was an example of the Puritan ideal of hard work.A. John SmithB. Cotton MatherC. Anne BradstreetD. John Cotton7. The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of _____ to theology.A. the BibleB. the governmentC. the Church of EnglandD. God8. The first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was _____ , sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”.A. John CottonB. John SmithC. Philip FreneauD. Cotton Mather9. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is the first published collection ofpoems of _____ .A. Edward TaylorB. Anne BradstreetC. Walt WhitmanD. PhilipFreneau10. The first major center of thought in America was _____ .A. BostonB. PhiladelphiaC. Now YorkD. the State of VirginiaⅡ.Complete the following statements:1.At last early in the __________ century, the English settlements in __________and __________ began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.2.The earliest settlers in US include __________ , Swedes, __________ , French,__________ , Italians, and __________ .3.The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of __________ , whileVirginia had been planted mainly as a __________ .4.The best way to learn more of the colonial Puritan mind is to meet two importantfigures, __________ and __________ .5.Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of two writers, AnneBradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of __________ .Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. Theocracy2. The Puritan MovementⅣ.Answer the following question:What was the first American literature like?PartⅡⅠ. Multiple choice:1.American Enlightenment can be described as the following except that _____ .A.it dealt a decisive blow to the puritan traditionsB.it brought to life secular education and literatureC.its representatives took the task of disseminating knowledge among thepeopleD.it exerted little influence on the War of Independence2.The following statements are true to Benjamin Franklin except _____ .A. a priestB. a scientistC. a diplomatD. a humanist3.Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after _____ .A. the Spectator PaperB. French writersC. John MiltonD. Walt Scott4.Poor Richard’s Almanac written by Benjamin Franklin is _____ .A. a novelB. a collection of short storiesC. a collection of poemsD. an annual collection of proverbs5.“His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation” refers to_____ .A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Thomas PaineD. Noah Webster6.Thomas Paine boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence” in his famouspamphlet _____ .A. Common SenseB. The Case of the Officers of the ExciseC. The American CrisisD. Rights of Man7.Thomas Paine’s chief contribution was a series of sixteen pamphlets entitled_____ .A. Common SenseB. The Case of the Officers of the ExciseC. Rights of ManD. The American Crisis8.Which of the following is true about Thomas Jefferson? _____ .A.He contributed a lot to the foundation of University of Virginia.B.He served for two terms as president.C.He drafted the Declaration of Independence.D.All of the above.9._____ has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.A. Anne BradstreetB. Philip FreneauC. Thomas PaineD. EdwardTaylor10.As a poet and political journalist, Philip Freneau is _____ .A. a satirist and a sentimentalistB. a humanitarianC. a poet of reason and a deistic optimistD. All of the aboveⅡ.Complete the following statements:1.As we have seen, _________ dominated the Puritan phase of American writing,__________ was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.2.American __________ dealt a decisive blow upon the Puritan traditions andbrought to life __________ and literature.3.In 1783, the year the United States achieved its independence, __________declared, “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts and for arms”.4.Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin went to Philadelphia as a young manand began his career as __________ .5.Philip Freneau was __________ by training and taste yet romantic in essentialspirit.Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. the Age of Reason2. the EnlightenmentⅣ.Answer the following question:Why do people think Benjamin Franklin is the embodiment of American dream?Part ⅢⅠ. Multiple choice:1. A new Romanticism, appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century,came to America in _____ .A. the early 19th centuryB. the mid 19th centuryC. the last years of 19th centuryD. the last years of the 18th century2._____ became the first work by an American writer to win financial success onboth sides of the Atlantic.A. Washington Irving’s Sketch Book.B. Washington Irving’s A Tour on thePrairiesC. James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking TalesD. Henry Thoreau’s Walden3.Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the general characteristics shared byromantics? _____ .A.Moral enthusiasmB.Faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC.The practice of a hard and disciplined lifeD.The presumption that man’s soc iety was a source of corruption4.Transcendentalists took some of their ideas from _____ .A. German idealistic philosophyB. the Romantic literatures ofEuropeC. neo-Platonism and Oriental mysticismD. All of the above.5.The first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literatureappeared in Washington Irving’s _____ .A. The sketch BookB. A History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. Alhambra6._____ was the first important American novelist who began his literary career ona dare.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Washington IrvingC. Edgar Allan PoeD. Nathaniel Hawthorne7._____ is one of James Fenimore Cooper’s best sea romances.A. The SpyB. The PilotC. The DeerslayerD. The Pioneers8.Cooper launched two kinds of great popular stories, the sea adventure tale and_____ .A. the frontier sagaB. the detective storiesC. the love storiesD. gothicnovels9.Which of the following novels does NOT belong to Leatherstocking Tales?_____ .A. The DeerslayerB. The PathfinderC. The PilotD. The Pioneers10.The last of the Mohicans in The last of the Mohicans refers to _____ .A. UncasB. ChingachgookC. HawkeyeD. Natty Bumppo11.In 1817, _____ written by William Cullen Bryant introduced the best poet inAmerica up to that time.A. “To a Waterfowl”B. “Thanatopsis”C. “The Raven”D. “To Helen”12.Which poem by William Cullen Bryant expressed both the poet’s grateful viewand his sense of a divine power guiding and protecting everything in nature?_____ .A. “To a Waterfowl”B. “Thanatopsis”C. “The Raven”D. “To Helen”13.Edgar Allan Poe deserved the following except _____ .A. a playwrightB. a poet and an editorC. a literary criticD. a writer offiction14.Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that was Greece’And the grandeau that was Rome.The above lines are selected from Edgar Allan Poe’s famous poem _____ .A. “The Raven”B. “To Helen”C. “Ligia”D. “Annabel Lee”15.The American Scholar and The Divinity School Address are two speeches thatmade _____ famous.A. Walt WhitmanB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Henry David ThoreauD. Herman Melville16.Thoreau once wrote the reason that he went to live in a hut at Walden is that_____ .A.he wanted to live the life of a hermitB.he didn’t want to be arrested for failure to pay the taxesC.he wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lifeD.he didn’t like the people around him17.The story of The Scarlet Letter is set in _____ in the days of the MassachusettsColony.A. the ancient EuropeB. the 19th century EuropeC. the Puritan BostonD. the 19th century Boston18.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote all of the following except _____ .A. TypeeB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Young Goodman Brown19.When Herman Melville’s Moby Dick first appeared, which of the following isNOT true about what happened to this great work? _____ .A.It seemed to be a complete failure at the time.B.Critics in general also failed to see the qualities of this book.C.Hawthorne was one of the few who recognized it as a work of genius.D.It was a great hit at that time and was welcomed by the readers.20.Which of the following works established Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poeticreputation? _____ .A. Voices of the NightB. Poems on SlaveryC. Song of HiawathaD. Ballads and Other PoemsⅡ.Complete the following statements:1.Through the first half of 19th century the pursuit of _________ , utility, and_________remained an American characteristic.2.__________ values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy untilthe Civil War.3.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither __________ nor_________ .4.Romantic writers placed increasing value on the __________ expression ofemotion and displayed increasing attention to the __________ states of their characters.5.In 1828, __________ published An American Dictionary of the English Language.6.Irving was the first great __________, writing always for __________, and toproduce __________ .7.Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes and Whittier were regarded as the “__________poets”.8.At an early age, Irving preferred a literary __________ .9.Ironically, while Poe was struggling in America, his work was commanding moreand more praise in __________. His influence was especially strong on many __________ writers.10.Emerson believed above all in __________, independence of mind, andself-reliance.11.For Thoreau, as for Emerson, __________ and __________ ranked above all.12.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly __________ storieswhich touched the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, __________ .13.__________ is a tremendous chronicle of s whaling voyage in pursuit of aseemingly supernatural white whale.14.“Pequod” in Moby Dick is a name of __________ .15.Longfellow’s poetry was popular for his gentleness, sweetness, and __________ .Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. Romanticism2. Transcendentalism3. SymbolismⅣ. Comment on one of the following:1.Benjamin Franklin and the American Dream2.Moby Dick3.The Scarlet Letter4.“The Wild Honey Suckle”5.“To a Waterfowl”6.“To Helen”Part ⅣⅠ. Multiple choice:1.The end of _____ marked the beginning of what Mark Twain called The Gilded Age.A. The American War of IndependenceB. World War OneC. World War TwoD. The Civil War2. “A Psalm of Life” is a famous poem written by _____.A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Walt WhitmanC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson3. By the 1870s _____ had waned.A. PuritanismB. the New England RenaissanceC. RealismD. Classicism4. By the end of the Civil War, _____ became the nation’s literary center.A. New YorkB. BostonC. JamestownD. Los Angeles5. _____ had originated in France, a literary doctrine that called for reality and truth in the depiction of ordinary life.A. PuritanismB. New England RenaissanceC. RealismD. Classicism6. Local color began to decline _____ .A. after 1920B. by the turn of 19th centuryC. after 1910D. in the 1870s7. The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America was _____ .A. William Dean HowellsB. Mark TwainC. Bret HarteD. Hamlin Garland8. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called _____, that is, poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. free verseB. blank verseC. lyricsD. sonnet9. “Song of myself” is a famous poem written by _____ .A. Emily DickinsonB. Walt WhitmanC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Edgar Allan Poe10. _____ was the first book of Mark Twain.A. Jumping frogB. Innocents AbroadC. Roughing ItD. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn11. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is the masterpiece of _____ .A. Henry JamesB. William Dean HowellsC. Mark TwainD. Nathaniel Hawthorne12. In “The Cop and the Anthem” the main reason for Soapy to deliberately commitone crime after another is that _____ .A. he hates the wealthy peopleB. he just wants to revenge himselfC. winter is coming and Soapy has no refuge except the prisonD. he just does that for no reasons13. The Gift of the Magi is one of the best stories by _____ .A. O. HenryB. Mark TwainC. Harriet Beecher StoweD. Jack London14. Jack wrote the following except _____ .A. The Four MillionB. The People of the AbyssC. The Iron HeelD. The Call of the wild15. Which of the following novels is written by Jack London? _____ .A. The Portrait of a LadyB. The wings of the DoveC. The Scarlet LetterD. The Sea Wolf16. Theodore Dreiser’s masterpiece of Naturalism is _____ .A. An American TragedyB. The FinancierC. The TitanD. The StoicⅡ.Complete the following statements:1. Realism first appeared in the United States in the literature of ________ .2. James probed deeply at the individual ________ of his characters.American naturalist writers attempted to achieve extreme ________ and frankness.3. The naturalists emphasized that the world was ________ .4. Darwinism seemed to stress the ________ of man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.5. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and ________ .6. Many of Dickinson’s poems were based on single ________ or symbols.7. O. Henry imitated ________ as a model.8. Jack London was influenced by the teaching of Marx, Nietzsche and ________ .1.Dreiser’s ________ consists of The Financier, The Titan and The Stoic.2.Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel was ________ .Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. The Gilded Age2. International Theme3. Realism4. NaturalismⅣ.Answer the following question:1. What is the theme of The Leaves of Grass ?2. What are the major differences between Mark Twain and Henry James as major writers in the school of realism?Part ⅤⅠ. Multiple choice:1. Writer of the first postwar era self=consciously acknowledged that they were _____ .A. a Lost GenerationB. a Beat GenerationC. a Jazz GenerationD. None of the above2. During the 1920s William Faulkner published one of the influential Americannovels of the age, _____ .A. The Sound and the FuryB. An American TragedyC. Winesburg, OhioD. The Waste Land3. After _____ a group of new American dramatists emerged, and the Americantheater ceased to be dependent on the dramatic traditions of Europe.A. the War of IndependenceB. the Civil WarC. World WarⅠD. World WarⅡ4. _____ came as a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights,poets and novelists who prepared the way for the emergence of numerous black writers after mid-century.A. The Lost GenerationB. The Beat GenerationC. The Harlem RenaissanceD. The New American Theater5. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.”These lines were written by _____ .A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Carl Sandberg6. Edwin Arlington Robinson was honored with the Pulitzer Prize for _____ .A. three timesB. twiceC. onceD. four times7. The central image of Frost’s “Design” is _____ .A. a flyB. a mothC. a spiderD. a bird8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the writing atyle of CarlSandburg ? _____ .A. He avoided regular stanza pattern and traditional blank verseB. He wrote an utterly free verseC. He developed Whitman’s long line but moderated its rhetorical impact andintensityD. His poems are often difficult to understand and rich in allusions9. T. S. Eliot won the Nobel Prize for literature in _____ .A. 1948B. 1949C. 1950D. 195110. T. S. Eliot deserves the following titles except _____ .A. a great poetB. a dramatistC. a literary criticD. a great novelist11. In 1954 _____ was awarded a Nobel Prize for his mastery of the art of modernnarration.A. John SteinbeckB. William FaulknerC. Ernest HemingwayD. T. S. Eliot12. The central theme of Faulkner’s works focuses on _____ .A. the county of YoknapatawphaB. the universal theme of the problems of the human heart in conflict with itselfC. the AmericansD. Oxford13. _____ received the 1950 Nobel Prize for literature.A. William FaulknerB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. T. S.Eliot14. “A Rose for Emily” is a famous short story written by _____ .A. William FaulknerB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. Sherwood Anderson15. Which of the following works of Hemingway is NOT about the war? _____ .A. Death in the AfternoonB. A Farewell to ArmsC. The Sun Also RisesD. For Whom the Bell TollsⅡ.Complete the following statements:1. ________ stands as a great dividing line between the 19th century andcontemporary America.2. The Lost Generation writers were devoid of faith and ________ from acivilization.3. In the 1920s the most prominent American playwright was ________ .4. In “A Pact”, the poet makes a pack with ________ .5. Robinson was interested in the ________ legends.6. The later works of Stevens became increasingly meditative and ________ .7. The first of Four Quartets by T. S. Eliot is ________ .8. The Waste Land introduces a poetic form---- the ________ of related themes insuccessive movement.9. In his best novels, Fitzgerald had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering______.10. ________ was the spokesman for the “Lost Generation”.11. For Whom the Bell Tolls was set in Spain during the ________ .12. A farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell both to war and ________ .13. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art ofmodern ________”.14. John Steinbeck was the foremost novelist of the American ________ in the1930s.15. Faulkner’s Snopse Trilogy consists of ________ , The Town and The MansionⅢ.Define the literary terms listed below:1.Avant-garde2. The Lost Generation3. The New American Theater4. Stream of ConsciousnessⅣ.Answer the following question:1. Discuss the thematic concerns of A Farewell to Arms.2. Discuss the themes of William Faulkner.。