华中农业大学微生物学2009年考研专业课初试真题
2000-2009微生物所考研真题
2002002微生物一、名词解释（用中文解释下列名词并说明他们的区别20分）1、羧化体与包涵体2、芽孢与芽孢子3、次生代谢与共代谢4、卫星病毒与阮病毒5、接合孢子与担孢子二、填空题1．L型细菌是指通过自发突变形成的遗传性稳定的（）缺陷菌株2、厌氧菌因缺乏（）所以容易被生物体内的超氧阴离子自由基毒害致死3、两种常用的测定微生物细胞数量的方法是（）和（）4、化能自养菌为还原CO2而需要的A TP和还原力来自（）5、烟草花叶病毒的缩写为（）6、低等真菌包括（）和（）两个亚门7、对一般培养基常采用的灭菌条件是（）8、细菌进行氧化磷酸化的部位是（）9、（）是自然界碳素循环中厌氧生物链的最后一个成员10、青霉素的营养体是（）隔菌丝，无性繁殖产生（）11、植物甘油醚是（）细胞膜的类脂成分12、单细胞微生物生长曲线中稳定期到来的主要原因是（）三．判断题10分1、噬冷菌细胞膜中含有高比例的饱和脂肪酸，从而保证了膜在低温下的半流质态2、大多数放线菌是G+菌，少数是G-菌3、处于整合态的噬菌体核酸成为前噬菌体4、类病毒是一种小片段的RNA分子，没有外壳包裹5、根瘤菌在异形胞中进行固氮作用6、Saccharomycodes ludwigii 的营养体只能以二倍体形式存在7、多糖的抗原性最强，其次是蛋白质8、炭疽病的病原微生物是一种病毒9、支原体是最小的能独立繁殖的微生物10、曲霉的分生孢子梗呈帚状分支四、试写出以下微生物的学名或中文名称1、枯草芽孢杆菌2、啤酒酵母3、Staphalococcus aureu4、Aspergillus flavus5、Neurospora crassa五、问答题50分1、举例说明抗菌素的作用机制2、噬盐菌光合作用的机理是什么3、试述原核生物基因重组的方式4、试述核酸分析在细菌分类中应用的基本原理，应用范围和意义中国科学院微生物研究所2004年硕士研究生入学考试微生物学试题一、名词解释（共40分）1、质粒和类核体2、朊病毒和噬菌体3、内毒素和外毒素4、互生作用和拮抗作用5、古生菌和极端环境微生物6、初级代谢和次级代谢7、操纵子和基因组8、芽孢和分生孢子9、准性生殖和溶原转变10、 O抗原和H抗原二、是非题，请在（）中打“＋”表示是，或“－”表示非。
2009考研农学门类联考生物化学真题及答案
2009考研农学门类联考生物化学及参考答案五、单项选择题：22～36 小题，每小题 1 分，共 15 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
22.世界上首次人工合成具有生物活性酵母 tRNAAla 的国家是A.美国 B.中国 C.英国 D.法围23.真核生物 mRNA 中 5’一末端的 m7G 与第二个核苷酸之间的连接方式是 A .5’→2’ B .5’→3’ C. 3’→5’ D. 5’→5’24.下列 DNA 模型中，属于左手双螺旋的是A.Z —DNAB.C—DNAC.B—DNA D A—DNA25.下列氨基酸中，[α ]TD=0 的是A.GlnB.GluC.GlyD. Ile26.1961 年国际酶学委员会规定：特定条件下 1 分钟内转化 l μ mol 底物的酶量是A. 1 U B .1 U/mg C .1 Kat D. 1 IU27.可使米氏酶 Km 增大的抑制剂是A.竞争性抑制剂B.非竞争性抑制荆C.反竞争性抑制剂D.不可逆抑制剂28.下列化合物巾，属于氧化磷酸化解偶联剂的是A.鱼藤酮B.抗霉素 AC.氰化物D. 2，4 一二硝基苯酚29.脂肪酸合酶系的终产物是A.丙二酸单酰 CoAB.琥珀酰 CoAC.硬脂酰 CoAD.软脂酰 CoA 30.肉碱脂酰转移酶存在的部位是A.核膜B.细胞膜C.线粒体内膜D.线粒体外膜31.下列参与联合脱氨基作用的酶是A.解氨酶、L 一谷氨酸脱氢酶B.转氨酶、L 一谷氨酸脱氢酶C.解氨酶、L 一氨基酸氧化酶D. 转氨酶、L 一氨基酸氧化酶32.氨基酸脱羧基作用的产物是A.有机酸和 NH3B.有机酸和 CO2C.胺和 CO2D.胺和 NH333.嘌呤核苷酸从头合成途径中产生的第一个核苷酸是A .XMP B.IMP C GMP D.AMP34.劳氏肉瘤病毒逆转录的产物是A. DNAB. cDNAC. ccDNAD.Ts—DNA35.下列含有与 SD 序列互补序列的 rRNA 是A. 16S rRNAB. 18S rRNAC.23S rRNA D .28S rRNA 36.大肠杆菌 RNA 聚合酶核心酶的亚基组成是A.α 2ββ’σB.αβ 2β’C.α 2ββ’ D .αββ’σ六、简答题：37—39 小题，每小题 8 分，共 24 分。
2022年华中农业大学微生物学专业《微生物学》期末试卷B(有答案)
2022年华中农业大学微生物学专业《微生物学》期末试卷B(有答案）一、填空题1、G－细菌细胞外膜的构成成分为______、______、______和______。
2、当宿主细胞内的大量子代噬菌体成熟后，由于水解细胞膜的______ 和水解细胞壁的______等的作用，促进了细胞的裂解。
3、硝化细菌是属于______营养型微生物，它们的碳源是______。
其中亚硝酸细菌能够将______氧化为______，硝酸细菌则能够将______氧化为______，从而获得能量。
它们用于还原CO2的NADH2，是在消耗大量 ______的情况下，通过______的方式而产生，这也是它们生长缓慢和生长得率低的原因之一。
4、作为微生物营养要素之一的水，它的主要功能有______、______、 ______以及许多优良的物理性质，如______、______、______和______ 等。
5、酵母菌的无性孢子有______、______和______等数种。
6、我国古代劳动人民在微生物应用方面的主要贡献是发明用______独特工艺加工______原料以生产______。
7、获得微生物同步生长的方法主要有两类：① ______，如______等；② ______，如______等。
8、在自然界中存在许多极端环境，并进化出与这类环境相适应的各种极端微生物，如______、______、______、______、______、______和______等。
9、四种引起细菌基因重组的方式是______、______、______和______。
10、人体的白细胞种类很多，它们在免疫防御中具有重要作用，例如，具有吞噬功能的如______、______、______和______；无吞噬功能但在特异性免疫中作用极其重要的有两种，即______与______。
二、判断题11、质粒与染色体DNA一样，失去质粒，细菌细胞就会死亡。
04 第四章 维生素 华中农业大学微生物考研生物化学
04 第四章维生素华中农业大学微生物考研生物化学04第四章维生素华中农业大学微生物考研生物化学第四章维生素要学好维生素这一章的内容，就要掌握维生素的化学结构、名称、功能及缺乏症。
对于水溶性维生素来说，最重要的就是把维生素与辅酶联系起来，只有这样才能学好维生素这一章。
一、练习(一)选择题1.以下哪种化合物与给定的维生素名称不匹配？a、α-生育酚-维生素EB-硫胺素-维生素B1C。
抗坏血酸-维生素Cd.氰钴胺素――维生素b12e．吡哆醛――维生素b22.以下哪种辅酶不是来自维生素：a．cdqb．fadc．nad+d．plpe．tpp3．分子中具有醌式结构的是：a、维生素AB、维生素B1和维生素CD、维生素E、维生素K4．具有抗氧化作用的脂溶性维生素是：a．维生素cb．维生素ec.维生素ad．维生素b1e．维生素d5．下列维生素中含有噻唑环的是：a、维生素B2B。
维生素BTC维生素PPD叶酸e维生素B76．成人及儿童因缺乏哪种维生素而导致干眼病?a、维生素b7b。
叶酸C、维生素ad、维生素b3e。
维生素B67．下列哪种维生素可转化为甲基和甲酰基载体的辅酶?a、硫胺素B.叶酸C.维生素D.泛酸E.核黄素8。
关于维生素C的结构和性质，以下哪项陈述是错误的？a、维生素C是一种含有六个碳原子骨架的化合物b．维生素c具有酸性是因为―cooh释放质子c、还原型维生素c为烯醇型，氧化型维生素c为酮型D。
还原型维生素c的元素组成为c:H:o=6:8:6e。
维生素C是一种体内脂质化合物9．下列哪一种维生素或辅酶不含环状结构?a．烟酸b，四氢叶酸c．维生素d3d．泛酸e．生物素10.以下哪种辅酶与焦磷酸硫胺一起，在丙酮酸转化为乙酰辅酶A的过程中起重要作用用?a、维生素B3b。
硫辛酸C、维生素ad、维生素ce。
nadp11。
泛酸是辅酶a的一种成分，在糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢中起着重要作用：a．脱羧作用b．酰基转移作用c．脱氢作用d．还原作用e．氧化作用12.以下哪项不是丙酮酸脱氢酶系统的辅助因子？a.plpb．tppc．硫辛酸d．fade．coa13.下列哪一个反应需要生物素：a、羟基化B.羧化C.脱羧D.脱水E.脱氨14．转氨酶的辅酶是下列化合物中的哪一个?a．尼克酸b．泛酸c．硫胺素d、磷酸吡哆醛E.核黄素15．下列哪一种化合物由谷氨酸、对氨基苯甲酸和喋呤啶组成：a．维生素b12b．氰钴胺素c．叶酸d．生物素e．coa16.除了辅酶A作为酰基载体外，下列哪种物质也可以转移乙酰基：A.生物素B.叶酸c.tppd。
10 第十章 蛋白质的生物合成及基因调控 华中农业大学微生物考研生物化学
第十章蛋白质的生物合成及基因调控本章应着重掌握基因表达的概念、蛋白质生物合成体系中mRNA、tRNA及核蛋白体(核糖体)在蛋白生物合成中的作用、遗传密码及其特点、蛋白质生物合成的主要步骤及主要的酶和蛋白质因子的作用、基因表达调控中的操纵子调控系统和真核生物基因表达调控的特点，熟悉癌基因和抑癌基因的概念以及癌基因异常激活的机理，了解蛋白质生物合成与医学的关系。
一、习题(一)选择题1．下列有关mRNA的论述，哪一项是正确的?a．mRNA是基因表达的最终产物b．mRNA遗传密码的方向是3'→5'c. mRNA遗传密码的方向是5'→3'd．mRNA密码子与tRNA反密码子通过A-T，G-C配对结合e．每分子mRNA有3个终止密码子2. 密码子UAC与下列哪个反密码子配对结合?a．AUG b．AUI c．IUA d．IAU e．CUA3. 反密码子UGA能与下列哪个密码子配对结合?a. UCA b．CALU c．A(CU d．ACT e．CUA4. 下列何处是氨酰tRNA的结合部位?a. 核蛋白体小亚基b．核蛋白体的P位c．核蛋白体的D位d．核蛋白体的A位e. 转肽酶所在的部位5. 下列有关原核生物肽链合成的论述，哪一项是正确的?a．只需ATP提供能量b. 只需GTP提供能量c. 同时需ATP和GTP提供能量d．40S亚基与mRNA结合e．最后是60S亚基结合6．下列有关真核生物肽链合成启动的论述，哪一项是正确的?a．只需ATP提供能量b．只需GTP提供能量c. 同时需ATP和GTP提供能量d．30S亚基与mRNA结合e．50S亚基与30S亚基结合7．下列参与原核生物肽链延伸的因子是a．IF—1 b．IF—2 c．IF—3 d. EF—Tu e．RF—1 8．下列参与真核生物肽链延伸的因子是a. eEF—10 b．eRF c．eIF—1 d．EF—Tu e．EF—Ts9. 有关操纵子学说的论述，下列哪一项是正确的?a．操纵子调控系统是真核生物基因调控的主要方式b. 操纵子调控系统是原核生物基因调控的主要方式c．操纵子调控系统由结构基因、启动子和操纵基因组成d．诱导物与操纵基因结合启动转录e．诱导物与启动子结合而启动转录10. 下列有关阻遏物的论述，哪一项是正确的?a．阻遏物是代谢的终产物b. 阻遏物是阻遏基因的产物c．阻遏物与启动子结合而阻碍转录的启动d．阻遏物与RNA聚合酶结合而抑制转录e．阻遏物妨碍RNA聚合酶与启动子结合11. 下列有关乳糖操纵子调控系统的论述，哪一项是错误的?a．乳糖操纵子是第一个发现的操纵子b．乳糖操作子由三个结构基因及基上游的启动子和操纵基因组成c．乳糖操纵子的调控因子有阻遏蛋白、cAMP和诱导物等e. 乳糖操纵子调控系统的诱导物是乳糖12. 下列属于顺式作用元件的是：a. 启动子b．结构基因c．RNA聚合酶d．转录因子Ⅰe．转录因子Ⅱ13. 下列属于反式作用因子的是：a．启动子b．增强子c．终止子d. 转录因子e. RNA聚合酶14. 识别启动子TATA盒的转录因子是：a．TFⅡA b．TFlib C. TFⅡDd．TFⅡE e．TFⅠF15. 促进RNA聚合酶Ⅱ与启动子结合的转录因子是；a．TFⅡA B. TFⅡB c．TFⅡDd．TFⅡE e．TFⅡF16. 下列有关癌基因的论述，哪一项是正确的?a．癌基因只存在病毒中b．细胞癌基因来源于病毒基因c．有癌基因的细胞迟早都会癌变d．癌基因是根据其功能命名的e. 细胞癌基因是正常基因的一部分17. 下列有关癌变的论述，哪一项是正确的?a．有癌基因的细胞便会转变为癌细胞b．一个癌基因的异常激活即可引起癌变c. 多个癌基因的异常激活才能引起癌变d. 癌基因无突变者不会引起癌变e．癌基因不突变、不扩增、不易位便不会癌变18. 下列何者是抑癌基因?a. ras基因b．sis基因， c. P53基因d. src基因e．myc基因(二)填空题1. 基因表达包括和。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
华中农业大学-《畜牧微生物学》课程-试题(附参考答案与评分标准)
华中农业大学本科课程考试试卷考试课程与试卷类型：畜牧微生物学A 姓名：学年学期：2004-2005-1 学号：考试时间：2004-01-18 班级：动物科技学院2002级1-4班______________________________________________________________________________ _____________一. 单项选择题（从下列各题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，并将其代号写在答题纸的相应位置。
答案选错或未选者，该题不得分。
每小题1分, 共10分）1．创造了低温消毒法的是____。
标准答案：BA. 荷兰人吕文虎克B. 法国学者巴斯德C. 德国学者柯赫D. 德国学者贝哲林克2．酵母菌属____。
标准答案：BA. 单细胞原核微生物B. 单细胞真核微生物C. 多细胞原核微生物D. 多细胞真核微生物3．对乙醇这个药剂来说，其消毒效果最好的浓度是____。
标准答案：CA. 25%B. 55%C. 70%D. 95%4． ____含量越高，青贮饲料的品质越差。
标准答案：BA. 乳酸B. 丁酸C. 酒精D. 醋酸5．类毒素具有____。
标准答案：CA. 免疫原性和毒性B. 非免疫原性和毒性C. 免疫原性和非毒性D. 非抗原性和非毒性6．金黄色葡萄球菌的拉丁文命名正确的为____。
标准答案：CA. staphylococcus aureusB. Staphylococcus AureusC. Staphylococcus aureusD. staphylococcus Aureus7．担子菌是以产生____的方式进行繁殖。
标准答案：CA. 节孢子B. 分生孢子C. 担孢子D. 孢子囊孢子8．沙门氏菌的吲哚试验为阴性，说明该菌不能分解____。
标准答案：DA. 葡萄糖B. 胱氨酸C. 吲哚D. 色氨酸9．大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)在麦康凯琼脂培养基上生长时，产生____菌落，据此可与沙门氏菌(Salmonella)相区别。
华农考研参考书目
华中农业大学2009年硕士研究生考试参考书目参考书目－初试科目501园林设计《城市园林绿地规划》同济大学主编，中国建筑工业出版社。
《园林设计》唐学山主编，中国林业出版社，1997。
360数学《大学数学》(第2版) 谢季坚、李启文主编，高等教育出版社(面向21世纪课程教材或普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材)。
《线性代数及其应用》邓泽清主编，高等教育出版社(面向21世纪课程教材)。
《概率论及试验统计》余家林主编，高等教育出版社(面向21世纪课程教材或普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材)。
609化学《无机及分析化学》董元彦主编，科学出版社(面向21世纪课程教材)。
《有机化学》陈长水主编，科学出版社。
《有机化学》(第3版)汪小兰编，北京：高等教育出版社。
612社会统计学《社会统计学》卢淑华，北京大学出版社，2004年第4次印刷。
《社会研究的统计应用》李沛良，社会科学文献出版，2001年。
613教育学(含教育史)《教育学》王道俊、王汉澜主编，人民教育出版社，2008年2月。
《中国教育史》孙培青著，华东师范大学出版社，2007年1月。
614微生物学《微生物学》沈萍主编，高等教育出版社，2002。
616细胞生物学《细胞生物学》翟中和主编，高等教育出版社。
617社会学研究方法《现代社会调查方法》(第二版)风笑天著，华中科技大学出版社，2001年。
《社会学研究方法》(第二版)风笑天主编，中国人民大学出版社，2005年。
619法学综合(含法理学、宪法学、民法学、行政法学)《法理学》张文显主编，北京大学出版社，高等教育出版社(面向21世纪课程教材)。
《宪法学》周叶中主编，北京大学出版社，高等教育出版社(面向21世纪课程教材)。
《民法学》魏振瀛主编，北京大学出版社，高等教育出版社(面向21世纪课程教材)。
《法学概论》李长健主编，吉林人民出版社。
621公共管理学《公共管理学》张成福、党秀云著，中国人民大学出版社，2001年版。
2009级攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题.doc
2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：微生物生化(含工业微生物学、生物化学)适用专业：生物化工，发酵工程，生物制药共 3 页一、填空题(每个空1 分，共35 分)1．侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称为（）。
2. 芽孢是芽孢细菌的（）器官。
3．某些酵母在繁殖过程中,芽体不脱落,并相连接成藕节状,形似菌丝称（）。
4．根瘤菌可与（）植物共生固氮。
5. 荚膜的主要化学成分有（）和（）等，常采用（）方法进行荚膜染色。
6．微生物的培养基按用途通常分为基础培养基、完全培养基、（）、（）、（）五大类。
7．Lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) contain both lipid and carbohydrate, and consist of threeparts: （）, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)8．Genetic recombination occurs in eucaryotes through sexual reproduction. In bacteria, recombination occurs through the processes of （），（）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)9．The multiplication cycle of bacteriophages, like that of all viruses, can be divided intofive distinct stages: （）, （）, biosynthesis of viral components, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)+10．TCA循环中，α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶催化的反应需要的辅因子有：NAD 、TPP 、（）、（）、（）和（）。
11. 腺嘌呤环上的第（）位氮原子与戊糖的第（）位碳原子相连形成（）。
2021年华中农业大学微生物学专业《微生物学》期末试卷A(有答案)
2021年华中农业大学微生物学专业《微生物学》期末试卷A(有答案）一、填空题1、借周生鞭毛进行运动的细菌有______和______等，借端生鞭毛运动的细菌有______和______等，而借侧生鞭毛运动的细菌则有______等。
2、亚病毒包括______、______、______和______。
3、合成代谢的功能与分解代谢相反，是指在有关酶系的催化下，由______、______和______一起合成______的过程。
4、半固体培养基可用于______、______、______、______、______、______和______。
5、真菌的孢子数量极大，给人类带来不利之处是______、______和______等；有利之处则是利于______、______、______、______和______等。
6、现代微生物学发展有以下几个特点：______，______，______，______，______，______。
7、一条典型的生长曲线至少可分为______、______、______和______4个生长时期。
8、______是微生物的“天然培养基”，也是它们的“大本营”，对人类来说，则是最丰富的菌种资源库。
9、当前对原核受体细胞来说，在遗传工程中的最合适外源基因载体是 ______和______，对真核细胞受体来说，在动物方面主要有______，植物方面则主要是______。
10、外毒素的种类很多，常见的如______、______、______和______ 等。
二、判断题11、玻璃器材洗净后在急需时可采用高压蒸汽灭菌，而不能用干热灭菌。
（）12、用分装器将培养基分装试管时，应谨防培养基沾染试管口。
（）13、参与呼吸链的泛醌（CoQ），是一类存在于细菌细胞膜上的水溶性氢载体。
（）14、病毒具有感染性，且核酸是病毒的遗传物质，故所有病毒的基因组核酸都是感染性核酸。
（）15、白假丝酵母（Candida albicans）可产生无性的厚垣孢子。
华中农业大学硕士微生物试卷1999-2010
华中农业大学一九九九年硕士研究生入学考试试题纸课程名称：314微生物学注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，不得写在试题纸上。
一、是非判断题（正确“√”，错误“×”，每题1分）1．中间体（Mesosome）是由细胞膜内陷折叠形成的袋或颗粒状结构。
（）2．支原体（Mycoplasma）是目前已知最小的细胞生物。
（）3．原生动物是多细胞、无细胞壁和能够自由活动的一类微生物。
（）4．一种病毒只含有单一类型的核酸。
（）5．光合细菌与蓝细菌相同，它们都具有光合色素，进行非环式光合磷酸化作用。
（）6．酒精发酵是丙酸在无氧条件下生成酒精的过程，典型的酒精发酵是在酵母菌作用下进行的。
（）7．在没有高压蒸汽灭菌设备情况下，不可能进行培养基质的彻底灭菌。
（）8．转化（Transformation）是指供体菌的DNA片段或质粒DNA转移到受体菌，并组合到基因组中的过程。
（）9．金黄色葡萄球菌为G＋，具有周生鞭毛。
（）10.所有放线菌都具有发达的基内菌丝和气生菌丝。
（）二、填空题（30分，每空0.5分）1．原核细胞与真核细胞的主要差异在于（）、（）、（）。
2．肽聚糖是（）特有的一类大分子复合物。
以金黄色葡萄球菌为例，它是有（）和（）与一种（）和一种（）的四个亚单位交联而成的多层次网状结构。
磷壁酸是（）中所特有的成分。
3．脂多糖是（）所含有的一种化学成分，它有（）、（）、（）三部分组成。
4．细菌的芽胞是某些细菌在生活周期的特定阶段形成的（）体，芽胞形成过程可分为（）、（）、（）、（）、（）、（）和（）七个阶段，芽胞对不良环境因子的抗性主要由于（）、（）、（）。
5.真菌的有性繁殖产生有性孢子,包括( )孢子、（）孢子、（）孢子、（）孢子、（）孢子。
有性孢子产生过程一般包含（）、（）和6.根据获取能源、碳源和供氧体的方式，微生物原则上可区分为（）、（）、（）和（），自然界绝大多数微生物都属于（）型。
7.细菌的基因重组可以有三种方式产生，即（）、（）、（）。
2009年中国科学院研究生院微生物学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)【圣才出品】
2009年中国科学院研究生院微生物学考研真题（回忆版）（不完整）
一、名词解释
1．富集培养基和选择性培养基
2．底物水平磷酸化和光合磷酸化
3．自生固氮和共生固氮
4．普通转导和局部转导
5．基因组和基因组文库
6．接合子和转化子
7．微生物三命名法和双命名法
8．支原体和衣原体
9．MHC-I和MHC-II
10．病毒结构蛋白和非结构蛋白
二、匹配题
1．给出微生物的名称选出它属于哪一类
2．M13载体、粘粒载体、细菌质粒、细菌人工合成核酸，Ti质粒的作用
三、填空题
略
四、简答题
1．关于培养基配置的原则。
2．关于基因突变的特点。
3．关于三域学说的内容和它的不足。
4．酶的变构调节和化学修饰调节区别？各自有什么用？
5．检测蛋白与染色质DNA作用的方法？举出一种说明原理和步骤。
2009年604微生物学
江西农业大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题适用学科、专业微生物学考试科目代码、名称 604微生物学注意事项：答案一律在答卷纸上填写，答在草稿纸或试卷上一律无效。
题目部分，(卷面共有104题,150.0分,各大题标有题量和总分)一、选择题(30小题,每小题1.0分,共30.0分)分别在每小题A、B、C和D四种选项中仅选择一项，将选择项的A或B或C或D填写在答卷中，多选无效。
1.革兰氏染色法的步骤是：A.碘液初染 结晶紫媒染 沙黄复染 乙醇脱色，B.结晶紫初染 沙黄复染 碘液媒染 乙醇脱色；C.碘液初染 结晶紫媒染 乙醇脱色 沙黄复染；D.结晶紫初染 碘液媒染 乙醇脱色 沙黄复染。
答：（）2.下列哪类细菌形成的菌落十分光滑、并呈透明蛋清状、形态较大。
A.产芽孢；B.球状；C.具鞭毛；D.具荚膜。
答：（）3.能产生大量分枝和气生菌丝的放线菌菌落，与培养基的结合，往往具有如下特征：A.较松、极易挑取；B.较松、不易挑取；C.较紧、容易挑取；D.较紧、易不挑取。
答：（）4.迄今能由严格厌氧菌大规模生产的发酵产物只有一种，这就是：A.乙醇发酵；B.丙酸发酵；C.乳酵发酵；D.丙酮丁醇发酵。
答：（）5.移码突变的诱变剂是：A.亚硝酸；B.烷化剂；C.5-溴尿嘧啶；D.吖啶类化合物。
答：（）6.下列有一种诱变剂是间接引起碱基对置换的诱变剂，它就是：A.亚硝酸；B.亚硝基胍；C.吖啶橙；D.5－溴尿嘧啶。
答：（）7.自然界中的细菌细胞，细菌外毒素等物质均属于：A.类属抗原；B.半抗原；C.完全抗原；D.交叉反应抗原。
答：（）8.Mu噬菌体在寄主细胞染色体上A.只有一个特定整合位点；B.有多个特定整合位点；C.没有一定的整合位点；D.没有整合位点。
答：（）9.在鉴别性EMB培养基上，在反射光下大肠杆菌菌落呈现的颜色是：A.棕色；B.粉红色；C.绿色并带有金属光泽；D.无色。
答：（）10.烟草花叶病毒粒子所含有的核酸是：A.±RNA；B.+RNA；C.－RNA；D.+DNA。
2022年华中农业大学生物技术专业《微生物学》期末试卷A(有答案)
2022年华中农业大学生物技术专业《微生物学》期末试卷A(有答案）一、填空题1、支原体因缺乏细胞壁，故出现一系列其他特征，包括______、______、______和______等。
2、病毒的非增殖性感染有______、______和______3种类型。
3、光能自养微生物有产氧与不产氧两大类，前者如______等，后者如______等。
4、水的生理作用主要包括______、______、______、______、______ 和______。
5、真核微生物包括______、______、______和______等几个大类。
6、微生物包括的主要类群有______、______和______。
7、E.coli的代时约为______min，一个细胞经2h繁殖后，可变为______ 个；Saccharomyces cerevisiae的代时约为______min，一个细胞经6h分裂后，可变为______个。
8、在菌种资源开发中，筛选菌种的四个步骤为：______、______、______和______。
9、微生物菌种保藏的原理是在______、______、______、______和______等环境条件下，使其处于代谢不活泼状态。
10、主要的免疫分子有八类，它们是______、______、______、______、______、______、______和______。
二、判断题11、杆状的细菌一般都长有周生鞭毛。
（）12、实验室做固体培养基时，常加1.8%的琼脂作凝固剂，做半固体培养基时，琼脂加入量通常是0.5%。
（）13、由于固氮酶对氧的极度敏感，因此，凡能固氮的微生物都是厌氧菌。
（）14、含朊病毒的肉制品，经加压灭菌法（121℃）处理1～2h后即可去除其传染性。
（）15、毛霉菌的无性繁殖产生孢囊孢子，有性生殖产生卵孢子。
（）16、（G＋C）mol%值的差别，可作为微生物系统分类工作中正确设置分类单元的可靠依据。
华中农业大学96-2010年硕士研究生微生物专业802生物化学试题
华中农业大学一九九六年硕士研究生入学考试试题纸课程名称：生物化学第页，共页注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，不得写在试题纸上。
一、 名词解释：（20%）1、能荷2、基因工程3、固相酶4肉碱穿梭5、不对称转录6、反馈抑制7、操纵子8、同义密码子9、核酸内切酶10、底物水平磷酸化二、符号解释（10%）1、ACP2、SOD3、dNTP4、SDS5、PAGE6、poly（A）7、m7G8、PAL9、BCCP 10、Tm三、写出下列化合物的结构式（10%）1、油酸2、脑磷酯3、纤维二糖4、ADP5、谷胱甘肽四、填空题（10%）1、EMP途径中有三个不可逆的酶，分别是、、。
2、丙二酸是酶的性抑制剂。
3、自然界中有三种双糖即、、是以游离态存在。
4、Tm值与DNA分子中含量成正相关，核酸在波长nm处有明显的吸收区。
5、细胞中的RNA主要存在于中，RNA中分子量最小的是，含量最多的是，寿命最短的是。
6、蛋白质生物合成中，起始密码是，终止密码是、、。
7、合成RNA时，RNA聚合酶沿着DNA链的方向移动，而所生成的RNA链沿方向延伸。
五、问答题（50%）1、哪些酶参与淀粉的降解作用？这些酶的特性有何区别？（7分）2、何谓转氨基作用？生物体内有哪些类型？写出其反应式（7分）3、简要说明DNA复制的基本规律？（7分）4、蛋白质生物合成中，氨基酸是怎样被活化的？写出其反应式（7分）5、何谓电子传递链？各成员的排列顺序是怎样的？氧化磷酸化部位在何处？为什么？（7分）6、简述聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测同工酶的原理和主要操作步骤？（7分）7、绘简图表示EMP、TCA、PPP、乙醇、乳酸、GAC等各途径的相互关系（8分）华中农业大学一九九七年硕士研究生入学考试试题纸课程名称：生物化学第页，共页注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，不得写在试题纸上。
一、 名词解释（20%）1．酶的比活力2．固定化酶3．不对称转录4．蛋白质的盐析作用5．遗传信息6．粘性末端7．解偶联作用8．糖的异生作用9．同义密码子二、符号解释（10%）1．PRPP 2．RNP 3．Bis 4．PAL 5．Trp6．ssDNA 7．hnRNA 8．DHU 8．G-S-S-G 10．UDPG三、填空题（15%）乙醛酸通过转氨基作用可生成，3-羟基丙酮酸通过转氨基作用可生成；色氨酸脱氨基后生成，并可以转变为植物激素中的；磷酯酶C水解卵磷脂生成和；中心法则是由于1958年提出的；酶是限制脂肪酸生物合成速度的酶；操纵子假说由于1961年提出的；含一个以上双键的不饱和脂肪酸的氧化，可按β-氧化途径进行，但还要二种酶，即和；氧化还原反应自由能ΔG0的变化与电量、电势之间的关系式为；在磷酸戊糖途径的氧化阶段，两种脱氢酶是和，它们的辅酶都是。
2022年华中农业大学微生物学专业《微生物学》期末试卷A(有答案)
2022年华中农业大学微生物学专业《微生物学》期末试卷A(有答案）一、填空题1、微生物是一切______生物的总称，其特点是______、______和______。
2、细菌的鞭毛具有______功能，菌毛具有______功能，性菌毛具有______功能。
3、微生物菌种保藏的原理是在______、______、______、______和______等环境条件下，使其处于代谢不活泼状态。
4、按照微生物与氧的关系，可把微生物分为五类：______、______、______、______和______。
5、真菌无性孢子主要包括______、______、______、______、______、______和______，有性孢子主要包括______、______、______ 和______。
6、亚病毒包括______、______、______和______。
7、硝化作用需要在严格的______条件下进行，而反硝化作用则需要在______条件下进行。
8、化能异养菌以______获得能量，以______作为碳源，并将其还原为新的有机物。
9、微生物生物氧化的过程可以分为______、______和______三个阶段。
10、免疫球蛋白分为______、______、______、______、______5类，按照其存在形式又分为______和______两种。
二、判断题11、固氮微生物在固氮过程中，需要的阳离子是K＋。
（）12、细菌形成菌落的必要条件应该是：一个固体培养基平板，一个单细胞，以及培养基表面细胞的分布不能拥挤。
（）13、硫细菌、铁细菌和硝化细菌等化能自养菌不能通过Calvin循环进行CO2的固定。
（）14、迄今为止利用细胞壁的成分作为鉴定主要指标的微生物是酵母菌类。
（）15、支原体是已知的可以自由生活的最小的原核微生物。
（）16、一个酵母菌细胞上，只可能有一个蒂痕，但芽痕则可以有多个。
华中农业大学微生物复习题(分专题)
、
、
和
、
、
等
4．革兰氏染色法是鉴别细菌的重要方法，染色的要点如下：先用、
染色，
再加
处理，使菌体着色，然后用
脱色，最后用
复染，呈
为
革兰氏阳性反应。
5．对细菌简单染色法的一般步骤是
。常用的染料有
和
等。
6．脂多糖是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁特有成分，它由三部分组成，即
、
及
。
7．革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁有
层，内层称为
，约
专题一
一、填空题：
1．微生物的定义是
。
2．微生物根据细胞结构的有无，可分为
和
。
3．细胞微生物包括
、
、
、
。
4．根据细胞核的结构与特性，可将微生物分为
、
。
5．
、
和
是目前发现的较病毒更为简单的亚病毒。
6．微生物的共同特点有
、
、
、
、
和
。
7． 微生物与其他生物的共同点有
、
、
和
、
等。
8．微生物学，根据研究对象可分为
华中农业大学微生物复习题
专题一................................................................................................................................................. 1 专题二 微生物形态、结构与分类................................................................................................ 2
华南农业大学微生物学考研试题
华南农业大学09年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A卷）一、填空题（每空分，共20分）1.依据微生物获取能源和碳源的方式，将其分为四种营养类型，即：___________、________、__________和。
2.抗生素作为放线菌的次生代谢产物通常是在生长的期，或菌丝的生长阶段才会被合成。
3.微生物产生的次级代谢产物包括：、、、抗生素和维生素。
4.真菌的有性孢子有卵孢子、、和等。
5.毒性（裂解）噬菌体的增殖过程为、、、和释放。
6.支原体突出的形态特征是，因而它对青霉素不敏感。
7.微生物的产能方式（呼吸类型）分为、、。
8.常见的肠道致病菌Escherichia coli O157:H7，其中O表示，H表示。
9. 菌种保藏的方法有、、和真空冷冻干燥保藏等。
10.食品的卫生标准中微生物指标包括、和。
11.细菌分类鉴定的经典方法主要是根据细菌和以及来确定它们在分类系统的地位。
12.专性厌氧菌受到氧毒害的原因是_________________________________。
13.细菌细胞壁中的肽聚糖分子是由肽与聚糖两部分组成，其中的肽有四肽尾和肽桥两种，聚糖则由和相互间隔连接而成。
14.原核微生物基因重组的主要方式有、和。
15.微生物推动氮循环实际上是氮化合物的氧化还原反应，其循环过程包括：固氮作用、、和。
二、选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1．马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基适合培养。
a. Bacteria b．Fungi c．Actinomycetes2. 在同等条件下灭菌，pH=8的培养基较pH=5的培养基所需的时间。
a．长 b.短 c.相同3．细胞壁的基本骨架是a. Peptidoglycanb. Lipopolysaccharidec. Teichoic acids4．利用选择培养基的原理，用富集法富集醋酸菌时须添加的营养物是a 葡萄糖b 淀粉c 乙醇d 乙酸。
5．is the first man who used solid media to culture microorganisms.a. Louis Pasteurb. Robert Kochc. Richard Petri6．的生长不需要氧气，氧气对其生长甚至有毒害作用。