REACH with case study
Casestudy及参考答案
Casestudy及参考答案Case 1Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don?t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don?t feel so bad. Cheer up; you?ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I?ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children?s games here. This is a scientific experiment. T om: I?ve never taken the experiment as child?s play, and I?m playing the game.Xie Li: You say you?re playing the game! It?s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Key:Idiomatic phrases are often misunderstood. In E nglish …face the music? means: to face the reality and take the consequence; while …play the game? means: abide completion rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted the idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn?t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he said he would “face the music”Secondly, he misinterpreted Tom?s …playing the game? as that he hadn?t done the experiment seriously, which might have led to the failure.Case 2In 1997, a Danish woman left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside.Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.Key:This case reflects preconceived notion, one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it is illegal for parents to leave their baby alone while it is commonplace for parents to do so in Danish culture. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.Case 3Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a story on CCTV program "Dialogue" of how he once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. T o his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could do that to him as he gave such great attention to his job.Key:The resignation of Canadian employee resulted from the communication barrier due to the preconception of Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors. Mr. Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as hetreated any Chinese employee. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. But Mr. Wang found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust.。
文献综述法和案例研究法英文
Literature Review MethodBackgroundThe literature review method is a systematic approach to gather, evaluate, and synthesize existing research studies and academic papers related to a specific topic. It involves analyzing and summarizing the findings of multiple studies to identify patterns, trends, and knowledge gaps in the field. The literature review serves as a foundation for further research by providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge.Process1.Identification of Research Question: The first step in conductinga literature review is to define a clear research question orobjective. This helps in determining the scope and focus of thereview.2.Search Strategy: The researcher identifies relevant databases,journals, and other sources to search for relevant studies.Keywords and search terms are used to narrow down the searchresults.3.Screening and Selection: The researcher screens the retrievedarticles based on their title, abstract, and keywords relevance.Only the articles that meet specific inclusion criteria areselected for further analysis.4.Data Extraction: Information from selected articles is extractedusing a standardized form or data extraction tool. This includesdetails about study design, sample size, variables measured, andkey findings.5.Analysis and Synthesis: The extracted data is analyzed usingvarious techniques such as content analysis or thematic analysis.Patterns, themes, or commonalities across studies are identified. 6.Evaluation of Studies: The quality and credibility of eachincluded study are assessed based on factors such as methodology, sample size, data collection procedures, etc.7.Writing the Review: Finally, all the findings from differentstudies are synthesized into a coherent narrative that addressesthe research question.Example Case StudyBackgroundTopic: Impact of Social Media on Mental HealthThe case study focuses on exploring the impact of social media usage on mental health among adolescents.Process1.Identification of Research Question: How does social media usageaffect mental health outcomes among adolescents?2.Search Strategy: Relevant databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, andGoogle Scholar were searched using keywords like “social media,”“adolescents,” and “mental health.”3.Screening and Selection: Articles were screened based on theirtitle, abstract, and keywords relevance. Only studies published in the last five years and focusing on adolescents aged 13-18 wereincluded.4.Data Extraction: Key information from the selected articles wasextracted, including study design, sample size, measures of social media usage and mental health outcomes.5.Analysis and Synthesis: The extracted data was analyzed usingthematic analysis. Themes such as “negative body image,”“cyberbullying,” and “social comparison” emerged from the data.6.Evaluation of Studies: Each study was evaluated based on itsmethodology, sample representativeness, and statistical analysismethods used.7.Writing the Review: A comprehensive review was written summarizingthe findings from different studies. The review highlighted thenegative impact of excessive social media usage on self-esteem,body image dissatisfaction, and increased risk of depression among adolescents.ResultsThe literature review revealed consistent evidence linking heavy social media usage with poor mental health outcomes among adolescents. Cyberbullying emerged as a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, excessive exposure to idealized body images on social media platforms led to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors.The review also identified several knowledge gaps in the existing literature, such as limited research on protective factors or interventions to mitigate the negative effects of social media on mental health.Case Study MethodBackgroundThe case study method is a research approach that involves an in-depth investigation of a specific individual, group, organization or event. It aims to provide detailed insights into real-life situations by examining multiple sources of data such as interviews, observations, documents or artifacts.Process1.Selection of Case: The researcher selects a case that is relevantto the research question and provides unique insights orrepresents a particular phenomenon.2.Data Collection: Multiple sources of data are collected, includinginterviews, observations, documents, and artifacts related to the case. The researcher may also use existing literature or reportsfor background information.3.Data Analysis: The collected data is analyzed using qualitativeanalysis techniques such as thematic analysis or grounded theory.Patterns, themes, or key issues are identified.4.Cross-Case Comparison: If multiple cases are studied, acomparative analysis is conducted to identify similarities anddifferences across cases.5.Validation: The findings are validated through member checking orseeking feedback from participants or experts familiar with thecase.6.Reporting: The case study findings are presented in a detailedreport that includes an introduction to the case, description ofdata collection methods, analysis of findings, and conclusions. Example Case StudyBackgroundCase: Transformation of a Traditional Retail Store into an E-commerce BusinessThe case study examines the transformation process of a traditionalbrick-and-mortar retail store into an e-commerce business in response to changing market dynamics.Process1.Selection of Case: A traditional retail store with a long-standingpresence in the market was selected for the study due to itssuccessful transition into e-commerce.2.Data Collection: Interviews were conducted with key stakeholdersinvolved in the transformation process, including store managers, employees, and customers. Observations were made during theimplementation phase of the e-commerce platform. Relevantdocuments such as financial reports and marketing strategies were also collected.3.Data Analysis: Thematic analysis was used to analyze interviewtranscripts and identify key themes such as challenges facedduring the transition, strategies adopted for online marketing,customer response to e-commerce platform, etc.4.Cross-Case Comparison: As there was only one case studied in thisexample, cross-case comparison was not applicable.5.Validation: The findings were validated through member checking,where participants were given an opportunity to review thefindings and provide feedback.6.Reporting: A comprehensive case study report was prepared,describing the background of the retail store, the process oftransformation, challenges faced, strategies implemented, andoutcomes achieved.ResultsThe case study revealed that the successful transformation of the traditional retail store into an e-commerce business requiredsignificant changes in business processes, technology adoption, and marketing strategies. The implementation of an online platform resulted in increased customer reach and sales revenue. However, challenges such as logistics management and competition from established e-commerce players were encountered during the transition.The case study provided valuable insights into the factors influencing the success of such transformations and highlighted the importance of aligning organizational culture with digital transformation goals.Overall, both literature review method and case study method are valuable research approaches that provide unique perspectives on different research questions. The literature review method helps in synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, while the case study method offers detailed insights into real-life situations. Researchers can choose either or both methods based on their research objectives and available resources.。
小学下册K卷英语第六单元综合卷
小学下册英语第六单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ancient Romans built roads to improve ________.2.Light from the sun takes about eight ______ to reach us.3.The Earth's surface features are influenced by both ______ and erosion.4.The turtle is very ______.5.My friend is a _____ (作曲家) who writes music.6.We went to the beach to ______ (swim).7.What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. SwiftD. RapidB8.The chemical formula for glucose is __________.9.My pet hamster loves to explore its ______ (笼子).10.The chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called an __________ bond.11.What do you call a person who studies languages?A. LinguistB. PhilologistC. PolyglotD. All of the aboveD12.The _____ (小鹿) is very graceful.13.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. ElephantB. TigerC. BirdD. FishC14.I believe that everyone should have the right to ________ (接受教育) no matter where they live.15.The girl has a lovely ________.16.What do you call the liquid inside a coconut?A. JuiceB. MilkC. WaterD. OilC17.We go _____ (swimming) in the pool.18.Which animal is known for having a pouch?A. KangarooB. LionC. BearD. TigerA19.What is the capital of the Republic of the Congo?A. BrazzavilleB. Pointe-NoireC. DolisieD. Ouesso20.The moon is ___. (shiny)21.Hydrogen is the lightest _______ on the periodic table.22.The dog chased the ______.23.What do we call the area of land where a river meets the sea?A. DeltaB. EstuaryC. BayD. GulfB24., I take my ________ (玩具名) to the park. I like to ________ (动词) with my friends there. We have a lot of ________ (名词) together. Sometime25.In _____ (阿根廷), the Andes Mountains are located.26.The __________ is often very pleasant in spring. (气候)27.I want to be a ________ (艺术家) when I grow up.28._____ (vegetation) covers the earth.29.Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between ______.30.I like to ________ with my family.31.The boy plays ________.32. A ____(case study) examines specific examples of practices.33.The __________ (寒冷) climate affects our activities.34.The chemical formula for methane is ______.35.She is _______ (coloring) in her book.36.My favorite _____ (玩具车) can make sounds and lights. 我最喜欢的玩具车可以发出声音和灯光。
case study范文
case study范文Case Study: The Success Story of Airbnb。
In the past decade, Airbnb has emerged as a disruptive force in the hospitality industry, revolutionizing the way people travel and find accommodations. This case study will delve into the factors that have contributed to Airbnb's success and examine the strategies that have propelled the company to the forefront of the sharing economy.Founded in 2008 by Brian Chesky, Joe Gebbia, and Nathan Blecharczyk, Airbnb started as a simple idea to rent out air mattresses in their San Francisco apartment to travelers attending a local conference. Today, the company boasts millions of listings in over 220 countries and regions, offering a diverse range of accommodations from private rooms to entire homes.One of the key factors behind Airbnb's success is its ability to tap into the growing trend of the sharing economy. By allowing individuals to monetize their underutilized spaces, Airbnb has created a platform that benefits both hosts and guests. This has not only expanded the options for travelers but has also provided a new source of income for hosts, making it a win-win situation for all parties involved.Furthermore, Airbnb's emphasis on creating unique and personalized experiences for guests has set it apart from traditional hospitality providers. The platform allows hosts to showcase their properties in a way that reflects their individual style and personality, offering guests a more authentic and immersive travel experience. This personal touch has resonated with travelers who are increasingly seeking out meaningful connections and local insights during their trips.In addition, Airbnb's innovative use of technology has been instrumental in driving its growth and success. The company has invested heavily in developing a user-friendly platform and mobile app that makes it easy for hosts to list their properties and for guests to find and book accommodations. This seamless and efficient booking process has contributed to Airbnb's popularity and has helped it gain a competitive edge in the market.Another key aspect of Airbnb's success is its focus on building a strong and trusted community. The company has implemented rigorous screening processes and verification procedures to ensure the safety and security of both hosts and guests. This has helped to foster a sense of trust and reliability within the Airbnb community, leading to repeat bookings and positive word-of-mouth referrals.Furthermore, Airbnb has been proactive in adapting to the changing needs and preferences of its users. The company has expanded its offerings to include unique experiences and activities, allowing travelers to immerse themselves in the local culture and community. This diversification has enabled Airbnb to cater to a wider audience and has positioned it as a one-stop platform for all aspects of travel.In conclusion, Airbnb's success can be attributed to a combination of factors, including its ability to tap into the sharing economy, its focus on creating personalized experiences, its innovative use of technology, its emphasis on building a strong community, and its proactive approach to meeting the evolving needs of its users. By staying true to its core values and continuously innovating, Airbnb has solidified its position as a leader in the travel and hospitality industry, setting a precedent for other companies in the sharing economy.。
Lesson 6 On The Case Study Method Of Research And Teaching In Design
Simple, Powerful and free
Of course, the legal profession was fortunate in this respect, because there already existed an infrastructure by which cases were written to explain and interpret the principles used to reach legal judgment.
ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
Simple, Powerful and free
Christopher Langdell changed that way of teaching when he arrived at Harvard Law School. He believed that, at its root, the art of practicing law involved understanding core principles and being able to apply those principles in different situations. Christopher Columbus Langdell (May 22, 1826 – July 6, 1906) was an American jurist and legal academic who was Dean of Harvard Law School from 1870 to 1895.
ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
Simple, Powerful and free
case study 英文格式
CASE STUDY: THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON EDUCATION1. IntroductionTechnology has be an integral part of our d本人ly lives, and its influence on education cannot be understated. In this case study, we will explore the impact of technology on education, including its benefits and challenges.2. Evolution of Technology in EducationOver the years, technology has revolutionized the way education is delivered and received. From the introduction ofputers in classrooms to the implementation of online learning platforms, technology has transformed the traditional educational landscape.3. Benefits of Technology in Education3.1 Enhanced Learning ExperienceTechnology has enabled educators to create interactive and engaging learning materials, making the learning process more enjoyable and effective for students.3.2 Access to InformationWith the internet and online databases, students have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips, allowingthem to explore beyond the confines of the traditional classroom.3.3 Personalized LearningTechnology has made it possible for educators to t本人lor learning materials to individual student needs, providing a personalized learning experience for each student.4. Challenges of Technology in Education4.1 Technology-DependentThe overreliance on technology in education can lead to a lack of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in students.4.2 Privacy and Security ConcernsThe use of technology in education r本人ses concerns about student privacy and data security, especially in online learning environments.4.3 Technology AccessibilityNot all students have equal access to technology, creating a digital divide that may hinder their learning opportunities.5. Case Studies5.1 Flipped Classroom ModelThe flipped classroom model utilizes technology to deliver instructional content outside of the classroom, allowing formore active and engaged learning during class time.Case Study: A high school in Florida implemented the flipped classroom model and saw a significant improvement in student engagement and academic performance.5.2 Online Learning PlatformsOnline learning platforms provide students with the flexibility to learn at their own pace and convenience, breaking down geographical barriers to education.Case Study: A university in the United Kingdom adopted online learning platforms and witnessed an increase in enrollment and student satisfaction.6. Rmendations for Future Integration of Technology in Education6.1 Digital Literacy Tr本人ningEducators should receive tr本人ning on how to effectively integrate technology into their teaching practices, ensuring that students develop essential digital literacy skills.6.2 Equity in Access to TechnologyEfforts should be made to bridge the digital divide and ensure that all students have equal access to technology for learning purposes.6.3 Data Privacy and Security MeasuresEducational institutions should prioritize the implementation of robust data privacy and security measures to protect student information in digital learning environments.7. ConclusionAs technology continues to advance, its impact on education will only grow in significance. By understanding the benefits and challenges of technology in education, we can work towards harnessing its potential to provide quality and equitable education for all.。
电影研究相关外文文献翻译
1500单词，8500英文字符，中文3050字出处: 作者: Schatz, Thomas 期刊名称: Literature/Film Quarterly 卷: 37;期: 1;页码: 77-80;年份: 2016原文The Research of Hollywood Film: British Literature and American FilmSchatz, ThomasIt comes as no surprise that Hollywood relies heavily on Britain for both subject matter and movie revenues. Indeed, at various times in its history, most notably during World War II, England has been a veritable extension of the US market. Nor is it surprising that Hollywood throughout its history has mined British literature for story material-a tendency that has become remarkably pronounced at times, as with the ubiquitous adaptation of English literary classics in the 1930s, the heady facilitation of the "British invasion" in the 1960s, and of course the current spate of blockbuster series based on British literary franchises (Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, James Bond, the Chronicles of Narnia, et al.). What is surprising, however, is how little serious study has been devoted to these interrelated phenomena-that is, the cine-symbiosis between the US and Britain, and Hollywood's profound investment in British literature for source material. Jennifer Jeffers has taken a significant step toward rectifying this scholarly lacuna in Britain Colonized: Hollywood's Appropriation of British Literature, which focuses on a relatively brief but vitally important stage of Hollywood's long-standing, deep-seated "Brit-Lit" obsession, spanning the early 1990s to the early 2000s. The book is important too as a contribution to adaptation studies, generally, although as Jeffers readily acknowledges, Hollywood's exploitation of British literature has been altogether unique in the annals of commercial films and filmmaking.Jeffers follows Dudley Andrew's admonition that "it is time for adaptation studies to take a sociological turn," and she relies for her analytical approach on the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guittari as well as Jacques Derrida. The term "appropriation" in her subtide puts rather mildly Jeffers's disdain for the ways in which Hollywood "has colonized and plundered the British literary text in order to make the film appeal to mainstream audiences"-and not simply American audiences (although the US remains by far the richest market for movie product), but a global film market that in fact was exploding during precisely the period she examines. Jeffers has little interest in the films' "fidelity" to the source text-a concern that has gotten adaptation studies nowhere - focusing instead on strategies of reiteration, genre reformulations, and the "clusters of citations" that characterize the process. Jeffers contends that Hollywood "radically reiterates the literary text at all levels - narrative, plot, circumstances - into a different context of meaning, while at the same time repeating familiar citations, which reconstitute the film into a recognisable and predictable product [. . .]." Following Deleuze and Guittari, she argues that in this way literary texts are simultaneously "deterritorialized" and "reterritorialized" - a governing metaphor that is refined throughout the study in a remarkably wide range of applications.Britain Colonized employs a case-study approach, examining eight adaptations in the following order: The Remains of the Day (1993, from the 1989 novel), Possession (2002, from the 1990 novel), The English Patient (1996, from the 1992 novel), Trainspotting (1996, from the 1993 novel), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001, from the 1996 novel), Waterhnd (1992, from the 1983 novel), High Fidelity (2000, from the 1995 novel), and Shakespeare in Love (1998, based on an original screenplay). Jeffers's approach is to analyze both the source text and its film adaptation, and in the process to situate both novel and film in a larger cultural and industrial context. Most of herattention is devoted to the films, although one of the book's notable strengths is that in several cases Jeffers takes the filmmaking process as well as the finished film into account, including the analysis of multiple screenplay versions of the same novel done by multiple writers (including British literati) whose adaptations differ considerably.There is a precise logic to both the selection and sequencing of Jeffers's case stuthes. The Remains of the Day provides her with an ideal first case in that it harkens back to Hollywood's "quality" Brit-Lit adaptations of the 1980s (A Passage to India, 1985; A Room with a View, 1986; et al), while signaling the onset along with its immediate predecessor Howard's End (1992) of what Jeffers terms "the quality heritage films" of the 1990s. This theme of British heritage is developed throughout Britain Colonized, and it represents one crucial area in which British writers (and publishers) became complicit in the "appropriation" process. She notes the growing obsession with British heritage during Thatcher's regime, which by the 1990s had evolved into what she (following Robert Hewison) terms "the heritage industry." Thus Jeffers acknowledges the recent trend whereby "Britain reterritorializes itself in the image of an American film-set on location in Britain." But Hollywood always takes this process one step further, posits Jeffers, recasting the British story in a distinctly American idiom characterized by "a patriotic or nationalistic zeal coupled with racism." The Remains of the Day also involves a tactic of sexual reorientation that turns up in several of the adaptations, as the novel's subtext involving the protagonist's "closeted" homosexual desire not only is subdued in the film version but is recast in more conventional heterosexual terms.Jeffers's next two cases involve Booker Prize-winning novels, Possession and The English Patient, whose narrative and thematic complexities and nuanced characterizations are reduced to predictable Hollywood formula - the Western and the colonial adventure film, respectively - which render them suitable for mainstream consumption. These analyses are solid and quite iuuminating, but they are mere prelude to the subsequent chapters in which Jeffers's study really gels. The analyses of Trainspotting and Bridget Jones's Diary, which Jeffers counterposes in a single chapter, are particularly compelling in their treatment of literary and film style, genre reformulation, and issues of gender in contemporary London - as "ladlit," "chick-lit," and "Cool Britannia" make their way to Hollywood. Trainspotting marks Jeffers's first sustained treatment of pop music, which adds an important dimension to the study, while her analysis of the "Bridget Jones effect" broaches a wide range of issues, from the ongoing Jane Austen craze in film and television ("Janespotting") to the obvious impact of both the novel and film on female attitudes, behavior, and sexual identity ("Jonespotting"). Jeffers regards both the Bridget Jones novel and film to be works of postmodern pastiche, recombining Pride and Prejudice, Fear of Flying, Sex and the City, and myriad other feminist (and post-feminist) texts. She also suggests that both the novel and its film adaptation "get the joke" - that is, they both actively if ironically manufacture and promote a sense of British heritage and a contemporary Cool Britannia that manages to be simultaneously hip and nostalgic.Jeffers's subsequent cases involve increasingly radical reiteration and reterritorialization, which is most blatant perhaps in High Fidelity"?, entire narrative being transplanted to the US -and to the Midwest, no less. These films also manifest the hyper-reflexivity of Bridget Jones's Diary, which reaches a culmination of sorts in Shakespeare in Love - the one case-study film that is not an adaptation but is eminently appropriate to Jeffers's study, nonetheless, given its confounded heritage and paradoxical derivation - the consummate postmodern "counterfeit" thatlacks an original -and its canny celebration of both Shakespeare and his work while utterly disengaging them from their historical and literary context. Jeffers notes early in her study a fundamental contradiction involving source texts and their adaptations: "There are dire consequences for literary texts, especially novels and plays, that are not adapted into films. A literary text's canonical status rests on its adaptability to film." In other words, writes Jeffers, "the 'original' must have a 'copy' in order to be valued as an 'original.'" She is quite right, of course, and the consequences are doubly dire because of Hollywood's tendency to recast the original into something fundamentally different from its source, which in Shakespeare in Love extends from the writer's entire oeuvre to the writer himself - Shakespeare as "the twenty-first century's ultimate floating signifier," who in this hip-ironic incarnation more resembles a Hollywood screenwriter than the "real" British author.Jeffers's carefully crafted argument reaches its culmination with this final case study: "Hollywood's reterritorialization of British literature was completed with Shakespeare in Love." This assertion seems apt enough in terms of her analysis and her "sample," but this film scarcely completed the cultural and industrial processes in question. Hollywood's colonization of Brit-Lit continues with a vengeance, and in fact reterritorialization has gone into another register altogether in the current era of blockbuster franchises and computer-generated imagery (CGI) -not to mention Peter Jackson's recreation of Tolkien's "Magical Britain" in New Zealand.Jeffers's focus on the 1990s clearly involves an antecedent but very different cycle of Hollywood adaptation, and one that was especially distinctive due to the concurrent forces of media globalization and independent filmmaking at the time. Indeed, all of Jeffers's case-study films were part of the recent "indie-film movement" in American cinema - the "Indiewood" that rose alongside Conglomerate Hollywood during the 1990s, which did reach an apex with Miramax's two "quality indie blockbusters," The English Patient and Shakespeare in Love.译文好莱坞电影研究: 英国文学和美国电影沙茨·托马斯好莱坞在很大程度上都是依赖于英国的电影主题和收入，这是不足为奇的。
case study 英文模板
case study 英文模板Case studies are a popular way of presenting information by businesses, organizations, and educational institutions. As a written or detailed report of a particular event or situation, a case study is an effective means of showcasing successes or describing problems that have been overcome.To help individuals and organizations create high-quality case studies, a standard format is often used. This format includes the following components:1. Introduction: This section provides an overview of the case and sets the context for the rest of the study. It establishes the key problem or challenge that the organization faced and provides background information about the company and industry.2. Objectives: Here, the objectives of the case study are clearly stated. This section should describe the specific problem that the organization sought to address and the goals that were set.3. Methodology: In this section, the means used to investigate the problem or challenge are outlined. This might include surveys, interviews, focus groups, or other research methodologies.4. Results: This section presents the findings of the study. It includes data and analysis related to the problem or challenge, as well as any other essential findings.5. Discussion: In this section, the analysis of the results is elaborated upon. This includes an interpretationof the results, as well as insights gained from the outcomes.6. Conclusion: Finally, a conclusion is reached based on the findings and analysis. The conclusion summarizes the main points of the study and provides recommendations for future action.The structure of a case study is flexible and can be tailored according to the organization or the problem being investigated. However, following a standard format helps to ensure that the study is thorough and provides an accurate representation of the situation at hand.In conclusion, knowing how to structure a case study is essential for effectively communicating a particular event or situation. By following the steps outlined above, anyone can create a compelling and informative case study.。
直播带货全英文翻译
1. Choose the Right Platform: There are many live streaming platforms available, each with its own unique features and audience. It's important to choose the right platform that aligns with your brand and target audience. For example, if you are targeting a younger audience, platforms like TikTok and Instagram Live might be a good fit. If you are targeting a moreprofessional audience, platforms like LinkedIn Live or Facebook Live might be more suitable.
The key to L'Oréal's success was the strategic use of influencers, engaging content, and exclusive promotions. By leveraging the reach and influence of the beauty influencers, L'Oréal was able to connect with a large audience of beauty enthusiasts and convert viewers into customers.
CaseStudy example
David Jones has suffered a great deal of negative attention recently due to issues in its organisational and behavioural culture, which have come to light as a result of the recent sexual harassment scandal involving former CEO McInnes and female employee Fraser-Kirk (Fenner and Schneider 2010). As the company welcomes Paul Zahra as the new CEO, these issues must be identified, prioritised and acted upon. At the St James Ethics Centre, we have identified three leading issues, as well as a range of lesser ones which, whilst are less significant, should remain in the minds of management. The …boys club‟ corporate culture that preserves patriarchal traditions, unethical decision-making processes and the ineffective implementation and practice of the firm‟s Co de of Conduct are issues requiring immediate attention, for a fresh start to David Jones‟ organisational behaviour and culture.Established in 1838 (David Jones 2011), David Jones is one of Australia‟s oldest businesses. A remnantof this history is the discernible patriarchal …boys club‟ culture in the management (Verrender 2010), a significant issue in David Jones‟ organisational culture. This culture hasn‟t stopped female success, with two women on the board of directors, four in senior management, and a female company secretary. However, success of women in the business may not reflect the way they are treated on a day-to-day basis. The …Boys‟ Club‟ refers more to the daily culture of the business: the obvious example being former CEO Mark McInnes‟ tre atment of women at company events (Fife-Yeomans and Byrnes 2010). Passing comments, touching and lewd behaviour towards women is entertainment for powerful men in large corporations who feel …untouchable‟ (Johnson 2009). Under modern western ethics, …a wom an has the right to earn a living, advance in her profession and pursue a career without being treated as a sexual commodity by superiors and co-workers‟ (Ethics Scoreboard 2007). From a utilitarian perspective, the effort to treat women appropriately disadvantages no one, and maximises benefit for every female in the workplace because they do not feel threatened, and are free to reach productive potential. David Jones should cooperate with the government‟s Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agenc y (EOWA), to produce and implement a program compliant with EOWA‟s standards, as a …strategic approach to eliminating discrimination and contributing to equal opportunity for women in the workplace‟ (Developing a Workplace Program and Reporting 2010).Et hical implications of sexual harassment aside, management‟s decision to ignore Kristy Fraser-Kirk‟s claims exposes the prevalence of unethical decision-making processes in David Jones‟ organisational culture (Fenner and Schneider 2010). Reasons for such behaviour could include satisficing, opting for the first satisfactory option, over pursuing the best possible outcome (Simon 1957). The status-quo trap may have befallen David Jones‟ management, with decisions made based on previous systems and events. The primacy effect and anchoring trap may have influenced decisions, with first impressions and given information causing a limited scope of understanding to the situation (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 1998). Such behaviour has legal and financial consequences, among other implications, including damage to the firm‟s integrity and character (Malley 2010). However ethical decision-making exhibited in McInnes‟ removal is undoubtedly a good sign (Toy 2010). Although, the decision-making culture willstill be prevalent in the organisational leadership, as restricting parameters causing bounded rationality will still exist (Simon 1991). Therefore decision-making systems within David Jones need revision toremove decision-making traps and include an ethical focus. These processes should consider outcomes for all stakeholders (Freeman 1984). The greatest overall good can be pursued with a utilitarian approach, or the company can engage in morally sound choices with a deontological approach (Hartman and DesJardins 2006). Responsible and moral decision-making can rebuild the firm‟s reputation of integrity, for all stakeholders, including those internal and external to the firm (Malley 2010).Another issue regards the code of ethics and conduct. Dwyer (2008) suggests that a code provides a clear expression of what conduct is expected, and supports a culture based on ethical considerations. A code that achieves this is supported using both utilitarian and deontological frameworks, as it provides the “greatest good for the greatest number” and is supported by ethical principles (Hartman and DesJardins 2006). Stakeholder theory also corresponds with this viewpoint, giving weight to employees‟ interests and the implementation of a code (Wetherly and Otter 2011). Yet David Jones had a code of conduct (David Jones 2010) in place at the time of the McInnes scandal. This casts doubt on the code, especially given reports of other inappropriate behaviour (Durie 2010). However Wagg, (2010) states David Jones “falls short on embedding its environmental, social and governance policies,” which suggests general support is the issue. This is supported by Kaptein (2011), which finds that codes are the first step to promoting ethical behaviour but need to be coupled with “accessible, understandable and useful” communication and support from management, including being a positive role model. Consequently, David Jones must find ways to further embed the code of ethics and conduct. Stevens (2008) suggests rewarding people that apply the code and ensuring management lead by example and follow the code, talk about it and value ethics in decision-making. Periodic compulsory workplace training and testing also assists in ensuring the code is embraced (Needle 2010). Erwin (2011) proposes comprehension aids to complement the code, including examples, case studies and Q&A‟s to enhance overall clarity.There are a number of behavioural issues that exist in the organisational culture of David Jones that, while significant, are less specific to the circumstances in which the new CEO has been hired. A tall and complex management hierarchy creates inefficient communication due to bureaucracy, highlighted by the poor handling of employee complaints such as Fraser-Kirk‟s. A solution to this is …de-layering‟ (Kettley 1995), which would promote more effective communication between employees and management (Needle 2010), according to Neoclassical Organization Theory - corporations with a flatter hierarchy and a wider span of control allow employees a direct approach to upper management (Fontaine 2007). This is a long-term strategy, and therefore will not be accorded as much importance as plans requiring immediacy. Further, once communication is clear, proper methods for dealing with anti-social behaviour need establishment: clearly current policies and procedures such as an employee hotline (David Jones 2010) are not working. Designing and implementing new procedures will be only a part of compliance with the previously recommended EOWA workplace culture program, so it is less significant than other, larger issues.David Jones has severe organisational behaviour issues revealed during the McInnes sexual harassment scandal, which David Jones‟ new leadership has the chance to rectify. The …boys club‟ corporate cul ture, an absence of ethics in decision-making, and the failure in implementation of a code of ethics and conduct are all issues needing immediate attention. Organisational structure and improvement of procedures to address anti-social behaviour are important, but not as urgent as the aforementioned issues.References:David Jones, 2010, Code of ethics and conduct, David Jones, Sydney, viewed 27 May 2011,<.au/images/For-Investors/Corporate-Governance/Code-of-Ethics-and-Conduct-2010>David Jones, 2011, About David Jones, David Jones, Sydney, viewed 28 May 2011,<.au/About-David-Jones>Developing a Workplace Program and Reporting, 2010, Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency, Canberra, viewed 28 May 2011,<.au/Reporting_And_Compliance_LandingPage.asp>Durie, J. 2010, …$37m law suit against David Jones pushes the boundaries‟, The Australian, 3 August, viewed 27 May 2011,<.au/business/opinion/m-law-suit-against-david-jones-pushes-the-boundaries/story-e6frg9if-1225900237079>Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8th ed. Pearson Education Australia, Sydney. Erwin, P. 2011, …Corporate codes of conduct: the effects of code content and quality on ethical performance‟, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 99, issue 4, pp. 535-548, viewed 27 May 2011, Proquest. Fenner, R. and Schneider, J. 2010, …David Jones, Ex-CEO sued in sexual harassment case‟, Bloomberg Businessweek, 2 August 2010.Fife-Yeomans, J, and Byrnes, H. 2010, …High-flyer Mark McInnes crashes to earth over sexual harassment claims‟, Courier Mail, 19 June, viewed 28 May 2011,<.au/business/high-flyer-mark-mcinnes-crashes-to-earth-over-sexual-harassment-claims/story-e6freqmx-1225881626587>Fontaine, C. W. 2007, Organizational Structure: A critical factor of organizational effectiveness and employee satisfaction, Northeasten University, Chicago, viewed 26 May 2010,</files/Organizational_Structure_White_Paper_v7b.pdf> Freeman, R. E. 1984, Strategic management: A stakeholder approach, Boston, Pitman.Hammond, J.S., Keeney, R.L. and Raiffa, H. 1998, …The Hidden Traps in Decision-Making‟, Harvard Business Review, vol. 76:5, pp. 47-58.Hartman, L. and DesJardins, J. 2006, …Philosophical Ethics and Business‟ in Business Ethics: Decision-Making for Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility, McGraw Hill, Sydney, pp. 63-90.Johnson, R. 2009, …The Consequences of Leadership Incompetence‟, CEO Strategist, USA, viewed 29 May 2011, </Human-Resources/4813/The-Consequence-of-Leadership-Incompetence.html>Kaptein, M. 2011, …Toward effective codes: testing the relationship with unethical behaviour‟, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 99, issue 2, pp. 233-251, viewed 27 May 2011, Proquest.Kettley, P. 1995, Report 290: Is Flatter Better? Delayering the Management Hierarchy, Institute for Employment Studies, London.Malley, A. 2010, …The individual must take responsibility for doing the right thing‟, The Age, viewed 23 May 2011 Factiva, Document AGEE000020100622e66n00059.Needle, D. 2010, …Strategy‟ and …Organisational aspects of business‟ in Business in context: an introduction to business and its environment, Cengage Learning, Andover.Simon, H. A. 1991, …Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning‟, Organization Science, vol. 2, issue 1, pp. 125–134.Simon, H. A. 1957, Models of man - social and rational, New York, Wiley.Stevens, B. 2008, …Corporate ethical codes: effective instruments for influencing behavior‟, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 78, issue 4, pp. 601-609, viewed 27 May 2011, Proquest.Toy, M. 2010, …Retailer applauded for taking quick action‟, The Sydney Morning Herald, viewed 23 May 2011, Factiva, Document SMHH000020100618e66j0006b.Verrender, I. 2010, …Boys'club still alive and well at top end of town‟, The Age, 19 October, viewed 28 May 2011, <.au/business/boys-club-still-alive-and-well-at-top-end-of-town-20101018-16qzu.html#ixzz1NhB7e5b8.au/business/boys-club-still-alive-and-well-at-top-end-of-town-20101018-16qzu.html>Wagg, O. 2010, …David Jones‟ governance reputation intact despite CEO dismissal‟, Ethical Investor, 23 June, viewed 27 May 2011,<.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3734&Itemid=402> Wetherly, P. and Otter, D. 2011, …Introduction: “Business” and its “Environments” … in The Business Environment, ed. Dorron Otter and Paul Wetherly, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-30.。
麦肯锡案例分析技巧
As part of the interview process, we will ask you to discuss a business problem. As you work through the business case with your interviewer, you will also become better informed about our firm and the kinds of problems we solve.Most candidates enjoy the cases and the business issues they raise. Your approach to the case and the insights you reach will give you an opportunity to demonstrate your problem solving abilities and help us get a sense of your potential. The following questions are addressed in this section:Why we use case studiesHow you should approach the problemWhat we are looking forCase study tipsSome common mistakesIf you want to practice, please try our on-line case study.Why We Use Case StudiesYour ability to deal creatively with complex or ambiguous problems in unfamiliar businesses, to structure your thinking, and to reach sensible conclusions with the available facts in a short time is a critical skill as a consultant.Since no particular background or set of qualifications necessarily prepares you to do this, we've come to rely upon the case study as an integral part of our interview process. The case study gives us an opportunity to see how you think about problems and whether you can reach a well-supported conclusion.Back to TopHow You Should Approach the ProblemThe cases you discuss in each of your interviews will be different. Generally, they are based on the interviewer's professional experiences and will usually describe situations with which you are notfamiliar. For example, your cases might focus on deciding how a company should react to a new competitor or determining what attributes a company should look for in seeking a joint-venture partner.In addressing the case, it is important that you take a logical, well-structured approach and reach a reasoned conclusion. At a minimum, you should be sure that you:Understand the underlying problem and the question. Ask for clarification on points that you feel are unclear.Break the problem down into a logical structure. There may be several issues to be addressed in order to reach a conclusion.Address the issues one at a time. Focus on the most important issues first. Your interviewer may not expect you to get through all of them in the allotted time.Address important issues, not just ones you feel comfortable with. Candidates often focus too much on their own area of expertise rather than the important issues (for example, accountants focusing on the financial aspects of new product development without mentioning customers).Test your emerging hypotheses. Keep coming back to check that you are addressing the question you were asked.Request additional information. As you build an understanding of the problem, there may be more information that you need.Reach a conclusion. Synthesize your thoughts concisely and develop a recommendation.Back to TopWhat We Are Looking ForIn most instances there is no right answer to the problem. It is critical that you demonstrate your ability to think in a structured way and that you reach a reasoned conclusion that is supported by the evidence. Listen carefully to the scenario; if you miss critical information, it can affect your ability to solve the problem.During the case study, we look for evidence of your ability on a number of dimensions — logical reasoning, creativity, quantitative skills, business judgment (not business knowledge), pragmatism, and an ability to structure problem solving. We also look for evidence of intellectual curiosity and enthusiasm for typical consulting issues.It is equally important for us to get a sense that you are comfortable with our working style —learning from the emerging facts and developing revised hypotheses as more information becomes available. You should be receptive to new information and use it to push your thinking forward. When you are asked a question, you should refer back to any relevant information that's already been discussed, rather than answering it in isolation.Back to TopCase Study TipsListen to the problem. Make sure you are answering the question that you have been asked.Begin by setting a structure. Think of four to five sub-questions that you need to answer before you can address the overall issue.Stay organized. Finish one key question and arrive at a point of view before you go on to the next.Communicate your train of thought clearly. If you have considered some alternatives and rejected them, tell the interviewer what and why.Step back periodically. Summarize what you have learned and what the implications appear to be.Ask for additional information when you need it. But make sure that the interviewer knows why you need the information.Watch for cues from the interviewer.Don’t fixate on "crackin g the case." It is much more important to demonstrate a logical thought process than to arrive at the solution.Use business judgment and common sense.Relax and enjoy the process —think of the interviewer as a teammate in a problem-solving process and the case as a real client problem that you need to explore and then solve.Back to TopSome Common MistakesMisunderstanding the question or answering the wrong question.Proceeding in a haphazard fashion. For example, not identifying the major issues that need to be examined or jumping from one issue to another.Asking a barrage of questions without explaining to the interviewer why you need the information.Force-fitting familiar business frameworks to every case question, whether they are relevant or not, or misapplying a relevant business framework that you do not really understand, rather than simply using common sense.Failing to synthesize a point of view even if you don’t have time to talk through all the key issues, be sure to synthesize a point of view based on where you ended up.出师表两汉：诸葛亮先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。
casestudy范文
casestudy范文英文回答：Case Study: Evaluating the Effectiveness of a New Marketing Campaign.Executive Summary.A leading consumer goods manufacturer launched a new marketing campaign to promote its flagship product. The campaign employed a multi-channel approach, including television, print, and digital advertising, as well as social media and influencer marketing. The primary objective of the campaign was to increase brand awareness and drive sales.Methodology.To evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign, a comprehensive data analysis was conducted. Key performanceindicators (KPIs) were identified and tracked, including brand awareness, website traffic, and sales conversion rates. Data was collected from various sources, including Google Analytics, social media platforms, and internal sales records.Results.The campaign was highly successful in achieving its objectives. Brand awareness increased by 20%, website traffic surged by 35%, and sales conversion rates improved by 15%. The campaign also generated significant buzz on social media, with over 1 million impressions and 50,000 shares.Analysis.The positive results of the campaign can be attributed to a combination of factors. The multi-channel approach ensured that the message reached a wide audience. The creative execution was impactful and memorable, resonating with consumers. The use of influencers and social mediamarketing amplified the reach and credibility of the campaign.Recommendations.Based on the findings of the evaluation, several recommendations were made to further enhance the effectiveness of future campaigns. These include:Optimizing creative assets for different channels and platforms.Increasing the frequency and consistency of messaging across channels.Exploring additional channels, such as paid search and email marketing.Continuously monitoring and analyzing campaign performance to identify areas for improvement.Conclusion.The new marketing campaign was a resounding success. It effectively increased brand awareness, drove website traffic, and boosted sales conversion rates. The multi-channel approach, impactful creative execution, and strategic use of social media and influencers were key factors contributing to the positive results.中文回答：案例分析，评估新营销活动的效果性。
学生推荐信英文范文
学生推荐信英文范文老师给学生们写的英文推荐信，有什么样的格式?什么样的内容?下面是给大家整理的学生推荐信英文范文，供大家参阅!From: ****Department of the SPECIAL CLASS GIFTED for YOUTHSUniversity of Science and TechnologyHefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. ChinaJuly 1, 1998Dear Sir or Madam:I take great pleasure in recommending Wang Yong, one of myfavorite students, for admission into your distinguished graduateprogram.Mr. Wang was admitted in 1986 at 14 years of age into theSPECIAL CLASS for the GIFTED YOUTHS, my university's uniqueprogram that caters to the intellectual needs of unusually talentedChinese youngsters. It was a rare privilege he earned with his nearlyimpeccable academic performance through the years of hiselementary and secondary school.He impressed me almost as he entered into my university, a majorcradle of china's scientific and technological talents. At the time,members of the Gifted Class all had to spend half a month studyingby themselves the principles of calculus and then take an exam sohat we could evaluate their self-study capability. Mr. Wang scoredthe highest grade in that exam. He also exhibited a keenly whettedmind during class discussions. To my regret at the time, his Englishwas not as good as his mathematics or physics.(缺点介绍，公正真实) But I noticed he made a point of working especially hard inimproving his English during his five undergraduate years with us. Bynow, he seems to be at least as proficient in English as most of hisformer classmates in the Gifted Class.In my experience with Mr. Wang, I was impressed with not only hisextraordinary intelligence but also his ambitions and persistence. Iam sure that Mr. Wang will be an outstanding student in any doctoralprogram that he may care to enroll in. So I would like to support himfirmly in his quest recommendation into account when considering hisapplication. I would greatly appreciate it you decide to accept him ashe wishes.Yours sincerely****Professor and Deputy Head学生推荐信英文范文2RecommendationDear Sir/Madam,I am sending this letter to support the application of xxx to your esteemed university. I am glad to recommend that Xxx is one of serious and critical students in my class. I taught him Personal Financing and Commercial Bank Retail, which is a compulsory course for students majoring in Finance. I have known her for one year since then.Xxx always ranked as one of the top students in the class when finishing assignments and exams. The lecture is a little bit challenging for student because it combines theory with case study, and it requires students to understand basic theory and propose their own suggestions. In the lecture, I would like to ask questions to see whether students had mastered the knowledge I taught, and Xxx was always active to raise his hand to answer questions. Besides, I often organized Seminar to discuss financial management and project design optimization of large project cases. In seminar, he always made presentations on behalf of his group because he was always elected as group leader. In a class of Commercial BankRetail, Xxx made a 10 minutes’ presentation. It focused on repackage of commercial bank retail, and described its concept origin and development trend. He applied case study of 3 commercial banks to reach the topic. His presentations were highly thoughtful and represented his personal and unique understanding about the theories. His diligence deserved the fine final remark I gave.Xxx paid a great attention during lectures and still dwelt on the discussed materials afterward. He would often come to my office to discuss various theories and case studies as well as to seek my professional opinions and suggestions for his own work. His thinking process was so unique and deep that a simple question was often developed into a dynamic discussion between us.Since I learned that Xxx is looking to pursue further study at your prestigious university, I greatly support his and am glad to have the opportunity to write this recommendation. I do wish that he works even harder and makes intense academic progress at your university. I would greatly appreciate it if you could favorably consider his application to your university. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you need more information.XXXVice DeanFaculty of Financexxx University, School of Economics, Faculty of FinanceNo.99 Shangda Road, xxx District, Shanghai, 200444Cell phone: 0086-139xxxxxx学生推荐信英文范文3in capacity as professor of mathematics at fudan university i'm writing to recommend mr. wang gesintosyour phd program in computer science. i have known mr. wang since his sophomore year of college and have acted as his thesis advisor and mentor. in my experience he is a gifted and diligent student and an admirably hard worker.wang is an impressive student because he has been forced to overcome the significant challenge of a serious illness during his freshman year. when i first met wang in my discrete math class he did not appear to be anything special to me. while his exam scores were good they were not as high as i would now expect of him. what i didn't know then was that due to his illness wang was attempting to take all of the difficult early mathematics courses at one time including discrete mathematics advanced mathematics linear algebraand possibilities. while most students found preparing for just one set of these exams difficult wang was overwhelmed by four of them. but in the end he achieved an impressive score on the final exam which made me conscious of his unusual determination he demonstrates when confronting difficult challenges.mr. wang and i have often talked about a variety of mathematics and computer science concepts and problems. during these discussions i always found him to be delightfully intelligent. not only does he quickly understand the concepts and problems presented to him he is able to analyze these problems and present solutions. but perhaps most important is that wang's thinking is intensely rigorous. when looking at any question he carefully scrutinizes it and if he finds any uncertain issues he clears them up immediately. i believe this kind of thought is essential to become an excellent computer programmer.serving as his thesis advisor i had a first-hand opportunity to observe the way in which wang's mind works. in his senor thesis mr. wang mainly discussed two challenging questions in regards to′ann′. in our books in china knowledge of ann and its uses are very rare. few peoplein china have studied this topic and consequently the materials that are available on ann are limited. working on this difficult project not only did mr. wang rise to the challenge but he went above and beyond the call of duty to analyze his secondary sources and test them for accuracy in practice. in this way he found mistakes in the book that we use. his diligence and hard work made me extremely proud of him.mr. wang is an intelligent motivated and industrious individual. teaching and advising him has been a delightful pleasure. i know that if given the chance to study abroad in america he will arm himself to become a great programmer he dreams of being. he has the intelligence and background to achieve these goals - now all he needs is the opportunity. i ask that you look upon his application favorably and grant him a chance to study in your university.学生推荐信英文范文4dear sir or madame,it is with great pleasure that i write to recommend courtney alexander to you. i have known courtney for the pst two years and have had the pleasure of having her in my united states history class during her junior. in the class she ws one of the most outstanding students. at the semester final she earned high grade of 91, which should be "a"according to our grading system. i also found her good at other studies. after classes, she had personal talks with me many times. she indicated a great interest in teching. during tht time i found her to be a bright, diligent, friendly youn woman. besides, courtney is not afraid of hard work, and is a team plyer. her ability to work with her clssmates is a special quality that will benefit her as she moves on to the next level. throughout the year, she worked cooperatively with those seated around her in reviewing notes, going over possible examination materials, and working through some of the more difficult concepts.through her contributions to my class, the promissing young girl helped not only herself, but also others around her who were not progressing and improving as quickly as she could. courtney alexander is undoubtedly a student with the potential for great success at the next level. in my opinion, courtney alexander was born a teacher, which can be further developed and she is sure to give all of you a big surprise in the years to come. so i enthusistically recommend her for admission to your university.if you have any questions or concerns in regards to courtney, plese feel free to contact me at **********. thank you for your time.sincerly,中文翻译亲爱的先生/女士，我怀着极大的荣幸写这封信向你们推荐我的学生坎特雷亚历山大。
案例展示英文
案例展示英文As a Baidu Wenku document creator, I would like to present a case study in English to illustrate the effectiveness of our product in real-life situations.Case Study: The Impact of Digital Marketing on Small Business Growth。
Introduction。
In today's digital age, small businesses are constantly seeking ways to grow and expand their reach. With the rise of digital marketing, businesses have found new opportunities to connect with their target audience and drive growth. In this case study, we will explore the impact of digital marketing on a small business and how it has contributed to their success.Background。
ABC Company is a small family-owned business that specializes in handmade artisanal products. Despite their high-quality offerings, they were struggling to reach a wider audience and generate consistent sales. Recognizing the potential of digital marketing, they decided to invest in an online marketing strategy to boost their business.Digital Marketing Strategy。
营销管理考试题及答案英文
营销管理考试题及答案英文Marketing Management Exam Questions and AnswersSection A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)1. Which of the following is not a component of the marketing mix?a) Productb) Pricec) Placed) ProcessAnswer: d) Process2. The marketing concept is customer-oriented and focuses on:a) The productb) The company's needsc) The customer's needsd) The competitionAnswer: c) The customer's needs3. What is the term used to describe the process of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders?a) Market Researchb) Marketing Managementc) Sales Managementd) Customer ServiceAnswer: b) Marketing Management4. In which stage of the product life cycle is it most appropriate to focus on market penetration?a) Introductionb) Growthc) Maturityd) DeclineAnswer: a) Introduction5. Which of the following is not a type of market structure?a) Monopolyb) Oligopolyc) Perfect Competitiond) DuopolyAnswer: d) Duopoly (This is a specific case of Oligopoly)Section B: Short Answer Questions6. Define 'market segmentation' and explain its importance in marketing.Answer: Market segmentation is the process of dividing a broad market into sub-groups of consumers with similar needs or characteristics. It is important in marketing because it allows companies to tailor their marketing strategies to meet the specific needs of different customer groups, thereby increasing the effectiveness of marketing efforts andcustomer satisfaction.7. What are the four main stages of the customer decision journey?Answer: The four main stages of the customer decision journey are:i) Awarenessii) Information Searchiii) Evaluation of Alternativesiv) Purchase Decision8. Explain the concept of 'relationship marketing' and its significance.Answer: Relationship marketing is the strategy of building and maintaining long-term relationships with customers to encourage repeat business and customer loyalty. Its significance lies in the fact that it can lead to increased customer retention, higher profit margins, and a better understanding of customer needs, which in turn can drive continuous improvement and innovation.Section C: Case Study Questions9. Case Study: XYZ Company is a manufacturer of high-end headphones. They have recently entered a new market and are looking to establish a strong brand presence. Discuss the marketing strategies XYZ Company could employ to achieve this goal.Answer: XYZ Company could employ the following marketingstrategies:- Conduct market research to understand the preferences and behaviors of the target market.- Develop a unique value proposition that differentiates their headphones from competitors.- Implement a strong branding campaign to create brand awareness and emotional connections with consumers.- Utilize digital marketing channels, such as social media and search engine optimization (SEO), to reach a wider audience.- Offer exceptional customer service and support to build a loyal customer base.- Engage in strategic partnerships and collaborations to increase brand visibility.10. Case Study: ABC Corporation is experiencing a decline in sales for one of its products. The product is in the maturity stage of its life cycle. What strategies could ABC Corporation adopt to revitalize the product?Answer: To revitalize the product, ABC Corporation could consider the following strategies:- Product Modification: Enhance the product with new features or improve its quality to make it more appealing.- Market Penetration: Increase marketing efforts toattract new customers or encourage existing customers to buy more.- Market Development: Target new market segments that have not yet been reached.- Diversification: Develop new products or services that complement the existing product line.- Pricing Strategy: Adjust pricing to make the product more competitive or offer promotional pricing for a limited time.Section D: Essay Questions11. Discuss the role of market orientation in a company's success and how it can be achieved.Answer: Market orientation is crucial for a company's success as it ensures that the company is focused on understanding and meeting customer needs. It can be achieved through:- Encouraging a customer-centric culture within the organization.- Conducting regular market research to stay informed about customer preferences and market trends.- Involving all departments in the decision-making process to ensure a holistic approach to meeting customer needs.- Establishing feedback mechanisms to continuously learn from customers and improve products and services.12. Critically evaluate the impact of social media on marketing management.Answer: Social media has had a significant impact on marketing management by:- Providing a platform for direct customer engagement and relationship building.- Allowing for targeted advertising and the ability to reach specific customer segments.- Enabling real-time monitoring of customer feedback and sentiment.- Facilitating the spread of word-of-mouth marketing through shares and recommendations.- Requiring。
词语翻译-case study
• SHANGHAI- ZenithOptimedia today kicked off its 2011 Digital Media ROI Seminar at the Roosevelt Club in Shanghai. • The Future of Digital Marketing, Always-On Media for the Always-On Generation was the theme of the seminar. The participants in this year’s event, which again included experienced advertisers, the mainstream media, and ZenithOptimedia management personnel, delved deeply into a range of topical issues concerning the prospects for digital media, the latest insights of consumers in the digital era, and strategies for the achievement of maximum returns on investment in digital media marketing.
• Statistics from ZenithOptimedia show that the number of Internet users and that of mobile Internet users globally will achieve 5 billion and 10 billion respectively up to the year of 2020. Internet will be no longer a tool to save time, but, in the eyes of the “Ever Online Consumers”, a social communication platform and an extension of their roles in the society. The “Ever Online Consumers” are highly interactive and are willing to create opportunities to express themselves. Consequently, their consuming philosophy, behaviors and media habits will conduct profound and long-term impact on the whole marketing sector. A keen insight of the “Ever Online Consumers” with the booming of digital media has urged ZenithOptimedia to make a systematic and in-depth analysis into the new phenomenon, as of which ZenithOptimedia again provides important reference and basis for advertisers to accurately provide access to consumers in digital communications and marketing and to design effective digital communications program based on consumers’ insight.
英语涉外法律案例答案(3篇)
第1篇Background:In 2018, two companies, Company A (a Chinese corporation) and Company B (a German multinational), entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (JVA) to establish a new manufacturing facility in China. The JVA was governed by the laws of both China and Germany, and both parties agreed to resolve any disputes arising from the JVA through arbitration in accordance with the rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).Facts:The joint venture, named "Joint Venture Co.," was established to produce and export high-tech machinery. According to the JVA, Company A was responsible for providing the land and labor, while Company B was responsible for providing technology, management expertise, and financing. The agreement also stipulated that the profits and losses would be shared equally between the two parties.After the joint venture was operational for two years, Company B started experiencing financial difficulties due to the global economic downturn. As a result, Company B requested a reduction in its financialobligations under the JVA, arguing that the economic conditions had changed significantly since the agreement was signed. Company A, on the other hand, insisted that the JVA was a binding contract and that any changes could only be made through mutual consent or by force majeure.Issues:The main issue in this case is whether the change in economic conditions constitutes a force majeure event that would excuse Company B from its financial obligations under the JVA. Additionally, the case raises questions regarding the interpretation of the JVA and the applicability of international arbitration rules.Legal Analysis:1. Force Majeure:Under the JVA, force majeure is defined as "an event or a series of events beyond the reasonable control of the parties, which could not have been foreseen or avoided by the exercise of due care, and which prevents the party from fulfilling its obligations under this Agreement."To determine whether the economic downturn constitutes a force majeure event, the arbitrator must consider the following factors:- Unforeseeability: Was the economic downturn an event that could have been reasonably foreseen by Company B at the time the JVA was signed?- Beyond Control: Was the economic downturn beyond the reasonablecontrol of Company B?- Prevention of Performance: Did the economic downturn prevent Company B from fulfilling its financial obligations under the JVA?In this case, the arbitrator may find that the economic downturn was unforeseeable at the time the JVA was signed and beyond the control of Company B. However, the arbitrator must also consider whether the downturn prevented Company B from fulfilling its obligations. If Company B can demonstrate that the downturn significantly impacted its financial stability and ability to meet its obligations, the arbitrator may conclude that a force majeure event has occurred.2. Interpretation of the JVA:The interpretation of the JVA is crucial in this case. Both parties have different interpretations of the agreement, particularly regarding the financial obligations under the JVA. The arbitrator must apply the principles of contract interpretation, which include:- Textual Interpretation: The first step is to examine the language of the JVA and give it its ordinary meaning.- Contextual Interpretation: The arbitrator must consider the context in which the clause is contained and the purpose of the JVA.- Objective Interpretation: The arbitrator must interpret the agreement as a reasonable person would interpret it.Based on the above principles, the arbitrator may find that the JVA does not explicitly address the possibility of an economic downturn and that the parties did not intend to include a force majeure clause for such events. Therefore, the arbitrator may rule that the economic downturn does not constitute a force majeure event and that Company B is still obligated to fulfill its financial obligations under the JVA.3. Applicability of International Arbitration Rules:The ICC arbitration rules provide a framework for the conduct of the arbitration process. The arbitrator must ensure that the arbitration is conducted in accordance with the rules, including:- Fairness and Impartiality: The arbitrator must act with integrity and impartiality.- Confidentiality: The arbitrator must keep the proceedings confidential.- Efficiency: The arbitrator must ensure that the arbitration is conducted expeditiously.In this case, the arbitrator must apply the ICC arbitration rules to ensure that the arbitration process is fair and efficient. Thearbitrator must also ensure that the parties have an equal opportunity to present their cases and that the decision is based on evidence and legal reasoning.Decision:Based on the analysis above, the arbitrator may reach the following decision:- The economic downturn is not a force majeure event under the JVA.- The JVA does not explicitly address the possibility of an economic downturn, and the parties did not intend to include a force majeure clause for such events.- Company B is still obligated to fulfill its financial obligations under the JVA.- The arbitration process has been conducted in accordance with the ICC arbitration rules.Conclusion:This case highlights the complexities of international legal disputes and the importance of clear and comprehensive contracts. It also underscores the role of arbitration in resolving such disputes and the need for arbitrators to apply the relevant legal principles and rules to reach a fair and just decision.Note:The above analysis is a hypothetical case study and should not be considered as legal advice. The actual outcome of an arbitration proceeding would depend on the specific facts and circumstances of the case, as well as the interpretation of applicable laws and rules.第2篇Background:The case involves a dispute over property ownership between two parties, Party A and Party B, both of whom are from different countries. The property in question is a piece of land located in a country where neither party is a resident. The dispute arose due to differing interpretations of the property's legal status and ownership rights.Facts:In 2010, Party A, a citizen of Country X, purchased a piece of land in Country Y through a local real estate agent. The purchase was documented with a sales contract, which was signed by both parties. The contract stated that Party A would pay a total of $500,000 for the land, with the payment to be made in two installments. The first installment was paid upon signing the contract, and the second installment was due within one year.In 2011, Party B, a citizen of Country Z, approached Party A and claimed ownership of the land. Party B argued that they had purchased the land from the original owner in Country Y, who had acquired it through inheritance. Party B presented a deed of inheritance as evidence oftheir claim.Party A denied Party B's claim and maintained that they had legally purchased the land from the original owner. They produced the sales contract and payment receipts as proof of their ownership.Contentions:1. Party A's contention:Party A argues that the sales contract is a legally binding documentthat clearly establishes their ownership of the land. They contend that the payment receipts serve as evidence of their compliance with the contract terms. Therefore, they are the rightful owners of the property.2. Party B's contention:Party B asserts that the deed of inheritance is a valid document that confirms their ownership of the land. They argue that the original owner had the right to transfer the property to Party A, but the subsequent inheritance by Party B establishes their superior claim to the property.Legal Analysis:1. Jurisdiction:The first issue to address is the jurisdiction of the court. Since the property is located in Country Y, it is crucial to determine whether the court in Country Y has jurisdiction over the dispute. The relevant laws and treaties governing jurisdiction should be examined to ascertain whether the court has the authority to hear the case.2. Validity of the Sales Contract:The sales contract is a critical piece of evidence in this case. The court will analyze the contract to determine its validity and enforceability. Key aspects to consider include the parties' intent, thelegality of the transaction, and compliance with the applicable laws of Country Y.3. Deed of Inheritance:The court will assess the validity of the deed of inheritance presented by Party B. This involves examining the legal procedures for inheritance in Country Y, as well as the authenticity and legitimacy of the document.4. Ownership Rights:The court will determine the rightful owner of the property by analyzing the respective claims of Party A and Party B. The court will consider the principles of property law in Country Y, including the priority of purchase over inheritance and the legal status of the property at the time of transfer.Decision:1. Jurisdiction:The court finds that it has jurisdiction over the dispute, as the property is located in Country Y, and the applicable treaties and laws permit the court to hear international cases.2. Validity of the Sales Contract:The court finds that the sales contract is a valid and enforceable document. It is legally binding on both parties, and the paymentreceipts confirm Party A's compliance with the contract terms.3. Deed of Inheritance:The court determines that the deed of inheritance is not valid, as it was not executed in accordance with the legal procedures for inheritance in Country Y. Furthermore, the deed was not registered with the relevant authorities, which is a requirement for the transfer of property rights.4. Ownership Rights:Based on the above findings, the court rules that Party A is therightful owner of the property. The sales contract, along with thepayment receipts, establishes Party A's claim to ownership. Party B's claim is invalidated due to the invalidity of the deed of inheritance.Conclusion:In this international legal dispute over property ownership, the court has determined that Party A is the rightful owner of the property. The sales contract, coupled with the payment receipts, confirms Party A's compliance with the contract terms and establishes their claim to ownership. The court has also invalidated Party B's claim based on the invalidity of the deed of inheritance. This decision reflects the importance of legal compliance and the validity of documents in international property disputes.第3篇Background:In this case, two parties, Company A, a Chinese multinational corporation, and Company B, a German engineering firm, entered into a contract for the supply of high-tech equipment. The contract was signed in China and governed by Chinese law. However, the contract also included an arbitration clause, stipulating that any disputes arising from the contract would be resolved through arbitration in Germany.The Contract:The contract was for the supply of advanced manufacturing equipment for Company A's new factory in China. The total value of the contract was USD 50 million, with a delivery period of 12 months. Company A was to pay Company B in three installments: 30% upon signing the contract, 40% upon shipment of the equipment, and the remaining 30% upon completion of the installation and acceptance of the equipment.Dispute:After the signing of the contract, Company B commenced production of the equipment. However, due to unforeseen technical difficulties, Company B was unable to meet the delivery deadline. After several extensions, Company B was still unable to deliver the equipment within the agreedtimeframe. Company A, facing delays in its production schedule, demanded that Company B compensate for the delay and cover the costs of the additional work required to catch up with the schedule.Company B, on the other hand, argued that the delay was due to reasons beyond its control, specifically the unforeseen technical difficulties. They contended that they had promptly informed Company A of thesituation and had made reasonable efforts to resolve the issue. Furthermore, Company B requested that the arbitration clause in the contract be invoked to resolve the dispute.Arbitration:The parties agreed to proceed with arbitration in Germany. Thearbitrator was appointed, and both parties submitted their respective cases and evidence.Company A's Case:Company A argued that Company B was in breach of contract for failing to deliver the equipment on time. They cited the arbitration clause and claimed that Company B should be held liable for the delay and the associated costs. Company A presented evidence of the financial impactof the delay, including lost sales and increased operational costs.Company B's Case:Company B countered by arguing that the delay was due to unforeseen technical difficulties, which were beyond their control. They provided detailed reports and expert testimony to support their claim. Company B also emphasized that they had made reasonable efforts to mitigate the delay and had informed Company A promptly about the situation.Decision:After a thorough examination of the evidence and arguments presented by both parties, the arbitrator ruled in favor of Company B. The arbitrator found that the delay was indeed due to unforeseen technical difficulties, which were not caused by any negligence or breach of contract on thepart of Company B. The arbitrator also noted that Company B had takenreasonable steps to address the issue and had informed Company A in a timely manner.The arbitrator further ruled that Company A was not entitled to any compensation for the delay since the delay was not the result of any breach of contract by Company B. However, the arbitrator did note that Company B had exceeded the original delivery period and recommended that Company B provide Company A with a partial refund to account for the time delay.Conclusion:This case highlights the importance of thorough due diligence and clear contractual terms, particularly when dealing with international contracts. It underscores the significance of arbitration as a mechanism for resolving disputes in cross-border transactions. The decision inthis case serves as a reminder that parties should be prepared to accept the outcomes of arbitration, even when they may not be in their favor.For Company A, the case serves as a lesson on the potential risks associated with international contracts and the importance of understanding the implications of arbitration clauses. For Company B, the case demonstrates the importance of maintaining open communication with counterparties and taking reasonable steps to address unforeseen challenges.In light of the arbitrator's decision, Company A and Company B have reached a mutual understanding and agreed to proceed with the partial refund recommended by the arbitrator. The case has also led to a strengthened relationship between the two companies, with both parties recognizing the value of transparency and cooperation in international business transactions.。
广东省广州市2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试题(无答案)
广州2024学年第一学期期中考试高一英语2024. 11. 07本试卷共10页，81小题，满分为150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用2B铅笔在“考生号”处填涂考生号。
用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内的相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的，答案无效。
4. 作答选做题时，请先用2B铅笔填涂选做题题号对应的信息点，再作答。
漏涂、错涂、多涂的，答案无效。
5. 考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷【选择题】第一部分语法单项选择（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）1. Which one of the following sentences uses the sentence structure of “主+谓+宾+状”?A. I find it impossible to finish the task in time.B. They are talking about the film at the meeting.C. We have realized the importance of English.D. I will tell my friends to protect the trees.2. “Speak more, and you will improve your spoken English. ” The type of the sentence is _________.A. 简单句B. 复合句C. 并列句D. 感叹句3. What kind of phrase does the underlined one belong to?“The wedding ceremony was very impressive with a lot of flowers. ”A. AdjPB. NPC. AdvPD. PrepP4. —Mr. Simpson _________ Shanghai in a few days. Shall we have a party?—I _________ a farewell party if I _________ free.A. leaves; will throw; amB. is leaving; will throw; amC. is to leave; will throw; will beD. has left; am going to throw; will be5. It is requested that a notebook _________ within easy reach in case you have something important to take down during the class.A. is putB. was putC. be putD. put6. Stephen Hawking believed that earth is unlikely to be the only planet _________ life has developed gradually.A. thatB. whereC. whyD. which7. Historic events inform us of past mistakes _________ we can learn something without repeating them.A. for whomB. an whichC. with whomD. from which8. I'm very grateful to the boy _________ bright smile gave me so much pleasure.A. whoseB. whichC. whereD. when9. He is one of those people _________ everybody will find _________ card to please.A. that; beingB. which; to beC. who; isD. whom; /10. It was the reason _________ Dr. Johnson avoided discussing in his lecture _________ made the audience question his research design.A. why; thatB. which; whichC. which; thatD. that; which第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题，每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
REACH法规详解
ECHA (欧盟化学处)
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©CMATCL 2008
Basic elements of REACH REACH法规的基本元素
Definition (定义)
Substance 物质
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Preparation 制剂
Article 成品
©CMATCL 2008
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Basic elements of REACH REACH法规的基本元素
天然生成或是经生产制程取得之元素及其化合物，但不含所分離出的 溶剂
Example (例子): Chromium Sulphate (盐基性硫酸铬) Ethylene Glycol (乙二醇／甘醇)
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©CMATCL 2008
Basic elements of REACH REACH法规的基本元素
Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) 高度关注物质
Details of exemption 豁免详情
Substances exempted from Annex IV & V 第四及五篇内的豁免物质
Substance considered to cause minimum risk (Annex IV) 仅导致极少风险的物质(附录4) Substance inappropriate for registration (Annex V) 不适当注册物质(附录5)
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©CMATCL 2008
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Registration 注冊
Chemical Safety Report, CSR (>10 t/a) 化学安全报告(年入口量超过十吨)
Part A 第一部份 1. Summary of risk management measures
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15项SVHC物质清单：
1. Anthracene 蒽C14H10 带有淡蓝色荧光的白色片状晶体。不溶于水、难溶于乙醇和乙醚， 较易溶于热苯。用于制造蒽醌和染料等。主要用于制造染料中间体蒽醌 及单宁，用于蒽醌生产，也用作杀虫剂、杀菌剂、汽油阻凝剂等。高纯蒽 用于制取单晶蒽，用在闪烁计数器上。 2. 4,4'- Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4＇-二氨基二苯甲烷C13H14N2 从水中析出者为白色片状或针状结晶，从苯中析出者为片状结晶。 微溶于冷水，易溶于乙醇、乙醚 和苯。原料，生产偶氮染料；硫化剂 及硫化促进剂，用于聚氨基甲酸酯橡胶及其他合成橡胶；树 脂固化剂， 用于环氧树脂，其性能与间苯二胺相似；耐热聚合物及多异氰酸酯的单体； 有机合成 中间体，生产缓蚀剂、聚酰胺；钨的检测试剂等。在空气中易 氧化，颜色变深，本品有毒对肝脏有 毒害作用。 3. Dibutyl phthalate(DBP) 邻苯二甲酸二丁基酯C16H22O4 无色液体。不溶于水，溶于乙醇、乙醚等有机溶剂。 是塑料、 合成橡胶、人造革等的常用增塑剂。也是香料的溶剂和固定剂，又可作 卫生害虫驱避剂，但作用比邻苯二甲酸二甲酯差。
要求：
REACH将物质存在的形式分为物质 自身、配制品中的物质、物品中的 物质，只有物质才需要注册！
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物质（substance）——指在自然状态下或通过任何制造 过程获得的化学元素及其化合物。如铅，氧化铅，甲苯 等物质。 配制品（preparation）——指由两种或两种以上的物质 组成的混合物。如胶水，合金，油漆、指画玩具颜料等。 物品（article）——指在制造过程中获得的特定形状、 外观或设计 的物 体。如电子产品，服装，玩具及其部件等。 物质→物料(配制品) →物品为一般形式.
案例：
某欧盟公司每年进口2吨A、600吨B和150吨C三个系列物品，该 系列物品都含有同一种易暴露的SVHC物质D，物质D在A物品中含量 为0.006％，在B物品中含量为0.15％，在C物品中含量为0.2％， 该公司该如何操作？
答案:
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但是，如果DEHP的制造商已经为DEHP在该类物品中的 应用进行了注册或取得了授权，或物品制造/进口商已 经排除了在正常使用或可合理预见使用条件下向人体 或环境暴露，则不需要通报。
ISO 9001
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“人＂指欧盟境内的任 何制造商或进口商
ISO 9001
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有意释放：
‧物质/配制品在物体中释放是 为了实现物品某一附加功能 ‧释放与物品的基本功能没有直 接关系 ‧物品附加功能的实现靠物质/配 制品从物品中释放 ‧此时物质/配制品在正常使用时 或可合理预见使用时从物体 中释放定义为有意释放 ‧如香味、T- SHIRT、芳香橡皮 檫、香水玩具 ‧切削、剥离等不属于释放
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废弃物的泄漏 REACH 法规中，废弃物不被 视为物质、配制品或 物品
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物殊容器或载体：
1.物质、配制品从物体中 转移是为了实现其基本 功能。 2.靠物质、配制品从物体中 转移实现其基本功能。 3.转移后，并不导致物体 及物质、配制品的基本 功能的丧失，此时，该物 体定义为特殊容器、载体 中的物质、配制品，容器 或载体定义为物品。 特殊容器或载体 中的物质、配制 品
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15项SVHC物质清单：
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混合了颜料、溶剂、催干剂、增塑剂等组分。涂料、胶 黏剂属于配制品，用于物品后，变为涂层及胶结物， 构成物品的一部分，成为物品。 合金 合金 由元素组成，可以看属于物品。
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物质自身和配制品中的物质注册：
物品中的物质
1.向供应商收集物料信息(SDS) 2.确认产品中是否含有有害物质（SVHC）
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3.向接受者/消费者披露产品所含有害 物质 信息（45天内） 4.按要求向ECHA进行通报
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个物品质量的比例。
※ SVHC的通报是物品的操作要点之一。
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案例：
例:某物品整体质量为1千克,物品中A材料含DEHP 为10克,B材料中含DEHP为20克,则这个物品中DEHP的 总含量为3%；假设欧盟某进口商每年进口此物品10万台 ,则DEHP的数量为3T/年。满足了需要通报的两个条件. 同一物品中的不同材料中含有的同一种SVHC需要 进行累计。
‧当对人体及环境的暴露排除在外时，无需通报！ ‧在正常及合理可预见的条件下使用（包括处理）， 不会释放。 ‧有可能释放，但物质在物品中的存在形式属于植入式， 不会暴露于人体及环境！ ‧对已经为其用途注册过的物质，无需通报！
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备注：
※ 此处的质量分数是指物品中的某种SVHC物质质量占整
答案：
‧需要注册B和C物品中的物质D ‧在物品B和C中D物质总量为84吨 ‧注册级别为1－100吨 ‧解释：物品A中D物质无意释放 产品B和C中物质D 质量计算需注册数据应考虑存在于产品中该物质 的总量，而不仅考虑有意释放的数量。 ‧例如：香水橡皮檫中的香水，必须全部计算， 而不能只是释放多少，计算多少量。
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废弃物泄漏：
液晶面板中的液晶、玻璃 温度计中的液体,属于物 品的构成部分,与包围 他的物体构成一个物品, 一旦物品破损，液体会产生 泄漏,整个物品也就废弃 （连同液体）. 正常情况下,此类物品 遵循 REACH法则中关于物 品的条例,在破损情况下, 按废弃物对待,不需要遵循 REACH法规. 电子产品中液晶体,电解 电容中电解液等遵循此类 判断.
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如墨盒中的墨水、清洁布中的清洁剂、玩具泡泡枪中泡 泡，按物质或配制品要求注册，而墨盒、清洁布、玩具枪 按物品对待。对于已经注册的物质/配制品,不需要再注册!
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SVHC通报：
Article7.2:根据Article 57、59 条确定在物品中的SVHC总量超 过1t/y/人，且在物品中的质量分数超过0.1%， 必须通报欧盟化学品管理局。
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在物品B和C种该物质总量1.2 吨，超过1t/y/人， 含量超过0.1％ 需要通报物品B和C中的物质D
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SVHC物质类别：
据第57条，符合下列标准的物质可以包括到附件XIV（需授权 物质清单）中。 CMR---致癌（Carcinogenic）、 致基因突变（Mutagenic）、 生殖毒素（toxic for Reproduction）1、2类物质，根据 67/548/EEC指令分类。 PBTs—持久性、生物积累性、毒性物质 （Persistent、 Bioaccumulative、 Toxic），根据REACH附件 XIII确定。 vPvBs—高持久、高生物积累性物质（very Persistent、 very Bioaccumulative），根据REACH附件XIII确定。 以及虽然不属于PBT、vPvB，但由59条确定后也可以列在其中 的其他物质。
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如何区分：
胶黏剂及涂料 胶黏剂 一般是以聚合物为基本组分的多组分体系，除了
聚合物外，还有增塑剂、固化剂、填料等辅助材料； 涂料
Turnkey Solutions for Interconnect Manufacturing
也是以聚合物为主的多组分体系，以聚合物为主，
无论物质自 身还是在一 种或多种配 制品中数量 大于或等于 1t/y/人的 物质必须提 交注册 对于涂料和 胶黏剂，如 果不直接出 口欧盟，而 只是在欧盟 以外的经济 体供应下游 用户用于物 品制造，则 不需要注册 对于单体和 可分离、转 移的中间 体，分别按 单体、可分 离转移中间 体注册要求 进行注册 聚合物不需 要注册，但 聚合物中单 体如果质量 分数大于或 等于2%，并 且计算质量 大于或等于 1t/y/人，且 尚未由供应链 上行为人注 册，则该单体 必须注册