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乙醇度数含量对照表

比重
糖度（Bx）
24
26
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
附表11 常用酸、碱系数表
名称
比重20°/4℃
百分比浓度
g/l
波美度
分子式
盐酸
40
24
HCl
硝酸
100
1513
HNO3
硫酸
98
1799
H2SO4
磷酸
75
1184
H3PO4
甲酸
100
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
附表4蒸馏酒及配制酒国家卫生标准 GBn47—77
指标名称
指标
感官指标
透明，无异臭
甲醇
以粮谷为原料者g/100ml
≤
以苕干及代用品为原料g/100ml
≤
杂醇油 g/100ml
≤
氰化物
以木薯为原料（以HCN计）
1221
HCOOH
醋酸
100
1050
CH3COOH
氢氧化钠
40
NaOH
氢氧化钾
52
KOH
氨水
30
NH4OH
附表12 糖度、温度更正表（20℃）
温度℃
观察糖度（Bx）

饮料的单词大全100个

饮料的单词大全100个1. Water - 水2. Soda - 汽水3. Juice - 果汁4. Milk - 牛奶5. Tea - 茶6. Coffee - 咖啡7. Beer - 啤酒8. Wine - 葡萄酒9. Cocktail - 鸡尾酒10. Lemonade - 柠檬水11. Hot chocolate - 热可可12. Latte - 拿铁咖啡13. Frappuccino - 星冰乐14. Bubble tea - 泡泡茶15. Smoothie - 果昔16. Shake - 奶昔17. Seltzer - 苏打水18. Tonic - 通宁水19. Coconut water - 椰子水20. Energy drink - 能量饮料21. Protein shake - 蛋白奶昔22. Slushie - 冰沙23. Iced tea - 冰茶24. Frappe - frappe咖啡25. Lassi - lassi饮料26. Milkshake - 奶昔27. Peppermint tea - 薄荷茶28. Oolong tea - 乌龙茶29. Jasmine tea - 茉莉花茶30. Matcha - 抹茶31. Mocha - 摩卡咖啡32. Espresso - 意式浓缩咖啡33. Macchiato - 拿铁咖啡34. Americano - 美式咖啡35. Cappuccino - 卡布奇诺咖啡36. Affogato - 抹茶拿铁37. Cold brew - 冷萃咖啡38. Kombucha - 辣椒水39. Whiskey - 威士忌40. Brandy - 白兰地41. Vodka - 伏特加42. Rum - 朗姆酒43. Margarita - 玛格丽塔鸡尾酒44. Martini - 马提尼鸡尾酒45. Piña colada - 菠萝冰鸡尾酒46. Bloody Mary - 血腥玛丽鸡尾酒47. Manhattan - 曼哈顿鸡尾酒48. Mimosa - 金桔香槟鸡尾酒49. Sangria - 桑格里亚鸡尾酒50. Negroni - 尼格罗尼鸡尾酒51. Mojito - 莫吉托鸡尾酒52. Tom Collins - 汤姆柯林斯鸡尾酒53. Cosmopolitan - 大都会鸡尾酒54. Long Island Iced Tea - 长岛冰茶55. Pina Colada - 菠萝冰56. Hot Toddy - 热托迪酒57. Irish Coffee - 爱尔兰咖啡58. Iced Coffee - 冰咖啡59. Chai Tea - 基茶60. Horchata - 奶子酒61. Fizz - 汽水62. Tonic water - 通宁水63. Ginger ale - 姜汁汽水64. Dr. Pepper - 胡椒博士汽水65. Root beer - 根汁汽水66. Ginger beer - 姜汁汽水67. Cream soda - 奶油汽水68. Lager - 苦啤酒69. Stout - 黑啤酒70. Pilsner - 皮尔森啤酒71. IPA - 印度淡色麦芽酒72. Wheat beer - 小麦啤酒73. Porter - 波特啤酒74. Ale - 麦芽酒75. Lambic - 兰比克啤酒76. Liqueur - 利口酒77. Schnapps - 薄荷酒78. Cider - 苹果酒/苹果汁79. Sake - 清酒80. Soju - 烧酒81. Ayran - 阿兰酸奶饮料82. Kumis - 马奶酒83. Kefir - 奶饮品84. Soy milk - 豆浆85. Coconut milk - 椰奶86. Almond milk - 杏仁奶87. Rice milk - 稻米奶88. Oat milk - 燕麦奶89. Sports drink - 运动饮料90. Electrolyte drink - 电解质饮料91. Steak sauce - 牛排酱92. Worcestershire sauce - 辣酱油93. Energy drink - 能量饮料94. Protein shake - 蛋白质奶昔95. Barley tea - 大麦茶96. Bubble tea - 泡泡茶97. Soy milk - 豆浆98. Chrysanthemum tea - 菊花茶99. Rose milk tea - 玫瑰奶茶100. Fruit punch - 果汁杂锦饮料。

lesson 5

Alcohol1[uncountable] drinks such as beer or wine that contain a substance which can make you drunkI don't drink alcohol anymore. alcohol abuse (=when someone drinks too much) people with alcohol problems (=people who drink too much)2[uncountable and countable] the chemical substance in alcoholic drinks that can make you drunk, which is also used in other types of productslow alcohol drinksblurpast tense and past participle blurred present participle blurring[intransitive and transitive]1to become difficult to see or to make something difficult to see, because the edges are not clear The street lights were blurred by the fog. Many of the details in the picture are blurred.2to be unable to see clearlyTears blurred her eyes . His vision was blurred .3to make the difference between two ideas, subjects etc less clearHis films blur the boundaries between fact and fiction. The design of the conservatory is meant to blur the distinction between the house and the garden.ￚblurry adjective a few blurry photos of their holiday togetherￚsee also blurredbrow[countable]1literary the part of your face above your eyes and below your hairￚsynonym foreheadmop/wipe your brow (=dry your brow with your hand or a cloth because you are hot or nervous) your brow furrows/creases/wrinkles (=lines appear on your brow because you are thinking or are worried) His brow furrowed. 'I don't understand,' he said.2an eyebrow3the brow of a hillthe top part of a slope or hillconsideratealways thinking of what other people need or want and being careful not to upset themￚopposite inconsiderateHe was always kind and considerate.it is considerate of somebody (to do something)It was very considerate of you to let us know you were going to be late.considerate towardsAs a motorist, I try to be considerate towards cyclists.ￚconsiderately adverbcover1▶PROTECTION◀[countable] something that is put on top of something else to protect itￚsee also lid a blue duvet cover a plastic cover A dust cover (=to keep dirt etc off) hung over the painting.2▶BOOKS◀[countable]the outer front or back part of a magazine, book etcHis photo's on the cover of Newsweek again. front/back cover an advertisement on the back coverI read the magazine from cover to cover (=all of it) . cover photo/shot/picture (=picture on the front cover) The cover shot was of three guys in army kit.3▶BED◀the covers [plural] the sheets etc that you put over yourself when you are in bedThe covers had slipped off in the night.4▶SHELTER◀[uncountable]shelter or protection from bad weather or attackrun/dive for cover He was shot in the head as he ran for cover.We were forced to take cover in a barn.Three soldiers broke cover (=left the place where they were hiding) .5▶INSURANCE◀[uncountable] British English the protection an insurance gives you, so that it pays you money if you are injured, something is stolen etcAmerican Equivalent: coverage temporary medical covercover against/forcover against fire and theft6▶WAR◀[uncountable] military protection and support given to aircraft, ships etc that are likely to be attackedfighters used as cover for ground troops7▶PLANTS◀[uncountable] trees and plants that grow in large numbers on a piece of landOnce the forest cover is felled, rains wash away the soil. With its spreading stems, ivy makes good ground cover .8▶WEA THER◀[uncountable]clouds, snow etc that partly hide the sky or the groundcloud/snow/fog etc cover Cloud cover in the morning should clear later.9▶WORK◀[uncountable] an arrangement in which people do a job or provide a service, especially because the people who normally do it are not thereￚsee also backup It's your responsibility to arrange adequate cover for holiday periods. night-time ambulance cover10▶MUSIC◀also cover version[countable] a new recording of a song, piece of music etc that was originally recorded by a different artistShe's opted to do a cover version for her first single.11▶SECRET◀[countable usually singular] behaviour or activities that seem normal or honest but are being used to hide something bad or illegalcover forThe gang used the shop as a cover for drug deals. All that toughness is just a cover for his inability to show affection.12under covera) pretending to be someone else in order to do something secretlyShe was working under cover to get information on drug gangs.b) under a roof or other structureThe aircraft is displayed under cover in the USAF Gallery.13under (the) cover of darkness/nightliterary hidden by the darkness of nightThey escaped under cover of darkness.14under plain cover/under separate coverif a letter etc is sent under plain cover or under separate cover, it is sent in a plain envelope or a separate envelopeThe bill will be sent to you later under separate cover.Dabpast tense and past participle dabbed present participle dabbing1[intransitive and transitive] to touch something lightly several times, usually with something such as a clothShe dabbed her eyes with a handkerchief.dab atHe dabbed at his bleeding lip.2[transitive] to put a substance onto something with quick light movements of your hand dab something on/onto etc somethingShe hastily dabbed some cream on her face.Demonstrate1[transitive] to show or prove something clearlyThe study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.demonstrate thatHitchcock’s films demonstrate that a British fi lmmaker could learn from Hollywood. demonstrate how/what/why etcThis section will attempt to demonstrate how the Bank of England operates.The government now has an opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to reform.2[transitive] to show or describe how to do something or how something works demonstrate howThey'll be demonstrating how to handle modern, high performance cars.Instructors should demonstrate new movements before letting the class try them.3[intransitive] to protest or support something in public with a lot of other people Supporters demonstrated outside the courtroom during the trial.demonstrate againstWhat are they demonstrating against?4[transitive] to show that you have a particular ability, quality, or feelingHe has demonstrated an ability to meet deadlines.Draining boardalso drain board American English [countable]a slightly sloping area next to a kitchen sink where you put wet dishes to drygreasy1covered in grease or oilￚsynonym oilya shampoo for greasy hairThe food was heavy and greasy.2slipperyPolice say the rain's making the roads greasy.3too polite and friendly in a way that seems insincere or unpleasantￚsynonym smarmyￚgreasily adverbￚgreasiness noun [uncountable]implypast tense and past participle implied present participle implying third person singular implies[transitive]1to suggest that something is true, without saying this directlyￚsee also infer, implicationimply (that)Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was lying.an implied threat2if a fact, event etc implies something, it shows that it is likely to be trueￚsynonym suggestimply (that)The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are volcanic in origin.3if one thing implies another, it proves that the second thing existsDemocracy implies a respect for individual liberties. High profits do not necessarily imply efficiency.Indifference[uncountable]lack of interest or concernindifference tohis apparent indifference to material luxuriesWhether you stay or leave is a matter of total indifference to me (=I do not care) .Moppast tense and past participle mopped present participle mopping1[intransitive and transitive] to wash a floor with a wet mopShe carried on mopping the floor.2[transitive]to dry your face by rubbing it with a cloth or something softￚsynonym wipeIt was so hot he had to keep stopping to mop his face.The doctor mopped his brow (=removed sweat from his forehead) with a handkerchief.3[intransitive and transitive] to remove liquid from a surface by rubbing it with a cloth or something softmop something from somethingShe gently mopped the blood from the wound. He mopped the sweat from his face.mop something awayShe mopped the tears away with a lacy handkerchief.4mop the floor with somebodyAmerican English to completely defeat someone, for example in a game or argumentBritish Equivalent: wipe the floor with somebody We mopped the floor with the team from Pomona High.mop something/somebody ↔ up phrasal verb1to remove liquid with a mop, a cloth, or something soft, especially in order to clean a surfaceￚsynonym wipe upMop the sauce up with your bread.He mopped up the spilt milk.2to remove or deal with something which you think is undesirable or dangerous, so that it is no longer a problemThe usual solution is to send in infantry to mop up any remaining opposition. The rebellion has been crushed, but mopping-up operations may take several weeks.Noozle[countable]a short tube fitted to the end of a hose, pipe etc to direct and control the stream of liquid or gas pouring outpinch1[transitive] to press a part of someone's skin very tightly between your finger and thumb, especially so that it hurtsWe have to stop her pinching her baby brother. He pinched her cheek.2[transitive] British English informal to steal something, especially something small or not very valuableSomeone's pinched my coat!3[transitive] to press something between your finger and thumbPinch the edges of the pastry together to seal it.4[intransitive and transitive] if something you are wearing pinches you, it presses painfully on part of your body, because it is too tightHer new shoes were pinching.5somebody has to pinch themselvesused when a situation is so surprising that the person involved needs to make sure that they are not imagining itSometimes she had to pinch herself to make sure it was not all a dream.6[transitive usually passive] British English old-fashioned to arrest someonepinch something ↔ out phrasal verbto remove a small part of a plant with your fingersPinch out any side shoots to make the plant grow upwards.Plunge1[intransitive,transitive always + adverb/preposition] to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwardsplunge off/into etcHer car swerved and plunged off the cliff. Both the climbers had plunged to their deaths .2[intransitive] if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amountThe unemployment rate plunged sharply.plunge toOil prices have plunged to a new low .In the recession, the company's profits plunged 60%.3[intransitive] literary if a ship plunges, it moves violently up and down because of big waves plunge in phrasal verb1to start talking or doing something quickly and confidently, especially without thinking about it firstIt's a difficult situation. Y ou can't just plunge in and put everything right. 'I don't agree,' she said, plunging into the conversation.2to jump or dive into waterHe stripped off and plunged into the sea.3plunge something ↔ inalso plunge something into somethingto push something firmly and deeply into something elseHe open the bag and plunged his hand in. Plunge the pasta into boiling water. Repeatedly she plunged the knife into his chest.plunge (somebody/something) into something phrasal verbto suddenly experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, or to make someone or something do thisA strike would plunge the country into chaos. The house was suddenly plunged into darkness . After the war, the family plunged into debt.Racist[countable]someone who believes that people of their own race are better than others, and who treats people from other races unfairly and sometimes violently - used to show disapprovalHe denied being a racist.ￚracist adjective the victim of a racist attack racist violence racist remarksrefrigerator[countable]British English formal or American English a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment, shaped like a cupboard, used for keeping food and drink coolￚsynonym fridgeￚsee also freezerrelax1▶REST◀[intransitive and transitive] to rest or do something that is enjoyable, especially after you havebeen workingI just want to sit down and relax. What Robyn needed was a drink to relax her. A hot bath should help to relax you.2▶BECOME CALM◀[intransitive and transitive] to become quiet and calm after you have been upset or nervous, or to make someone do thisOnce out of danger, he started to relax. Relax! Everything's fine.3▶MUSCLE◀[intransitive and transitive] if you relax a part of your body or it relaxes, it becomes less stiff or less tightGentle exercise can relax stiff shoulder muscles.4▶RULES/LA WS◀[transitive]to make a rule or law less strictrelax rules/regulations/controls Hughes believes that immigration controls should not be relaxed. 5relax your hold/gripa) to hold something less tightly than beforerelax your hold/grip onHe relaxed his grip on my arm.b) to become less strict in the way you control somethingrelax your hold/grip onThe party has no intention of relaxing its hold on the country.6relax your concentration/vigilance etcto reduce the amount of attention you give to somethingrinse[transitive]1to wash clothes, dishes, vegetables etc quickly with water, especially running water, and without soapLet me just rinse my hands. Rinse the vegetables under a cold tap.rinse something outDon't forget to rinse out your swimsuit.2to remove soap, dirt etc from something by washing it quickly with waterrinse something off/out/away etcLeave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off with warm water. I rinsed the mud out under the tap.The cream rinses off easily.3to put colour into your hairￚsynonym dye4if you rinse your mouth, or rinse your mouth out, you wash it by filling it with water and then spitting the water outￚsee also garglerummage[intransitive always + adverb/preposition]also rummage around/aboutto search for something by moving things around in a careless or hurried wayrummage in/through etcLooks like someone's been rummaging around in my desk.Shallowcomparative shallower superlative shallowest1measuring only a short distance from the top to the bottomￚopposite deepa shallow riverThe lake is quite shallow. the shallow end of the poolPlace the meat in a shallow dish.2not interested in or not showing any understanding of important or serious matters - used to show disapprovala shallow argument If he's only interested in your looks, that shows how shallow he is.3shallow breathingbreathing that takes in only small amounts of airￚopposite deepￚshallowly adverb He lay there unconscious, breathing shallowly .ￚshallowness noun [uncountable]silverware[uncountable]1British English objects that are made of silver, for example dishes, plates, knives, forks etc2American English knives, forks, and spoons that are made of silver or a similar metal3British English a silver cup that a person or team wins in a sports competitionThe club has not yet given up hope of ending the season with some silverware.Sink[countable]a large open container that you fill with water and use for washing yourself, washing dishes etcￚsee also basin Dirty plates were piled high in the sink.Snappast tense and past participle snapped present participle snapping1▶BREAK◀[intransitive and transitive]to break with a sudden sharp noise, or to make something break with a sudden sharp noiseA twig snapped under my feet.The wind snapped branches and power lines.snap (something) off (something)I snapped the ends off the beans and dropped them into a bowl.snap (something) in two/in half (=break into two pieces) The teacher snapped the chalk in two and gave me a piece.2▶MOVE INTO POSITION◀[intransitive,transitive always + adverb/preposition]to move into a particular position suddenly, making a short sharp noise, or to make something move like thissnap together/back etcThe pieces just snap together like this.The policeman snapped the handcuffs around her wrist. snap (something) open/shut She snapped her briefcase shut.3▶SAY SOMETHING ANGRILY◀[intransitive and transitive] to say something quickly in an angry way'What do you want?' Mike snapped.snap atHe snapped at Walter for no reason.4▶BECOME ANGRY/ANXIOUS ETC◀[intransitive] to suddenly stop being able to control your anger, anxiety, or other feelings in a difficult situationThe stress began to get to her, and one morning she just snapped. Something inside him snapped and he hit her.5▶ANIMAL◀[intransitive] if an animal such as a dog snaps, it tries to bite yousnap atThe dog started snapping at my heels.6▶PHOTOGRAPH◀[intransitive and transitive] informal to take a photographDave snapped a picture of me and Sonia.7snap your fingersto make a short, sharp noise by moving one of your fingers quickly against your thumb, for example in order to get someone's attention or to mark the beat of music8snap to itspoken used to tell someone to hurry and do something immediatelyCome on, snap to it, get that room cleaned up!9▶STOP◀[transitive] American English to end a series of events - used especially in newspapersThe Rockets snapped a seven-game losing streak by beating Portland.10snap to attentionif soldiers snap to attention, they suddenly stand very straightￚsee also snap-onsnap on/off phrasal verbto switch something on or off, or to switch on or offsnap something ↔ on/offKathy snapped off the light.A light snapped on in one of the huts.snap out of something phrasal verbto stop being sad or upset and make yourself feel betterChantal's been depressed for days. I wish she'd snap out of it .snap somebody/something ↔ up phrasal verb1to buy something immediately, especially because it is very cheapPeople were snapping up bargains.2to eagerly take an opportunity to have someone as part of your company, team etcOwen was snapped up by Liverpool before he'd even left school.Spray1[transitive]to force liquid out of a container so that it comes out in a stream of very small drops and covers an areaￚsee also squirtspray somebody/something with somethingShe sprayed herself with perfume.spray something on/onto/over somethingSomeone had sprayed blue paint over his car.V andals had sprayed graffiti on the walls.spray crops/plants etc (=cover them with liquid to protect them from insects or disease) The fruit is sprayed every four weeks.2[intransitive always + adverb/preposition] if liquids or small bits spray somewhere, they are quickly scattered through the airspray fromChampagne sprayed from the bottle.3spray somebody/something with bulletsto shoot a lot of bullets towards a person or place very quicklyGunmen sprayed the crowd with bullets.Squeeze1▶PRESS◀[transitive] to press something firmly together with your fingers or handShe smiled as he squeezed her hand. He squeezed the trigger, but nothing happened.2▶PRESS OUT LIQUID◀[transitive] to get liquid from something by pressing itSqueeze the oranges.squeeze something outTry to squeeze a bit more out.squeeze something on/onto somethingSqueeze a bit of lemon juice onto the fish.3▶SMALL SPACE◀[intransitive,transitive always + adverb/preposition]to try to make something fit into a space that is too small, or to try to get into such a spaceￚsynonym squashsqueeze intoFive of us squeezed into the back seat.squeeze through/pastHe had squeezed through a gap in the fence.squeeze somebody/something inWe could probably squeeze in a few more people.4squeeze your eyes shutto close your eyes very tightly5▶JUST SUCCEED◀[intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to succeed, win, or pass a test by a very small amount so that you only just avoid failureGreece just squeezed through into the next round.6▶LIMIT MONEY◀[transitive] to strictly limit the amount of money that is available to a company or organization The government is squeezing the railways' investment budget.squeeze somebody/something ↔ in phrasal verbto manage to do something although you are very busyHow do you manage to squeeze so much into one day? I can squeeze you in at four o'clock. squeeze something ↔ out phrasal verb1to do something so that someone or something is no longer included or able to continueIf budgets are cut, vital research may be squeezed out.2to squeeze something wet in order to remove the liquid from itSqueeze the cloth out first.3squeeze something out of somebodyto force someone to tell you somethingSee if you can squeeze more information out of them.squeeze up phrasal verbto move close to the person next to you to make space for someone elsestupid1showing a lack of good sense or good judgmentￚsynonym sillystupid mistakesThat was a stupid thing to say.I can't believe Kate was stupid enough to get involved in this. stupid idea/question Whose stupid idea was this? It was stupid of me to lose my temper.2having a low level of intelligence, so that you have difficulty learning or understanding thingsHe understands - he's not stupid. I couldn't do it, and it made me feel stupid.3spoken used when you are talking about something or someone that makes you annoyed or impatientI can't get this stupid radio to work. What is that stupid idiot doing?4stupid with cold/sleep/shock etcunable to think clearly because you are extremely tired, cold etcￚstupidly adverb I stupidly agreed to organize the party.Thoroughly1completelyShe sat feeling thoroughly miserable. thoroughly cooked meat2carefully, so that nothing is forgottenThe room had been thoroughly cleaned.Unattached1not married or involved in a romantic relationshipￚsynonym singleAccording to Jo, Mark was still unattached.2not connected or fastened to anythingundress[intransitive and transitive]to take your clothes off, or take someone else's clothes offMatt undressed and got into bed. Joe still needs an adult to undress him.Wrist[countable]the part of your body where your hand joins your arm on/around your wristShe had a gold watch on her wrist.。

alcohol 乙醇

序號：49第1頁/ 5 頁一、物品與廠商資料物品名稱：乙醇(E T H A N O L)物品編號：－製造商或供應商名稱、地址及電話：－緊急聯絡電話/傳真電話：－二、成分辨識資料純物質：中英文名稱：乙醇(ET HANO L)同義名稱：酒精(A L C O HO L、ETHYL ALLOHOL)化學文摘社登記號碼（CAS No. ）：00064-17-5危害物質成分（成分百分比）：100三、危害辨識資料四、急救措施不同暴露途徑之急救方法：吸入:1.將患者移離暴露區。

2.如果呼吸停止，確實清通呼吸道並施行心肺復甦術。

3.如果呼吸困難，給予氧氣。

4.保持患者溫暖且休息。

5.立即就醫。

皮膚接觸:1.以肥皂和水徹底清洗患部。

2.立刻脫除污染的衣服。

3. 如果刺激性持績，立即就醫。

眼睛接觸:1.立刻以大量水沖洗15分鐘以上。

2.眼皮應提離眼球以確實徹底清洗。

3.立即就醫。

食入:1.若患者意識清醒，給患者喝下1 至3 杯水或牛奶以稀釋胃部內的含量。

2.若患者自發性嘔吐或催吐時，觀察呼吸是否困難。

3.不要對意識不清或半痙攣的患者催吐。

4.保持患者溫暖且休息。

5.大量食入或有腸胃症狀時，立即就醫。

最重要症狀及危害效應：刺激，吸入肺部可能引起肺炎。

對急救人員之防護：應穿著C級防護裝備在安全區實施急救。

對醫師之提示：－五、滅火措施適用滅火劑：二氧化碳、化學乾粉、酒精泡沫序號：49第2頁/ 5 頁滅火時可能遭遇之特殊危害：1.室溫下其蒸氣與空氣混合形成易燃或爆炸性混合物可能擴散回火。

2.流入下水道會有火災和爆炸的危險。

3.容器遇火可能爆炸。

4.蒸氣會聚集封密地區。

特殊滅火程序：1.噴水以冷卻暴露火場的容器、建築及保護人員。

2.若洩漏物未引燃，通風洩漏區及噴水分散蒸氣。

3.以水稀釋洩漏物並將洩漏物沖離引燃源，避免沖入公共下水道及飲水系統。

4.若火場中有貯槽或槽車隔離方圓1/2哩的區域。

5.徹退並自安全距離或受保護的地點滅火。

Alcohol 120%软件使用教程

Alcohol 120%软件使用教程2008-06-25 19:42一、概况介绍还在寻找刻录光盘镜像的软件吗？又或者嫌现有的刻录软件中，似乎少了些什么,有的虽然简单易用，但是功能稍嫌不足；或是软件功能强大，但是只支持自家格式，其它格式都不支持？试试Alcohol 120%吧,因为它具备光盘刻录＋虚拟光盘＋整合了多种镜像文件格式支持(mds, ccd, cue, bwt, iso 和 cdi) 和镜像文件光盘刻录，如果你经常会跟多种格式的光盘镜像文件打交道,那你一定要试试Alcohol 120%～。

Alcohol 120% 也是继CloneCD 之后, 目前最令人注目的刻录软件了! 当然为何Alcohol 120% 能够那么快便得到众人的瞩目及好评, 自有其吸引人的特点, 以下就做个简介 :Alcohol 120% 是一套结合光盘虚拟和刻录工具软件,相对来说Alcohol 120％为用户在光盘镜像刻录和虚拟之间的应用上提供一个比较完整的解决方案，它不仅能完整的模拟原始光盘片，而且它还可用RAM模式执行 1:1 的读取和刻录并忠实的将光盘备份或以光盘镜像文件方式储存在硬盘上,(连防拷保护的光盘也能正常制作镜像文件及刻录到光盘,简单的说就是可以破保护喔!) ,支持直接读取及刻录各种光盘镜像文件 ,让你能不必将光盘镜像文件刻录出来便可以使用Alcohol 120％光驱模拟功能运行光盘镜像文件(支持AudioCD、VideoCD、PhotoCD、Mixed Mode CD、CD Extra、Data CD、CD+G、DVD (Data)、DVD-Video多种类型的光盘),可直接读取和运行光盘内的文件和程序,比实际光驱更加强大。

另外珹lcohol 120％最大的特点就是可以支持多家刻录软件的多种镜像文件格式，如果你同时有光驱和刻录机,还可以直接将不同类型格式的光盘镜像刻录至空白 CD-R /CD-RW / DVD-R / DVD-RW / DVD-RAM / DVD+RW 之中，而不必透过其它的刻录软件，方便你对光盘及镜像文件的管理,简单又实用。

酒精浓度对人的影响

再換算回呼氣值 100~280/200 = 0.50~1.40 3.深夜零時血液酒精之平均值為 40 + 20x6 = 160 再換算回呼氣值 160/200 = 0.80
結論：深夜零時事故時當事人呼氣酒精濃度之範圍值為0.50~1.40mg/L，平均值為 0.80mg/L。
道路交通安全規則規定
呼氣中酒精濃度的檢驗方法
第一類依物理原理，可分為外線吸收光譜法」與「導電度法」
「紅
第二類方法是依據層析原理
第三類方法則依據化學原理，又分為「濕化學法」與「電化學法」
紅外線吸收光譜法
利用酒精會吸收特定波長的紅外線，進行酒精的定性與定量分析
為防止存在呼氣中的各種潛在干擾物，造成增多的量測數值，特別是呼氣中的丙酮、甲苯、汽油、黏膠或丁浣等工業溶劑，紅外線光譜儀通常會裝置多片（3-5片）的濾色鏡將干擾波峰濾除
深夜零時發生交通事故逃離現場，至上午六時才接受警方酒精檢測，經測出呼氣酒精濃度為 0.20mg/L，請問事故時呼氣酒精濃度是多少？
推算方法
1.上午六時之呼氣值 0.20mg/L = 血液值 0.20 x 200 = 40 mg/dL
2.深夜零時血液酒精之範圍值為 40 + (10~40)x6 = 100~280
8H＋＋Cr2O72-＋3C2H5OH→2Cr3＋＋3C2H4O＋ 7H2O
呼氣酒精量測儀（breath analyzer ）
測試器中的光源測量溶液中綠色增加的程度，把它轉換為呼吸的酒精濃度。酒精越多，綠色越深。所測得的呼吸中酒精濃度再乘以一個轉換常數，即為血液中酒精濃度
計算練習
酒精濃度對人的影響
人體代謝途徑
飲用含有酒精的飲料後，約20％的酒精量由胃吸收，80％由小腸與大腸吸收，數分鐘後即分佈在血液中

大环多胺

New1H-Pyrazole-Containing Polyamine Receptors Able ToComplex L-Glutamate in Water at Physiological pH ValuesCarlos Miranda,†Francisco Escartı´,‡Laurent Lamarque,†Marı´a J.R.Yunta,§Pilar Navarro,*,†Enrique Garcı´a-Espan˜a,*,‡and M.Luisa Jimeno†Contribution from the Instituto de Quı´mica Me´dica,Centro de Quı´mica Orga´nica Manuel Lora Tamayo,CSIC,C/Juan de la Cier V a3,28006Madrid,Spain,Departamento de Quı´mica Inorga´nica,Facultad de Quı´mica,Uni V ersidad de Valencia,c/Doctor Moliner50, 46100Burjassot(Valencia),Spain,and Departamento de Quı´mica Orga´nica,Facultad deQuı´mica,Uni V ersidad Complutense de Madrid,A V plutense s/n,28040Madrid,SpainReceived April16,2003;E-mail:enrique.garcia-es@uv.esAbstract:The interaction of the pyrazole-containing macrocyclic receptors3,6,9,12,13,16,19,22,25,26-decaazatricyclo-[22.2.1.111,14]-octacosa-1(27),11,14(28),24-tetraene1[L1],13,26-dibenzyl-3,6,9,12,13,16,-19,22,25,26-decaazatricyclo-[22.2.1.111,14]-octacosa-1(27),11,14(28),24-tetraene2[L2],3,9,12,13,16,22,-25,26-octaazatricyclo-[22.2.1.111,14]-octacosa-1(27),11,14(28),24-tetraene3[L3],6,19-dibenzyl-3,6,9,12,13,-16,19,22,25,26-decaazatricyclo-[22.2.1.111,14]-octacosa-1(27),11,14(28),24-tetraene4[L4],6,19-diphenethyl-3,6,9,12,13,16,19,22,25,26-decaazatricyclo-[22.2.1.111,14]-octacosa-1(27),11,14(28),24-tetraene5[L5],and 6,19-dioctyl-3,6,9,12,13,16,19,22,25,26-decaazatricyclo-[22.2.1.111,14]-octacosa-1(27),11,14(28),24-tetra-ene6[L6]with L-glutamate in aqueous solution has been studied by potentiometric techniques.The synthesis of receptors3-6[L3-L6]is described for the first time.The potentiometric results show that4[L4]containing benzyl groups in the central nitrogens of the polyamine side chains is the receptor displaying the larger interaction at pH7.4(K eff)2.04×104).The presence of phenethyl5[L5]or octyl groups6[L6]instead of benzyl groups4[L4]in the central nitrogens of the chains produces a drastic decrease in the stability[K eff )3.51×102(5),K eff)3.64×102(6)].The studies show the relevance of the central polyaminic nitrogen in the interaction with glutamate.1[L1]and2[L2]with secondary nitrogens in this position present significantly larger interactions than3[L3],which lacks an amino group in the center of the chains.The NMR and modeling studies suggest the important contribution of hydrogen bonding andπ-cation interaction to adduct formation.IntroductionThe search for the L-glutamate receptor field has been andcontinues to be in a state of almost explosive development.1 L-Glutamate(Glu)is thought to be the predominant excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system(CNS)acting at a rangeof excitatory amino acid receptors.It is well-known that it playsa vital role mediating a great part of the synaptic transmission.2However,there is an increasing amount of experimentalevidence that metabolic defects and glutamatergic abnormalitiescan exacerbate or induce glutamate-mediated excitotoxic damageand consequently neurological disorders.3,4Overactivation ofionotropic(NMDA,AMPA,and Kainate)receptors(iGluRs)by Glu yields an excessive Ca2+influx that produces irreversible loss of neurons of specific areas of the brain.5There is much evidence that these processes induce,at least in part,neuro-degenerative illnesses such as Parkinson,Alzheimer,Huntington, AIDS,dementia,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).6In particular,ALS is one of the neurodegenerative disorders for which there is more evidence that excitotoxicity due to an increase in Glu concentration may contribute to the pathology of the disease.7Memantine,a drug able to antagonize the pathological effects of sustained,but relatively small,increases in extracellular glutamate concentration,has been recently received for the treatment of Alzheimer disease.8However,there is not an effective treatment for ALS.Therefore,the preparation of adequately functionalized synthetic receptors for L-glutamate seems to be an important target in finding new routes for controlling abnormal excitatory processes.However,effective recognition in water of aminocarboxylic acids is not an easy task due to its zwitterionic character at physiological pH values and to the strong competition that it finds in its own solvent.9†Centro de Quı´mica Orga´nica Manuel Lora Tamayo.‡Universidad de Valencia.§Universidad Complutense de Madrid.(1)Jane,D.E.In Medicinal Chemistry into the Millenium;Campbell,M.M.,Blagbrough,I.S.,Eds.;Royal Society of Chemistry:Cambridge,2001;pp67-84.(2)(a)Standaert,D.G.;Young,A.B.In The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics;Hardman,J.G.,Goodman Gilman,A.,Limbird,L.E.,Eds.;McGraw-Hill:New York,1996;Chapter22,p503.(b)Fletcher,E.J.;Loge,D.In An Introduction to Neurotransmission in Health and Disease;Riederer,P.,Kopp,N.,Pearson,J.,Eds.;Oxford University Press:New York,1990;Chapter7,p79.(3)Michaelis,E.K.Prog.Neurobiol.1998,54,369-415.(4)Olney,J.W.Science1969,164,719-721.(5)Green,J.G.;Greenamyre,J.T.Prog.Neurobiol.1996,48,613-63.(6)Bra¨un-Osborne,H.;Egebjerg,J.;Nielsen,E.O.;Madsen,U.;Krogsgaard-Larsen,P.J.Med.Chem.2000,43,2609-2645and references therein.(7)(a)Shaw,P.J.;Ince,P.G.J.Neurol.1997,244(Suppl2),S3-S14.(b)Plaitakis,A.;Fesdjian,C.O.;Shashidharan,S Drugs1996,5,437-456.(8)Frantz,A.;Smith,A.Nat.Re V.Drug Dico V ery2003,2,9.Published on Web12/30/200310.1021/ja035671m CCC:$27.50©2004American Chemical Society J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2004,126,823-8339823There are many types of receptors able to interact with carboxylic acids and amino acids in organic solvents,10-13yielding selective complexation in some instances.However,the number of reported receptors of glutamate in aqueous solution is very scarce.In this sense,one of the few reports concerns an optical sensor based on a Zn(II)complex of a 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine derivative in which L -aspartate and L -glutamate were efficiently bound as axial ligands (K s )104-105M -1)in 50/50water/methanol mixtures.14Among the receptors employed for carboxylic acid recogni-tion,the polyamine macrocycles I -IV in Chart 1are of particular relevance to this work.In a seminal paper,Lehn et al.15showed that saturated polyamines I and II could exert chain-length discrimination between different R ,ω-dicarboxylic acids as a function of the number of methylene groups between the two triamine units of the receptor.Such compounds were also able to interact with a glutamic acid derivative which has the ammonium group protected with an acyl moiety.15,16Compounds III and IV reported by Gotor and Lehn interact in their protonated forms in aqueous solution with protected N -acetyl-L -glutamate and N -acetyl-D -glutamate,showing a higher stability for the interaction with the D -isomer.17In both reports,the interaction with protected N -acetyl-L -glutamate at physiological pH yields constants of ca.3logarithmic units.Recently,we have shown that 1H -pyrazole-containing mac-rocycles present desirable properties for the binding of dopam-ine.18These polyaza macrocycles,apart from having a highpositive charge at neutral pH values,can form hydrogen bonds not only through the ammonium or amine groups but also through the pyrazole nitrogens that can behave as hydrogen bond donors or acceptors.In fact,Elguero et al.19have recently shown the ability of the pyrazole rings to form hydrogen bonds with carboxylic and carboxylate functions.These features can be used to recognize the functionalities of glutamic acid,the carboxylic and/or carboxylate functions and the ammonium group.Apart from this,the introduction of aromatic donor groups appropriately arranged within the macrocyclic framework or appended to it through arms of adequate length may contribute to the recognition event through π-cation interactions with the ammonium group of L -glutamate.π-Cation interactions are a key feature in many enzymatic centers,a classical example being acetylcholine esterase.20The role of such an interaction in abiotic systems was very well illustrated several years ago in a seminal work carried out by Dougherty and Stauffer.21Since then,many other examples have been reported both in biotic and in abiotic systems.22Taking into account all of these considerations,here we report on the ability of receptors 1[L 1]-6[L 6](Chart 2)to interact with L -glutamic acid.These receptors display structures which differ from one another in only one feature,which helps to obtain clear-cut relations between structure and interaction(9)Rebek,J.,Jr.;Askew,B.;Nemeth,D.;Parris,K.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1987,109,2432-2434.(10)Seel,C.;de Mendoza,J.In Comprehensi V e Supramolecular Chemistry ;Vogtle,F.,Ed.;Elsevier Science:New York,1996;Vol.2,p 519.(11)(a)Sessler,J.L.;Sanson,P.I.;Andrievesky,A.;Kral,V.In SupramolecularChemistry of Anions ;Bianchi,A.,Bowman-James,K.,Garcı´a-Espan ˜a,E.,Eds.;John Wiley &Sons:New York,1997;Chapter 10,pp 369-375.(b)Sessler,J.L.;Andrievsky,A.;Kra ´l,V.;Lynch,V.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1997,119,9385-9392.(12)Fitzmaurice,R.J.;Kyne,G.M.;Douheret,D.;Kilburn,J.D.J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans.12002,7,841-864and references therein.(13)Rossi,S.;Kyne,G.M.;Turner,D.L.;Wells,N.J.;Kilburn,J.D.Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.2002,41,4233-4236.(14)Aı¨t-Haddou,H.;Wiskur,S.L.;Lynch,V.M.;Anslyn,E.V.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2001,123,11296-11297.(15)Hosseini,M.W.;Lehn,J.-M.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1982,104,3525-3527.(16)(a)Hosseini,M.W.;Lehn,J.-M.Hel V .Chim.Acta 1986,69,587-603.(b)Heyer,D.;Lehn,J.-M.Tetrahedron Lett.1986,27,5869-5872.(17)(a)Alfonso,I.;Dietrich,B.;Rebolledo,F.;Gotor,V.;Lehn,J.-M.Hel V .Chim.Acta 2001,84,280-295.(b)Alfonso,I.;Rebolledo,F.;Gotor,V.Chem.-Eur.J.2000,6,3331-3338.(18)Lamarque,L.;Navarro,P.;Miranda,C.;Ara ´n,V.J.;Ochoa,C.;Escartı´,F.;Garcı´a-Espan ˜a,E.;Latorre,J.;Luis,S.V.;Miravet,J.F.J.Am.Chem.Soc .2001,123,10560-10570.(19)Foces-Foces,C.;Echevarria,A.;Jagerovic,N.;Alkorta,I.;Elguero,J.;Langer,U.;Klein,O.;Minguet-Bonvehı´,H.-H.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2001,123,7898-7906.(20)Sussman,J.L.;Harel,M.;Frolow,F.;Oefner,C.;Goldman,A.;Toker,L.;Silman,I.Science 1991,253,872-879.(21)Dougherty,D.A.;Stauffer,D.A.Science 1990,250,1558-1560.(22)(a)Sutcliffe,M.J.;Smeeton,A.H.;Wo,Z.G.;Oswald,R.E.FaradayDiscuss.1998,111,259-272.(b)Kearney,P.C.;Mizoue,L.S.;Kumpf,R.A.;Forman,J.E.;McCurdy,A.;Dougherty,D.A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1993,115,9907-9919.(c)Bra ¨uner-Osborne,H.;Egebjerg,J.;Nielsen,E.;Madsen,U.;Krogsgaard-Larsen,P.J.Med.Chem.2000,43,2609-2645.(d)Zacharias,N.;Dougherty,D.A.Trends Pharmacol.Sci.2002,23,281-287.(e)Hu,J.;Barbour,L.J.;Gokel,G.W.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2002,124,10940-10941.Chart 1.Some Receptors Employed for Dicarboxylic Acid and N -AcetylglutamateRecognitionChart 2.New 1H -Pyrazole-Containing Polyamine Receptors Able To Complex L -Glutamate inWaterA R T I C L E SMiranda et al.824J.AM.CHEM.SOC.9VOL.126,NO.3,2004strengths.1[L1]and2[L2]differ in the N-benzylation of the pyrazole moiety,and1[L1]and3[L3]differ in the presence in the center of the polyamine side chains of an amino group or of a methylene group.The receptors4[L4]and5[L5]present the central nitrogens of the chain N-functionalized with benzyl or phenethyl groups,and6[L6]has large hydrophobic octyl groups.Results and DiscussionSynthesis of3-6.Macrocycles3-6have been obtained following the procedure previously reported for the preparation of1and2.23The method includes a first dipodal(2+2) condensation of the1H-pyrazol-3,5-dicarbaldehyde7with the corresponding R,ω-diamine,followed by hydrogenation of the resulting Schiff base imine bonds.In the case of receptor3,the Schiff base formed by condensation with1,5-pentanediamine is a stable solid(8,mp208-210°C)which precipitated in68% yield from the reaction mixture.Further reduction with NaBH4 in absolute ethanol gave the expected tetraazamacrocycle3, which after crystallization from toluene was isolated as a pure compound(mp184-186°C).In the cases of receptors4-6, the precursor R,ω-diamines(11a-11c)(Scheme1B)were obtained,by using a procedure previously described for11a.24 This procedure is based on the previous protection of the primary amino groups of1,5-diamino-3-azapentane by treatment with phthalic anhydride,followed by alkylation of the secondary amino group of1,5-diphthalimido-3-azapentane9with benzyl, phenethyl,or octyl bromide.Finally,the phthalimido groups of the N-alkyl substituted intermediates10a-10c were removed by treatment with hydrazine to afford the desired amines11a-11c,which were obtained in moderate yield(54-63%).In contrast with the behavior previously observed in the synthesis of3,in the(2+2)dipodal condensations of7with 3-benzyl-,3-phenethyl-,and3-octyl-substituted3-aza-1,5-pentanediamine11a,11b,and11c,respectively,there was not precipitation of the expected Schiff bases(Scheme1A). Consequently,the reaction mixtures were directly reduced in situ with NaBH4to obtain the desired hexaamines4-6,which after being carefully purified by chromatography afforded purecolorless oils in51%,63%,and31%yield,respectively.The structures of all of these new cyclic polyamines have been established from the analytical and spectroscopic data(MS(ES+), 1H and13C NMR)of both the free ligands3-6and their corresponding hydrochloride salts[3‚4HCl,4‚6HCl,5‚6HCl, and6‚6HCl],which were obtained as stable solids following the same procedure previously reported18for1‚6HCl and2‚6HCl.As usually occurs for3,5-disubstituted1H-pyrazole deriva-tives,either the free ligands3-6or their hydrochlorides show very simple1H and13C NMR spectra,in which signals indicate that,because of the prototropic equilibrium of the pyrazole ring, all of these compounds present average4-fold symmetry on the NMR scale.The quaternary C3and C5carbons appear together,and the pairs of methylene carbons C6,C7,and C8are magnetically equivalent(see Experimental Section).In the13C NMR spectra registered in CDCl3solution, significant differences can be observed between ligand3,without an amino group in the center of the side chain,and the N-substituted ligands4-6.In3,the C3,5signal appears as a broad singlet.However,in4-6,it almost disappears within the baseline of the spectra,and the methylene carbon atoms C6and C8experience a significant broadening.Additionally,a remark-able line-broadening is also observed in the C1′carbon signals belonging to the phenethyl and octyl groups of L5and L6, respectively.All of these data suggest that as the N-substituents located in the middle of the side chains of4-6are larger,the dynamic exchange rate of the pyrazole prototropic equilibrium is gradually lower,probably due to a relation between proto-tropic and conformational equilibria.Acid-Base Behavior.To follow the complexation of L-glutamate(hereafter abbreviated as Glu2-)and its protonated forms(HGlu-,H2Glu,and H3Glu+)by the receptors L1-L6, the acid-base behavior of L-glutamate has to be revisited under the experimental conditions of this work,298K and0.15mol dm-3.The protonation constants obtained,included in the first column of Table1,agree with the literature25and show that the zwitterionic HGlu-species is the only species present in aqueous solution at physiological pH values(Scheme2and Figure S1of Supporting Information).Therefore,receptors for(23)Ara´n,V.J.;Kumar,M.;Molina,J.;Lamarque,L.;Navarro,P.;Garcı´a-Espan˜a,E.;Ramı´rez,J.A.;Luis,S.V.;Escuder,.Chem.1999, 64,6137-6146.(24)(a)Yuen Ng,C.;Motekaitis,R.J.;Martell,A.E.Inorg.Chem.1979,18,2982-2986.(b)Anelli,P.L.;Lunazzi,L.;Montanari,F.;Quici,.Chem.1984,49,4197-4203.Scheme1.Synthesis of the Pyrazole-Containing MacrocyclicReceptorsNew1H-Pyrazole-Containing Polyamine Receptors A R T I C L E SJ.AM.CHEM.SOC.9VOL.126,NO.3,2004825glutamate recognition able to address both the negative charges of the carboxylate groups and the positive charge of ammonium are highly relevant.The protonation constants of L 3-L 6are included in Table 1,together with those we have previously reported for receptors L 1and L 2.23A comparison of the constants of L 4-L 6with those of the nonfunctionalized receptor L 1shows a reduced basicity of the receptors L 4-L 6with tertiary nitrogens at the middle of the polyamine bridges.Such a reduction in basicity prevented the potentiometric detection of the last protonation for these ligands in aqueous solution.A similar reduction in basicity was previously reported for the macrocycle with the N -benzylated pyrazole spacers (L 2).23These diminished basicities are related to the lower probability of the tertiary nitrogens for stabilizing the positive charges through hydrogen bond formation either with adjacent nonprotonated amino groups of the molecule or with water molecules.Also,the increase in the hydrophobicity of these molecules will contribute to their lower basicity.The stepwise basicity constants are relatively high for the first four protonation steps,which is attributable to the fact that these protons can bind to the nitrogen atoms adjacent to the pyrazole groups leaving the central nitrogen free,the electrostatic repulsions between them being therefore of little significance.The remaining protonation steps will occur in the central nitrogen atom,which will produce an important increase in the electrostatic repulsion in the molecule and therefore a reduction in basicity.As stated above,the tertiary nitrogen atoms present in L 4-L 6will also contribute to this diminished basicity.To analyze the interaction with glutamic acid,it is important to know the protonation degree of the ligands at physiological pH values.In Table 2,we have calculated the percentages ofthe different protonated species existing in solution at pH 7.4for receptors L 1-L 6.As can be seen,except for the receptor with the pentamethylenic chains L 3in which the tetraprotonated species prevails,all of the other systems show that the di-and triprotonated species prevail,although to different extents.Interaction with Glutamate.The stepwise constants for the interaction of the receptors L 1-L 6with glutamate are shown in Table 3,and selected distribution diagrams are plotted in Figure 1A -C.All of the studied receptors interact with glutamate forming adduct species with protonation degrees (j )which vary between 8and 0depending on the system (see Table 3).The stepwise constants have been derived from the overall association constants (L +Glu 2-+j H +)H j LGlu (j -2)+,log j )provided by the fitting of the pH-metric titration curves.This takes into account the basicities of the receptors and glutamate (vide supra)and the pH range in which a given species prevails in solution.In this respect,except below pH ca.4and above pH 9,HGlu -can be chosen as the protonated form of glutamate involved in the formation of the different adducts.Below pH 4,the participation of H 2Glu in the equilibria has also to be considered (entries 9and 10in Table 3).For instance,the formation of the H 6LGlu 4+species can proceed through the equilibria HGlu -+H 5L 5+)H 6LGlu 4+(entry 8,Table 3),and H 2Glu +H 4L 4+)H 6LGlu 4(entry 9Table 3),with percentages of participation that depend on pH.One of the effects of the interaction is to render somewhat more basic the receptor,and somewhat more acidic glutamic acid,facilitating the attraction between op-positely charged partners.A first inspection of Table 3and of the diagrams A,B,and C in Figure 1shows that the interaction strengths differ markedly from one system to another depending on the structural features of the receptors involved.L 4is the receptor that presents the highest capacity for interacting with glutamate throughout all of the pH range explored.It must also be remarked that there are not clear-cut trends in the values of the stepwise constants as a function of the protonation degree of the receptors.This suggests that charge -charge attractions do not play the most(25)(a)Martell,E.;Smith,R.M.Critical Stability Constants ;Plenum:NewYork,1975.(b)Motekaitis,R.J.NIST Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database ;NIST Standard Reference Database,version 4,1997.Table 1.Protonation Constants of Glutamic Acid and Receptors L 1-L 6Determined in NaCl 0.15mol dm -3at 298.1KreactionGluL 1aL 2aL 3bL 4L 5L 6L +H )L H c 9.574(2)d 9.74(2)8.90(3)9.56(1)9.25(3)9.49(4)9.34(5)L H +H )L H 2 4.165(3)8.86(2)8.27(2)8.939(7)8.38(3)8.11(5)8.13(5)L H 2+H )L H 3 2.18(2)7.96(2) 6.62(3)8.02(1) 6.89(5)7.17(6)7.46(7)L H 3+H )L H 4 6.83(2) 5.85(4)7.63(1) 6.32(5) 6.35(6) 5.97(8)L H 4+H )L H 5 4.57(3) 3.37(4) 2.72(8) 2.84(9) 3.23(9)L H 5+H )L H 6 3.18(3) 2.27(6)∑log K H n L41.135.334.233.634.034.1aTaken from ref 23.b These data were previously cited in a short communication (ref 26).c Charges omitted for clarity.d Values in parentheses are the standard deviations in the last significant figure.Scheme 2.L -Glutamate Acid -BaseBehaviorTable 2.Percentages of the Different Protonated Species at pH 7.4H 1L aH 2LH 3LH 4LL 11186417L 21077130L 3083458L 4083458L 51154323L 6842482aCharges omitted for clarity.A R T I C L E SMiranda et al.826J.AM.CHEM.SOC.9VOL.126,NO.3,2004outstanding role and that other forces contribute very importantly to these processes.26However,in systems such as these,which present overlapping equilibria,it is convenient to use conditional constants because they provide a clearer picture of the selectivity trends.27These constants are defined as the quotient between the overall amounts of complexed species and those of free receptor and substrate at a given pH[eq1].In Figure2are presented the logarithms of the effective constants versus pH for all of the studied systems.Receptors L1and L2with a nonfunctionalized secondary amino group in the side chains display opposite trend from all other receptors. While the stability of the L1and L2adducts tends to increase with pH,the other ligands show a decreasing interaction. Additionally,L1and L2present a close interaction over the entire pH range under study.The tetraaminic macrocycle L3is a better(26)Escartı´,F.;Miranda,C.;Lamarque,L.;Latorre,J.;Garcı´a-Espan˜a,E.;Kumar,M.;Ara´n,V.J.;Navarro,mun.2002,9,936-937.(27)(a)Bianchi,A.;Garcı´a-Espan˜a,c.1999,12,1725-1732.(b)Aguilar,J.A.;Celda,B.;Garcı´a-Espan˜a,E.;Luis,S.V.;Martı´nez,M.;Ramı´rez,J.A.;Soriano,C.;Tejero,B.J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans.22000, 7,1323-1328.Table3.Stability Constants for the Interaction of L1-L6with the Different Protonated Forms of Glutamate(Glu) entry reaction a L1L2L3L4L5L6 1Glu+L)Glu L 3.30(2)b 4.11(1)2HGlu+L)HGlu L 3.65(2) 4.11(1) 3.68(2) 3.38(4) 3Glu+H L)HGlu L 3.89(2) 4.48(1) 3.96(2) 3.57(4) 4HGlu+H L)H2Glu L 3.49(2) 3.89(1) 2.37(4) 3.71(2)5HGlu+H2L)H3Glu L 3.44(2) 3.73(1) 2.34(3) 4.14(2) 2.46(4) 2.61(7) 6HGlu+H3L)H4Glu L 3.33(2) 3.56(2) 2.66(3) 4.65(2) 2.74(3) 2.55(7) 7HGlu+H4L)H5Glu L 3.02(2) 3.26(2) 2.58(3) 4.77(2) 2.87(3) 2.91(5) 8HGlu+H5L)H6Glu L 3.11(3) 3.54(2) 6.76(3) 4.96(3) 4.47(3) 9H2Glu+H4L)H6Glu L 2.54(3) 3.05(2) 3.88(2) 5.35(3) 3.66(4) 3.56(3) 10H2Glu+H5L)H7Glu L 2.61(6) 2.73(4) 5.51(3) 3.57(4) 3.22(8) 11H3Glu+H4L)H7Glu L 4.82(2) 4.12(9)a Charges omitted for clarity.b Values in parentheses are standard deviations in the last significantfigure.Figure1.Distribution diagrams for the systems(A)L1-glutamic acid, (B)L4-glutamic acid,and(C)L5-glutamicacid.Figure2.Representation of the variation of K cond(M-1)for the interaction of glutamic acid with(A)L1and L3,(B)L2,L4,L5,and L6.Initial concentrations of glutamate and receptors are10-3mol dm-3.Kcond)∑[(H i L)‚(H j Glu)]/{∑[H i L]∑[H j Glu]}(1)New1H-Pyrazole-Containing Polyamine Receptors A R T I C L E SJ.AM.CHEM.SOC.9VOL.126,NO.3,2004827receptor at acidic pH,but its interaction markedly decreases on raising the pH.These results strongly suggest the implication of the central nitrogens of the lateral polyamine chains in the stabilization of the adducts.Among the N-functionalized receptors,L4presents the largest interaction with glutamate.Interestingly enough,L5,which differs from L4only in having a phenethyl group instead of a benzyl one,presents much lower stability of its adducts.Since the basicity and thereby the protonation states that L4and L5 present with pH are very close,the reason for the larger stability of the L4adducts could reside on a better spatial disposition for formingπ-cation interactions with the ammonium group of the amino acid.In addition,as already pointed out,L4presents the highest affinity for glutamic acid in a wide pH range,being overcome only by L1and L2at pH values over9.This observation again supports the contribution ofπ-cation inter-actions in the system L4-glutamic because at these pH values the ammonium functionality will start to deprotonate(see Scheme2and Figure1B).Table4gathers the percentages of the species existing in equilibria at pH7.4together with the values of the conditional constant at this pH.In correspondence with Figure1A,1C and Figure S2(Supporting Information),it can be seen that for L1, L2,L5,and L6the prevailing species are[H2L‚HGlu]+and[H3L‚HGlu]2+(protonation degrees3and4,respectively),while for L3the main species are[H3L‚HGlu]+and[H4L‚HGlu]2+ (protonation degrees4and5,respectively).The most effective receptor at this pH would be L4which joins hydrogen bonding, charge-charge,andπ-cation contributions for the stabilization of the adducts.To check the selectivity of this receptor,we have also studied its interaction with L-aspartate,which is a competitor of L-glutamate in the biologic receptors.The conditional constant at pH7.4has a value of3.1logarithmic units for the system Asp-L4.Therefore,the selectivity of L4 for glutamate over aspartate(K cond(L4-glu)/K cond(L4-asp))will be of ca.15.It is interesting to remark that the affinity of L4 for zwiterionic L-glutamate at pH7.4is even larger than that displayed by receptors III and IV(Chart1)with the protected dianion N-acetyl-L-glutamate lacking the zwitterionic charac-teristics.Applying eq1and the stability constants reported in ref17,conditional constants at pH7.4of 3.24and 2.96 logarithmic units can be derived for the systems III-L-Glu and IV-L-Glu,respectively.Molecular Modeling Studies.Molecular mechanics-based methods involving docking studies have been used to study the binding orientations and affinities for the complexation of glutamate by L1-L6receptors.The quality of a computer simulation depends on two factors:accuracy of the force field that describes intra-and intermolecular interactions,and an adequate sampling of the conformational and configuration space of the system.28The additive AMBER force field is appropriate for describing the complexation processes of our compounds,as it is one of the best methods29in reproducing H-bonding and stacking stabiliza-tion energies.The experimental data show that at pH7.4,L1-L6exist in different protonation states.So,a theoretical study of the protonation of these ligands was done,including all of the species shown in5%or more abundance in the potentiometric measurements(Table4).In each case,the more favored positions of protons were calculated for mono-,di-,tri-,and tetraprotonated species.Molecular dynamics studies were performed to find the minimum energy conformations with simulated solvent effects.Molecular modeling studies were carried out using the AMBER30method implemented in the Hyperchem6.0pack-age,31modified by the inclusion of appropriate parameters. Where available,the parameters came from analogous ones used in the literature.32All others were developed following Koll-man33and Hopfinger34procedures.The equilibrium bond length and angle values came from experimental values of reasonable reference compounds.All of the compounds were constructed using standard geometry and standard bond lengths.To develop suitable parameters for NH‚‚‚N hydrogen bonding,ab initio calculations at the STO-3G level35were used to calculate atomic charges compatible with the AMBER force field charges,as they gave excellent results,and,at the same time,this method allows the study of aryl-amine interactions.In all cases,full geometry optimizations with the Polak-Ribiere algorithm were carried out,with no restraints.Ions are separated far away and well solvated in water due to the fact that water has a high dielectric constant and hydrogen bond network.Consequently,there is no need to use counteri-ons36in the modelization studies.In the absence of explicit solvent molecules,a distance-dependent dielectric factor quali-tatively simulates the presence of water,as it takes into account the fact that the intermolecular electrostatic interactions should vanish more rapidly with distance than in the gas phase.The same results can be obtained using a constant dielectric factor greater than1.We have chosen to use a distance-dependent dielectric constant( )4R ij)as this was the method used by Weiner et al.37to develop the AMBER force field.Table8 shows the theoretical differences in protonation energy(∆E p) of mono-,bi-,and triprotonated hexaamine ligands,for the (28)Urban,J.J.;Cronin,C.W.;Roberts,R.R.;Famini,G.R.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1997,119,12292-12299.(29)Hobza,P.;Kabelac,M.;Sponer,J.;Mejzlik,P.;Vondrasek,put.Chem.1997,18,1136-1150.(30)Cornell,W.D.;Cieplak,P.;Bayly,C.I.;Gould,I.R.;Merz,K.M.,Jr.;Ferguson,D.M.;Spelmeyer,D.C.;Fox,T.;Caldwell,J.W.;Kollman,P.A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1995,117,5179-5197.(31)Hyperchem6.0(Hypercube Inc.).(32)(a)Fox,T.;Scanlan,T.S.;Kollman,P.A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1997,119,11571-11577.(b)Grootenhuis,P.D.;Kollman,P.A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1989,111,2152-2158.(c)Moyna,G.;Hernandez,G.;Williams,H.J.;Nachman,R.J.;Scott,put.Sci.1997,37,951-956.(d)Boden,C.D.J.;Patenden,put.-Aided Mol.Des.1999, 13,153-166.(33)/amber.(34)Hopfinger,A.J.;Pearlstein,put.Chem.1984,5,486-499.(35)Glennon,T.M.;Zheng,Y.-J.;Le Grand,S.M.;Shutzberg,B.A.;Merz,K.M.,put.Chem.1994,15,1019-1040.(36)Wang,J.;Kollman,P.A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1998,120,11106-11114.Table4.Percentages of the Different Protonated Adducts[HGlu‚H j L](j-1)+,Overall Percentages of Complexation,andConditional Constants(K Cond)at pH7.4for the Interaction ofGlutamate(HGlu-)with Receptors L1-L6at Physiological pH[H n L‚HGlu]an)1n)2n)3n)4∑{[H n L‚HGlu]}K cond(M-1)L13272353 2.44×103L2947763 4.12×103L31101324 3.99×102L423737581 2.04×104L51010222 3.51×102L6121224 3.64×102a Charges omitted for clarity.A R T I C L E S Miranda et al. 828J.AM.CHEM.SOC.9VOL.126,NO.3,2004。

XL228 898280-07-4 GlpBio

Product Data SheetProduct Name:XL228Cat. No.:GC13102Chemical PropertiesCas No.898280-07-4Chemical Name 4-N-(5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-N-[(3-propan-2-yl-1,2-oxazol-5-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamineCanonicalSMILESCC(C)C1=NOC(=C1)CNC2=NC(=CC(=N2)NC3=NNC(=C3)C4CC4)N5CCN(CC5)C Formula C22H31N9O M.Wt437.54Solubility ≥21.9 mg/mL in DMSO, ≥27.6 mg/mL inEtOH with ultrasonic and warming, <2.12mg/mL in H2OStorage Store at -20°CGeneral tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.Shipping Condition Evaluation sample solution : ship with blue ice All other available size: ship with RT , or blue ice upon request.StructureBackgroundXL228, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is involved in binding to and inhibiting the activities of multiple tyrosine kinases, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), Src tyrosine kinase, and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. BlockadeProduct Data Sheetof these kinases may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis [1]. XL228 is a multitargeted protein kinase inhibitor targeting IGF1R, the aurora kinases, IGF-1R, cSrc, BCR/Abl and SRC kinases [2].In vitro: XL228(5-100 nM) reduced cell survival by 10-70% in a dose and time dependent manner and inhibited migration and invasion of two tumors with high propensity to metastasize, FaDu and H460. Treatment with 50 and 100 nM XL228 abolished the ability of H460, A549 and FaDu cells to form colony. At 10 nM, XL228 signiﬁcantly increased the radiosensitivity of H460, A549 and FaDu cells by enhancement factors (EF, at the survival fraction of 0.5) of 1.52, 1.31 and 1.67 respectively. But, In HN-5 cells, sensitization occurred only at 100 nM (EF = 2.27). In HN-5 cells, XL228 (100 nM)incubation induced accumulation of cells at the radiation sensitive G2/M phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in 32% of cells [2].Clinical trial: In a phase I study in patients with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies, XL228 showed a manageable toxicity proﬁle and biological activity through decrease in target pathway and alternations in tumor nuclei [3].References:[1] Smith D C, Britten C, Garon E B. A phase I study of XL228, a multitargeted protein kinase inhibitor, in patients with solid tumors or multiple myeloma[J]. J ClinOncol, 2010, 28(15s suppl: abstr 3105).[2] Matsumoto F, Molkentine D, Clary D O, et al. A multi-kinase inhibitor, XL228, enhanced human cancer cell radiosensitivity and suppressed cell invasion and migration[J]. Cancer Research, 2011, 71(8 Supplement):2487-2487.[3] Smith D C, Britten C, Clary D O, et al. A phase I study of XL228, a potent IGF1R/AURORA/SRC inhibitor, in patients with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies[J]. J ClinOncol, 2009, 27(15 suppl): 149s.。

13食恭喜你，用英文点酒水饮料再也不用一脸懵逼了！

13食恭喜你，用英文点酒水饮料再也不用一脸懵逼了！课前测试播放我们今天给大家分享的生活名词的主题是酒水饮料。

关于酒水饮料我们先要掌握几个类别的词汇，第一个含有酒精的我们叫Liquor，一般都是酒精浓度比较高，第二个酒精浓度稍微低一点，它是用这种Liquor和其他的一些软饮和一些果汁调和成的鸡尾酒，我们叫cocktail；第三种我们讲的叫beer啤酒，第四种beverage就完全不含酒精的那些饮料，包括雪碧、百事、可乐、七喜、芬达等等，这种不含酒精的叫beverage。

还有我们常见的一个单词叫wine，它其实在英语里面表示的是红酒，所以首先大家先掌握种类的五个单词，Liquor , cocktail , Beer , beverage , wine 掌握这五个类别之后，我们逐一的给大家讲解。

烈酒Vodka—伏特加Tequila—龙舌兰Rum—朗姆酒Gin—杜松子酒Whiskey—威士忌Brandy—白兰地Chinese wine—白酒我们首先来看烈酒部分，给大家分享的第一个单词叫伏特加，伏特加的英语叫Vodka，这个里面你注意它的发音特点，那个d是不发音的，只占一个音节；第二个龙舌兰Tequila，因为这种酒相对来讲比较烈，我们喝的时候不会拿那么大的杯子来喝，会用一个很小的类似于小酒盅一样的东西，英语叫shot，你倒进去之后有人会在大拇指往上的这个位置放一点盐，然后舔一下喝掉，喝完之后然后吃个柠檬；第三种给大家分享的烈酒Rum，朗姆酒，这都是做cocktail的基酒，第四种杜松子酒Gin，第五种也是一个大的类别，叫Whiskey威士忌酒，我们比如说常见的scotch叫苏格兰威士忌，再比如说bourbon。

再接下来给大家分享的烈酒叫白兰地，这个我们中国很常见，它英语很简单叫Brandy，也是一个大的品类下面有很多不同的品牌在做这样一个酒的种类；再比如说还有一种酒叫白酒，其实没有一个英文单词专门的来表达白酒这个概念，我们可以说白酒也可以说Chinese wine，这是我们分享的Liquor烈酒部分的七个最常见的酒的类别。

乙醇 USP药典翻译

AlcoholC2H6O 46.07Ethanol.Ethyl alcohol [64-17-5].» Alcohol contains not less than 92.3 percent and not more than 93.8 percent, by weight, corresponding to not less than 94.9 percent and not more than 96.0 percent, by volume, at 15.56, of C2H5OH. Packaging and storage— Preserve in tight containers, protected from light. USP Reference standards 11—USP Alcohol RS .Clarity of solution— [NOTE—The Test solution is to be comparedto Reference suspension A and to water in diffused daylight 5 minutes after preparation of Reference suspension A.]Hydrazine solution— Transfer 1.0 g of hydrazine sulfate to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dissolve in and dilute with water to volume, and mix. Allow to stand for 4 to 6 hours.Methenamine solution— Transfer 2.5 g of methenamine to a 100-mLglass-stoppered flask, add 25.0 mL of water, insert the glass stopper, and mix to dissolve.Primary opalescent suspension— [NOTE—This suspension is stable for 2 months, provided it is stored in a glass container free from surface defects. The suspension must not adhere to the glass and must be well mixed before use.] Transfer 25.0 mL of Hydrazine solution to the Methenamine solution in the 100-mL glass-stoppered flask. Mix, and allow to stand for 24 hours. Opalescence standard— [NOTE—This suspension should not be used beyond 24 hours after preparation.] Transfer 15.0 mL of the Primary opalescent suspension to a 1000-mL volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume, and mix. Reference suspensions— Transfer 5.0 mL of the Opalescence standard to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume, and mix toobtain Reference suspension A. Transfer 10.0 mL of the Opalescencestandard to a second 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume, and mix to obtain Reference suspension B.Test solution A: substance to be examined.Test solution B— Dilute 1.0 mL of Test solution A to 20 mL with water, and allow to stand for 5 minutes before testing.Procedure— Transfer a sufficient portion of Test solution A and Test solution B to separate test tubes of colorless, transparent, neutral glass with a flat base and an internal diameter of 15 to 25 mm to obtain a depth of 40 mm. Similarly transfer portions of Reference suspension A, Reference suspension B, and water to separate matching test tubes. Compare Test solution A, Test solution B, Reference suspension A, Reference suspension B, and water in diffused daylight, viewing vertically against a black background (see Visual Comparison under Spectrophotometry and Light-Scattering 851). [NOTE—The diffusion of light must be such that Reference suspensionA can readily be distinguished from water, and that Reference suspensionB can readily be distinguished from Reference suspension A.]Test solutionA and Test solutionB show the same clarity as that of water or their opalescence is not more pronounced than that of Reference suspension A. Color of solution—Standard stock solution— Combine 3.0 mL of ferric chloride CS, 3.0 mL of cobaltous chloride CS, 2.4 mL of cupric sulfate CS, and 1.6 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid (10 g per L).Standard solution— [NOTE—Prepare the Standard solution immediately before use.] Transfer 1.0 mL of Standard stock solution to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with dilute hydrochloric acid (10 g per L) to volume, and mix.Test solution: substance to be examined.Procedure— Transfer a sufficient portion of the Test solution to a test tube of colorless, transparent, neutral glass with a flat base and an internal diameter of 15 to 25 mm to obtain a depth of 40 mm. Similarly transfer portionsof Standard solution and water to separate, matching test tubes. Comparethe Test solution, Standard solution, and water in diffused daylight, viewing vertically against a white background (see VisualComparison under Spectrophotometry and Light-Scattering 851). The Test solution has the appearance of water or is not more intensely colored thanthe Standard solution.Identification—A: It complies with the test for Specific gravity.B: Infrared Absorption 197F or 197S neat.Specific gravity 841: between 0.812 and 0.816 at 15.56, indicating between 92.3% and 93.8%, by weight, or between 94.9% and 96.0%, by volume, of C2H5OH.Acidity or alkalinity—Phenolphthalein solution— Dissolve 0.1 g of phenolphthalein in 80 mL of alcohol, and dilute with water to 100 mL.Procedure— To 20 mL of alcohol, add 20 mL of freshly boiled and cooled water and 0.1 mL of Phenolphthalein solution. The solution is colorless. Add 1.0 mL of 0.01 N sodium hydroxide. The solution is pink (30 ppm, expressed as acetic acid).Ultraviolet absorption— Record the UV absorption spectrum of the test material from 200 to 400 nm in a 5-cm cell: maximum absorbance 0.40 at 240 nm, 0.30 between 250 and 260 nm, and 0.10 between 270 and 340 nm. Examine between 235 and 340 nm, in a 5-cm cell, using water as the compensation liquid. The absorption curve is smooth.Volatile impurities—Test solution A: substance to be examined.Test solution B— Add 150 µL of 4-methylpentan-2-ol to 500.0 mL of the substance to be examined.Standard solution A— Dilute 100 µL of methanol to 50.0 mL with the substance to be examined. Dilute 5.0 mL of the solution to 50.0 mL with the substance to be examined.Standard solution B— Dilute 50 µL of methanol and 50 µL of acetaldehyde to 50.0 mL with the substance to be examined. Dilute 100 µL of the solution to 10.0 mL with the substance to be examined.Standard solution C— Dilute 150 µL of acetal to 50.0 mL with the substance to be examined. Dilute 100 µL of the solution to 10.0 mL with the substance to be examined.Standard solution D— Dilute 100 µL of benzene to 100.0 mL with the substance to be examined. Dilute 100 µL of the solution to 50.0 mL with the substance to be examined.Chromatographic system (see Chromatography 621)— The gas chromatograph is equipped with a flame-ionization detector, maintained at about 280, and a 0.32-mm × 30-m fused silica capillary column bonded with a 1.8-µm layer of phase G43. The carrier gas is helium with a linear velocity of about 35 cm per second and a split ratio of 1:20. The column temperature is maintained at 40 for the first 12 minutes after an injection is made and isincreased from 40 to 240 from 12 to 32 minutes after injection. During the period of 32 to 42 minutes after an injection is made, the column temperatureis maintained at 240. The injection port temperature is maintained at 200. Chromatograph Standard solution B, and record the peak responses as directed for Procedure: the resolution, R, between the first major peak (acetaldehyde) and the second major peak (methanol) is not less than 1.5. Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (1.0 µL) of Test solution A, Testppm).Limit of nonvolatile residue— Evaporate 100 mL in a tared dish on a water bath, and dry at 100 to 105 for 1 hour: the weight of the residue does not exceed 2.5 mg.Auxiliary Information— Please check for your question in the FAQs beforeALCOHOLChromatographic columns text is not derived from, and not part of, USP 32 or NF 27.。

ALCOHOL乙醇

一、物品与厂商资料物品名称：乙醇(E T H A N O L)物品编号：－制造商或供货商名称、地址及电话：－紧急联络电话/传真电话：－二、成分辨识资料纯物质：中英文名称：乙醇(E T H A N O L)同义名称：酒精(A L C O H O L、ETH YLALLOHOL)化学文摘社登记号码（CASNo.）：00064-17-5危害物质成分（成分百分比）：100三、危害辨识数据四、急救措施不同暴露途径之急救方法：吸入:1.将患者移离暴露区。

2.如果呼吸停止，确实清通呼吸道并施行心肺复苏术。

3.如果呼吸困难，给予氧气。

4.保持患者温暖且休息。

5.立即就医。

皮肤接触:1.以肥皂和水彻底清洗患部。

2.立刻脱除污染的衣服。

3.如果刺激性持绩，立即就医。

眼睛接触:1.立刻以大量水冲洗15分钟以上。

2.眼皮应提离眼球以确实彻底清洗。

3.立即就医。

食入:1.若患者意识清醒，给患者喝下1至3杯水或牛奶以稀释胃部内的含量。

2.若患者自发性呕吐或催吐时，观察呼吸是否困难。

3.不要对意识不清或半痉挛的患者催吐。

4.保持患者温暖且休息。

5.大量食入或有肠胃症状时，立即就医。

最重要症状及危害效应：刺激，吸入肺部可能引起肺炎。

对急救人员之防护：应穿着C级防护装备在安全区实施急救。

对医师之提示：－五、灭火措施适用灭火剂：二氧化碳、化学干粉、酒精泡沫灭火时可能遭遇之特殊危害：1.室温下其蒸气与空气混合形成易燃或爆炸性混合物可能扩散回火。

2.流入下水道会有火灾和爆炸的危险。

3.容器遇火可能爆炸。

4.蒸气会聚集封密地区。

特殊灭火程序：1.喷水以冷却暴露火场的容器、建筑及保护人员。

2.若泄漏物未引燃，通风泄漏区及喷水分散蒸气。

3.以水稀释泄漏物并将泄漏物冲离引燃源，避免冲入公共下水道及饮水系统。

4.若火场中有贮槽或槽车隔离方圆1/2哩的区域。

5.彻退并自安全距离或受保护的地点灭火。

6.位于上风处以避免危险的蒸气和有毒的分解物。

7.灭火前先阻止溢漏，如果不能阻止溢漏且周围无任何危险，让火烧完，若没有阻止溢漏而先行灭火，蒸气会与空气形成爆炸性混合物而再引燃。

写酒类英语作文初一

写酒类英语作文初一英文回答：Alcohol, a substance that has both captivated and condemned humanity for centuries, holds a place in our history, our culture, and our hearts. From the vineyards of ancient Greece to the bustling bars of modern cities, alcohol has been a companion, a muse, and a source of both joy and sorrow.My first encounter with alcohol was during my teenage years. Curiosity and peer pressure led me to experiment with it, but I quickly realized that it was not something I enjoyed. The taste was bitter, the smell pungent, and the effects left me feeling disoriented and sick. As I grew older, however, my perception of alcohol began to shift.During a family gathering, I witnessed my father savoring a glass of fine whiskey. He described its rich aroma, its smooth texture, and the warmth it brought to hisbody. Intrigued, I asked for a small sip, and to my surprise, I found it rather pleasant. It was then that I realized that alcohol, like any other experience, can be both subjective and context-dependent.Through the years, I have come to appreciate the diverse flavors and complexities of alcohol. I have learned to discern the subtle notes of different wines, the robust character of craft beers, and the delicate nuances of aged spirits. Alcohol has become a way for me to connect with others, to celebrate life's milestones, and to unwind from the stresses of everyday existence.Like any substance, alcohol can have both positive and negative effects. When consumed responsibly, it can enhance social interactions, foster a sense of relaxation, and even promote physical well-being in moderation. However, excessive or irresponsible alcohol consumption can lead to a myriad of health and social problems. It is crucial to recognize these potential risks and to make informed decisions about alcohol use.Alcohol is a powerful force that can both intoxicate and illuminate. It has the potential to bring people together and to provide moments of joy and indulgence. However, it is essential to approach alcohol with respect and understanding, always mindful of its potential consequences. Whether you choose to partake in alcohol or not, may you do so with knowledge, responsibility, and a deep appreciation for its complex and multifaceted nature.中文回答：酒，一种令人类既着迷又谴责了几个世纪的物质，在我们的历史、文化和心灵中占有一席之地。

韩国推出吸烟者专用饮料

韩国推出吸烟者专用饮料
佚名
【期刊名称】《食品科学》
【年(卷),期】2005(26)4
【摘要】最近韩国推出一种吸烟者专用饮料，受到吸烟者的欢迎。

【总页数】1页(P186-186)
【关键词】韩国;吸烟者专用饮料;骨质;功能
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS275.4
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