U.S. Census Bureau News

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Establishing a Corporate Approach to Project Management at the United States Census Bureau

Establishing a Corporate Approach to Project Management at the United States CensusBureauPresented by Nancy A. PotokPrincipal Associate Director and Chief Financial OfficerU. S. Census Bureau; Washington, D.C. 20233BackgroundAs the largest statistical agency in the United States, the Census Bureau’s mission is to be the preeminent collector and provider of timely, relevant, and quality data about the people and economy of the United States. The Census Bureau is structured organizationally by function. That is, all of the economic programs are grouped together, as are the demographic programs, the programs to accomplish the decennial census of population and housing, and methodological research. In addition, the support functions are centralized, such as contract and financial management and information technology infrastructure operations. To accomplish the Census Bureau’s mission requires the use of teams that can work across these organizational lines to accomplish specific projects. Even within functional areas, teams are becoming a common approach to more efficient product delivery.However, working in teams requires a disciplined, common methodology. If teams are not organized, projects have a high risk of not finishing on time, and going over their budgets. In addition, the end product may not meet original expectations. As the Census Bureau moved increasingly into a team management approach, it became increasingly obvious that a corporate methodology was needed to help teams better manage their work. Project management was the methodology that the Bureau adopted.In 1998, the Census Bureau began to train employees in professional project management. The Bureau chose the Project Management Master’s Certificate Program offered by George Washington University in Washington, D.C. as the training vehicle. This program was chosen because top managers at the Bureau, who had come from outside the organization, had prior experience with this program and found it to be very effective. The goal of the project management training program was to provide a structured and consistent methodology for managing projects, promote organization and planning, and improve specific skills and techniques, such as scheduling, cost control, risk management, communications, contract management, team building and leadership.Project Management Master’s Certificate ProgramThe Census Bureau entered into a partnership with ESI International and The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. to enable Bureau employees to earn a master’s certificate in project management. At the start of the program, the Bureau made a decision to sponsor 20 employees a year to earn the certificate. Employees are nominated every September by the top manager in their organization.. The nomination process is very competitive. After being accepted into the Project Management Master’s Certificate Program, employees must successfully complete the seven one-week courses within two years. The courses are held at the Census Bureau during work hours.……Performance SupportIt is important to use institutional resources to support project managers and to make use ofproject management in the organization natural and easy. The Census Bureau has taken several steps to provide such support. The elements of this support are described further below. Scaleable Methodology. One of the biggest obstacles to successful project management seemed to be the difficulty in deciding whether a project was big enough to merit a full scale project management methodology. Many people were conducting work that didn’t seem to fit the commonly held definition of a project, but could still benefit from a more disciplined management approach. ……Project Management Repository (PMR). The Project Management Repository (PMR) is a web-based portal on the Census Bureau intranet that facilitates the sharing of information and documentation on project management and quality management efforts throughout the Bureau. ……Team Facilitation. In 1999, a small Project Management staff was created to provide facilitation services to project teams in achieving project success. The facilitation services include project planning, system requirements definition, strategic planning, and focus groups. ……Project Management Network. Established in 1999, this Network was designed for master’s certificate graduates. The Network enables graduates to share information and presentations on a variety of topics. ……Membership. To encourage continued networking and professional development in project management, the Census Bureau buys an annual corporate membership in the Project Management Institute that is assigned to employees for the 12 month period after they graduate.……Project SuccessesSince implementing project management corporate-wide at the Census Bureau, many changes in the way work is accomplished have become apparent. The most prominent example is the way that project management was used to conduct the 2000 decennial census of population and housing. This is the largest single undertaking of the Census Bureau each decade. Project management was used throughout Census 2000 planning and implementation and resulted in a census that was conducted on time, $300 million under budget, and produced very high quality data. …………ConclusionThe Census Bureau management is strongly committed to better managing projects and maximizing investments. The future of the Census Bureau will be greatly improved by having a cadre of certified project managers. Managers at the Bureau have come to recognize that if they want funding for a large project, they need to place a certified project manager in charge. This has been a major cultural change that has taken place over a relatively short period of time. ……详细内容请见中国（首届）项目管理国际研讨会《论文集》之一。

国家开放大学人文英语3(形考作业答案参考资料)

—How do you feel about your family life?—.正确答案是：Not bad. I think it is a good choice to be a full-time mother.—Do you have much experience with caring for babies?—.正确答案是：Yes, I do. I often take care of kids in my free time.This movie is ________ that one.正确答案是：as interesting asLily is a good student except ________ she is a little bit careless.正确答案是：thatWe often compare children ______ flowers.正确答案是：toMost couples who get married or decide to live together generally plan to have children. Several years ago, people thought that having big families was common and this was seen as an advantage. That was mainly because children began working at an early age to help provide for the family. But with the changing times and with the cost of living getting higher every single year, having a big family is no longer considered to be a practical option. In fact, more couples consider that they have only one child and some do not have any desire to become parents at all. According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, by 1986, women aged 40 to 44 years, were considerably more likely to have given birth to two children than three children (36% vs. 27%) or four or more children (19%). However, taken together, women were still more likely to have had three or more children than to have had two children (46% vs. 36%).In recent years, women were more likely to have had two children than three or more children –a trend that was most marked in the most recent period (38% vs. 25% in 1996; 38% vs. 22% in 2006). These days, most families in Australia have two children. But the number of women who had given birth to a single child increased progressively from only 8% in 1981 to 13% in 2006.The U.S. Census Bureau states that there are approximately 14 million only children in America today. This comprises 20% of the children's population compared to only 10% around fifty years ago.1. Several years ago, people thought that having big families wasA. uncommon and this was seen as an advantageB. common and this was seen as a disadvantageC. common and this was seen as an advantage2. By 1986, taken together, women were still more likely to have hadchildren.A. lessC. no3. In recent years, women were more likely to have hadA. three or four childrenB. more childrenC. fewer children4. According to the passage, we can predict that the number of family with a single child will回A. decreased dramaticallyB. increased dramaticallyC. remained steady5. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage?A. Families Having Fewer Children Nowadays.B. Couples Having More Children Nowadays.C. Women Being Likely to Have More Children.形考二—How do you feel about your family life?—.正确答案是：Not bad. I think it is a good choice to be a full-time mother.—It's raining so heavily outside. I'm terribly anxious about my son's safety.—.正确答案是：Don't worry about him. He will come back safe and sound.Lily is a good student except ________ she is a little bit careless.正确答案是：thatWe often compare children ______ flowers.正确答案是：toThe birth rate of the country decreases ______ with years.正确答案是：progressively二、阅读理解：正误判断（每题10分）Stopping Yelling At Your KidsParenting is hard. If you're a parent, I'm sure that I don't need to tell you that our job is a tough one. When you're managing children, it can be difficult to remember that they are still learning. If you find you are yelling at your kids more often than you want to, here are some ways that canhelp you reduce the yelling. I've been working on this for the past few months and I have to say, it's been amazing for both the kids and me.If you are having an argument with your child, you need to make sure you both take the time to really listen. It gives both of you time to think and really listen to each other, which is important.Kids are more likely to listen to you if you listen to them!One of your biggest struggles is to remind yourself of appropriate expectations. You can't expect that your youngest acts as responsibly as your oldest. You should lower what you expect –taking into consideration things like their age –it can make a big difference.You should do your best to take a moment before yelling and take in a deep breath. It makes a world of difference for you. Instead of yelling, you'd better whisper. It can also help diffuse any situation by making things quieter, not louder. Besides, the more time you spend with your kids, the better you'll get at communicating with them. You're both more likely to understand each other.If your children aren't listening or it seems they only don't listen to you, you don't take it personally. You should remind yourself that your kids are still learning and they're not going to be perfect.1. As a parent, you may know that parenting is an easy job.2. Listening to each other is a good way to stop argument between parents and their kids.回答3. Usually younger kids behave less responsibly than elder children.4. Parents should lower their expectations for their kids.5. Both yelling and whispering can help make things quieter.形考三—Our son has picked up some bad habits recently, and I am really worried about it.—.正确答案是：Cheer up. I believe he will overcome it.—It's raining so heavily outside. I'm terribly anxious about my son's safety.—.正确答案是：Don't worry about him. He will come back safe and sound.Young people ______ 62% of University teaching staff.正确答案是：compriseI want to know________ .正确答案是：what his name isThe birth rate of the country decreases ______ with years.正确答案是：progressively二、阅读理解：正误判断（每题10分）Stopping Yelling At Your KidsParenting is hard. If you're a parent, I'm sure that I don't need to tell you that our job is a tough one. When you're managing children, it can be difficult to remember that they are still learning. If you find you are yelling at your kids more often than you want to, here are some ways that can help you reduce the yelling. I've been working on this for the past few months and I have to say, it's been amazing for both the kids and me.If you are having an argument with your child, you need to make sure you both take the time to really listen. It gives both of you time to think and really listen to each other, which is important.Kids are more likely to listen to you if you listen to them!One of your biggest struggles is to remind yourself of appropriate expectations. You can't expect that your youngest acts as responsibly as your oldest. You should lower what you expect –taking into consideration things like their age –it can make a big difference.You should do your best to take a moment before yelling and take in a deep breath. It makes a world of difference for you. Instead of yelling, you'd better whisper. It can also help diffuse any situation by making things quieter, not louder. Besides, the more time you spend with your kids, the better you'll get at communicating with them. You're both more likely to understand each other.If your children aren't listening or it seems they only don't listen to you, you don't take it personally. You should remind yourself that your kids are still learning and they're not going to be perfect.操作提示：句子正确选择下拉选项框为“T”；句子错误选择下拉选项框为“F”。

EBusinessand-ECommerce精品PPT课件

Potential Benefits of E-Business
More product/service selections Higher Productivity Improved accessibility and convenience Better availability of information Shorter lead time Improved communication Stronger competitive position
• Internal or management-focused – employee
service, training, recruiting, information sharing, etc.
Definition: Electronic Commerce
Any transaction completed over a computer-mediated network that involves the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods siness Rules from E-Business
Customers determine everything. Knowledge and information become more
valuable than physical assets. People want more choices of products and
• Production – procurement, ordering, stock
replenishment, payment processing, production control, etc.

美国各类网站

1.2./美国统计局（统计调查局或普查局）官方网站The Census Bureau Web Site provides on-line access to our data, publications, and products.2、/美国劳工部Official website of Bureau, with news, current data, articles, links and other information about employment, wages, working and the economy.3、/美国商务部的官方网站Service of the US Department of Commerce provides market research and business data.4、/vl=11336507/cl=72/nw=1/rpsv/factbook/OECD的官方网站5、/美国国际贸易委员会6/7/257/2422/17feb20051700//eop/download.html美国总统经济报告历年的的PDF文本下载，以及历年的有关数据下载，绝对权威，非常有用。

7/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2005/2005_NTE_Report/Section_In dex.html美国贸易谈判代表办公室官方网站，每年都有关于贸易壁垒的评估报告，可以下载。

8、http://www.eu.int/comm/trade/issues/bilateral/data.htm欧盟对外贸易数据9、http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/usa/index_en.htm欧盟官方网站，本网页是关于欧盟与美国关系的，有数据可用10、/欧盟驻美国使团官方网站。

有许多有关欧美经贸关系的文章和报道以及报告。

EarlyandMiddleAdulthood

Early and Middle AdulthoodPSY 355Dr. Schuetze MALE FEMALEU.S. AGE STRUCTUREFrom U.S. Census Bureau publication: “Data Base News in Aging” 1999Life Expectancy at Birth, 2001Selected Nations Among the41 Ahead of the United States80.780.179.879.679.679.47978.878.877.175767778798081J a p a n S i n g a p o r e A u s t r a l i a S w i t z e r l a n d S w e d e n C a n a d a I ta l yS pa i n F ra n c e U n it edSt at e sNations Y e a r sEmerging Adulthood •Slower than in past to reach milestonesof adulthood▪Prolonged identitydevelopment•More education•Later career entryVision Changesin Middle Adulthood•Presbyopia —“old eyes”–Lens enlarges, creating farsightedness–Bifocals if nearsighted•Difficulties in dim light•Reduced color discrimination•Glaucoma riskHearing Changesin Middle Adulthood▪Presbycusis —“old hearing”•Earliest, most loss in high frequencies –Gender, cultural differences•Men lose more hearing–Hearing aids can helpSkin Changes inMiddle Adulthood•Wrinkles–Forehead —starting in 30s–Crow’s Feet —40s•Sagging–Face, arms, legs•Age Spots–After age 50•Faster with sun exposure, for womenMuscle–Fat Makeupin Middle Adulthood•Middle-age spread common —fat gain in torso–Men: upper abdomen, back–Women: waist, upper arms•Very gradual muscle declines•Can be avoided–Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables,grains–Exercise -resistance trainingClimacteric and Menopause•Gradual end of fertility–Menopause follows 10-yearclimacteric–Age range extends from latethirties to late fifties•Drop in estrogen–Shorter monthly cycles,eventually stop–Can cause problems•Sexual functioning•CholesterolMenopausal SymptomsResearch shows menopause link ▪Hot flashes/night sweats ▪Sexual problemsNot linked to menopause, other causes should beinvestigated ▪Irritability▪Sleep difficulties ▪DepressionMenopause Symptoms Around the World Hormone Therapy for MenopauseBenefits ▪Reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness ▪May help mood▪Bone benefitsRisks ▪Heart attack, stroke, blood clots ▪Cancer▪Cognitive declines, Alzheimer’sAlternatives ▪Gabapentin for hot flashes ▪Antidepressants▪Black cohoshReactions to Menopause•Individual differences–Importance of child-bearing capacity•Cultural differences–Medicalization in industrial West linkedto complaints–Social status of aging women linked toreactionsMale Reproductive Changesin Middle Adulthood•Reduced sperm and semen after 40•Gradual testosterone reduction–Sexual activity stimulates production▪Erection problems•Frequent problems may be linked to anxiety,diseases, injury, loss of interest•Viagra & other drugsMotor Performance in Adulthood•Athletic skills peak between 20 and 35–Decline gradually until 60s or 70s, then faster▪Continued trainingslows loss•Keep more vital capacity,muscle, response speedAging and Athletic PerformanceSubstance Usein Early Adulthood▪Peaks from 19-22 years, then declines •But up to 20% ages 21-25 are substance abusers –Cigarettes, chewing tobacco–Alcohol•Binge drinking–Drugs•Marijuana•Stimulants•Prescription drugs•Party drugsCigarette Smoking•25% of Americans, 19% of Canadians–Numbers slowly declining–Less with higher education, but many collegestudents smoke–More women smoking–Most smokers start before age 21▪Deadly health risks▪Hard to quit•Most in treatment programs restartAlcohol Abusein Early Adulthood▪13% of men, 3% of women heavy drinkers •About 1/3 of these alcoholics▪Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism •Causes mental, physicalproblems•High social costs•Treatment is difficult–Half relapse in monthsTheories of Changes in Thinking in Early Adulthood •Piaget–postformalthought•Perry–epistemic cognitionCriticisms cont.•Not all reach formal operational stagePostformal thought•Characterized by recognition that:–1) truth may vary from situation to situation –2) solutions must be realistic in order to be reasonable–3) ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception–4) emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking Development of Epistemic Cognition1.Dualistic thinking2.Relativistic thinkingmitment within relativistic thinking▪Challenges▪Opportunities to reflect▪PeersAll help development The College Experience •Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns –Relativistic thinking –Increased self-understanding •Depends on participation in campus life ▪Formative, influential “developmental testing ground”Dropping Out of College•30-50% drop out•Personal factors–Preparation, motivation, skills–Financial problems, low SES •Institutional factors–Little help, community–Cultural disrespectCareer Developmentin Early Adulthood▪Disappointment near start of career common •Many job changes in 20s•Most settle in after evaluation and adjustment •Adjust expectations toopportunities to advance–Fewer opportunities, morework disengagementPeriods ofVocational Development•Fantasy period•Tentative period•Realistic period–Exploration–CrystallizationFactors InfluencingVocational Choice•Personality•Family influences•Teachers•Gender stereotypes•Access to vocationalinformationSocial Clock•Age-graded expectations for lifeevents•Less rigid than in earliergenerations•Following a social clock lendsconfidence, contributes to socialstability•Distress if not following or fallingbehindSelecting a Mate•Physical proximity•Most select partners who are similar •Gender differences–Women: intelligence, ambition, financials,morals–Men: attractiveness, domestic skillsTriangular Theory of Love•Three components:–Intimacy–Passion–Commitment▪Passionate love early; companionate love later •Passion gradually fades while intimacy, commitmentgrow▪Cultural differencesTrends in Marriage•Marrying later•More cohabiting before marriage•Fewer marriages–Staying single, cohabiting, not remarrying–But North Americans still pro-marriage •Legalization of same-sex marriage insome places•More religious and ethnically mixedmarriagesTraditional and Egalitarian MarriagesTraditional •Clear division of roles–Woman: cares forhusband, children,home–Man: head ofhousehold,economic support Egalitarian •Partners relate as equals–Share authority–Balance attentionto jobs, children,home, spouseGender and HouseworkTrends in Having Children•Fewer married couples have children -70%–Mothers’ careers–Divorce•Have first child later•Smaller numbers of children–Average of 2 or fewerTransition to Parenthood •Many profound changes•Roles often become more traditional–Roles get less traditional with secondbirth•Marriage can be strained–Problems before children predictproblems after–Sharing care predicts happiness•Later parenthood eases transition–Couple’s groups, paid leave help, tooOptions in Parenthood •Step Parenting•Single parents–Divorced–Never married•Gay and Lesbian Parents ▪Childlessness •V oluntary •Involuntary Parenting •With adolescents –Brings sharp changes –Challenges: negotiation of roles, dip in marital satisfaction ▪Powerful source of adult development ▪With young children•Best parents work together as coparenting team •Challenges: few social supports; hard to find child careParent Education•Parenting books•Doctors•Social networks–Especially mothers•ClassesSinglehood•Increasing–One-third of males, one-fourth of females–8-10% single for life▪Gender Differences•Women more likely to stay single•More high SES women,low SES men single after 30▪Stressful periods•Late 20s•Mid 30s for womenCohabitation▪Unmarried, sexually intimate, living together ▪Increasing•Can be preparation for marriage–North Americans who cohabitbefore marriage more likely todivorceIncreases in CohabitationDivorce Rates •Stabilized since 1980s•45% U.S., 30% Canadian marriages–About 7% higher for remarriages soon after first marriage▪First seven years, midlifemost common times•Young and adolescentchildren involved Causes and Factors in Divorce •Background factors: Age,religion, prior divorce, family background•SES•Gender roles, expectations ▪Ineffective problem solving ▪Separate lives▪Major problems: Infidelity, money issues, substance abuseConsequences of Divorce ▪Immediate consequences -generally subside in 2 years•Disrupted social networks, support •Increased anxiety, depression, impulsive behavior •Traditional women, noncustodial fathers may have more problems ▪New partner helps satisfaction •More important to menRemarriage After Divorce•Most within four years of divorce–Men sooner than women•Vulnerable to breakup–Reasons for marriage•Often too pragmatic–Carry over negative patterns–View divorce as acceptable resolution–Stepfamily stress•Takes 3-5 years to blend–Education, couples and family counseling can helpChallenges toWomen’s Career Development•Discontinuous employment–Leave for child-rearing, family care–Hinders advancement•Concentration low-paying, low-advancement jobs –Contributes to salary gap▪Low self-efficacy for male-dominated fields▪Gender stereotyping▪Few mentorsWork-Family Balance•Dual-earner marriages dominant family form –Most also parents•Role overload common problem–Especially for women•Workplace supports can help–Time flexibilityGrandparenthood▪Become grandparent average late 40s•Can spend one-third of life▪Highly meaningful to most▪Grandparenting styles vary•Geography, age, gender, SES, ethnicity are factors •Trends in grandparenting–Raising grandchildren–Coping with divorce ofgrandchildren’s parentsMeanings of Grandparenthood•Valued elder•Immortality through descendents •Reinvolvement with personal past •IndulgenceMiddle-Age Children andTheir Aging Parents•More likely than in past to have living parents •Reassess relationships with parents •Proximity increases with age–Move closer or move in together•Children provide more helpto parents–Financial, household aid; caregiving–Helping based on earlier relationshipsCaring for Aging Parents•“Sandwich generation”•Finances, location, gender, culture are factors •Highly stressful–Average 20 hours/week–Often starts suddenly, duration uncertain–Work and costs increase–Hard to witness parent’s decline–Support neededWho is Caring for Aging Parents?Relieving Caregiving Stress•Use effective coping strategies•Seek social support•Use community resources•Get workplace help•Work for helpful publicpolicies。

american population

Analysts at the U.S. Census Bureau have a provocative forecast for America's population in 2050, when today's 25-olds will be knocking on the door of age 65.If projections hold, not only will there be more than TWICE as many people 65-and-over in sheer numbers as there are now, but their percentage of the population will jump from 12 percent today to 21 percent. That means more than one in five Americans at mid-century will be what we call "senior citizens." And if current demographic trends continue, a much greater proportion of the nation's elderly will be Hispanic, African-American and Asian-American.Linda Jacobsen at the Population Reference Bureau, a private outfit that helps make sense of demographic data, helped us sort out the implications:Primarily, she says, in 2050 a whole lot more people 65 and older will be on the job outside the home. In part, that's because many more than today will be well educated and in rosy health, and will simply WANT to keep working.Others won't have a choice, since they won't be able to get Social Security benefits as the eligibility age keeps rising - quite possibly to 70 or beyond by 2050. And as private companies cut costs, generous pension and company-paid retirement accounts will be harder to find as well. Today, women more often than men are the ones who stay home to care for Mom and Dad in their last years - while men contribute money to their elders' care. But in 2050, women will be less available as caregivers, because more of them will also be busy at a workplace somewhere.So, Linda Jacobsen points out, young Americans had better be saving money right now in the increasing likelihood they'll have to care for themselves in their advanced years. But, they can expect plenty more nursing homes and assisted-living centers to choose from.In 2050, Americans who are 65 may be considered "middle-aged." By then, only what demographers today call the "oldest old" - the 85-and-over crowd - will be thought of as truly "old."。

中国各部门、机关的德语翻译

Technik und Industrie für Landesverteidigung
国防科学技术工业委员会
Nur Chinesisch:/
Staatliche Kommission für ethnische Angelegenheiten
Englisch:/english/index.htm
Ministerium für Landwirtschaft
农业部
Chinesisch:/
Englisch:http://202.127.45.180/english/
Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Technologie
科学技术部
Chinesisch:/
Englisch:/English/index.htm
Kommission für Wissenschaft,
国家药品监督管理局
Nur Chinesisch:/
Amt für Angelegenheiten Ausländischer Experten
国家外国专家局
Chinesisch:/
国家文物局
Nur Chinesisch:/
Meeresamt
国家海洋局
Nur Chinesisch:/
Amt für Meteorologie
中国气象句
Chinesisch:/
Büro des Staatsrats
国务院办公厅
(Kein Internetauftritt)
Außenministerium
外文部
Chinesisch: /
Englisch: /eng/default.htm

全球六大通讯社

路透社(Reuters)：路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯社。

1850年由保罗·朱利叶斯·路透(Paul Julius Reuter)在德国亚琛创办，1851年迁址到伦敦。

创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。

1865年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为一家大公司。

路透社名义上是私人企业主所有，实际上受政府控制，是英国的官方喉舌。

路透社新闻报道的主要对象是国外，它的国际新闻紧密配合英国政府的外交活动，它对体育新闻也很重视。

该社的经济新闻主要是商情报告，为英国和西方大企业服务。

美联社：美国联合通讯社（Associated Press）的简称，是由多个成员单位联合组成的合作型通讯社。

第二次世界大战后（1947年）成员范围扩大到广播电台、电视台，而且允许非社员订购稿件，总部设堨美国纽约。

该新闻机构编辑部门有总编室，国际部，对外部，经济新闻部，体育新闻部，图片新闻部，特稿部，广播新闻部，1994年又增设电视部（APTV）工作中心在伦敦，通过亚洲，拉丁美洲，北美和全球服务四条专线，向全世界电视用户提供声像新闻，用6种文字发稿。

法新社：全称为法国新闻社，成立于1944年，是与路透社、美联社和合众社齐名的西方四大世界性通讯社之一。

前身是由夏尔·哈瓦斯于1835年创建的“哈瓦斯通讯社”。

法新社是西方四大通讯社中资格最老的。

英国路透社创办人朱利叶斯·路透，德国沃尔夫通讯社创办人伯恩哈德·沃尔夫都曾在该通讯社工作过并加以仿效创办了自己的通讯社。

第一次世界大战期间，哈瓦斯社的业务迅速发展，仅在巴黎就有工作人员300多人。

第二次世界大战期间，巴黎沦陷，但哈瓦斯社并未停止工作。

1944年8月，巴黎解放，为战争所迫而离开新闻社的工作人员纷纷返回。

后哈瓦斯社与在抵抗运动中成立的几个通讯社合并在哈瓦斯社原址上成立了法新社。

同年9月，法新社以法令的形式获得临时公共机构地位。

China's Population is Aging Rapidly

China's Population is Aging RapidlyFrom the Wall Street Journal BEIJING –China's vast population is aging rapidly, according to the latest census figures released on Thursday, a demographic trend that threatens to sap the country's economic vitality.Some Chinese demographers have seized on the numbers to argue that the government should abandon its one-child policy, put in place in 1980 to deal with a population explosion encouraged by Chairman Mao Zedong.But China's top leaders have declared that they are not prepared to dismantle a policy that has drawn widespread criticism for using forced abortions, sterilizations and other coercive practices. President Hu Jintao on Tuesday told the Communist Party's Central Committee that China will "stick to and improve its current family planning policy and maintain a low birth rate," the official Xinhua news agency reported.According to the National Bureau of Statistics, which surveyed 400 million rural and urban households from November last year, China's population has risen to 1.339 billion from 1.265 billion in 2000, when the last census was carried out. That reflects average annual growth of 0.57% from 2000 to 2010, down from 1.07% in 1990-2000.The new population figure reflects a growth rate of 5.84% over the decade. That compares with a growth rate of 11.66% over the previous decade. People over the age of 60 now account for 13.3% of China's population, compared to 10.33% in 2000. Those over the age of 65 account for nearly 8.9% compared with 7.1% a decade ago.The reserve of future workers is also dwindling. Those under the age of 14 now make up 16.6% of the population from 23% 10 years ago.China's National Population and Family Planning Commission, which oversees the widely reviled one-child policy, says the policy has prevented 400 million births. The government credits it with helping to lift the country out of poverty and underpinning three decades of rapid growth.But Wang Feng, a population expert and director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy in Beijing, said on Thursday that economic growth is now imperiled. Slowing population growth rates endangers the country's massive pool of labor, which has been the country's economic engine."For the national fertility level to be so low, and for so long, is a wake-up call for policymakers that there will be consequences," said Mr. Wang, a member of a group of elite demographers, academics and former officials who have been calling for the one-child policy to be replaced with a two-child policy –and even incentives to have children.Members of the group say that the Chinese labor force is due to start shrinking from 2016. That would throw into reverse a demographic trend that fed China's manufacturing boom and put upward pressure on wages, which islikely to result in higher rates of inflation. The number of workers aged 20-24 is already shrinking.Family planners have justified the one-child policy in previous years by stating that the country's fertility rate -- the average number of children born to each woman -- is 1.8, said Professor Cai Yong, an expert in China's demography at the University of North Carolina.However, the real number, according to calculations from the census data, is significantly lower than the 1.8 level, said Mr. Cai. That would put the fertility rate dangerously below the "replacement rate" of 2.1.At a press briefing on Thursday, the statistics bureau commissioner, Ma Jiantang, acknowledged that the population shifts are stirring up new challenges. "Aging is affecting coastal and developed areas and their labor forces most, but all 31 provinces are affected," he said.The data also show that urban areas are swelling. Nearly half of China's population, or 49.68%, now lives in cities. Around 36% lived in urban areas in 2000.Urbanization adds to the aging problem, as those who migrate to cities are less likely to have children, said Mr. Wang. Birth rates in large cities are lower than in rural areas, he said. Shanghai's fertility rate is less than one child per woman, he said.China's average household count is now 3.1 people, down from 3.44 a decade ago, according to the census data.When it was introduced in 1980, officials said the one-child policy would last for 30 years. But the 30th anniversary came and went last year with no word on when it might be phased out, although the government is considering limited pilot schemes to relax the policy.The growth of China's population has been declining since 1987. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that China's population will peak in 2026, with around 1.4 billion people and that India will overtake China in 2025 as the world's most populous nation.。

中美政府网站对比报告

当然，两国政府网站的完善程度不一致，当然，两国政府网站的完善程度不一致，但还是能根据各自的特点进行相应的网上服务设置，自的特点进行相应的网上服务设置，使政府能更好地实现社会管理。社会管理。
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两国政府网差别原因
中国网站新闻与美国网站便民服务差别的原因：中国网站新闻与美国网站便民服务差别的原因：主要是因为文化传统的不一样：中国自古便有知天下事的主要是因为文化传统的不一样：美名与传统，而对于美国这样一个年轻的国家来说这种传美名与传统，统不能说是不存在，但是至少是很微弱的，美国人向来注统不能说是不存在，但是至少是很微弱的，重时间观念，做事讲究便捷快速。这是这种差别的原因之重时间观念，做事讲究便捷快速。一，而两国官员执政理念的不同也与之有很大的关系，中而两国官员执政理念的不同也与之有很大的关系，国官员一向注重政绩观，这种政绩观有很多时候与所作的国官员一向注重政绩观，实事并没有多大的关系，这与美国人注重实际是有许多的实事并没有多大的关系，不同的，在加上两国国民价值观的不同以及中国传媒注重不同的，的方向也是造成这种差别的因素。的方向也是造成这种差别的因素。两国网站第二种语言的不同美国是一个移民国家。美国是一个移民国家。
风格分析
a.go
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中国美国政府网首页
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两国政府网比较分析
中国政府网提供新闻服务美国政府网没有任何新闻取而代之的是六大服务功能
中国政府网关注的国家进内发生的大事生活细节，美国更关注民生问题生活细节，而today‘s government news则被放在不起眼的位置则被放在不起眼的位置
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census bureau 意思

census bureau 意思英文回答：The United States Census Bureau is a federal agency responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistical data about the population and economy of the United States. The Census Bureau conducts the decennial census, which counts the population of the United States every 10 years, and the American Community Survey, which collects data on social, economic, and housing characteristics of the U.S. population. The Census Bureau also collects data on business and industry, foreign trade, governments, and other topics.The Census Bureau's mission is to provide accurate and timely data to inform decision-making by government officials, businesses, and the public. The data collected by the Census Bureau is used to allocate federal funds, draw congressional and state legislative districts, and inform policy decisions at all levels of government. Thedata is also used by businesses to make decisions about where to locate new facilities and how to market their products and services.The Census Bureau is committed to protecting the confidentiality of the data it collects. The data collected by the Census Bureau is confidential by law, and the Census Bureau takes a number of steps to protect the privacy of respondents. For example, the Census Bureau does not release any data that could be used to identify an individual respondent.The Census Bureau is a vital part of the U.S.statistical system. The data collected by the Census Bureau is used to inform decision-making at all levels of government and by businesses and the public. The Census Bureau is committed to providing accurate and timely data to meet the needs of its users.中文回答：美国人口普查局是一个联邦机构，负责收集、分析和传播有关美国人口和经济的统计数据。

SED 美国出口申报单

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE – Economics and Statistics Administration – U.S. CENSUS BUREAU – BUREAU OF EXPORT ADMINISTRATION
FORM
7525-V(7-18-2003)
SHIPPER’S EXPORT DECLARATION
5a. FORWARDING AGENT (Complete name and address)
5b. FORWARDING AGENT’S EIN (IRS) NO. 8. LOADING PIER (Vessel only) 9. METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION (Specify)
OMB No. 0607-0152
1a. U.S. PRINCIPAL PARTY IN INTEREST (USPPI)(Complete name and address) 2. DATE OF EXPORTATION 3. TRANSPORTATION REFERENCE NO.
ZIP CODE
Clear Fields 27 to 31
Clear all fields
Signature
Confidential – Shipper’s Export Declarations (or any successor document) wherever located, shall be exempt from public disclosure unless the Secretary determines that such exemption would be contrary to the national interest (Title 13, Chapter 9, Section 301 (g)). Export shipments are subject to inspection by U.S. Customs Service and/or Office of Export Enforcement.

美国路透中文网

美国路透中文网美国路透中文网（Reuters Chinese）是一家专门提供全球经济、政治、科技、文化和体育新闻报道的在线新闻网站。

路透社（Reuters）是世界上最大的国际通讯社之一，总部位于伦敦，成立于1851年。

其中文网站的成立旨在向中文读者提供及时、准确、全面的国际新闻报道，以加深国际交流和促进全球化。

美国路透中文网主要提供来自全球范围内的新闻报道，包括美国和其他国家的政治、经济、科技、文化和体育等方面的新闻。

作为一家国际通讯社，路透社以其独立中立的立场在全球范围内享有很高的信誉。

美国路透中文网通过独立的新闻采编团队，在第一时间向读者传递全球重要事件的最新进展。

在政治方面，美国是世界上最强大的国家之一。

美国路透中文网通过对美国政府、国会和总统选举等事件的报道，让中文读者更好地了解美国政治体系的运作，以及美国在国际政治舞台上的角色。

从特朗普时期到拜登政府的上台，美国路透中文网一直紧密地跟踪报道美国政治的变迁与发展。

在经济方面，美国是全球最大的经济体之一，其经济决策和动态对全球经济都有深远影响。

美国路透中文网通过对美国经济数据、股市行情、企业新闻以及财经评论的报道，为中文读者提供及时的经济信息和分析。

无论是关注美国国内经济的变化，还是追踪全球经济形势的发展，读者都可以在美国路透中文网找到相关的报道和分析。

科技是现代社会的重要驱动力之一，对于全球科技发展的报道也是美国路透中文网的重点。

美国是全球科技创新的中心之一，许多领先的科技公司和创业企业都来自美国。

美国路透中文网通过对科技行业的报道，让中文读者了解最新的科技趋势和创新成果。

无论是人工智能、云计算、大数据还是生物技术，读者都可以在美国路透中文网找到相关的新闻和报道。

除了政治、经济和科技，美国路透中文网还关注文化和体育等领域的新闻报道。

美国拥有世界上最发达的文化产业和体育产业，影响着全球的文化和娱乐消费。

美国路透中文网通过对文化艺术、电影音乐、体育赛事等方面的报道，让中文读者深入了解美国的文化和体育现象。

acs标准

ACS标准简介ACS标准（American Community Survey）是美国人口普查局（U.S. Census Bureau）进行的一项重要调查，旨在跟踪和了解美国社区的社会、经济和住房情况。

该调查采用随机抽样方法，涵盖了全美各地的市镇、县区和郡。

ACS标准自2005年开始实施，目前已成为衡量美国社会发展和政策制定的重要依据之一。

背景1.美国人口普查局简介–成立背景–职责和使命–数据来源和使用方式2.ACS标准的重要性–弥补数据滞后性–支持决策制定–提供社会经济描绘ACS标准的调查方法1.问卷设计–内容结构–问题选择和权重–数据可靠性和准确性2.抽样方法–地域抽样–个人抽样–数据覆盖和全国代表性3.调查工具和技术–邮寄调查–网络调查–访谈调查ACS标准的应用领域1.政府规划和决策–城市规划–社会福利政策–教育资源分配2.商业智能和市场分析–潜在客户调研–市场细分和定位–销售趋势预测3.学术研究和社会科学–人口迁移和流动性–经济增长和社会不平等–教育和就业趋势分析ACS标准的数据分析工具1.数据处理和清洗–缺失值处理–数据代码转换–数据匹配和整合2.数据可视化–条形图和饼图–散点图和折线图–地图和空间分析3.数据建模和预测–回归分析–聚类分析–时间序列预测ACS标准的未来发展1.数据更新和频率提高–数据滞后问题–实时调查技术–敏感性数据保护2.跨领域数据整合–跨部门数据共享–数据安全和隐私保护–多源数据整合和应用3.国际合作和标准统一–各国数据比较和参考–数据共享和交换–数据标准和质量管理结论ACS标准作为美国的重要社会经济调查之一，为政府、企业和学术界提供了丰富的数据资源和分析工具。

通过持续更新和改进，ACS标准将进一步适应多领域需求，并为更精确的决策制定和社会发展提供支持。

同时，国际合作和标准统一也将促进全球数据间的比较和共享，推动全球社会经济发展的可持续性。

Spendingpatterns...

P R I C E S A N D S P E N D I N GU.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS DECEMBER 2013 • VOLUME 2 / NUMBER 26Spending patterns of families receiving means-tested government assistanceAuthors: Ann C. Foster and William R. HawkGovernment means-tested assistance programs, such as Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income (SSI), provide cash and noncash benefits to many low-income families. In 2009, 19.0 percent of U.S. families, on average, participated in at least one major means-tested program per month. Participation rates were highest for one-parent families headed by women, 46.3 percent, compared with 26.5 percent for one-parent families headed by men and 12.3 percent for married-couple families.1This article uses data from the 2011 Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey to examine the spending patterns of families receiving benefits from one or more government means-tested assistance programs.2 Families with children under 18 are the focus of this research, because the poverty rate for children under 18 was highest for this group, at 21.9 percent in 2011, comparedRelated articlesMore BLS articles and information related to public assistance are available online at the following:y The Supplemental Poverty Measure: A Joint Project between the CensusBureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, /pir/spm/spm_pap_ joint12.pdf y “Spending patterns of public-assisted families,” /opub/mlr/ 2000/05/art2full.pdf y “Spending patterns of families receiving public assistance,” / opub/mlr/1996/04/art3full.pdfwith 13.7 percent for people age 18 to 64 and 8.7 percent for people age 65 and older.3Findings show that:y Average total expenditures of families receiving means-tested assistance were less than half those offamilies not receiving assistance.y For families receiving assistance, food, housing, and transportation accounted for 77.0 percent of the family budget, compared with 65.5 percent of the budget of families not receiving assistance.y Among one-parent families receiving assistance, 36.8 percent did not own a car, compared with 3.0 percent of families not receiving assistance and 9.7 percent of two-parent families receiving assistance.Scope of analysisThe sample used in this analysis consisted of families with at least one child under 18.4 Families receiving assistance were compared with families not receiving assistance; demographic characteristics, as well as spending patterns, were examined.Additional analysis of families receiving assistance was made by comparing single-parent and dual-parent families. The benefit programs in which sample families participated include housing assistance (provisionof public housing and housing subsidy payments); Medicaid, the joint federal-state program that paysfor medical care for low-income persons; and public assistance (cash assistance from state and local government welfare programs, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and short-term emergency help). Also included are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the SSI program that provides monthly benefits to disabled adults and children, and to those 65 and older who have limited income and assets but are not disabled. Participationin any of these programs is determined by information provided by survey respondents.FindingsUnless otherwise indicated, all findings are statistically significant.Demographic characteristics Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) data show that in 2011,5 there were 27.1 million families in the United States withat least one child under 18 years old.6 About 24 percentof families with children under 18 received government means-tested assistance benefits. Among families receiving assistance, 51.6 percent were one-parent families, and 48.4 percent were two-parent families. Average family size was the same (3.7 persons), whether or not a family received assistance. Among families receiving assistance, however, one-parent families averaged 3.1 persons, compared with 4.4 for two-parent families. (See table 1.)Families not receiving assistance averaged 1.7 earners per household, compared with 0.8 for one-parent families receiving assistance and 1.4 for two-parent families receiving assistance.More than 86 percent of the sampled families had a reference person who was White, Asian, or all other (than Black or African-American, in this case) races. This proportion ranged from 55.8 percent of one-parent families receiving assistance to 90.8 percent of families not receiving assistance. Nearly 14 percent of all families had a reference person who was Black or African-American. This proportion ranged from 9.2 percent of families not receiving assistance to 44.2 percent of one-parent families receiving assistance. (See table 1 and chart 1.) The reference person was Hispanic or Latino in 16.8 percent of families with children under 18, with a rangeof 12.9 percent of families not receiving assistance to 40.5 percent of two-parent families receiving assistance. (See table 1 and chart 2.) Among one-parent families receiving assistance, female household heads predominated (93.2 percent, compared with 6.8 percent headed by men).7In all families with children under 18, 11.2 percent had a reference person with less than a high school education. This proportion ranged from 6.1 percent of families not receiving assistance to 31.9 percent of two-parent families receiving assistance. In families not receiving assistance, 43.4 percent had a reference person with a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 7.4 percent of one-parent families and 11.1 percent of two-parent families receiving assistance. (See table 1 and chart 3.)Chart 2Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey.About 76 percent of families not receiving assistance were homeowners, compared with 24 percent of such families who were renters. The situation was reversed among families receiving assistance, with 26.5 percent homeowners and 73.5 percent renters. Two-parent families receiving assistance were more likely (36.5 percent) to be homeowners than one-parent families (17.1 percent). Participation in means-tested assistance programsAmong families receiving government means-tested assistance, Medicaid was the program with the highest participation rate (69.7 percent). (See table 2.)8SNAP benefits were reported by 60.9 percent of families receiving assistance. A greater proportion of one-parent families received SNAP benefits (72.2 percent, compared with 48.9 percent of two-parent families). For families with SNAP benefits, the average amount received was $2,702; one-parent families received an average of $2,758, not statistically different from the $2,615 received by two-parent families.9 Nearly 26 percent of families received housing assistance; one-parent families had a participation rate of 41 percent, compared with almost 10 percent for two-parent families.10A small proportion (12.5 percent) of families receivedSSI benefits. One-parent families received SSI benefits averaging $5,998, not statistically different from the $8,402 received by two-parent families.11Public Assistance had the lowest participation rate (10.7 percent), and the average benefit received was $2,713. Participation, however, was 15.7 percent for one-parent families, compared with 5.1 percent for two-parent families. Benefits averaged $2,666 for one-parent families and $2,867 for two-parent families, but these differences were not statistically significant.12Spending patternsIn 2011, total expenditures were more than twice as high for families not receiving assistance, $66,525, compared with $30,582 for families receiving assistance. Total expenditures for one-parent families receiving assistance were $24,780, roughly two-thirds of the $36,756 spent by two-parent families receiving assistance. Food, housing, and transportation accounted for the greatest proportion of the budget of all families. These three categories made up 65.5 percent of the total budget of families not receiving assistance, compared with 79.7 percent for one-Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey.1. Means-tested programs are those that require an individual or family’s income and/or assets fall below specified thresholds toqualify for benefits.The 2009 data are from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), which examined participation in the following major means-tested programs: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), General Assistance (GA), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Medicaid, and housing assistance. For moreinformation, see Jeongsoo Kim, Shelley K. Irving, and Tracy A. Loveless, “Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation in Government Programs, 2004 to 2007 and 2009: Who Gets Assistance?” Current Population Reports, P70-130 (U.S. Census Bureau, July 2012), /prod/2012pubs/p70-130.pdf.2. A more detailed description of the Consumer Expenditure Surveys can be found in the BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 16,”Consumer Expenditures and Income,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, /opub/hom/pdf/homch16.pdf.3. None of these figures was statistically different from 2010 estimates. In 2011, the poverty rate among families and thenumber of families in poverty were 11.8 percent and 9.5 million, respectively, both not statistically different from the2010 estimates. See Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, “Income, Poverty, and HealthInsurance Coverage in the United States: 2011,” Current Population Reports, P60-243 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2012), /prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf.4. In the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE), the consumer unit is the entity for which expenditure reports are collected.Consumer units include families, single persons living alone or sharing a household with others but who are financially independent, and two or more persons living together, who share expenses. For more information, see the BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 16, ”Consumer Expenditures and Income,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, /opub/hom/homch16.htm.This analysis is limited to families with own children under 18, who currently live with the reference person. “Own children” in a family are sons and daughters, including stepchildren and adopted children, of the reference person.5. This analysis uses data from the 2011 collection year, which, because of the rotating panel design of the Consumer ExpenditureInterview Survey, is different from the calendar year. For example, data for the first quarter of calendar year 2011 were collected in January, February, and March. Respondents interviewed in January were asked to recall expenditures made since the first of the month, 3 months prior to the interview, resulting in a reference period between October 1, 2010, and December 31, 2010. Similarly, respondents interviewed in February had a reference period from November 1, 2010, to January 31, 2011.This means that respondents who were interviewed in January were also interviewed in April, July, and October, and would have provided 4 quarters of data in collection year 2011. However, the data would cover a combined period from October 1, 2010, to September 30, 2011, the last 3 months of calendar year 2010, and the first 9 months of calendar year 2011. For more information, see “Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey, Public Use Microdata, 2011 User’s Documentation,” September 25, 2012, /cex/2011/csxintvw.pdf.6. These families accounted for about 22 percent of the consumer units represented in the survey.7. The reference person is the first household member mentioned by the respondent when asked to “Start with the name of theperson or one of the persons who owns or rents the home.” It is with respect to this person that the relationship of the other consumer unit members is determined. In two-parent families, the reference person can be male or female. In one-parent families, the gender of the reference person is usually that of the sole parent.8. Medicaid, the largest public health insurance program in the United States, covered nearly 63 million low-income personsin fiscal year 2009. The largest proportion (49 percent) was nondisabled children under 19 who received an average benefit of $2,313. Nondisabled adults under 65 (mostly working parents) made up a quarter of beneficiaries receiving an average benefit of $2,926, while those 65 and over made up 10 percent of beneficiaries and received an average benefit of $13,186.The disabled, which include adults under 65 and children under 19, accounted for 15 percent of beneficiaries, with an average benefit received of $15,453. The 9.3 million disabled recipients were made up of 1.5 million children and 7.8 million adults under 65. For more information, see the fact sheet, “The Medicaid Program at a Glance,” The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, March 4, 2013, /medicaid/upload/7235-05.pdf.9. SNAP is the largest of the 15 domestic food and nutrition assistance programs administered by the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. In Fiscal Year 2011, 44.7 million people received SNAP benefits. Theaverage monthly benefit for single-parent families was $395, compared with $484 for two-parent families. Takingfamily size into account, the average monthly benefit per person was $136 for single-parent families and $113for two-parent families. For more information, see “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance ProgramHouseholds: Fiscal Year 2011” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, November 2012),/sites/default/files/2011Characteristics.pdf.10. In 2009, average monthly participation in housing assistance programs was 10.1 million people (4.1 percent of the U.S.population). Participation was 1.1 percent for married-couple families, compared with 15 percent for female-headedsingle-parent families and 3.1 percent for male-headed single-parent families. For more information, see JeongsooKim, Shelley K. Irving, and Tracy A. Loveless, “Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation in Government Programs, 2004 to 2007 and 2009: Who Gets Assistance?,” Current Population Reports, P70-130 (U.S. Census Bureau, July 2012),/prod/2012pubs/p70-130.pdf.11. In December 2011, 8.3 million people received SSI benefits. Of these recipients, 15.9 percent were under age 18, 58.9percent were 18 to 64, and the remaining 25.2 percent were 65 and older. The average monthly benefit was $519,ranging from $417 for those 65 and older to $621 for those under 18; recipients 18 to 64 had an average monthlybenefit of $536. For more information, see “SSI Monthly Statistics, 2011” (Social Security Administration, January 2013),/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_monthly/2011/index.html.12. In Fiscal Year 2010, 1.8 million families received TANF benefits averaging $392 per month. Average monthlybenefits ranged from $327 for families with one child to $594 for families with four or more children. Formore information, see “Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients, Fiscal Year 2010”(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, August 8, 2012),/programs/ofa/resource/character/fy2010/fy2010-chap10-ys-final.13. Although SNAP benefits are not included in computing poverty statistics, the value of SNAP benefits is included as income inthe CE. When requesting information on food purchases, the CE does not ask whether these purchases were made with cash or SNAP benefits.Monthly income is the most important determinant of a family’s or household’s eligibility for SNAP benefits. Adetailed process is involved in computing the net income used to determine eligibility, with standards varyingsomewhat by state. For more information, see “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance ProgramHouseholds: Fiscal Year 2011” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, November 2012),/sites/default/files/2011Characteristics.pdf.14. A discussion of basic necessities may be found in Kathleen S. Short and Thesia I. Garner, “The SupplementalPoverty Measure, A Joint Project between the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics,” June 8, 2012,/pir/spm/spm_pap_joint12.pdf.15. The other expenses category is comprised of outlays on alcoholic beverages, cash contributions, education, personal care,reading, tobacco, and miscellaneous expenses, such as funeral expenses, legal fees, and safe deposit box rental. For more information, see Consumer Expenditure Survey, Glossary, Bureau of Labor Statistics, /cex/csxgloss.htm.。

美国的民族_种族政策及其启示.pdf

美国的民族/种族政策及其启示楚树龙李扬［内容提要］美国是当今世界最大的由移民构成的多民族、多种族国家，经过建国后200多年的演变，美国已经形成了以“融合”为核心、以法律面前各民族/种族平等为准绳、以鼓励国内流动和交融为手段，并坚定反对种族隔离、种族歧视和民族分裂的民族/种族政策。

美国的民族/种族政策对中国具有一定的借鉴意义。

中国的民族政策要继续坚持以法律为准绳、鼓励各民族交融、保障各民族平等，并统筹兼顾民族交融过程中“一体性”与“多样性”的平衡。

［关键词］美国民族/种族政策移民中国［作者介绍］楚树龙，清华大学公共管理学院国际战略与发展研究所副所长、教授，主要从事国际战略、美国政治与外交、中美关系、中国外交战略研究；李扬，清华大学公共管理学院国际战略与发展研究所博士生，主要从事国际战略、中美能源政治、能源战略研究。

当今世界很多国家是多民族国家，世界大国几乎全都是多民族国家。

国家统一、民族融合是所有多民族国家的理想和目标，但世界各国在实现这一理想和目标方面所采用的途径和模式不尽相同，效果也不一样。

在大国中，苏联/俄罗斯采取的是“自治模式”、甚至是在国内设立“加盟共和国”这种名义上的“国中之国”模式，以显示少数民族同等的权利和地位，但效果并不理想；美国采取的是“熔炉”、“融合”模式，国内不设任何“加盟国”或“自治州”，而是通过联邦制实现联邦与地方的分权、分治，强调所有公民的“个人自治”而不仅仅是“区域自治”。

美国建国200多年来，尽管也存在长期的种族/民族之间的紧张关系和种族歧视，甚至曾发生内战，但美国的“融合模式”在维护国家统一和认同方面是成功的，最终基本实现了民族/种族团结融合的目标。

其经验与教训值得探讨与借鉴。

一、美国的民族/种族构成及历史演变美国国内并无“民族”划分，与之相对应的概念是“种族”（racial/ethnic group），也有研究称之为“族裔”。

美国人口统计局（U．S．Census Bureau）从社会意义和社会贡献角度来区分，而不是从生物物种、基因或人类学角度定义“种族”（race）。

PopulationofInterest

2009 State Government Finances MethodologyThe U.S. Census Bureau sponsors and conducts this Census of State Governments as authorized by Title 13, United States Code, Section 161 and 182.This recurring survey primarily deals with the finances of the state governments and is also a supplement of the Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. The survey covers the fifty state governments as well as all dependent state-level governmental entities.This survey methodology contains information on the data collected for fiscal year 2009. Population of InterestThe data cover the 50 state governments only. No local government data are included and should not be interpreted as state-area data (state government plus local government finances combined).The state government finance data presented by the U.S. Census Bureau may differ from data published by state governments because the Census Bureau may be using a different definition of which organizations are covered under the term, “state government.”For the purpose of Census Bureau statistics, the term “state government” refers not only to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of a given state, but it also includes agencies, institutions, commissions, and public authorities that operate separately or somewhat autonomously from the central state government but where the state government maintains administrative or fiscal control over their activities.For further information on the definition and organization of government from 2009, seeChapter 1 of the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual and the 2007 Census of Governments.Content of the SurveyThe Annual Survey of State Government Finances provides a comprehensive summary of the annual survey findings for all state governments, as well as data for individual states. The tables contain detail of revenue by type, expenditure by object and function, indebtedness by term at end of fiscal year, and cash and security holdings.Revenues:Revenues comprise all money received by a government from external sources (that is, originating from "outside the government"). Statistics on state government finance include measurement of revenues by type (e.g., sales taxes, income taxes, intergovernmental revenues). For states that operate video lottery terminals, total income includes net revenue from the video lottery. Revenue does not include money a government has borrowed, although profits from the sale of cash and securities as well as proceeds from the sale of fixed assets are classified as revenues. For further information on1Revenues, see Chapter 4 of the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual. Expenditures:Expenditures comprise all amounts of money paid out by a government during its fiscal year, with some exceptions. Statistics on state government finance include measurement of expenditures by character (e.g., current operations, capital outlay, intergovernmental expenditures, and so on) and function (e.g., education, health, public welfare, natural resources, and so on). Expenditure does not include a government's payment of its debt, or purchases of investment securities, loans it has granted, agency or private trust transactions, nor correcting transactions. For further information on Expenditures, see Chapter 5 of the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual. Indebtedness:Statistics on state government finance include measurement of indebtedness (including both public debt for unspecified purposes and public debt for private purposes). Indebtedness also includes all interest-bearing obligations (both short-term and long-term) incurred in the name of the government and its dependent agencies. For short-term debt, statistics reflect amounts at the beginning and end of the government fiscal year only. For long-term debt, debt outstanding is measured at the beginning and at the close of the fiscal year, and all debt issued and retired transactions are measured, regardless of when they occurred during the fiscal year. For further information on Indebtedness, see Chapter 6 of the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual.Cash and Securities:Cash and Securities comprise assets that are held by a government in the form of cash, and investment securities. Statistics on state government finance include measurement of cash and security holdings (including both public and private securities). This includes cash on hand, demand or time deposits, savings accounts, government and private securities (bonds, notes, mortgages, corporate stocks, etc), and loans and other credit paper held by government loan and investment funds. This category covers cash and security holdings of all accounting funds of a government other than intragovernmental service, agency, and private trust funds. The value of cash and securities is reported as of the last day of the government’s fiscal year. For further information on Cash and Securities, see Chapter 7 of the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual.Additional information:Although state government financial statistics are developed from administrative records provided to the Census Bureau, in some instances the amount of detail available in these records is inadequate for the Census Bureau’s classification methodology. As a result we conduct a special mailing to obtain additional details from state agencies and the insurance trust systems (e.g., workers compensation funds and other insurance trusts). These additional data are collected via two questionnaires (viz., F-13 and F-25).As a part of the Public Employee Retirement Survey, we collect and process data on the state government public employee retirement systems. These data are then merged with general statistics on state government finances to provide complete statistics on state government finances that are2presented here. Information on state government public employee-retirement systems are collected via the finances that are presented here. Information on state government public employee-retirement systems are collected via the F–12 form, when we do not receive a form, Census Bureau employees compile the data from retirement system financial statements.The Census Bureau presents the government finances data in terms of uniform categories. Financial items of the same kind are merged. For example, expenditure amounts for a similar purpose are combined, regardless of the number of government funds involved. To view the most common aggregate finance categories that are used in tables and special tabulations, see Chapter 13 of the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual, entitled “Methodology for Summary Tabulations”.Limitations to DataThe financial data are limited to coverage of state governments and provide no measure of local government finances.Use caution in attempting to draw conclusions from direct comparisons of financial amounts for individual state governments. Some states directly administer activities that elsewhere are undertaken by local governments, with or without state fiscal aid. The share of government sector financial totals contributed by a state government, therefore, differs materially from one state to another. Financial amounts presented are statistical in nature and do not represent an accounting statement. Consequently, the Census Bureau statistics on government finance cannot be used as financial statements, or to measure a government’s fiscal condition. For instance, the difference between a government’s total revenue and total expenditure cannot be construed to be a ‘surplus’ or ‘deficit’. There are several reasons why these survey data are not suitable for measuring the financial condition of a government, any of its sectors, or any of its dependent agencies:•The Census Bureau intentionally excludes several important accounting measures from its statistics. One example involves public employee retirement systems, which exclude measures of future liability, future revenue streams, and all related measures of future solvency (such as the potential amount of unfunded liabilities). These cannot be calculated from Census Bureau statistics.•The Census Bureau program develops these data to measure the economic activity of state (and local) governments in general. The definitions used in Census Bureau statistics about governments can vary considerably from definitions applied in standard accounting reports.•Definitional differences can include those of coverage (what constitutes a government entity), functional activity, financial transaction (revenue, expenditure, indebtedness, and asset), or measurement (cash versus accrual accounting, or asset valuation procedures).•Census Bureau data include the operations of dependent agencies whose finances are reported outside those of the parent government.Additionally, as a result of Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) the non-government security categories of corporate bonds and corporate stocks are reported at fair market value. Thus any unrealized gains or losses can impact the overall revenues of Census Bureau statistics for a particular government unit. As such users should consider market variations when3examining revenues and assets.For further information regarding the statistical nature of these data please consult Chapter 3: The Foundation for Government Financial Statistics; Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual – 2006.The statistics reflect state government fiscal years that end on June 30, except for four states with other ending dates: Alabama and Michigan (September 30), New York (March 31), and Texas (August 31).For further information on what is measured and how data are classified please consult the2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual.Data CollectionData collected for the Annual Survey of State Government Finances are public record and are not confidential, as authorized by Title 13, United States Code, Section 9.The following are important dates in the data collection process for fiscal year 2009:October 2009 Initial mail-out requesting source materialsJanuary 2010 Non-response follow-up beginsSeptember – December 2010 Completion of data compilation and editingMost of the data in this report were gathered by a mail canvass of appropriate state government offices that are directly involved with state finances. The fifty state governments provide most of the data from central accounting systems for all or most of their agencies. In many cases, this is performed electronically, using data files provided by the government. Data for other state-level entities, such as state institutions, commissions, component units, public authorities, and other state-level dependent government organizations were obtained from financial records of those individual entities. U.S. Census Bureau employees compile statistics on state government indebtedness and cash and security holdings from state governments’ Comprehensive Annual Financial Repo rts (CAFRs) and the financial statements of their dependent entities. Supplemental information may also be collected through the F-13 or F-25 survey forms. Statistics on state government public employee retirement systems are collected and processed by the Public Employee-Retirement Survey. Statistics on state government tax collections are collected by the State Government Tax Collections Survey. These data are then merged with general statistics on state government finances to provide complete statistics on state government finances that are presented here.4Data ProcessingEditing:Editing is a process that tries to ensure the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of survey data. Efforts are made at all phases of collection, processing, and tabulation to minimize reporting, keying, and processing errors.Fifty state governments provide the Census Bureau with administrative records from their central accounting system. These administrative records are unique to each state as each state is legally organized differently from every other state and as such each state has a unique organizational and accounting structure. It is the responsibility of Census Bureau employees to classify the different accounting and organizational structures into uniform functional categories so that entities with different methods of government accounting can be presented on a comparable basis. The administrative records represent the core, or central, state government and are limited to revenues and expenditures. Census Bureau employees compile statistics on state government revenues and expenditures from these administrative records, according to the Census Bureau’s classification methodology as outlined in the 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual. Imputation:Although every effort is made to obtain financial information from all state government entities, financial statements may not be available at the time the Census Bureau closes the processing, or governmental entities may not respond to our requests. As a result we use the unadjusted prior year data for these supplemental units until a response can be obtained. As such, the data are subject to revisions each year. For those items where we do not have enough detail to separate a single activity into two or more functional categories we develop an allocation for these items based on that state’s prior year information.Tabulation:After the data were edited and imputed, the survey data were aggregated to yield the viewable and downloadable files that are available on the website.To view the most common aggregate finance categories that are used in tables and special tabulations, see Chapter 13 of the Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual, entitled Methodology for Summary Tabulations.Revisions to Prior Years:The State Government Finance Survey released data for the fiscal year 2009 on January 5, 2011. Users should note that this release does not include revisions to prior year’s data. Since the State Government Finance Survey is part of the State and Local Government Finance Survey any revisions to prior years state data will be released in conjunction with the state and local data. Accordingly, revisions to FY 2007 and 2008 will be released after the dissemination of the 2009 State and Local Government Finances scheduled for the summer of 2011. In the mean time, users of the state government statistics should use caution when making year-to-year comparisons for the period5between 2007 and 2009.Survey QualitySampling Error:These data are not subject to sampling error because this is a complete enumeration of all 50 state governments.Nonsampling Error:Despite efforts made in all phases of collection, processing, and tabulation to minimize errors, the survey is subject to non-sampling errors such as the inability to obtain data for every variable for all units, inaccuracies in classification, mistakes in keying and coding, and coverage errors.While the data records are ultimately from state government sources, the classification of finances among the different categories is entirely the responsibility of the Census Bureau. Therefore, classification might not reflect the actual classification or presentation as requested by the various state government respondents.Response Rate:The overall unit response rate for the Annual Survey of State Government Finances was 98.0 percent.49 of the 50 state governments responded to the survey’s request for administrative records, the core source materials for these statistics. The state of Tennessee was unable to provide their 2009 finance data. Unit response rates are measured based on the response of the central government to Census Bureau data requests. Although some state-level dependent entities may not have responded to the Census Bureau’s request for financial statements, they are all part of a single unit of measure (i.e., the state government).6。

2009美国统计年鉴

New TablesTable numberPagenumber Sec.1.POPULATION (1)45Refugee Arrivals and Individuals Granted Asylum by Country of Nationality:2005to2007 (45)72Group Quarters Population by Type of Group Quarter and Selected Character-istics:2006 (58)74Religious Composition of U.S.Population:2007 (59)Sec.2.BIRTHS,DEATHS,MARRIAGES,AND DIVORCES (61)88Infants Who Were Ever Breastfed by Maternal Age and Race-Ethnicity:1999−2006 (68)96Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART)Procedures:2000to2005 (72)99Abortions—Number and Rate by State:2000to2005 (73)Sec.3.HEALTH AND NUTRITION (93)155Osteopathic Physicians:2001to2008 (109)180Children and Youth With Disabilities Served by Selected Programs:1995to2006 (121)181Children Under18Years of Age Receiving Special Education or Early Interven-tion Services:2006 (122)CATION (137)240Public Schools Using Selected Safety and Security Measures,by School Char-acteristics:2000to2006 (156)256Percentage of Students Participating in After-School Activities,by SchoolActivity and Student Characteristics:2005 (165)257Percentage of Students Participating in Weekly Nonparental After-School CareArrangements,by Activities,Arrangement Type,and Student Characteris-tics:2005 (165)W ENFORCEMENT,COURTS,AND PRISONS (185)332Detainees Under the Jurisdiction of the Bureau of Immigration and CustomsEnforcement(ICE):2000to2006 (206)SEC.6.GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT (211)345U.S.-Canada and U.S.-Mexico Border Lengths (214)346Coastline and Shoreline of the United States by State (214)347Largest Lakes in the United States (215)SEC.8.STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES AND EMPLOY-MENT (257)423State and Local Governments—T otal Revenue and Expenditures by State:2000to2005 (269)SEC10.NATIONAL SECURITY AND VETERANS AFFAIRS (321)497Military Retirement System:2007 (330)xi U.S.Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States:2009SEC.11.SOCIAL INSURANCE AND HUMAN SERVICES (339)519Selected Payments to Individuals by Function:1960to2006 (342)536Characteristics of U.S.Households Owning IRAs:2007 (352)537Percent Distribution of Assets in IRAs,by Type of IRA:2007 (353)BOR FORCE,EMPLOYMENT,AND EARNINGS (365)616Employed Adults in Selected Work-Related Formal Learning Activities by Form of Employer Support:2004–2005 (404)630Labor Force Violations:2003to2007 (413)SEC.14.PRICES (461)719Import and Export Price Indexes by End-Use Category:1990to2007 (479)SEC.16.SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (509)776Academic and Industrial Research and Development(R&D)Performed byState:2005 (514)783Science and Engineering(S&E)Doctorates by State:2005and2006 (516)784Scientists and Engineers by Selected Demographic Characteristics:2006 (517)787Employment and Earnings in Science&Engineering(S&E)Occupations byIndustry:2006 (518)SEC.18.NATURAL RESOURCES (541)855Marketable Aquaculture Sales by Species:2005 (550)856Sales of Aquaculture Products by Type,by State:2005 (550)870Supply,Disposition,and Ending Stocks of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products:2006 (557)SEC.20.CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING (585)944Homeownership and Rental Vacancy Rates by State:2007 (600)945Homeownership and Rental Vacancy Rates by Metropolitan Area:2007 (600)RMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS (691)1111Average Annual Telephone Service Expenditures by All Consumer Units:2001 to2006 (706)1118Household Internet Usage In and Outside of the Home,by Selected Character-istics:2007 (709)1119Household Internet Usage by Type of Internet Connection and State:2007 (710)1124Online News Consumption,by Selected Characteristics:2000to2008 (712)SEC.25.BANKING,FINANCE,AND INSURANCE (713)1144Noncash Payments by Method of Payment and ATM Cash Withdrawals:2003and2006 (723)SEC.26.ARTS,RECREATION,AND TRAVEL (741)1197T otal State Arts Agency Legislative Appropriations:2007to2008 (746)1217Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation Activities:2006 (757)1226Chain-Type Price Indexes for Direct T ourism Output:1998to2007 (760)SEC.29.PUERTO RICO AND THE ISLAND AREAS (797)1278Tenure by Household Type in Puerto Rico:2006 (800)1279Selected Social,Demographic,and Housing Characteristics in Puerto Rico:2006 (800)xii New TablesU.S.Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States:2009SEC.30.INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS (803)1306Real GDP per Capita and per Employed Persons,by Country:1980to2006 (826)1313Indexes of Living Costs Abroad:2008 (830)1316Percent of Women in National Parliaments by Country:2008 (832)1347Research and Development(R&D)Expenditures,by Country (847)1356Household Expenditure on Recreation and Culture as a Percentage of GDP:1970to2006 (854)1357Development Assistance,by Country:2005and2006 (854)New Tables xiii U.S.Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States:2009。

美国政府官方网站入口

美国政府官方网站入口/global/executive/fed.html (可进入美各政府网站)美国商务部商务部国际贸易局美国联邦贸易委员会美国贸易发展局美国人口普查局美国小企业管理局美国商业顾问美国国税局美国环保署美国烟酒管理局美国农业部美国交通部美国消费安全委员会美国食品药物管理局美中贸易委员会美国海关美国驻华使馆主要商协会美国商会美国中国商会 / 国际贸易协会 (国际贸易进出口网站, 有北美30万家企业名录)世界贸易中心协会 (可查询全球贸易机会及连结至各国世贸易心。

)国际大型零售商协会- International Mass Retail Association （所属会员每年营业额达四千亿美元以上，可线上查询会员资料、消费行为调查报告、国际会议等有关资料。

）(/content/default.asp?folder=home&file=rila_home.ht m)美国供应商协会- American Supply Association (ASA)()美国采购商协会- National Association of Purchasing Management （提供超过四万名会员采购相关训练及市场研究资料。

）()美国进出口商协会- American Association of Exporters and Importers （提供会员有关美政府最近发布会影响进出口贸易之公告及纺织品配额等资料。

）(/index.asp)全国批发商协会- American Wholesale Marketers Association （全国批发商协会：其会员名录包括一千三百家批发商会员连络资料。

）()美国经济联合会- USA*Engage ()美国制造协会- The National Association of Manufacturers(/s_nam/index.asp)。