词汇学lecture 2

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词汇学第二讲

• Can you list more examples as the words “take” “break”, “get” “turn”?
• (5)Collocability(搭配)
• Many words of the basic stock enter quite a number of set expressions , idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. e.g.
standard language.
• Homosexual person: gay, queer, outs • drunk: elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable. • Question: People say slang is colorful,
blunt, expressive and impressive, Do you agree and why?
• (4)Argot(隐语，黑话) this is the jargon of the criminals, the use of argot is confined to the sub-cultural group. Can-opener (all purpose key ), dip (pick-pocket)
Terms
• 1. lexicology • 2. word • 3.Sound • 4.meaning. • 5.syntactic （句法的） • 6.the conventionalist and the naturalist • 7.arbitrary（任意的） • 8.onomatopoeia （拟声）
• Can you list more examples?

词汇学第二章

第二章英语词汇的发展在单词研究中，知道词汇的源头和发展是重要的。

词汇随着语言而发展。

英语不是英国群岛上原住民的语言。

但是它从哪里来？为何它被认为是英语？通过什么方式和其他语言相联系？最初居民的词汇有多少？它是如何发展成为现在这样一个大的词汇量？这一章将对所有这些问题做一解答。

Isle岛屿2.1印欧语系假定世界上有将近三千（一些人说是五千）种语言，可以在词储和语法相似的基础上分为将近300个语系。

印欧语系是其中之一。

它包括欧洲，近东，和印度的大多数语言。

史前印欧语系的父语被认为是一种高度转折的语言。

在这语言中一个给定单词的不同形式表示在句子中它和其他词的关系。

当这种语群离开发源的大陆。

相信是欧洲东部的某地，每个语群的语言沿着不同的道路发展，很多和现在美国和澳洲英语与英国的英语区别相似。

经过漫长的时间完成分离独立的任务，这些同一种语言的不同方言改变了很多，以至于变成了独立的语言。

一种语言的使用者不能被其他语言的使用者所理解。

现存的语言展示不同程度的彼此类似。

这种相似程度或多或少受他们地理位置分布的影响。

它们因此被分成了八个主要的语群，那些语群被再次划分入东方体系：斯拉夫语，印度伊朗语，亚美尼亚语，阿尔巴尼亚语；西方体系：凯尔特语，意大利语，希腊语系，日耳曼语系。

在东方体系中，亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语是相对仅存的现代语。

斯拉夫语包括一些现代语，像是普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语，俄语。

在印度伊朗语系中我们有波斯语，孟加拉语，印地语，吉普赛语，最后三种来自于已经死亡的语言sankirt。

在西方体系中，希腊语是来自于希腊的现代语。

在凯尔特语系中，我们发现了苏格兰语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语，布里多尼语等等。

有五种拉丁语言，就是葡萄牙语，西班牙语，法语，意大利语，罗马尼亚语都属于意大利语系，中间的接续语言是拉丁语。

日耳曼语系包括哟四种北欧语言，挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这些都被称作斯堪的纳维亚语言。

词汇学Lecture 2 (Chpater 2-1)

2. The Middle English Period from 11501500; it begins with the Norman Conquest and ends with a transitional period leading to the close of the Middle Ages.
4. The three periods of the English language
1. The Old English Period (the Anglo-Saxon Period) from 450-1150
Some characteristic features of Old English:
2. The Indo-European Family of Languages
A Genealogy of the Indo-European Languages
Glossary: family of languages 语系 group of languages 语族 branch of languages 语支 genealogy （语言）系统
2) Vocabulary:
In matter of vocabulary, IndoEuropean languages have so much in common, namely, a shared nucleus (a common core) of fundamental roots, that this common basis of vocabulary may serve to distinguish them from all other languages.
There are 2 classes of languages in the world: they are “synthetic” and “analytic”. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections. Chinese, with its forms consisting not of parts of speech, but of what seem now to be merely monosyllabic roots, is therefore not IndoEuropean.

Lecture Two

H.H. Stern says that a good language teaching theory will provide a conceptual frame work devised for identifying all factors relevant in the teaching of languages and relationship between than and for giving effective direction to the practice of language teaching. guiding teaching facilitating
c. Input d. Production words, phrases, structures in situations e. Output ① Deal with ex. ② Oral or written practice Nhomakorabea
Learning
gaining knowledge or skills fixing in memory processes of cognition and noncognition learning to learn and learning to think

(Ring, ring, ring, …) SM: Good morning, madam? SW: Good morning! SM: Would you like to have the cleaning house in town? SW: Yes. SM: Then, madam, you’d better have this kind of cleaner. SW: No, I don’t. SM: What? Why not? SW: Because my husband does the cleaning in our house? SM: Ohhh.

英语词汇学 Lecture 2

3. Translation Loans 译借词
(1) Definition Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. (2) Examples
Summary of the definition
1. A minimal free form of a language 语言中的一个最小的自由形式 2. A sound unity 一个声音单位 3. A unit of meaning 一个意义单位 4. A form that can function alone in a sentence 一个能在句中独立发挥作用的形式 A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
2. Aliens非同化词 (1) Definition Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. (2)Examples Décor Kowtow Bazaar Rajar Status Intermezze Emir blitzkrieg
• Native words and borrowed words (by origin)本族语词和借词
The obvious characteristics of basic word stock:

Lecture 2 英语词汇的来源

Old English (450-1100) the Anglo-Saxon Period People: Three Germanic Tribes Anglo Saxon Jute
Influence: Germanic Features
Compounding Words --- unstressed part developed into affix e.g. –ness -ful -dom -ish inAlliteration might and main friend or foe a labour of love Two Important Events Roman Christianity (Augustine) and Latin Vikings(790) , Knut of Denmark, and Scandinavian Languages
Some French and Latin affixes were Anglicized e.g. re- semi- mal- -age -ician Romanization of English n. + adj. (knight errant) adv. + past participle (by gone) Change in semantics wed(ding) marry
Influence of Norman Conquest
Norman French became official language General people still speak English French words rushed in (borrowed words) The literary record of English was interrupted until 1362 and 1476 (see Pp283) Inner-Sentence Structure was indicated through word order, particles and tones (synthetic lang. radical lang.)

lecture 2

Lecture Two A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English只赢得：几杵疏钟，半江渔火，两行秋雁，一枕清霜。

There left behind are bronze bells heard occasionally and fishing boats with flickering lamps seen in the middle of the lake, wild geese leaving in a hurry in two files in autumn, and only frosted snow all over the terrains in winter.What remains is only sparse bells ringing in cold hills, fishermen’s lantern lights by riverside, two rows of wild geese flying in autumn sky and a dreary dream of hoary winter frost.知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。

Y ou can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. Y ou will win one battle and lose another if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. Y ou will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.●From Structure1. 英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化.English : gender, number, case, tense, voice, mood, degree of comparison, person and parts of speech.汉语:数量助词,动态助词,结构助词He is a professional. He is a loose man. He served as a call boy when he was 19. She is a professional. She is a loose woman. She served as a call girl when she was 19.2.英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词out of question take a chair I have lived here for more than a year.out of the question take the chair I have lived here fore more than one year.2.汉语有丰富多彩的助词.吧今天不会下雨吧? It isn’t going to rain today, is it?你好好想想吧! Just think it over.明天就明天吧. All right, let’s make it tomorrow.咱们走吧. Let’s go.打吧,打不下去;跑吧,跑不了,敌人只好投降.Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy were forced to surrender.3.英语常用介词,汉语则少用介词.✦What is he at? 他正在干什么?✦John voted with the Tories. John 投票支持保守党.✦He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人✦It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了.✦If a man couldn’t walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was againsthim, then he wasn’t much of a politician。

词汇学Chapter-2-the development of the English vocabulary

2.1 Indo-European Language Family
Eastern Set
Western Set Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic
Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Armenian Albanian
2.1 The Indo-European Language Family
1. Hellenic希腊语族 ➢ Greek
2. Celtic凯尔特语族 ➢ Scotish苏格兰语 ➢ Irish爱尔兰语 ➢ Welsh威尔士 ➢ Breton布列塔尼语 ➢ Pictish皮克特语
3. Hittite希泰语族 4. Tocharian吐火罗语族
Norwegian挪威语
Icelandic冰岛语
➢ Scandinavian languages
Swedish瑞典语
Three periods of development
➢Old English/AngloSaxon English (449-1150 AD)
➢Middle English (1100-1500AD)
➢Modern English (1500-present)
➢ Russian俄罗斯语
2. Indo-Iranian印伊语族 ➢ Persian波斯语 ➢ Bengali 孟加拉语 ➢ Hindi 北印度语 ➢ Romany吉普赛语
3. Armenian亚美尼亚语族 ➢ Armenian
4. Albanian阿尔巴尼语族 ➢ Albanian
The Western Set
The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts.

英语词汇学chapter2

and
vowels
Exercises
Decentralization Specialize Individualistic Half-hearted A man of letters de-, center, -al, -ize, -ation
species, -al, -ize
in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ic half, heart, -ed a, man, of, letter, -s down, fall
(3) Allomorphs Morphs refer to certain phonological and orthographical forms. The linguistic phenomenon that the same functional unit varies in form from one context to another, for example, -(e)s of cats, horses, classes has the regular meaning “more than one”, yet has three different phonological forms:/-s.-z.iz/. The morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/; /z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/ Allomorphs refers to the variants of the same morpheme(-s, for example)
2) Reversative or privative
Centralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute

自考英语词汇学第二章课件教学提纲

❖ Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage and of great scholarship. 当时拉丁语和希腊语被认为是西方世界灿烂文学遗产的语言，是学术语言
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development词汇发展的模式
❖ Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing. 现代英语词汇的发展主要通过三个渠道：创词、旧词新义和借词。
当时拉丁语和希腊语被认为是西方世界灿烂文学遗产的语言是学术语言真空干燥又名解析干燥是一种将物料置于负压条件下并适当通过加热达到负压状态下的沸点或着通过降温使得物料凝固后通过溶点来干燥物料的干燥方式
英语词汇学
Chapter 2 The development of the
English Vocabulary 英语词汇的发展
❖ In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. 在早期现代英语阶段，欧洲掀起了学习希腊和罗马的古典著作的运动。这场运动史称文艺复兴。
growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. 复活古词和废弃词对整个英语词汇来说虽然影响不大，但却是一种发展方式。

词汇学第二章知识点总结

词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位：词、词组、句子和语法结构词：语言的最小单位词组：由几个词构成的语言单位句子：由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构：句子的组织形式，包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素：构成词的最小语音和语义单位，可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根：词的核心，在构词中起着基本作用词缀：附着在词根上，用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构：构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式：词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义：词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化：词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位：构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系：近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构：构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构：构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法：构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系：词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系：在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系：在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变：在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型：词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素：历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能：在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构：构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征：词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换：词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现：词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储：词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆：词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接：词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织：词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程：词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得：语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论：第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略：词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴：词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律：词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧：词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论：词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别：各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势：未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法：词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究：词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究：词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。

词汇学-第二章

Language development
The vocabulary of the language develops/changes as the language develops/changes.
The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British isles.
What we want to know
Where does the English language come from? Why is it known as English? In what way is English related to other languages? What is the size of the vocabulary of the first settlers? How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary?
Old English (450-1150)
Development of Old English Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons, Jutes England: the land of Angles Language: Anglo-Saxon
Development of Old English
梵语希腊语拉丁语意大利语法语德语英语
Sanskrit Greek Latin Italian French German English
mata meter mater madre mère Mutter mother dvau duo duo due deux zwel two trayah treis tres tre trois drei Three asti esti est è est ist is

英语词汇学串讲2

第五章：Word MeaningThe meanings of‘Meaning’ 指的是哪三个层次的内容?意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:What are the meanings of ‘Meaning’?1) Reference (有reference 的词必然具有sense, 也必然具有Concept )2) Concept( 能够形成Concept 的词必然有reference )3) Sense (有sense 的词未必具有concept , 也未必具有reference)(Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它们都是具有sense 的词,但是未必具有reference , 也未必具有concept, 例如：if, but, probably : 它们有sense, 但没有concept )What is the relationship between the reference and the thing outside the language?等同于：What is relationship betweensound and form ）答: Arbitrary and conventional名词解释: reference名词Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.重点: sense 的名词解释：Sense : 1. ‘ sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. ‘ The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)重点：What are the type of motivation？1) Onomatopoeic motivation2) Morphological Motivation3) Semantic Motivation4) Etymological Motivation填空:1.some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new word, either new in meaning or new in sense, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )2. Compounds are totally different in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )3. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymological motivation)4. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )conic answer (简短回答),laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymological motivation)问题: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation问题:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此时采用了哪一种理据构成?答案: Semantic movtivation论述题: 1. What are the types of motivation?2. What are the types of meaning?按大的分支来分分为: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning分析题:*’The dog is chasing a cat’, analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning.Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.(语法意义上分析没考过, 但从词汇意义上分析考过)语法意义指一个词的词性, 句中充当的成份, 句子的时态,单复数形式等.1)’Dog, cat’ are nouns, and ’chase’ is transitive verb.2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense.3) ’The dog, a cat’ are singular form.问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?Both ’pen and sword’ are nouns.’mightier’ is an adjective, and ’than’ is preposition.The sentence is in simple present tense.这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?’Mightier than’ is comparative degree.’pen and sword’ are in singular form.’The pen’ is subject, and ’sword’ functions as an object to preposition ’than’.’mightier’ is predictive.重点名词解释:Conceptual meaning:1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of the same language.*Associative meaning :(一定要把它的四种分支答上)1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated.3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc.4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.问题: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement?答案: e.g. A child is prejudiced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but ’ a hell’, hence unfavourable connotatitions,问题: 某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？答案：e.g. A phrase like ’son of a 娃哈哈’ whic h normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey theconnotation of ’friendliness’ and ’intimacy’ used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time.问题:Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分?答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as ’formal’, ’informal’, ’literary’, ’archaic’, slang’.Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: ’frozen’, ’formal’, ’consultative’, ’casual’ and ’intimate’.问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.在情感意义affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在affective meaning 的两个分类:(年年affective meaning 例子都考)(1) appreciative meaning(2) pejorative meaningCollocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsomeGreen 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster.复习:问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?答案:ComplexMorphological motivation问题: 有reference 的词必然具有sense and concept ( 正确)有sense 的词一定具有reference.(错误)The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference.问题: ’Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?答案: Grammatical meaning问题: ‘frozen, ‘formal’ , ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’ 这五个词是总结了什么的划分，是根据什么的划分?答案: stylistic meaning , 是根据The Five Clocks written by Martin Joos.问题:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal).问题: ’Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car’，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , their collocative meaning are totally different.问题：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated.问题：’Unexpected, expectation, expecting’, these three words are (morphologically) motivated.问题：’Hopeless, jobless, dislike’, 这三个词是靠什么motivated. ( morphologically motivated)问题：’East or west , home is best’ and ’there is no place like home’. 这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？答案: Connotative meaning第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Fieldpolysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.五种关系的名词解释要记住）Two Approaches to Polysemy:1) Diachronic approach2) Sychronic approachTwo Processes of Development1) radiation(1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.(2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.e.g. face, neck2) concatenation(1) meaning ‘ linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .(2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.e.g. treacle注意：这两种模式的名词解释照样要记这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过）问题：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ?答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations.types of sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.五种关系的名词解释要记住）问题：Fruit 与apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么语义关系？答案：Hyponymy?问题：Fruit 这一类里包含apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它们形成了一种什么样的理论？答案：Semantic field问题：有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象，那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。

英语词汇学2 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary[精]

verds ending with consonants other than /t/ take –tion (as in describe, description);
verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation (as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization);
Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. e.g. im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile; ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular; il- before l, illegal, illogical; in- before all other consonants and vowels, inflexible, inexcusable; im-,ir-, and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme, in-.
2. Allomorph (形位变体，词[语]素变体）
Sometimes a morpheme may have two or more different morphological forms or phonetic forms, depending on the context in which it occurs.
2.1 Morpheme
1.What is a morpheme(词素)? The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

词汇学lecture-2

German:185,000
French: 100,000
Shakespeare:24,000 Milton: 16,000 Churchill: 90,000
The Bible (Latin): 5,469
27个字母组成。莎士比亚的剧本Love’s Labour’s Lost里，意思是「不胜光荣」。
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Definition of word:
COVERS: 1) a minimal free form of a language, 2) a sound unity, 3) a unit of meaning, 4) a form that can function alone in a
sentence.
2efore,a word can be defined as • “a minimal free form of a language that has • a given sound, meaning and syntactic • function”.
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Some interesting figures about vocabulary:
Oxford English Dictionary ,1928, 414,829 1989, 500,000
plus technical terms, slang, dialects, new words, amount to 2,000,000
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osseocaynisanguineoviscericartilagininervomedullary
51个字母组成。人体构造术语，曾出现在英国作家皮考克 (1785-1866)的Headlong Hall的小说中。

英语词汇学系列讲座（英）2

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary 1．The Indo-European Language Family 2．A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 1） Three Historical Periods of English Development （1） Old English （450-1150） The beginning of Old English is marked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language. （2）Middle English （1150-1500） Middle English period began with the Norman conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English. Middle English was charaterized by its losses of many inflectional endings so that it was a language of levelled endings. （3）Modern English（1500-Now） Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the Renaissance Movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion, yet more words were created through word formation 3．Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 1）Major Causes of Present-day English Vocabulary Expansion （1） the rapid development of modern science and technology （2）the social, economic and political changes （3）the influence of other cultures and languages 4．Modes of Vocabulary Development 1） creation: It refers to the use of existing materials such as the word-forming stems to create new words. 2） semantic change: It means that an old form picks up a new meaning. 3）borrowing: It means borrowing words from other languages. Chapter 3 Word Formation I 1．Morphemes Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of a language. 2．Allomorphs Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph. Such alternative morphs of a morpheme are called allomorphs. 3．Types of Morphemes 1） Free Morphemes Free morphemes are those which usually have complete meanings in themselves and can be used freely orindependently as words. 2） Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes have to be bound with other morphemes to form words and can not be used independently as words. 3） Free Roots Free roots are free morphemes. They are identical with root words. 4）Bound Roots A bound root, like a free root, is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning of a word, but unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to be bound with other morphemes to form words. 5）Affixes Affixes are forms that are attached to stems to modify meaning or function. Almost all the affixes are bound. 6）Inflectional Affixes An inflectional affix is one attached to the end of a word to convey grammatical meaning or grammatical relation, such as tense, case, number, comparative or superlative degree, etc. 7）Derivational Affixes A derivational affix is one that is added to the beginning or the end of a word in order to create a new word. Derivational affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes. 8）Prefixes Prefixes are the morphemes that occur at the beginning of a word. They modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 9）Suffixes Suffixes occur at the end of stems. Though they can modify the meanings of the original words, their chief function is to change the parts of speech of words. 4．Root and Stem 1） Root A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity. It carries the main component of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as that part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 2） Stem A stem can be defined as a any form to which an affix can be added.。

词汇学Lesson 2

Find neologisms in the article
Most compact digital cameras have an optical lens---not to be confused with a digital zoom – and zoom lenses should meet some basic minimums. A lens should have a fairly bright maximum aperture—f2 or f2.8—and should correct for distortion: barrel distortion at the wide angle end, pincushion distortion at the telephoto end and chromatic aberration. If a long telephoto lens is under consideration, the maximum aperture available at the telephoto end should be checked. Lenses that have relatively small apertures at the maximum telephoto position may require a lot of ambient light to avoid camera shake. Alternatively, it may be advisable to look to a camera that offers a stabilized lens. Additionally, very long telephoto lens tend to produce a better image contrast when LD ( Low Dispersion ) glass is used in Aperture: 照相机光孔 their construction.

词汇学第二章 The Development of the English Vocabulary ppt

The Western Set
1. Hellenic希腊语族 Greek 2. Celtic凯尔特语族 Scotish苏格兰语 Irish爱尔兰语 Welsh威尔士 Breton布列塔尼语 Pictish皮克特语
Norwegian挪威语
Icelandic冰岛语
Danish丹麦语 Swedish瑞典语
Characteristics of Middle English
Middle English retained much few inflections. Endings of nouns and adjectives making distinction of number, case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. The same is true of the verb. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.
• The language used by Shakespeare is early Modern English. Yes, even though it is 400 years old, it is modern! It is much easier to read than the Middle English used by writers such as Chaucer. And unless you are an expert, it is almost impossible to read Old English.