英语国家概况Chapter 5
英语国家概况-5
LOGO
• •
大前提 - 小前提 - 结论 演绎推理
LOGO
• 辩证逻辑注重人的主体能动性，始终让人参与其中，在正 反两个方面，或者若干不同的类别中间进行反复比较、鉴 别、综合，从而得出结论。
– 归纳推理 – 辩证逻辑的另一特点是重视检验的价值，但中国传统文化又将经验神秘化的倾向。 西方自古就有“知识都能用语言表达” 的信条；但中国上古思想界普遍有“书不 尽言，言不尽意” 和 “道可道，非常道”。
BrotherBrother-Brother
Man---Ethics The Core Values in Confucianism Zhong (Loyalty) Jie (Chastity)
Xiao (Filial Piety) Li (Rites)
Xin (Faithfulness)
二元对立 • {1:26} And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle,and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
Basic Views of Confucianism
LOGO
• Emphasis on the formation of the proper society and the establishment of ethical standards. • Emphasis on self-cultivation (gentlmen; man with good tatste)
《英语国家概况》辅导(8) 第五章 英帝国的兴衰(1688—1990)
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英语国家概况BritishChapter5Edu
Stanford University
A top ranked research university in the United States, known for its strength in engineering, computer science, and the sciences
Education Reform and Development Trends
• Interdisciplinary approach: There is a growing recognition of the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to education, with schools and universities sourcing students to study a broad range of subjects to develop a more theoretical understanding of the world
The UK is popular for its royal family and has a royal palace, Buckingham Palace, which is a symbol of the country's history and culture
The UK is also known for its museums, galleries, and teachers, such as the British Museum, the National Gallery, and the Royal Shakespeare Company
• Higher Education: Competitions of universities and colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as professional qualifications
英语国家概况必背-英语国家概况答案
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
《英语国家概况》- Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
第五章英帝国的兴衰Ⅰ.辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
大多数辉格党人赞同某种形式的议会改革，但就改革的深度不能达成一致。
(例如:允许商人投票吗?或者允许所有的男性有选举权吗？)托利党人是一批持传统观点的人。
他们主张保留君主和英格兰教会的权力。
他们不喜欢非国教教徒，认为他们是对英格兰教会的一大威胁。
他们想严格地维护法律与秩序，害怕下层造反。
他们并不总是赞同改革，尤其坚决反对议会改革，他们只同意某些人道主义改革。
议会中还有另一派观点，支持者较少。
他们是激进派分子，认为只有彻底的改革才能解决根本问题。
议会成员中只有少数激进派分子，但在18世纪末、19世纪初他们非常活跃，广泛散播激进观点。
他们的一个共同目标是彻底改革议会制度。
激进派分子深受杰拉米·本汉姆"功利主义"哲学的影响。
本汉姆认为政府的功能应是"取得最大多数人的最大幸福"。
他认为有两种办法做到这一点：(1)政府和行政应尽可能高效。
任何低效和无用的事情都应改革(例如，教育制度，监狱制度和议会)；(2)政府应尽可能少地干涉人民的个人生活。
激进派分子倡导"不干涉主义"，这是一种激进的自由贸易观点，因为他们认为进出口关税干涉了贸易的自然流通。
英语国家概况Chapter5
Higher Education (Cont.)
Q. What’s the difference between time range required for degrees in British higher education system and the time range in Chinese higher education system?
• It is also known as the Street of Shame, reflecting the birth of scandals which take place.
Chapter 5 Education, Media and
Holidays
英 语 国 家 概 况
CONTENT
I
Education
II
Media
III Holidays and Festivals
I
Education
Educational Policy Educational System
Educational Policy
3 to 5 years
Famous Universities (Cont.)
• Oxford University and Cambridge University are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge.
Oxford Crest
Cambridge Crest
• Late 18th and early 19th century
Reasons: 1. The British economy began to industrialize; 2. The democratic franchise民主选举权 was
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)教材的配套题库(第五章 英帝国的兴衰The Rise and
第五章英帝国的兴衰The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-Present)Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.After World WarⅡ,the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were______and______.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】Jordan;India【解析】二战后，英属殖民地中约旦和印度最先获得独立。
2.British political parties date from the_____century,when the_____and the_____ parties appeared during the time of the Revolution of1688.【答案】17th;Whig;Tory【解析】英国政党始于17世纪，在1688年革命时期出现了辉格党和托利党。
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
3.The Whigs and the Tories originated from the Glorious Revolution became_____ in the mid-19th century.【答案】the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party【解析】辉格党（Whigs）和托利党（Tories）源于光荣革命。
辉格党后来发展成为自由党，托利党后来发展成为保守党。
Ⅱ.Answer the following questions.1.Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in Britain?【答案】Because Britain had some special conditions which no other country could match. These conditions are:the accumulation of capital;the development of capitalistic farming;the appearance of a labor reserve;and the expansion of markets,domestic and foreign.2.How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?【答案】The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval.It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.It began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.New cities came into being;population increased;the home market was enlarged.The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market.A factory system was established.Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.Two conflicting classes were born.3.How would you contrast the British Liberal and Conservative parties between 1860and1890?（对外经贸大学2001研）【答案】In Britain,two-party system has been practiced over a long period of time.In the 17th century,there emerged the Whig Party and the Tory Party.These two parties developed into the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party respectively in the mid-19th century.Then the two new parties took turns in office until the early20th century.Both of them stood for the interests of the capitalist class.However,the Liberal Party abided by liberalism and asked for free trade as well as free government,while the Conservative Party stuck to conservatism in order to meet the needs of political and economic development.4.Explain and analyze Britain’s foreign policy principles after World WarⅡ.（北外2009研）【答案】Its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.More important to Britain in the day to day running of its affairs is its membership in the EU.Britain joined the European Economic Community in1973,which is now called the EU.Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial.At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become.The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its nationalsovereignty to a European government.The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States.During World War Two,the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years,because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation.Even today,British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects.However,Britain’s special relationship with the United States has gone through many ups and downs.The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States.What’s more,the contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy makers is its history.Because British lost its empire so recently,British policy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.They tend to retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power.The Britain is still tightly tied with the Commonwealth,which was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Most of Britain’s foreign aid goes to the Commonwealth members.Another influence upon the British foreign policy is geopolitical factor.Britain is an island state,and this is considered an important psychological factor which has influenced Britain’s economic and military development.It also created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants.。
主要英语国家概况chapter 5
Recognized world-class qualification High quality assessment in teaching and research Affordable option (3 yrs for under, 1 yr for postgraduate), efficient in terms of time and money Support and Accommodation Service for overseas students High-quality health care (National Health Service) English language support Safe environment as a whole Cross-cultural experience (experiencing the Diverse customs of a major world market place.) Ideal base for travel (easy access to Europe)
3 (third class honours)
Pass (ordinary degree)
Masters:
Distinction
Pass
Doctorate
Pass
Famous universities
River Cam
2012年英国大学综合排名前二十
Why Study in the UK?
自行租屋
Flat 公寓 -Deposit -Contract
the media are central to British leisure culture
主要英语国家概况chapter5 education课件
criticized
Dividing the children into different trends at an early age
Series of reform and changes:
a new type of school (1960s):
Universities
Grammar School Technical School Secondary Modern School
1. Educational Policy
Compulsory: 5-16 years old (1944) (China: 9 years compulsory,1986) Four stages: Primary (5-11) Secondary (11-16) Further education (2 years) Higher education (18)
Oxford University
Cambridge University
Boat-racing
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
stions:
1. What do you know about Chinese education? 2. What is Chinese Primary School like? 3. What is the class in Chinese primary school like? 4. How do you teach your student?
3. Higher Education
Britain’s universities
Legally independent Complete academic freedom No national entrance examination School references plus an interview Funded by central government grants
《英语国家概况》Unit 5 American Economy课件
American Economy General Survey
Deficit
American economy is deficit financing. 1. $23 billion during WWⅠ 2. $13 billion more during the 1930s 3. $200 billion more during WWⅡ 4. By 1998 the gross federal debt has reached $ 2 trillion 5. Interest on the federal debt is over $ 150 billion a year.
1. Manufacturing 2. High Technology 3. Heavy Industry 4. Aviation 5. Car Industry
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
Manufacturing
The US manufacturing industry is the largest in the world, almost 3 times the size of Japan.
3. The conference also set up the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, and GATT( the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), later known as WTO, it is a world trading system.
英语国家概况Unit5
Unit 5The UK Economy (英国的经济)一、本单元重点内容1. Absolute decline and relative decline of British economy (英国经济的绝对衰败和相对衰败)2. The privatization in the 1980s (20世纪80年代的私有化)3. The main sectors of the UK economy (英国经济的主要部门):Primary industries (第一产业): Agriculture (农业)& Energy production (能源生产) Secondary industries (第二产业) : The manufacturing industry (制造业)eg. The aerospace industry (航空和航天工业) Tertiary industries / service industries (第三产业/服务业)4. The City of London (伦敦金融城)5. The London Stock Exchange (伦敦证券交易所)二、本单元重、难点辅导1.Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy1) By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world.2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany.一直到19世纪80年代，英国经济一直在世界上居于主导地位。
《英语国家概况》Unit 5 British judiciary课件
2.3 Scottish court system
Court system in Scotland
Cases are tried in district courts（区法院）, sheriff courts（郡法院） and the High Court of Justiciary. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland. The main civil courts are the sheriff courts and the Court of Session. 苏格兰高等法院 最高民事法院
Statue of Justice
2.2 The British legal system
What are the sources of law?
The law of the United Kingdom consists of several independent legal systems, which use common law principles, civil law principles, or both. England and Wales as well as Northern Ireland use the common law system, while Scotland uses a hybrid system, which combines elements from the common law and the civil law system. 混合的；习惯法；民法
2.3 The court system
How does the court system function?
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 5
Better funded Better teachers Better facilities Better chance to enter famous universities
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Hale Waihona Puke A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Eton college
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Primary and Secondary Education
Winchester College
one of the oldest of the great public schools of England (dating from 1382)
—for universities admittances
GNVQs (General National Vocational Qualifications)
—for vocational training
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary secondary further education higher education
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第五章
第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire （1688-1990）⼤英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党⼈和托利党⼈These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution （1688）。
这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣⾰命。
The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党⼈是指那些反对绝对王权，⽀持新教徒宗教⾃由权利的⼈。
辉格党⼈在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党⼈组盟组成⾃由党。
The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党⼈是指那些⽀持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的⼈。
托利党是保守党的前⾝。
I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业⾰命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results：18世纪末、19世纪初的农业⾰命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的“开放⽥地”制结束。
英语国家概况-英国Unit 5 Judiciary
2. Source of Law
Common law Statute law European Union Law
2.1 Common law 习惯法
Developed over the centuries through court decisions but unmodified in previous legal cases, called precedents 判例 Different from written codes derived from Roman law
3.1 Criminal courts
Minor criminal offenses: summary offences （轻罪/违纪） simple theft or vandalism(故意损害） heard in local magistrates‘ courts either by 3 lay magistrates (Justics of the Peace, JPs) or a professional stipendiary magistrate（治安 官）
England, Wales and Northern Ireland: common law system Scotland: a hybrid system—the common law and the civil law system England and Wales: one court system—the principal one in the UK The immigration, the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal‘s jurisdiction ---to the whole of the UK
英美概况USA chapter 5 The US Military
种族灭绝；大屠杀 • — The genocide of the Holocaust made many doubt tenets
An Outline of the UK and the USA
New words and expressions
• infantry: n. infantries are soldiers who fight on foot rather than in tanks or horses
• - He signed on for nine years on this infantry. • mortar: n. a heavy gun that fires bombs and shells high
An Outline of the UK and the USA
New words and expressions
• camouflage: n. a way of hiding soldiers and military equipment, using paint, leaves or nets（军事上的）伪装，隐 蔽 – Troops with camouflage expression paint marching single file.
• guise: n. a way in which somebody/something appears, different from usual or that hides the truth about them/it 表 现形式；外貌；伪装；外表 - One of the robbers went under the guise of a respectable dealer in antiques.
英语国家概况第五章知识点
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire（1688-Present）第01 The Industrial RevolutionI. The Industrial Revolution1. Whigs（辉格党）and Tories（托利党）1）Whigs – first leader was First Earl of Shaftsbury （沙夫茨伯雷第一伯爵）– cattle drivers（牧牛人）– for parliamentary reform – liberal party:① reduce Crown patronage;② sympathy for Nonconformists;③ care for merchants and bankers.【译文】第五章英帝国的兴衰（1688—现在）Ⅰ.工业革命1.辉格党和托利党1）辉格党——首任领袖是沙夫茨伯雷第一伯爵——牧牛人——议会改革——自由党：①削弱王权；②同情非国教教徒；③保护商人和银行家的利益。
2）Tories – thugs（暴徒）– against parliamentary reform – conservative party:① preserve king & church of England;② dislike nonconformists;③ afraid of mod riot;④ obey law.【译文】托利党——暴徒——反对议会改革——保守党①保留君主和英格兰教会；②喜欢非国教教徒；③害怕下层阶级造反；④遵守法律。
Whigs and Tories（辉格党和托利党）（名词解释）★★① These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution （1688）.② Both were known by nicknames: Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers, Tories an Irish word meaning thugs. ③ The Whigs opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.④ The Whigs became known as the Liberal Party in 19th century.⑤ The Tories supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. ⑥ The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.【译文】辉格党和托利党①这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。