Pair Production of Open Strings - Relativistic versus Dissipative Dynamics

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关于倾听的英语演讲稿（精选5篇）

倾听的英语演讲稿关于倾听的英语演讲稿（精选5篇）演讲稿的内容要根据具体情境、具体场合来确定，要求情感真实，尊重观众。

随着社会一步步向前发展，需要使用演讲稿的场合越来越多，相信写演讲稿是一个让许多人都头痛的`问题，以下是小编整理的关于倾听的英语演讲稿（精选5篇），仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

倾听的英语演讲稿1Some people say: "the most beautiful flowers because it is bright." Someone said: "the most beautiful rain because it moist". Some people say: "the sun is the most beautiful because it is warm." And I said: "listen to the most beautiful because it has dyed the soul and the body the warmth of the world." We should learn to listen.Listening to nature.Leisure occasion unmatched mountains and woods listen attentively to the nature of voice listen to the mountain deep Kuangyuan listen to the river Pentium noisy listen to a single grass in the wind and rain in swaying cry listen to a gold leaves to late autumn calm listen to flowers hither rendering listen to eaves angle such as broken line pearl rain listen to the winding path here the birds.Listen to let people find belongs to own the land let people recovered deep inside the most beautiful real. Let people to find the unique quiet.Listen to the crowd.On the platform in the stream of people in the depths of the alley on the balcony of the building in the Mercedes Benz train in the warm small home as long as you want anytime anywhere can listen listen to let us aftertaste life listen to old street theshoemaker his views on life brilliant listen to a seriously ill patients calm in the face of lifes confession listen to the repeated hardships and several men to stand the tragic history of listen to the successful people Zheng sound vehemently listen to those soaked with sweat and wisdom of the glorious past listen to the tide with blood meal as touching the plot.Listen to the strings of a fresh story the one true footsteps we will understand this day is really wonderful this life is really very beautiful this life really should interpretation of the picturesque.Listen to the teachers teachings like to read a good book benefit bandit is shallow listening to a friend talk friends and share the joy share the pain and listen to the complaints of others let others feel comfortable meet.Because host listened to the boys words so that everyone could hear the a young body of the noble soul listening is the soul of the flower listen to can reflect the pure and warm light listening is a breeze it was blown away by the wind shrouded in gloom.The song of our life for listening and melodious sound our river of life for listening and never dried up the light of our lives for listening and never extinguished.We should learn to listen.倾听的英语演讲稿2It is quite important to be a good listener.Effective listening is more than simply avoiding the bad habit of interrupting others while they are speaking.It’s b eing content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond.Slowing down your responses and becoming a better listeneraids you in becoming a more amiable person.As you wait for the person you are communicating with to finish,as you simply listen more intently to what is being said,you will feel more relaxed,and so will the people you are talking to.Not only will being a better listener make you a more patient person,but it will also improve your relationship with others because everyone loves to talk to someone who truly listens to what they are saying.It is quite easy for you to be a better listener.As long as you for get yourself and imagine yourself in the speaker’s experience to understand the emotion behind the words,and then give your appropriate responses slowly,you will be an endeared listener.倾听的英语演讲稿3Busy is busy with the world. Family name Lilu, when you are tired, you may wish to stop, close your eyes and feel the natural breath, listen to the wonderful sounds of nature. If it is spring, the peach blossoms are shameful, and the pear is still maintaining its ice and jade.Farmers like to put peach trees. Pear tree mix. So a red, garden, is like a snow. Red and white, you are so beautiful that you are not willing to lick. But you still need to close your eyes, because only your eyes are closed, peoples hearing will become extremely keen. After closing your eyes, you will listen to the sound of the wind, the bees rumored the sound of the wings, butterflies jumped on the sound of the wonderful circle. In an instant, you will feel such a wonderful life, what is annoying, after being thrown behind, forgetting a dry two. If summer, the clear pond is full of fields of farm leaves, slim lotus. A wind blowing, full of nose is a lotus fragrance. It is best to breathe at night, soothing soothing, a sound like the spree of the mountains.The evening wind blows, the leaves "Shasha " have been loud, and it seems to tell the day to see the day. At this time, you should find a clean stone, it is best to be on the pond. Sitting on the stone, organizing the confusing thoughts, let yourself into this wonderful night movement. Sometimes, the wind will suddenly stop, the bamboo leaves of the Demolge dew are accidentally leaked, and they have a crisp sound on the bluestone. You will suddenly Mourning: He is full, you can fall out some troubles, and leave the gap to those who are happy. If it is autumn, Big Wild Wildene, the grass is withered. However, this is a season of harvest. You can temporarily let the hand of the hand, stand in the cornfield, look at the golden corn rod, listen to the peasants loudly. Listen carefully, you will hear the corn rods to be "click ", and the peasants sweat "" fell on fertile land. This is also the season you have harvested. You should think about it. Im not coming out, I repeatedly chews the lessons learned from it. If it is winter, the north wind roars, all things are covered by ice. If you dont want to listen to the whisper of snow, you can also hide in the fire stove.The fire has expressed his feelings of life. At this time, you should be close to let the fire on your face. The fire like a grandfather, but you cant get rid of it. The grandfather is all the philosophy of life, you should tell him your experience, let him analyze you. Winter can be a good season, it has been prepared for the future everything in the future. Give yourself a leisure day, listen to the sound of the four seasons, feel a big natural, life will not be gloomy.倾听的英语演讲稿4It is quite imporlant to be a good listener. effective listening is more than simply avoiding the bad habit of interrupting otherswhile they are speaking. its being content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond.Slowing down your responses and becoming a better listener aids you in becoming a more amiable person. as you wait for the person you are communicating with to finish, as you simply listen more intently to what is being said, you will feel more relaed, and so will the people you are talking to. not only will being a better listener make you a more patient person, but it will also improve your relationship with others because everyone loves to talk to someone who truly listens to what they are saying.It is quite easy for you to be a better listener. as long as you for get yourself and imagine yourself in the speakers eperience to understand the emotion behind the words, and then give your appropriate responses slowly, you will be an endeared listener. 倾听的英语演讲稿5Listening is also a learning.Listen, is a kind of wisdom; is a kind of open-minded; is a kind of elegant. Learn to listen, then learn the way of life, they learn to laugh at everything. Listen, you will get no money for this.Listen to the flowersFlowers, lost moisture and lose their fragrance and sense of the city, little macular watery stains leave traces, trace residual red record the bloom is pride. Unfortunately, it has no vitality, it does not stay in the branches. Wind blow. It may fall down.You listen to, in the flower of the moment, how it sounded a heavy sigh, perhaps in lamenting the relentless years, time in a hurry. A bachelors complaint to himself: not to cherish the short time.Listen to the flowers, I see not the wind flying, like the mountain firmly seize the youth! Oh! The effects of time.Listening to the waterWater, happily into the ocean, Ruoyu rock, it didnt flinch, indomitable, eventually flow into the sea, ending the difficult course.Listen to the water into the sea, at the moment, its laughter.I go through untold hardships, finally successful smile; or laughing and pays off.Listen to the water, I learned to insist on, work hard, do not give up. So, is the way of success.Listen to the windThe wind blowing, blowing the rich and the poor, high streets and back lanes, not for big money in, but also no mercy to the poor. It witnessed the war, witnessed the change of Dynasty, but it just blows over. Have a heart of stone.Listen, in the twinkling of an eye it blows over all things, a far cry from the croon, as if in ridicule human ignorance, or for his relentless witness.Listen to the wind, I learned to live through everything, dont do everything to be so important, they are not really so important. There is no need to learn to learn......Learn to listen, you will learn how to behave. Listening is a kind of life to the highest level......。

ATS01N206QN软启动器数据手册说明书

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d i n t h i s d o c u m e n t a t i o n c o n t a i n s g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n s a n d /o r t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e p r o d u c t s c o n t a i n e d h e r e i n .T h i s d o c u m e n t a t i o n i s n o t i n t e n d e d a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r a n d i s n o t t o b e u s e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g s u i t a b i l i t y o r r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s f o r s p e c i f i c u s e r a p p l i c a t i o n s .I t i s t h e d u t y o f a n y s u c h u s e r o r i n t e g r a t o r t o p e r f o r m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a n d c o m p l e t e r i s k a n a l y s i s , e v a l u a t i o n a n d t e s t i n g o f t h e p r o d u c t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r e l e v a n t s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n o r u s e t h e r e o f .N e i t h e r S c h n e i d e r E l e c t r i c I n d u s t r i e s S A S n o r a n y o f i t s a f f i l i a t e s o r s u b s i d i a r i e s s h a l l b e r e s p o n s i b l e o r l i a b l e f o r m i s u s e o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d h e r e i n .Product data sheetCharacteristicsATS01N206QNsoft starter for asynchronous motor - ATS01 - 6A - 380..415V - 1.5..3 KWProduct availability: Non-Stock - Not normally stocked in distribution facilityMainRange of product Altistart 01Product or component typeSoft starterProduct destination Asynchronous motors Product specific applica-tionSimple machine Device short name ATS01Phase3 phase[Us] rated supply volt-age380...415 V - 10...10 %Motor power kW3 KW, 3 phase 380...415 V 1.5 KW, 3 phase 380...415 V 2.2 kW, 3 phase 380...415 V IcL starter rating 6 AUtilisation category AC-53B EN/IEC 60947-4-2Current consumption 30 A at nominal load Type of startStart with voltage rampPower dissipation in W4 W at full load and at end of starting 64 W in transient stateComplementaryAssembly style With heat sink Function available Integrated bypass Supply voltage limits 342…456 V Supply frequency 50...60 Hz - 5...5 %Network frequency 47.5...63 HzOutput voltage<= power supply voltage [Uc] control circuit voltage Built into the starter Starting time1 s / 1005 s / 2010 s / 10Adjustable from 1 to 10 s Deceleration time symb Adjustable from 1 to 10 sStarting torque 30...80 % of starting torque of motor connected directly on the line supply Discrete input type Logic LI1, LI2, BOOST) stop, run and boost on start-up functions <= 8 mA 27kOhm Discrete input voltage 24...40 VDiscrete input logic Positive LI1, LI2, BOOST < 5 V <= 0.2 mA > 13 V, >= 0.5 mA Discrete output current 2 A DC-133 A AC-15Discrete output type Open collector logic LO1 end of starting signal Relay outputs R1A, R1C NO Discrete output voltage 24 V 6...30 V) open collector logic Minimum switching current 10 mA 6 V DC relay outputsMaximum switching current Relay outputs 2 A 250 V AC cos phi = 0.5 20 ms inductive Relay outputs 2 A 30 V DC cos phi = 0.5 20 ms inductive Display type 1 LED green)starter powered up1 LED yellow)nominal voltage reached Tightening torque16.82…22.13 Lbf.In (1.9…2.5 N.m)4.43 lbf.in (0.5 N.m)Electrical connection 4 mm screw clamp terminal - rigid 1 1...10 mm² AWG 8 power circuitScrew connector - rigid 1 0.5...2.5 mm² AWG 14 control circuit4 mm screw clamp terminal - rigid 2 1...6 mm² AWG 10 power circuitScrew connector - rigid 2 0.5...1 mm² AWG 17 control circuitScrew connector - flexible with cable end 1 0.5...1.5 mm² AWG 16 control circuit4 mm screw clamp terminal - flexible without cable end 1 1.5...10 mm² AWG 8power circuitScrew connector - flexible without cable end 1 0.5...2.5 mm² AWG 14 control cir-cuit4 mm screw clamp terminal - flexible with cable end 2 1...6 mm² AWG 10 powercircuit4 mm screw clamp terminal - flexible without cable end 2 1.5...6 mm² AWG 10power circuitScrew connector - flexible without cable end 2 0.5...1.5 mm² AWG 16 control cir-cuitMarking CEOperating position Vertical +/- 10 degreeHeight 4.88 in (124 mm)Width 1.77 in (45 mm)Depth 5.16 in (131 mm)Net weight0.93 lb(US) (0.42 kg)Compatibility code ATS01N2Motor power range AC-3 1.1…2 KW 380…440 V 3 phase2.2…3 kW 380…440 V 3 phaseMotor starter type Soft starterEnvironmentElectromagnetic compatibility Conducted and radiated emissions level B CISPR 11Conducted and radiated emissions level B IEC 60947-4-2Damped oscillating waves level 3 IEC 61000-4-12Electrostatic discharge level 3 IEC 61000-4-2EMC immunity EN 50082-1EMC immunity EN 50082-2Harmonics IEC 1000-3-2Harmonics IEC 1000-3-4Immunity to conducted interference caused by radio-electrical fields level 3 IEC61000-4-6Immunity to electrical transients level 4 IEC 61000-4-4Immunity to radiated radio-electrical interference level 3 IEC 61000-4-3Micro-cuts and voltage fluctuation IEC 61000-4-11Voltage/current impulse level 3 IEC 61000-4-5Standards EN/IEC 60947-4-2Product certifications ULB44.1-96/ASME A17.5 for starter wired to the motor delta terminalCSAGOSTC-TickCCCIP degree of protection IP20Pollution degree 2 EN/IEC 60947-4-2Vibration resistance 1 gn 13…150 Hz)EN/IEC 60068-2-61.5 mm peak to peak 3…13 Hz)EN/IEC 60068-2-6Shock resistance15 gn 11 ms EN/IEC 60068-2-27Relative humidity5…95 % without condensation or dripping water EN/IEC 60068-2-3Ambient air temperature for operation14…104 °F (-10…40 °C) without)104…122 °F (40…50 °C) with current derating of 2 % per °C)Ambient air temperature for storage-13…158 °F (-25…70 °C) EN/IEC 60947-4-2Operating altitude<= 3280.84 ft (1000 m) without> 3280.84 ft (1000 m) with current derating of 2.2 % per additional 100 m Ordering and shipping detailsCategory22392 - ATSU01/ATS01 LOW HP SOFT STARTERSDiscount Schedule I11GTIN00785901457671Package weight(Lbs)0.50 kg (1.11 lb(US))Returnability NoCountry of origin DEOffer SustainabilityREACh Regulation REACh DeclarationREACh free of SVHC YesEU RoHS Directive Pro-active compliance (Product out of EU RoHS legal scope)EU RoHS Decla-rationToxic heavy metal free YesMercury free YesRoHS exemption information YesChina RoHS Regulation China RoHS DeclarationWEEE The product must be disposed on European Union markets following specificwaste collection and never end up in rubbish bins.Contractual warrantyWarranty18 monthsDimensions DrawingsDimensionsMounting on Symetrical (35 mm) RailScrew Fixing(1)Retractable fixingsConnections and SchemaExample of Manual ControlA1 :Soft start/soft stop unit (1)For type 2 coordination Q1 :Motor circuit-breaker F3 : 3 fast-acting fusesTechnical DescriptionFunction Diagram2-wire Control with DecelerationUs :Power supply voltage LED 1 :Green LED LI2 :Logic input R1 :Relay output LO1 :Logic output LED 2 :Yellow LED3-wire Control with DecelerationUs :Power supply voltage LED 1 :Green LED LI2,LI1 :Logic inputs R1 :Relay output LO1 :Logic output Um :Motor voltage LED 2 :Yellow LED。

英语泛读教程读后感

Food fight读后感读后感This text is written by Jeffery Kluger who is a senior writer at Time magazine covering science in general and the space program in particular. The text is about a fight against “genetically modified food””(GMF) especially between E.U. and U.S. Genetically modified food foodmeans that the food made by reweaving the genes of countless fruits and vegetables or by taking a gene from one plant or animal& putting it in another. The United States accounts for about 66% of the global distribution of GMF, while China only accounts for 3%. GM first appeared in China in 1999, which is researched by Yuan Longping who is considered to be the father of rice. Honestly speaking, he made great contributions to mankind, because they begin to have enough food and clothing. However, around the world people are taking a closer look at the genetic make-up of what they're eating and growing uneasy with what they see. In a word, we should be cautious to keep ourselves healthy.Is weather ge ng worse?读后感读后感A er reading the ar cle, I found that it undoubtedly draws a en ons to the serious weather issues. Global warming has already become a well-known topic because of its nega ve inﬂuences. Frequent natural disasters with a great loss, such as hurricane, tornado, drought and ﬂood, make the whole world focus on the poten al reasons. It might have close rela onship with the global warming to some extent considering the current opinions. To avoid the disasters and extreme weather events, theresearches and related data have to be well made and collected based on the previous experiments in the future. Crea ng good weather to beneﬁt people is the goal of the world. More eﬀorts have to be made from all aspects to reduce or even avoid any disaster and improve the terrible weather.Postmortem with strings读后感读后感What eventually led to premature of Mozart? I think that everyone will be curious and mysterious about this problem. When I try to find the real reason and read the text carefully, it suddenly dawned on me that what I had gained was far more important than what I knew about the reason of Mozart’’s death.MozartFirst of all, a thorough analysis based on the possibilities of a problem will help us to obtain the correct conclusion. Secondly, we should pay more attention to the data and dig the essence through the surface appearances. Last but not least, simplifying complex matters will help us to get the correct conclusion. Actually, his masterpiece is worth learning more than the cause of his death.Genius and the craftsman读后感读后感After reading the article seriously twice, I want to express myopinions about it in below.This article states how the writers write their famous stories: genius-the creative function, trust and write.The genius, creative function. First, everyone has genius property which is the creator of story after practice. Second, the experience is the seed of story. To see is to believe. We get much experience among our life,no mater small or deep. This is the basic of our story. Finally, we use words to state what we see and do. That is the simple procedure of being story. Trusting our genius. We have to trust the value of our own story because it is created by our own genius. It is created by us, not others. Next step is to make your story become words by writing on paper skillfully. But this is not the last step being a good story. The last step is to rewrite. After the finish the story, we have to check it again and again and rewrite it to make perfect. No story is popular without rewrite.Finally, we have to say, everyone has its own talent/ability and we should not limit the talent/ability. Then one day, we will achieve our own famous story.Toy story读后感读后感The text talks about how the children of different ages react to the dazzling advertisements and if we should support or object to the child advertising. The battle between the forces for and against child advertising has hinged on whether or not kids understand the motive behind advertising. Both of them have the support of psychological theories. The debate between them has not been settled recently. To be honest, I’m fairly neutral toward the child advertising, though some will be supportive and others may even be openly hostile. However, relatively speaking, I support the practice of the UK, that is advertising must not take advantage of children's natural credulity and loyalty and must not arouse unreasonable expectations of toys and games by special effects. I hope the businessmen can choose the latter in front of the conscience and personal benefits.Personal versus social identity 读后感读后感This text talks about personal and social identity. The writer first gives the definition of the two items. Then, he tries to explain the salience of the personal or social identity is determined by three factors. While putting forward his points, the writer always remembers to give evidence to support his points. Thus his explanation is convincing and logical. Especially, the two questions, Who I Am Depends on the Situation? Who I Am Depends on Others’ Treatment Treatment, , impressed me and bring me into thought. One plays a lot of roles in the life, at the same time, it will be changed with different time, environment and people. In short, as for me, I think we should take any things into two sides, which is also consistent with the philosophical views we learned.Why people work 读后感We’re all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides psychological well-being. Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin, compulsion and punishment as well as was considered as a kind of punishment for the sins of man. Most of us don’t put work and human satisfaction together. Nowadays, people begin to be conscious of the contribution of work to the contribution of work to the individual’s happiness and individual’s happiness and individual’s happiness and the sense of personal the sense of personal achievement.Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one’s potential. The human being desires a sense of being accomplished and of being able to do things with his hand, mind and will. They can derive the unique satisfactions from accomplishment and workgroup.。

鞋业产品英语词汇O-S

Ooil resistant耐油性oil-tanned leather油鞣⽪old fashion⽼式的, 過時的one-piece bottom⼀⽚式⼤底one-piece pump單⽚式⼥⾼跟鞋open back鞋后開⼝式open seam露邊接縫open toe鞋頭\開⼝式operation操作operator操作員orange橘⾊original equipment manufacture(OEM)原廠委托制造original sample原樣orthopedic shoe矯正鞋ostrich skin鴕⿃⽪other footwear其他鞋類out last拔楦out seam stitcher外線機out stape拔釘outer shoe外底out-of-fashion過時的output產量outside forme外腰平⾯樣outside welting stitching⾞縫外線outsole⼤底outsole not smooth⼤底不平oval toe橢圓形鞋頭oven烘箱over shoe鞋套overlay裝飾⽚oxford⽜津鞋(緊鞋帶淺幫鞋)Ppacking包裝packing list裝箱單包裝明細?packing machine打包機padded collar有軟墊的領⼝painting噴漆pair雙pairage雙數pairing配雙pantongraph縮圖器paper filler紙團paper pattern紙版paper slipper紙拖鞋paratroop boot傘兵靴pairs blue巴藍parts零件pasting machine上膠糊機patent leather漆⽪pattern cutting紙版pattern designer(pattern cutter)紙樣剪裁師; 樣版師pattern engineering樣版⼯程pattern grading machine樣版級放機pattern wheel shaft stand橡膠⽚壓紋機patterns cutting & design紙樣剪裁及設計peacock blue孔雀藍peccary skin野豬⽪peeling test剝離試驗peeptoe shoe露趾尖式涼鞋pelt⽣⽑⽪penny loafer(coin shoe)有硬幣袋式包⼦鞋perforation打孔permanent compression test壓縮永久變形試驗permanent tnesion test永久伸⾧率試驗permanent white純⽩picalon⽪克隆(紙版中底的)pieces鞋⾯⽪piecer沖孔器(沖⼦)pig skin豬⽪pigment finish leather涂料⽪pincer鉗⼦, 前幫機的夾頭pinch in縮進去pink粉紅⾊pinned top-piece天⽪釘pintuck鞋⾯褶縫piped seam(piping)滾邊接縫plain pump素⾯⼥⾼跟鞋plane cutting press平⾯式裁斷機plastic chipping machine塑膠切碎機plastic last塑膠楦plastic塑膠platform鞋臺platform cover底臺包⽪plug鞋栓pneumatic heel tacking machine氣壓釘跟機pneumatic last slipping machine氣壓拔楦機point針尖point toe尖形鞋頭polybag塑膠帶polyvinyl chloride(PVC)polybutadiene rubber(BR)正丁膠polyisoprene rubber(IR)異戊膠polyurethene leather (PU) leatherPU⽪popsicle加洲式結構拖鞋pot life可使⽤時間postion部位power consumption耗電量press重壓, 沖床press cutting斬⼑裁斷pressure vessel加硫罐; 壓⼒容器prewalker學步鞋price ticket价格標簽prick mark針孔記號priest shoe; monk shoe僧侶鞋primer處理劑primering藥⽔處理process流程processing制程produce⽣產production control⽣產管制production trial⽣產試作profile側⾯圖PU-coated split leatherPU榔⽪pull-out last拔楦pump⾼跟鞋punching沖孔pure rubber天然橡膠pureple紫紅⾊put-on last⼊楦PVC sheetPVC塑膠布PVC shoePVC塑膠底python skin蟒蛇⽪Qquality control; QC品質管制quarter腰⾝鞋⾝quarter insertion插腰quarter iron bottom鞋⾝中段鐵⽚楦底quarter lining鞋⾝內裡; 鞋腰內裡quarter overlay鞋⾝飾⽚quarters鞋⾝中段Rrain boot⾬靴rand延條raw eyelet沒有包⾦屬眼套的鞋眼raw hide⽣⽪rayon yarn嫘縈紗red紅⾊reel heel圓軸材料reflection material反光材料reinforcing貼補強reject不接受remove solvent去除溶劑remove tacks去釘repaking翻箱repair cementing補膠resin樹脂relain the shape保持形狀returning collar lining翻反⼝⾥rib內延條ribbed insole肋條中底rich color濃⾊ridge楦脊riding boot騎⾺⽤靴rigid backer硬質后踵⽚rink system圓形⼩組式⽣產係統riveting machine鉚合機roller skate溜冰鞋rope sole⿇繩編底rotary vacuum vulcanizing machine迴轉式真空加硫定型機rough(upper, bottom)打粗(⾯底)roughing打粗round aquare toe⽅圓形鞋頭tound toe圓形鞋頭royal blue寶藍rubber橡膠rubber band橡⽪筋rubber chopper橡膠切碎機rubber cement stirrer橡膠糊攪拌機rubber footwear橡膠鞋類rubber mixing mill橡膠混合機rubber slicing machine橡膠切⽚機rubber smoked sheet煙膠⽚rubber sole橡膠底rubber sponge sole橡膠海綿鞋底rubberlon合成橡膠發泡板runner跑步者running shoe跑步鞋rust test 耐腐蝕試驗rust鐵紅⾊Ssabot⽊鞋saddle shoe鞍形鞋saddle鞋鞍⽚safety shoe安全鞋sales sample推銷樣品sample maker樣品制作師sample working pattern樣品⽣產紙樣sample樣品sandal涼鞋satin shoe緞⾯鞋scissors剪⼑scoop wedge heel杓形跟scoop wedge杓形中插screw driver起⼦scribing machine劃線機scrub磨sea blue 海藍seal skin海豹⽪sealant填隙材料seam縫合線seat back heel后座式跟seat lasting后幫seat sock跟座墊section grading部分級放sectional pattern各部位樣版semi-product半成品senpor感應器separate last楦蓋分离式鞋楦setter定型機shade⾊度; 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鞋底sole attaching貼底sole comes off底脫膠sole edge底邊緣sole edge inking machine⼤底邊上墨機sole edge varnishing maching⼤底邊噴漆機sole laying not proper貼底不正确sole laying貼底sole press壓底sole pressing壓底sole thread stitching⾞⼤底線solid接著劑solid forme實⼼法solid last全楦solid rotating conveyor⽴体迴轉式輸送帶solid content固成份solvent溶劑solvent based cement溶劑型接著劑special purpose特定⽬的specfic gravity⽐重specfication規格spectro heel仿疊式跟spike heel錐形跟split leather⼆榔⽪splitting⽚⽪splitting machine⽚⽪機sponge海綿sponge leather乳膠⽪sport footwear運動鞋類sport shoe運動鞋sporting shade運動⾊調sporty有動感的square toe⽅形鞋頭stability安定性stabilizer安定劑stain污染; 斑點stamping machine燙⾦機standard forme標準平版樣standard making標準樣的裁版standard標準staple空⽓釘steam heating pressing machine蒸汽式熱⾵燙平機steel tip鞋頭鐵⽚steel toe鋼頭steer hide閹⽜⽪step-in便鞋(有鬆緊帶式)step-on便鞋(無鬆緊帶式)stick黏著stick length楦頭程度stiffener裡襯(補強)stitch down process shoes外翻幫鞋stitch guage針⽬計(量針距⽤)stitch length針距stitch marking⾞縫記號stitch down construction鞋⾯外翻以鞋墊縫合的結構stitching⾞縫stitching function縫線功能stitching machine針⾞stitching not even⾞縫不均勻stitching not on the mark未照記號⾞縫stock no.庫存編號storage有效存放時間strain拉緊strap cutting machine剪帶機strengthen補強string lasted construction拉幫結構strip cutting machine切條機strip⾧⽚stripping抽條stripy sandal多帶式涼鞋strong shade強烈的⾊調stuck on construction黏貼結構stud飾釘style式樣; 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A10GbsBiCMOSAdaptiveCableEqualizer_slicer_DETAIL

A10GbsBiCMOSAdaptiveCableEqualizer_slicer_DETAIL A 10Gb/s BiCMOS Adaptive Cable EqualizerGuangyu Evelina Zhang ,Student Member,IEEE,and Michael M.Green ,Member,IEEEAbstract—A 10Gb/s adaptive equalizer IC using SiGe BiCMOS technology is described.The circuit consists of the combination of an analog equalizer and an adaptive feedback loop for minimizing the inter-symbol interference (ISI)for a variety of cable charac-teristics.The adaptive loop functions using a novel slope-detection circuit which has a characteristic that correlates closely with the amount of ISI.The chip occupies an area of 0.87mm 0.81mm and consumes a power of 350mW with 3.3V power supply.This adaptive equalizer is able to compensate for a cable loss up to 22dB at 5GHz while maintaining a low bit-error rate.Index Terms—Adaptive equalizers,broadband communication,BiCMOS,BiCMOS analog integrated circuits,equalizers,wire communication cable.I.I NTRODUCTIONAS BIT RATES increase in broadband data communica-tion systems,the nonideal effects of the channel have an increasingly important impact on the quality of the signal.In particular,the loss (caused by skin effect and dielectric loss)in copper causes signi?cant attenuation of the transmitted data at high frequencies.At bit rates of 10Gb/s and higher,even a rela-tively short section of copper can cause signi?cant distortion of the data.In order to avoid bit errors and successfully receive the data signal,equalization is required.Since often the exact char-acteristic of the channel is not known,adaptive equalization is desirable.A block diagram of a typical receiver is shown in Fig.1.The equalizer is the ?rst block in the receiver,after which the re-stored data is then applied to the CDR.As an example of a copper cable characteristic,Fig.2shows the measured trans-mission characteristic for two RU-256copper cables,one with length 4feet;the other with length 15feet.At 5GHz the 4-foot cable exhibits a loss of 5dB at 5GHz;the 15-foot cable ex-hibits a loss of 13dB,which would result in a completely closed eye.One of the goals of this circuit design was to make the circuit adaptive such that the inter-symbol interference (ISI)is minimized for a wide range of cable characteristics.In theory,the transfer function of a copper cable should be monotonically decreasing.The nonmonotonicities in Fig.2are due to re?ec-tions that come from discontinuities in the connectors and mis-matches between the cables and the measurement equipment.In general the analog equalizer presented in this paper is not well-suited for media that exhibit large amounts of re?ections.However,as will be demonstrated shortly,for the characteristicsManuscript received January 14,2005;revised July 18,2005.This work was supported by Qlogic,Jazz Semiconductor,and UC Discovery Grant Com 01-10086.The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Com-puter Science,University of California,Irvine,CA 92697-2625USA (e-mail:mgreen@/doc/b0f35cd37f1922791688e8f6.html ).Digital Object Identi?er 10.1109/JSSC.2005.857354shown in Fig.2the equalizer described here has been shown to function well.At relatively low bit rates,most adaptive equalizers have been implemented using a digital approach [1],[2].Design of a dig-ital equalizer at the receiver side involves a delay element and a decision circuit that requires a recovered clock.The extraction of the clock depends on the input data of the clock and data re-covery (CDR)circuit,which increases the system complexity and could lead to problems with CDR locking.On the other hand,an analog approach is often preferred for higher speeds for its low power consumption and simplicity.A number of papers have been reported on analog cable equalization at bit rates on the order of 100Mb/s [3]–[5].Recently,two papers re-ported cable equalizers with bit-rates up to 3.5Gb/s [6],[7].InCMOS equalizer operating at 10Gb/s was presented [8]where more design effort was needed to overcome the gain limitations of CMOS.An analog FIR approach to 10Gb/s equalization was presented in [9].A BiCMOS process was chosen for this design due to boththehighand high intrinsic gain of the bipolar transistors.In particular,it was critical that the slicer used in the adaptive feedback loop (explained in Section III)exhibited high gain in order to restore the logic levels.This paper,which is an expanded version of the paper pre-sented in [10],is organized as follows.Section II discusses the principle of operation for the equalizer and adaptive loop.Section III describes the circuit design details for eachblock.Measurement results of prototypes are presented in Section IV .Finally,conclusions are drawn in Section V .II.P RINCIPLE OF O PERATIONTo understand the equalizer’s operation,we ?rst consider the operation of a simpli?ed linear circuit,shown in Fig.3oper-ating at a bit rate normalized to 1b/s.A rudimentary cable model shown in Fig.3(a),consisting of four RC sections,is used for this illustration.As mentioned in the previous section,this medium exhibits a monotonically decreasing transfer function.Thus,we would expect the ISI to be dominated by the attenu-ation of short (i.e.,1UI)pulses.In other words,the worst ISI would come from an isolated logic “1”of duration 1UI sur-rounded by strings of logic “0.”This is illustrated in Fig.4,where the response of the Fig.3(a)cable model,withset to 0.188,is shown for three different input pulse widths:1s,2s,and 3s.Clearly the worst case ISI comes from the shortest pulse width.Thus,our approach for designing the equalizer and adaptation loop is to reduce the ISI of a singlepulse,described as follows.0018-9200/$20.00?2005IEEEFig.1.Block diagram of broadband receiver including equalizer.TABLE IO PTIMUM T RANSIENT C HARACTERISTICS OF E QUALIZER FOR T HREE D IFFERENT C ABLE MODELSFig.2.S for two copper cables.As shown in Fig.3(b),thesignal from the cable is applied to an LC bandpass ?lter centered at 0.5Hz witha of 2.The equalizeroutput consists of a weighted sum of the originalsignal from thecableand the bandpassoutput .As illus-trated in Fig.3(b),weightingparameterdetermines the proportion of each signal that is summed at the output.Inparticular,if the input signal has a DC voltageswingbe.A sketch of the response at each node to a 1-s input pulse is shown in Fig.3(c).The linear equal-izer ’s transfer function is givenby(1)At DC,the transfer functiongivesfrequency (i.e.,0.5Hz),the transferfunctiongivesThe equalizer ’s operation can be illustrated in the time domain by considering its response to a 1-s unit interval pulse.This is shown in the curve labeled “cable output ”in Fig.5.As mentioned earlier,since the cable exhibits nearly unity gain at DC and signi ?cant attenuation at the Nyquist rate of 0.5Hz,the output pulsewidth is reduced.The equalizer operates by reducing the DC voltage swing while maintaining the gain at 0.5Hz,resulting in an increased pulse width.This is illustrated in Fig.5,where the equalizer pulse response is shown for threedifferent valuesof .In thiscasegives zero ISI.Note that the stage that follows this equalizer would require suf ?cient gain in order to restore the appropriate DC logic swing.We now consider a group of three different cable characteris-tics [parameterized by different valuesofin the Fig.3(a)cable model]and for each characteristic determine the valueof such that the ISI is zero.In doing this we can observe the equalizer ’s behavior at the optimum settings and identify a suitable method for adaptation.The cable pulse responses are shown in Fig.6(a).The resulting equalizer output wave-forms are shown in Fig.6(b),where for each ofthevalues,weightingparamter was set to its optimumvalue such that the pulsewidth for each waveform is exactly 1s.Table I lists the characteristics of each waveform.Note from this table that although the voltage swings and slew rates vary widely (more than 50%over the rangeof ),these values track each other,resulting in transition times that show much less variation (less than 15%).Thus,it is feasible to use this equalizer output transi-tion time as a rough measurement of ISI to be used in the adap-tive loop,where the optimum transition time is approximately 60%of the unit interval.(This optimum transition time value depends on the of the LC tank circuit;for this example a of 2was chosen because that is approximately the same value asFig.3.Linear circuit normalized to 1b/s forillustration.Fig.4.Pulse responses of cable.that of the LC tank used in the transistor-level implementation described in the next section.)The above analysis was based on a simpli ?ed linear circuit.As will be described in the following sections,the actual cir-cuit realization,based on current-mode logic (CML)techqniues,is of course nonlinear.However,the primary concern for min-imizing the ISI is to set precisely the timing of the zero cross-ings.In the vicinity of the zero crossings,CML circuitry in fact behaves nearly linearly.As will be shown shortly,the analysis given here does indeed apply to the actual transistor-level cir-cuitry.III.C IRCUIT D ESIGNThe block diagram of the adaptive equalizer is shown in Fig.7.The feedforward path consists of three parts:1)equalizer ? lter,which functions as a high-pass ?lter whose character-istics can be adjusted and whose operation was described in the previous section;2)slicer,which restores the full logic levels after the equalizer ?lter;and 3)output driver,which is used to drive an external50load.The feedback path consists of two slope detectors and an integrator,used to compare the difference between the transition times of the equalizer ?lter output and the slicer output.Each part will be described in detail asfollows.Fig.5.Pulse response of RC ladder (for C =0:125)and linear equalizer output for three different values of .A.Feedforward PathThe equalizer ?lter schematic is shown in Fig.8.The input data is applied to a peaked ampli ?er which resonates at thewith bandwidth of 9GHz (“slow ”path).Theoutputsand are applied to the mixer.The output of the mixer is thus the weighted sumofand with the weighting determinedby.Fig.9shows the magnitude transfer function for three different valuesof,exhibiting a maximum equal-ization of 22dB (de ?ned as the ratio of the gain at 5GHz to the DC gain).To demonstrate that this equalizer behaves like the linear pro-totype presented in Section II,the following simulation is per-formed.An input pulse with 100ps pulsewidth is applied to the(a)(b)Fig.6.(a)Pulse response of three different cable characteristics.(b)Pulse response of equalizer with optimum value of chosen for each cablecharacteristic.Fig.7.Adaptive equalizer blockcable 1followed by the equalizer ?lter.Byadjusting ,the output transitiontimevaries accordingly.The output pulsewidth varies directly with the value of the control voltageas shown in Fig.10.Notethatps corresponds to zero ISI,consistent with the results given in Section II.We observe that the pulses in Fig.10(which come from the transistor-level realization of the equalizer)look quite different from the pulses in Fig.5(which come from the simple linear model of the equal-izer).The reason for this difference is that the circuit realization is nonlinear due to the saturating characteristics of the CML blocks.However,in the vicinity of the zero crossings,the CML blocks behave linearly.Thus,the pulse widths of the Fig.10waveforms are consistent with those of Fig.5.1Thecable model used in this simulation is based on a behavioral model thatapproximates the characteristic in Fig.2corresponding to a length of 15feet.The relationbetweenand can be characterized by coef ?cientwith units of ps/mV .Simulation gives a valueof approximately 1.5ps/mV;i.e.,if is increased by 1mV ,the equalizer transition time decreases by 1.5ps.B.Feedback PathAs discussed in Section II,the feedback path functions to set the transition time of the equalizer ?lter output to a ?xed value of approximately 60ps so that the ISI is minimized.To accomplish this,the equalizer ?lter output is applied to the input of a slicer.The slicer,shown in Fig.11,is implemented by two cascaded CML buffers.The ?rst buffer exhibits fast transition time and corrects the signal amplitude.The second buffer is capacitively loaded so that it produces an output with a ?xed transition time of 60ps,independent of the input transition time.Thus,eachFig.8.Equalizer ?lterschematic.Fig.9.Magnitude plot of equalizer output for three different controlvoltages.Fig.10.Relation between output pulsewidth and transition time.transition at the equalizer ?lter output (where the transition time varies)always results in a transition at the slicer output with a 60ps transition time.In order to compare the transition times of these two signals a transition time detector is required.The transition time detector plays a critical role in the equal-izer circuit performance.Traditionally,such detectors are made up of a high-pass ?lter and recti ?er [4].However,the design ofaFig.11.Slicer schematic.recti ?er that operates at 10Gb/s is dif ?cult.In this circuit a dif-ferent approach was used,where the detection is performed by a single stage.As illustrated in Fig.12(a),theinputsand are applied to the gates of a CMOS differential pair.For a slow transition of either polarity,the source-coupled node voltage is minimum when the differential input is 0.Thus,the response to any input transition is a negative pulse whose amplitude is de-termined by the differential pair design.However,a faster tran-sition will have a smaller pulse amplitude due to the capacitance that is always present at the source-coupled node.Fig.12(b)shows 100ps input pulses with two different transition times;Fig.12(c)shows the corresponding detector output waveforms.The energy contained in each negative pulse is nearly propor-tional to the input transition time.In the feedback path,two detectors —one connected to the equalizer ?lter output,the other connected to the slicerFig.12.(a)Transition detector circuit.(b)Input waveforms.(c)Outputwaveforms.Fig.13.Schematic of integrator with common-mode feedback circuit.output —give output pulses whose energy is proportional to the input transition time.The pulses from both detector outputs are then applied to the differential inputs of an integrator (shown in Fig.13,including the common-mode feedback circuit);the integratoroutput,which is fed back to the equalizer,responds to the difference in transition time between the de-tector inputs.When the adaptive loop reachessteady-state,will be set such that the equalizer output will exhibitthe same transition time as the slicer output,thus minimizing the ISI.Although this circuit should function as a transition time detector,it is also sensitive to the signal levels of the input.In particular,if there is any mismatch in the DC levels between the two detector outputs,there will be a steady-state error in the equalization.Fortunately,the nonlinearity of the equalizer itself maintains a logic level that is independent of the equalizer settings,which can be observed in Fig.10.Thus,care needs to be taken only in ensuring that the logic levels of the input and output of the transition detectors are well-matched.The transferfunctionof the Fig.13integrator is givenbyFig.14.Operation of slicer and integrator.whereand .The integratortimeis set to 75ns.To illustrate the operation of the slicer and integrator,simulation was performed by varying theequalizer transitiontimeand observing the control voltage.The simulation results are shown in Fig.14.The combination of detector and integrator can be characterized by detectorgainwith units of mV/ps,where is proportional to the transi-tion density.SimulationgivesmV/ps for this circuit。

PSE200A系列多通道数字传感器监测器说明书

Instruction ManualMulti Channel Digital Sensor MonitorPSE200A / PSE201A / PSE202A / PSE203AThe intended use of the multi channel digital sensor monitor is to monitor and display information from up to four pressure sensors.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety. etc.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.CautionCaution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.• This product is class A equipment intended for use in an industrial environment. There may be potential difficulties in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in other environments due to conducted or radiated disturbances.• Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more safety instructions.WarningSpecial products (-X) might have specifications different from those shown in the specifications section. Contact SMC for specific drawings.2 Specifications2.1 General specifications2.2 Applicable Pressure Sensor specificationsApplicable SMC pressure sensor Rated pressure range Display / set pressure range Display / min. setting unit PSE550 0 to 2 kPa -0.2 to 2.1 kPa 0.001 kPa PSE531,PSE541, PSE561 0 to -101 kPa 10 to -105 kPa 0.1 kPaPSE533, PSE543,PSE563, PSE573 -100 to 100 kPa -105 to 105 kPa 0.1 kPaPSE532 0 to 100 kPa -10 to 105 kPa 0.1 kPa PSE564, PSE574 0 to 500 kPa -50 to 525 kPa 1 kPa PSE530, PSE540, PSE560, PSE570 0 to 1 MPa -0.105 to 1.05MPa0.001 MPaPSE575 0 to 2 MPa -0.105 to 2.1MPa 0.001 MPaPSE576 0 to 5 MPa -0.25 to 5.25MPa 0.01 MPaPSE577 0 to 10 MPa -0.5 to 10.5MPa0.01 MPa2.3 IO-Link specifications (PSE202A / 203A) IO-Link type Device IO-Link versionV1.1Communication speed COM2 (38.4 kbps) Min. cycle time 4.8 msProcess data lengthInput Data: 10 byte, Output Data: 0 byte On request data communication Available Data storage function Available Event function Available Vendor ID 131 (0x0083) Device ID 340 (0x000154)PartDescriptionOutput display (Orange) Lit when OUT is ON.Main display (Red/Green) Displays the current status of pressure, setting mode, selected indication units and error code UP button Selects the channel and mode and increases the ON/OFF set value.DOWN button Changes the sub display, selects the mode and decreases the ON/OFF set value. SET button Changes the mode and sets the set value. Unit display (Red/Green) LED is ON to indicate the selected units. For the Monitor without unit selection function, the units are SI units (MPa, kPa or Pa).Channel display (Orange) Indicates the CH1 to CH4 currently selected Sub display left (Orange) Displays itemsSub display right (Orange) Displays set values, peak and bottom values IO-Link status indicator lightDisplays OUT1 output communication status (SIO mode, start-up mode, pre-operation mode,operation mode) and presence of communication data (PSE202A / 203A only).4 Installation4.1 InstallationWarning• Do not install the product unless the safety instructions have been read and understood. 4.2 EnvironmentWarning• Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, oil, chemicals, salt water or steam are present.• Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.• Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.• Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess of the product’s specifications.• Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result in temperatures in excess of the product’s specifications. 4.3 Mounting with Panel mount adapter• Fix the panel mount adapter to the sensor monitor using the set screws M3 x 8L (2 pcs.) supplied.Panel mount adapter (Model: ZS-26-B)Panel mount adapter + Front protective cover (Model: ZS-26-01) □48 conversion adapter (Model: ZS -26-D) • Panel mounting of the sensor monitor conforms to IP65 rating, if thepanel mount adapter is installed correctly and the sensor monitor is seated correctly (if the □48 conversion adapter is used then IP40). Tighten the screws by 1/4 to 1/2 turn more after the head makes contact with the panel. 4.4 Panel cut-out dimensionsNote: When removing the Sensor monitor• The sensor monitor with panel mount adapter can be removed from the installation after removing two screws, by using a thin card to release the hook on both sides, pull the panel mount adapter forward and remove it. If the panel mount adapter is drawn forward with the hook caught, the adapter and sensor monitor may be damaged.ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSProduct No. PSE20#A seriesP r e s s u r eRated pressure range Refer to the table for applicable pressure sensor specificationsSet pressure range Minimum setting unit E l e c t r i c a l P o w e r s u p p l y v o l t a g e Used as switch output device 12 to 24 VDC (±10%), max. ripple (p-p) 10%Used as IO-Link device ∗1 18 to 30 VDC, including ripple (p-p) 10%Current consumption 55 mA or less Protection Polarity protection Power supply voltagefor sensor Power supply voltage: -1.5 V Power supply current for sensor Max. 50 mA(Max. 200 mA for total power supplycurrent with 4 sensors) A c c u r a c y Display accuracy ±0.5% F.S. ±1 digit (at ambienttemperature 25±3 o C) Repeatability ±0.1% F.S.±1 digitTemperature characteristics ±0.5% F.S. (25 o C standard) S w i t c h o u t p u t Output type NPN or PNP open collector output(5 outputs)Output mode Hysteresis, window comparator,error output, output OFF Switch operation Normal output, reversed outputMax. Load current 80 mAMax. Applied Voltage 30 VDC (NPN output) Internal voltage drop (Residual voltage) 1.5 V or less (Load current 80 mA)Delay time 5 ms or less, variable, 0 to 60 s / 0.01 sincrements Hysteresis Variable from zero Protection Over current protection S e n s o rInput typeVoltage input: 1 to 5 VDC(Input impedance: 1 MΩ)Number of inputs 4 input Connection method e-CON connector Protection Over voltage protection (up to 26.4 VDC) Auto-shift input ∗2 Input with no voltage (reed or solid state switch), Input time: 5 ms or more, Channel turns ON/OFF independently D i s p l a y UnitsMPa, kPa, Pa, kgf/cm 2, bar, mbar, psi, inHg, mmHg, mmH 2ODisplay type LCD Number of displays 3 (1 main display and 2 sub displays) Display colourMain display: Red/Green, Sub display: OrangeNumber of displaydigitsMain display: 4 digits 7 segment Sub display (left): 4 digits (partially 11-segments, 7-segments for other) Sub display (right): 5 digits (partially 11-segments, 7-segments for other) Operation lightLED is ON when switch output is ON(OUT1, OUT2: Orange) Digital filter Variable, 0 to 30 s / 0.01 s incrementsE n v i r o n m e n tEnclosureIP65 (front side only when the panel is mounted), IP40 for others Withstand voltage1000 VAC for 1 minute between terminals and housing Insulation resistance50 MΩ or more between terminals and housing (with 500 VDC)Ambient temperature range Operation: 0 to 50 oC, Storage: -10 to 60 o C (No condensation) Operating humidity range Operation and storage: 35 to 85%RH (No condensation) ∗1: When PSE202A/PSE203A is selected. ∗2: When PSE200A/PSE201A is selected.5.1 Wiring Connection• Connections should be made with the power supply turned OFF. • Do not insert or remove the sensor connector with the power ON.• Use a separate route for the product wiring and any power or high voltage wiring. Otherwise, malfunction may result due to noise.• If a commercially available switching power supply is used, be sure to ground the frame ground (FG) terminal. If the switching power supply is connected for use, switching noise will be superimposed and it will not be able to meet the product specifications. In that case, insert a noise filter such as a line noise filter/ferrite between the switching power supplies or change the switching power supply to the series power supply.• When connecting the connector, insert it straight onto the pins and lock the connector into the groove in the housing until the connector clicks.• When removing the connector, press down the lever to disengage the lever and pull the connector straight out.5.2 Power connector pin layoutPIN numberTerminal namePSE200A# / PSE201A# PSE202A# / PSE203A#1 L+2 L -3 CH1_OUT1 C/Q (CH1_OUT1)4 CH1_OUT25 CH2_OUT16 CH3_OUT17 CH4_OUT18Auto-shift input N.C.5.3 Sensor e-CON connector wiring • Attach the connector to the lead wireThe sensor wire should be stripped as shown in the figure.Refer to the table below for corresponding connector and wire gauge. AWG No. Conductor size (mm 2) Outer diameter (mm) Colour SMC product No. (1 pc.) 26-24 (28)0.14-0.2 (0.08)φ0.8 to φ1.0 Red ZS-28-C φ1.0 to φ1.2 Yellow ZS-28-C-1 φ1.2 to φ1.6 Orange ZS-28-C-2 22-20 0.3-0.5φ1.0 to φ1.2Green ZS-28-C-3 φ1.2 to φ1.6 Blue ZS-28-C-4 φ1.6 to φ2.0GreyZS-28-C-5• Check that the above-mentioned wire preparation has been performed correctly, then part A shown in the figure is pushed in by hand to make temporary connection.• Part A centre should be pressed straight in using a suitable tool, such as pliers. The e-CON connector cannot be re-used once it has been completely crimped.• In case of connection failure or when a pin is mis-wired, please use a new e-CON connector.• When the sensor is not connected correctly, [LLL] will be displayed. • The wire colours are applicable for an SMC sensor lead wire.6 Settings6.1 Pressure settingWhen the pressure exceeds the set value, the switch will be turned ON. When the pressure falls below the set value by the amount of hysteresis or more, the switch will be turned OFF.The default setting is to turn ON the output at -50.5 kPa when the pressure range of the connected sensor is vacuum.Perform initial setting while referring to the setting outline.Power is supplied• The outputs will continue to operate during setting.If a button is not pressed for a certain time during the setting, the display will flash.8.1 3-Step setting mode (hysteresis mode)In 3-step setting mode, the set value (P_1 or n_1, P_2 or n_2) and hysteresis (H_1, H_2) can be changed.After selecting the channel, set the items on the sub display (set value or hysteresis) using the DOWN button.When changing the set value, follow the operation below. The hysteresis setting can be changed in the same way.(1) on the sub display. The set value on the sub display (right) will start flashing.(2) Press the UP or DOWN button to change the set value.When the UP and DOWN buttons are pressed and held simultaneously for 1 second or longer, the set value is displayed as [- - -], and the set value will be the same as the current pressure value automatically (snap shot function).Afterwards, it is possible to adjust the value by pressing the UP or DOWN button.(3) Press the SET button to complete the setting.The product will turn on within a set pressure range (OUT1: from P1L to P1H, OUT2: from P2L to P2H) during window comparator mode. Set P1L/P2L, the lower limit of the switch operation, and P1H/P2H, the upper limit of the switch operation and WH1/WH2 (hysteresis).When reversed output is selected, the sub display (left) will show [n1L] / [n2L] and [n1H] / [n2H].• Setting of the normal/reverse output switching and hysteresis/window comparator mode switching are performed with the function selection mode [F 1] Setting of OUT1, [F 2] Setting of OUT2.9 Simple Setting mode(1) After selecting the channel, press the SET button for between 1 and3 seconds in measurement mode. [SEt] is displayed on the main display.When the button is released while in the [SEt] display, the current pressure value is displayed on the main display, [P_1] or [n_1] is displayed on the sub display (left), and the set value is displayed on the sub display (right) (Flashing). (2) Change the set value with the UP or DOWNbuttons, and press the SET button to set the value. Then, the setting moves to hysteresis setting (The snap shot function can also be used).(3) Change the hysteresis value using the UP or DOWN buttons, andpress the SET button to set the value. Then, the setting moves to the delay time of the switch output (The snap shot function can also be used).(4) The delay time of the switch output can be set by pressing the UPor DOWN buttons at the ON and OFF point of the switch output. Delay time setting can prevent the output from chattering.The delay time can be set in the range 0.00 to 60.00 sec. in 0.01 sec. increments.(5) Press the SET button for 2 seconds or longer to complete the OUT1setting. [P_2] or [n_2] is displayed on the sub screen (left). Continue with the setting of OUT2.Press and hold the SET button for 2 seconds or longer to complete the setting. The product will return to measurement mode. • In window comparator mode, set P1L/P2L, the lower limit of the switch operation, and P1H/P2H, the upper limit of the switch operation, WH1/WH2 (hysteresis) and dt1/dt2 (delay time).(When reversed output is selected, the sub display (left) will show [n1L] / [n2L] and [n1H] / [n2H].).Press the SET button oncePress theSETbutton for 1 to 3 s[3-step setting mode] Set value orhysteresis [Simple setting mode] Set value, hysteresis and delay ti [Function selection mode] Change the function settings[Sub display setting] [Other settings]Press theSETbutton for 3 to 5 sPress theDOWN buttononceAfter selecting the channel, in measurement mode, press the SET button for 3 seconds or longer (but less than 5 seconds), to display [F 0]. Select to display the function to be changed [F□□].Press and hold the SET button for 2 seconds or longer to return to measurement mode.•Some products do not have all the functions. If a function is not available or selected due to configuration of other functions, [- - -] is displayed on the sub display (right).•All channel indicators turn on for the setting, common for all channels.•Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https://) for more information about the functions available.10.1 Default function settingsThe default settings are shown in the table below.If there is no problem with this setting, keep these settings.To change a setting, enter function selection mode.Item Description Default[F 0] Differential pressure check mode OFF Connected sensor range Vacuum Display Units [kPa][F 1] OUT1 .[F 2] OUT2 Output mode Hysteresis Normal / Reversed output Normal Pressure setting -50.5 kPa Hysteresis 5.1 kPa Delay Time 0.00 sec.Display colour (linked to OUT1)ON:GreenOFF:Red[F 3] Digital filter setting 0.00 sec.[F 4] Auto-preset function Not used [F 5] ∗Auto-shift setting OFF [F 6] Fine adjustment of display value 0.0% [F10] Sub display setting Standard [F11] Display resolution setting 1000-split [F14] Zero cut-off setting 0.0% [F80] Power saving mode OFF [F81] Security code OFF [F90] Setting of all functions OFF [F95] Channel to channel copy function OFF [F96] Sensor input / External input signal status ∗N/A [F98] Output check N/A [F99] Reset to default settings OFF ∗: When PSE200A/PSE201A is selected. •Channel scan functionPress the UP button for 2 seconds or longer. Channels and themeasured pressures will be displayed in order approximately every 2seconds. The function can be released by pressing the UP buttonagain for 2 seconds or longer.•Snap shot functionThe current pressure value can be stored to the switch outputON/OFF set point.When the set value and hysteresis are set on the sub display (left),press the UP and DOWN buttons simultaneously for 1 second orlonger. The value of the sub display (right) shows [- - -], and valuescorresponding to the current pressure are automatically displayed.•Peak / bottom value displayThe max. (min.) pressure from when power is supplied is detectedand monitored.In peak/bottom display mode, the current pressure is displayed.Press the DOWN button in measurement mode to switch the sub-display(left) to the display shown below.Peak/bottom values are displayed on the sub display (right) at thesame time as the current pressure value on the main display.When the SET and DOWN buttons are pressed for 1 second or longersimultaneously while the peak/bottom values are displayed, the sub display(right) displays [- - -] and the maximum (minimum) pressure value arecleared. Peak/ bottom value are not stored to memory.•Zero-clear functionThe displayed value can be adjusted to zero if the pressure beingmeasured is within ±7% F.S (±3.5% F.S. for compound pressure) ofthe zero point set at the time of default setting. The zero clear rangevaries by ±1% F.S. due to variation between individual products.In measurement mode, when the UP and DOWN buttons are pressedfor 1 second or longer simultaneously, the main display shows [- - -],and then will reset to zero. The display returns to measurement modeautomatically.•Key-lock functionThe key lock function is used to prevent errors occurring due tounintentional changes of the set values. If the SET button is pressedwhile the keys are locked, [LoC] is displayed on the sub display (left)for approximately 1 second.12 How to OrderRefer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website(URL: https://) for How to Order information.13 Outline Dimensions (mm)Refer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website(URL: https://) for Outline Dimensions.14.1 Error indicationIf the error cannot be reset after the above measures are taken, orerrors other than above are displayed, please contact SMC.15.1 General MaintenanceCaution•Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause theproduct to malfunction and lead to equipment damage.•If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.•Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only byqualified personnel.•Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and besure to cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released toatmosphere.•After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure andpower to the equipment and perform appropriate functional andleakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.•If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance,ensure they are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carriedout as required to ensure continued compliance with applicablenational regulations.•Do not make any modification to the product.•Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation ormaintenance instructions.How to reset the product after power cut or forcible de-energizingThe setting of the product will be retained as it was before a power cutor de-energizing. The output condition is also basically recovered to thatbefore a power cut or de-energizing, but may change depending on theoperating environment.Therefore, check the safety of the whole installation before operatingthe product. If the installation is using accurate control, wait until theproduct has warmed up (approximately 10 to 15 minutes).16 Limitations of Use16.1 Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance RequirementsRefer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.17 Product disposalThis product shall not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check yourlocal regulations and guidelines to dispose of this product correctly, inorder to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.18 ContactsRefer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor /importer.URL: https:// (Global) https://www.smc.eu (Europe)SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, JapanSpecifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer.© 2021 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved.Template DKP50047-F-085M。

A Versatile Zero Background T-Vector System for Gene

Breakthrough TechnologiesA Versatile Zero Background T-Vector System for Gene Cloning and Functional Genomics1[C][W][OA]Songbiao Chen,Pattavipha Songkumarn,Jianli Liu,and Guo-Liang Wang*Department of Plant Pathology,The Ohio State University,Columbus,Ohio43210(S.C.,P.S.,J.L.,G.-L.W.); and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha410128,China(G.-L.W.)With the recent availability of complete genomic sequences of many organisms,high-throughput and cost-efﬁcient systems for gene cloning and functional analysis are in great demand.Although site-speciﬁc recombination-based cloning systems,such as Gateway cloning technology,are extremely useful for efﬁcient transfer of DNA fragments into multiple destination vectors,the two-step cloning process is time consuming and expensive.Here,we report a zero background TA cloning system that provides simple and high-efﬁciency direct cloning of PCR-ampliﬁed DNA fragments with almost no self-ligation.The improved T-vector system takes advantage of the restriction enzyme Xcm I to generate a T-overhang after digestion and the negative selection marker gene ccdB to eliminate the self-ligation background after transformation.We demonstrate the feasibility andﬂexibility of the technology by developing a set of transient and stable transformation vectors for constitutive gene expression,gene silencing,protein tagging,protein subcellular localization detection,and promoter fragment activity analysis in plants.Because the system can be easily adapted for developing specialized expression vectors for other organisms, zero background TA provides a general,cost-efﬁcient,and high-throughput platform that complements the Gateway cloning system for gene cloning and functional genomics.Rapid advances in genome sequencing technologies in the last few years have led to the complete decoding of many complex eukaryotic genomes and have stim-ulated large-scale analysis of gene functions in se-quenced genomes.In general,gene function can be elucidated using a variety of approaches,such as ectopic expression,gene silencing,protein subcellular localization examination,gene expression pattern analysis by promoter activity assay,structure-function analysis,and in vitro or in vivo biochemical assays (Hartley et al.,2000;Curtis and Grossniklaus,2003; Earley et al.,2006).Typically,all these approaches require the cloning of target genes,mutated fragments, or their promoter fragments into various specialized vectors for subsequent characterization.However,the traditional approach for engineering expression con-structs based on the restriction enzyme/ligase cloning method is extremely laborious and time consuming and is often hampered by lack of appropriate restric-tion sites;thus,the production of constructs is a signiﬁcant technical obstacle for large-scale functional gene analysis in plants.In recent years,the Gateway cloning system from Invitrogen and the Creator cloning system from CLONTECH have been developed to facilitate large-scale production of gene constructs.The recombina-tional cloning systems are based on a two-step process (Marsischky and LaBaer,2004).The DNA fragment of interest isﬁrst cloned into a general donor plasmid. Subsequently,the DNA fragmentﬂanked by two site-speciﬁc recombination sites in the donor vector can be transferred precisely into a variety of expression vec-tors by site-speciﬁc recombination reactions.A great advantage of the recombinational cloning technologies is that once the DNA fragment has been engineered into a donor vector,the transfer of the DNA fragment into an expression destination vector is a simple reac-tion that requires no traditional restriction enzyme/ ligase cloning.The recombinational cloning systems, particularly the Gateway technology,have been widely used in the research community,and many Gateway-compatible open reading frame entry(do-nor)clone collections and expression vectors have been created for functional genomics in many organ-isms(Yashiroda et al.,2008),including plants(Karimi et al.,2007b).On the other hand,although extremely useful for the simple and efﬁcient transfer of DNA fragments into multiple expression destination vec-tors,the usefulness of the Gateway cloning system is rather limited for many projects where only a single expression vector is required for a DNA fragment.The two-step cloning process of the Gateway technology is laborious and time consuming for the production of a1This work was supported by the National Science Foundation-Plant Genome Research Program(grant no.0605017).*Corresponding author;e-mail wang.620@.The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the ﬁndings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors()is: Guo-Liang Wang(wang.620@).[C]Someﬁgures in this article are displayed in color online but in black and white in the print edition.[W]The online version of this article contains Web-only data.[OA]Open access articles can be viewed online without a sub-scription./cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.109.137125single expression vector.This is particularly true when a large number of plasmids must be cloned.Although a one-step recombinational cloning method was de-scribed to eliminate the production of an entry clone (Fu et al.,2008),the approach is rather limited in scope because long primers containing the speciﬁc attach-ment site(att)and two-step PCR are required(Fu et al., 2008).TA cloning is routinely used for cloning of PCR-ampliﬁed fragments.This technique exploits the ter-minal transferase activity of some DNA polymerases that add a3#-A overhang to each end of the PCR product.PCR products can be easily cloned into a linearized vector with3#-T overhangs compatible with 3#-A overhangs.Because it is difﬁcult to generate a high-quality TA cloning vector in individual laborato-ries,many TA cloning kits are available in the market. Many of them use blue/white screening for recombi-nants,and the DNA fragments can only be cloned into the TA vector provided in the kit.To meet the need for high-throughput cloning of DNA fragments into di-verse expression vectors,we have developed a signif-icantly improved TA cloning vector system by taking advantage of the negative selection gene marker ccdB to eliminate the self-ligation background after trans-formation.We refer to this new method as the zero background TA cloning system(ZeBaTA).Numerous cloning tests in our laboratory have shown that ZeBaTA provides very high cloning efﬁciency with almost no self-ligation.Moreover,the ZeBaTA technology can be ﬂexibly adapted for developing specialized expression vectors allowing single-step assembly of PCR-ampli-ﬁed genes or fragments.We demonstrate the feasibility andﬂexibility of the technology by developing a set of 12transient and12stable transformation vectors for constitutive gene expression,gene silencing,protein tagging,protein subcellular localization,and promoter fragment activity analysis for rice(Oryza sativa)and Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana).Our results suggest that ZeBaTA technology can also be easily used to develop expression vectors for other organisms(e.g. Escherichia coli,yeast[Saccharomyces cerevisiae],insect, and mammal),thereby providing a novel and general high-throughput platform for functional genomics of target genes.RESULTSConstruction of the ZeBaTA SystemTwo different strategies were used to produce T-vectors,i.e.adding a single thymidine at the3# blunt ends of a linearized vector(Holton and Graham, 1991;Marchuk et al.,1991)and generating single3#-T overhangs of a linearized vector by restriction endo-nuclease digestion(Kovalic et al.,1991;Mead et al., 1991;Ichihara and Kurosawa,1993;Chen et al.,2006a). Although the former has been used to produce com-mercial cloning kits like the pGEM-T system,we selected the restriction endonuclease digestion-mediated strategy to develop a TA cloning vector system because this approach is easy to use for indi-vidual laboratories.Previous publications have de-scribed the use of restriction enzyme Xcm I(Kovalic et al.,1991;Mead et al.,1991)or Ahd I/Eam1105I (Ichihara and Kurosawa,1993;Chen et al.,2006a)to produce intermediate T-vectors.We chose Xcm I as the digestion enzyme to develop the ZeBaTA cloning system because it had a better digestion efﬁciency than AhdI.Figure1.Construction of the ZeBaTA system.A,Schematic represen-tation of direct cloning of PCR product using the ZeBaTA vector system. The linker of the vector(in gray)is removed after Xcm I digestion yielding a linearized T-vector.B,TA cloning tests of the ZeBaTA system.(1)Self-ligation of Xcm I-digested pGXT using T4DNA ligase from Promega.(2)Ligation of Xcm I-digested pGXT with the PCR product of the rice blast fungus M.oryzae gene MGG_07986.5using T4DNA ligase from Promega.(3)Ligation of Xcm I-digested pGXT with the PCR product of MGG_07986.5using T4DNA ligase from USB Corporation. C,Samples of restriction digestion analysis of the randomly selected colonies derived from ligation of Xcm I-digested pGXT with the PCR product of MGG_07986.5using T4DNA ligase from Promega.pGXT contains two Bam HI recognition sites outside the two Xcm I recognition sites(Supplemental Fig.S1),and MGG_07986.5contains one internal Bam HI site.All samples(lanes1–20)digested by Bam HI released two bands as expected.M,1-kb DNA ladder.Chen et al.The schematic illustration of the improved T-vector system for PCR-ampliﬁed gene/fragment cloning is shown in Figure 1A.A pair of Xcm I recognition sites,CCAATACT/TGTATGG,was introduced in the vec-tors,which allowed the generation of a single thymi-dine residue at both 3#ends of the vector when digested with Xcm I.To eliminate the potential self-ligation due to incomplete Xcm I digestion of the vec-tor,the ccdB gene (Bernard and Couturier,1992;Miki et al.,1992),which inhibits growth of E .coli strains by expressing a protein to interfere with its DNA gyrase,was introduced between the two Xcm I sites.Hence,any self-ligation transformants containing the ccdB gene will be eliminated.To test the cloning efﬁciency of the T-vector system,an intermediate vector pGXT was generated based on the backbone of the pGEM-T easy vector.After Xcm I digestion,ligation reactions of the resulting T-vector alone and T-vector with the PCR-ampliﬁed product of the rice blast fungus Mag-naporthe oryzae gene MGG_07986.5were set up follow-ing the standard protocol of the Promega pGEM-T easy vector system.Transformation tests showed that ligation of the T-vector with the MGG_07986.5frag-ments yielded a large number of colonies,whereas ligation of the T-vector alone yielded only a few colonies (Fig.1B).Restriction digestion screening con-ﬁrmed that the plasmids yielded from ligation of theT-vector with the PCR product were true recombinants (Fig.1C).To establish a general guide for consistently successful cloning,several factors,such as Xcm I over-digestion for generating a T-vector,insert-to-vector molar ratios,and different T4DNA ligases,were tested to determine their effect on cloning efﬁciency.Surprisingly,we observed that T4DNA ligases could have a signiﬁcant impact on cloning efﬁciency.Liga-tions using Promega T4DNA ligase,the same product used by the pGEM-T easy vector system,consistently gave very high cloning efﬁciency with almost no self-ligation background.However,regular T4DNA li-gases from USB Corporation usually gave very low ligation efﬁciency for this TA cloning system (Fig.1B).Although the ligation efﬁciencies were a little higher at insert-to-vector molar ratios of 4:1to 8:1with the T-vector generated by standard digestion,ligations from vectors with 10-or 20-fold overdigestion and ligations with insert-to-vector molar ratios of 1:1,4:1,8:1,and 12:1all yielded good cloning efﬁciency when Promega T4DNA ligase was used (data not shown).Set of Expression ZeBaTA Vectors for PlantsUsing ZeBaTA,we developed a set of transient and stable expression vectors for different applications in both dicot and monocot plants.The backbone ofallFigure 2.Site-speciﬁc mutagenesis of the maize ubiqutin-1promoter (A)and the backbone of the binary vector pCAMBIA1300(B)in which three Xcm I recognition sites were deleted.The nucleotides represented in lowercase italic letters are the positions where deletions or mutations were made.Kan,Kanamycin resistance gene;LB,T-DNA left border;RB,T-DNA right border.C,Comparison of the levels of GUS expression mediated by the original and modiﬁed maize ubiquitin-1promoter in transiently transfected rice protoplasts.GUS activities are represented as a ratio of relative GUS/LUC.The experiment was repeated three times with similar results.1,Protoplast sample transfected with pUbiGUS;2,protoplast sample transfected with pXUN-GUS.A Zero Background Vector Systemtransient expression vectors is derived from pBlue-script II KS (),a high-copy-number cloning vector that can facilitate the isolation of a large amount of plasmid DNA for transient ex-pression.The backbone of all stable expression vectors is derived from pCAMBIA1300(),an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector widely used for transformation in both dicot and monocot plants.Two different promoters,a cauliﬂower mosaic virus 35S promoter (Odell et al.,1985)and a maize (Zea mays )ubiquitin-1promoter (Christensen et al.,1992)were used to drive expression of genes of interest in dicots and monocots,respectively.The 35S promoter is more efﬁcient in dicots,whereas the maizeubiquitin-1Figure 3.ZeBaTA-based expression vectors for gene overexpression/silencing,protein tagging,protein subcellular localization,and promoter analysis in plants.A,Schematic structures of the transient expression vectors generated by Xcm I digestion.B,Schematic structures of the Agrobacterium -mediated stable transformation vectors generated by Xcm I digestion.LB,T-DNA left border;RB,T-DNA right border.Chen et al.promoter is more efﬁcient in monocots(Christensen et al.,1992).The original maize ubiquitin-1promoter and pCAMBIA1300vector,however,contain one and three Xcm I recognition sites,respectively(Fig.2,A and B).To facilitate the construction of the ZeBaTA-based expression vectors,the Xcm I recognition sites of the maize ubiquitin-1promoter and pCAMBIA1300vec-tor were eliminated by site-speciﬁc deletion or site-speciﬁc mutation(Fig.2,A and C).The designed expression vectors were all engineered with the cas-sette of the Xcm I-ccdB-Xcm I fragment(Supplemental Fig.S1).Figure3,A and B,illustrates the structural maps of the12transient and12stable transformation T-vectors.All vectors have been tested for cloning at least one time,and the results showed that these ZeBaTA expression vectors,including those binary vectors that are relatively large in size(.10kb), consistently yielded high cloning efﬁciency(Supple-mental Fig.S2).Because the maize ubiquitin-1promoter used in this system was modiﬁed to block its original Xcm I recog-nition site by deleting a single base(Fig.2A)at the position of nucleotide2480,a gus gene(Jefferson et al., 1987)was ampliﬁed by PCR and then cloned into the Xcm I-digested pXUN vector to produce an expression construct to test the expression activity of the modiﬁed maize ubiquitin-1promoter.The derived constructpXUN-GUS and a control construct pUbi-GUS(Chen et al.,2006b),of which a gus gene is driven by the original maize ubiquitin-1promoter,were tested tran-siently in the transfected rice protoplasts.Transient expression assays showed that the levels of GUS activity in rice protoplasts transfected with these two constructs were similar(Fig.2C),indicating that the deletion of nucleotide2480does not affect the activity of the maize ubiquitin-1promoter.Testing of Tagged Protein ExpressionEpitope tagging is a widely used method for the rapid and effective characterization,puriﬁcation,and in vivo localization of the protein products of cloned genes.To facilitate gene cloning for epitope tagging in plants,a total of12epitope-tagging vectors(Fig.3,A and B)were constructed using ZeBaTA.These vectors contain a35S promoter or a maize ubiquitin-1pro-moter,allowing direct cloning of genes of interest into expression vectors to express a translational fusion of target protein with three commonly used epitope tags in plants(i.e.FLAG,HA,or Myc;Earley et al.,2006). To determine the feasibility of this epitope-tagging system,a gfp gene was cloned into the pXUN-HA vector to fuse with the HA tag.The resulting expres-sion construct pXUN-HA-GFP was transiently ex-pressed in rice protoplasts.As shown in Figure4,A and B,protoplasts transfected with pXUN-HA-GFP showed strong GFPﬂuorescence,and HA-tagged GFP protein was detected in protein extracts of trans-fected protoplasts but not in the nontransfected con-trol,demonstrating the potential application of this system for functional study of target proteins in plants.Gene Silencing by Hairpin RNAi or Artiﬁcial MicroRNA In plants,a typical and efﬁcient approach to induce gene silencing is to use an inverted-repeat construct to express hairpin RNA(hpRNA;Waterhouse et al.,1998; Smith et al.,2000).However,a major limitation of the hpRNA interference(hpRNAi)approach for high-throughput gene functional analysis is the cumber-some cloning procedure for generating hpRNAi constructs(Helliwell and Waterhouse,2003).The gen-eration of a hpRNAi construct using conventional restriction enzyme digestion and DNA ligation meth-ods usually requires several cloning steps.Although Gateway cloning technology has been adapted to gen-erate hpRNAi constructs(Helliwell and Waterhouse, 2003;Miki and Shimamoto,2004),it still requires two cloning steps.With the ZeBaTA system,hpRNAi con-structs can be made by a single-step cloning procedure (Fig.5A).Instead of making an inverted-repeat cas-sette by DNA recombination techniques,we designed a new approach to assemble the hpRNAi cassette by overlapping PCR.Brieﬂy,a target fragment with an additional3#-terminal sequence complementary to both the5#-and3#-terminal ends of a designed spacer fragment is ampliﬁed as aﬁrst step.The overlapping fragments are then fused together in a subsequent PCR reaction,and the resulting inverted-repeat is cloned directly into a ZeBaTA expression vector(Fig.5A).To test the feasibility of this approach,an RNAiconstruct Figure4.Transient expression and protein-tagging detection of the ZeBaTA vectors in rice protoplasts.A,Fluorescence microscopy of the expression of HA-tagged GFP in rice protoplasts.B,Detection of HA-tagged GFP by western ne1,Nontransfected control protoplast sample;lanes2to4,independent protoplast samples transfected with pXUN-HA-GFP.[See online article for color version of thisﬁgure.]A Zero Background Vector Systemwas generated by overlapping PCR in which the sense and antisense 217-bp fragments of the Arabidopsis phytoene desaturase gene (PDS )were separated by a 420-bp stuffer fragment derived from the gus gene.The resulting fragment was cloned into the pCXSN vector (Fig.3B)to generate the expression construct pCXSN-atPDS-RNAi.The RNAi construct was introduced into Arabidopsis by the ﬂoral-dip method.Over 80%of transgenic plants had a clear albino phenotype (Fig.6A),a typical visible phenotype caused by silencing of the PDS gene (Guo et al.,2003;Miki and Shimamoto,2004).Recently,the artiﬁcial microRNA (amiRNA)ap-proach has been introduced for highly speciﬁc gene silencing in both dicot and monocot plants (Niu et al.,2006;Schwab et al.,2006;Ossowski et al.,2008;Warthmann et al.,2008).Typically,the amiRNA is generated by site-directed mutagenesis on precursors of endogenous miRNAs to exchange the natural miRNA sequences with those of amiRNAs using overlapping PCR (Ossowski et al.,2008).The same ZeBaTA-based vector system developed for ectopic gene expression and hpRNAi can also be used for making amiRNA expression constructs by simpleTAFigure 5.Schematic illustration of the construction of hpRNAi or amiRNA constructs by single-step cloning.A,Generation of hpRNAi constructs by overlapping PCR approach.The target gene fragment and the stuffer sequence fragment are ampliﬁed in the ﬁrst-round PCR.Primers P2,P3,and P4introduce complementary adapters (indicated by vertically lined boxes)to the ampliﬁed fragments.The two ampliﬁed fragments are fused together as an inverted-repeat cassette in the second-round PCR by using single P1primer.The resulting fragment is then directly cloned into the plant expression T-vector.B,Generation of amiRNA constructs by overlapping PCR approach.C,Generation of amiRNA constructs for rice genes by single-step PCR.The expression vectors pXUN-osaMIR528and pCXUN-osaMIR528were preassembled with 5#and 3#stemloop backbone sequences of a rice miRNA precursor Osa-MIR-528(Warthmann et al.,2008).Thus,making amiRNA constructs for rice target genes only requires an amiRNA-amiRNA*fragment generated from single-step PCR.The nucleotides represented in lowercase letters are the positions where mutations were made to introduce two Xcm I recognition sites.Chen et al.cloning (Fig.5B),thus bypassing the time-consuming two-step procedure for the regular restriction enzyme digestion-mediated cloning or the Gateway cloning (Ossowski et al.,2008).We further developed a ZeBaTA-amiRNA system to simplify the generation of rice amiRNA constructs because our lab is focusing on rice functional genomics.The new ZeBaTA-amiRNA vector was designed based on the stemloop backbone derived from Osa-MIR528,an endogenous rice miRNA precursor that has been used to efﬁciently express amiRNAs for highly speciﬁc silencing of targeted genes in rice (Warthmann et al.,2008).By site-directed muta-genesis of a single base on the 5#and 3#stemloop backbones of Osa-MIR528,respectively,a cassette of 5#Osa-MIR528stemloop backbone-Xcm I-ccdB -Xcm I-3#Osa-MIR528was assembled and cloned into the expres-sion vectors where the expression of amiRNA is under the control of the maize ubiquitin-1promoter.Figure 5C illustrates the structural maps of the Osa-MIR528-based vectors pXUN-osaMIR528and pCXUN-osaMIR528.The vectors allow for high-throughput generationof rice amiRNA constructs by cloning the amiRNA-amiRNA*fragment generated from a single-step PCR into the ZeBaTA vector with the preassembled Osa-MIR528stemloop backbone (Fig.5C;Supplemental Fig.S3),thus avoiding the time-consuming overlapping PCR.The modiﬁed vector was evaluated by expression of the amiRNA for silencing of the OsPDS gene.The two constructs pCXUN-amiPDS and pCXUN528-PDS,which contain original or modiﬁed Osa-MIR528stem-loop backbone with amiRNA sequence targeting OsPDS ,respectively ,were introduced into rice cv Nip-ponbare by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation.Consistent with a previous study (Warthmann et al.,2008),70.1%of the primary transgenic lines transformed with pCXUN-amiPDS had a bleaching PDS silencing phenotype (Fig.6B;Table I).Similarly,77.1%of the primary transgenic lines transformed with pCXUN528-PDS had the same albino phenotype,suggesting that the mutagenesis on the Osa-MIR528stemloop backbone does not affect the biogenesis of the amiRNA for silenc-ing of the PDS gene.Protein Subcellular Localization/Colocalization and Promoter Activity AssayTo investigate the subcellular localization or colo-calization of particular proteins,a set of ZeBaTA vectors (i.e.pXDG,pXDR,pCXDG,and pCXDR)was devised for transient or stable expression of protein fusions with GFP or red ﬂuorescent protein.The vectors contain a 35S promoter-driven gfp or DsRed cassette that has been used to visualize protein local-ization in both dicot and monocot plants (Goodin et al.,2002;Chen et al.,2006b).As shown in Figure 3,A and B,PCR products of genes of interest can be simply engineered into the vectors to fuse with the gfp or DsRed gene.To conﬁrm whether the vectors can be used for detecting protein localization in plant cells,the rice Spin1gene encoding a putative RNA-binding protein previously shown to be nuclear targeted(Vega-Sa´nchez et al.,2008)was cloned into vectors pXDG and pXDR to fuse in-frame with gfp and DsRed ,respectively.Transient expression of the constructs pXDG-Spin1and pXDR-Spin1in rice protoplasts dem-onstrated that the GFP-and DsRed-SPIN1fusion proteins were targeted to the nuclear region as pre-dicted (Fig.7A).For promoter activity assays,two reporters,gus and gfp ,were used for constructing pXGUS-P/pCXGUS-P and pXGFP-P/pCXGFP-P ,respectively.The linear T-vectors of pXGUS-P/pCXGUS-P orpXGFP-P/Figure 6.Silencing of the PDS gene in Arabidopsis and rice by the ZeBaTA-based hpRNAi or amiRNA approaches.A,Arabidopsis plants transformed with the hpRNAi construct pCXSN-atPDS-RNAi showing the PDS silencing albino phenotype.(1)Control plant;(2and 3)two examples of transgenic Arabidopsis plants.B,Rice plants transformed with the amiRNA vectors showing the albino phenotype.(1)Control plant;(2)example of pCXUN-amiPDS-transformed plants;and (3)example of pCXUN528-PDS-transformed plants.C,RT-PCR analysis of PDS suppression transgenic rice plants.Five independent primary plants (1,2,3,4,and 5)transformed with pCXUN-amiPDS and ﬁve independent primary plants (6,7,8,9,and 10)transformed with pCXUN528-PDS were selected for the analysis.CK,Wild-type Nip-ponbare plant used as the control.Table I.PDS silencing frequency of transgenic rice mediated by the ZeBaTA-amiRNA systemamiRNA VectorTotal Independent TransformantsAlbino PhenotypeEfﬁciency%pCXUN-amiPDS 553970.1pCXUN528-PDS 352777.1A Zero Background Vector SystempCXGFP-P (Fig.3,A and B)allow direct cloning of PCR-ampliﬁed promoter fragments located in front of the reporter genes.As proof of concept,the 35S pro-moter was cloned into pCXGUS-P to drive expression of the reporter gene gus .Arabidopsis plants stably transformed with the construct pCX-35S-GUS showed constitutive GUS expression in the whole plants (Fig.7B),conﬁrming the feasibility of the system for assay-ing promoter activity.DISCUSSIONWith the rapid development of the next-generation sequencing technology,more plant genomes will be sequenced in the near future.How to rapidly deter-mine the function of the identiﬁed genes on a large scale is a daunting challenge.The ability to efﬁciently make constructs to transiently and stably express speciﬁc genes in cells,tissues,or whole plants is a fundamental aspect and bottle neck of plant functional genomics research.Traditionally,the cloning vectorsfor plant research carry a multicloning site (MCS)within their target gene expression cassettes.The restriction sites in the MCS are rather limited,making cloning of most target genes difﬁcult.Although TA cloning vectors have been widely used for cloning of PCR-ampliﬁed fragments,the system has not yet been incorporated in the cloning vectors for transient and stable expression of target genes because of the tech-nical challenge of generating low-background TA cloning vectors.The Gateway system has been a popular choice for generating various constructs be-cause it allows the gene of interest to be easily cloned into speciﬁcally designed plasmids without DNA re-striction digestions.The two-step cloning and expen-sive reagents,however,make the Gateway system impractical for large-scale cloning in most individual laboratories when the entry clone collections are not available.The ZeBaTA system described here over-comes the limitations of both the TA and Gateway cloning systems.After two Xcm I recognition sites have been introduced into the MCS,any PCR fragments with a T-overhang can be easily cloned into a ZeBaTA vector.With the introduction of the negative selection marker gene ccdB between the two Xcm I sites,any self-ligation transformants are ing this tech-nology,we constructed a set of 12transient and 12stable transformation vectors for plant gene expres-sion studies and tested the vectors in rice or Arabi-dopsis in our laboratories.These vectors can be used in a wide range of functional genomics projects in plants and will be distributed to the research community upon request.Under certain conditions,cloning with T-vectors generated by digestion with Ahd I or Xcm I gave low efﬁciency and the T residue of the insert-vector junc-tion in the recombinant clones is often missing (Mead et al.,1991;Chen et al.,2006a).Chen et al.(2006a)speculated that this may be due to the presence of unknown factors that,during digestion and prepara-tion of the T-vectors,inﬂuence the stability of 3#-T overhangs.In this study,we found that the main factor affecting successful cloning is the use of an appropri-ate T4DNA ligase.We tested the Promega T4DNA ligase,which is included in the pGEM-T easy vector system,and the T4DNA ligase from USB Corporation.The ligations using Promega T4DNA ligase consis-tently gave a very high cloning efﬁciency;most of the ligations using USB Corporation T4DNA ligases yielded low efﬁciency.Many of the recombinant plas-mids from the latter ligations missed a T residue in the insert-vector junction,consistent with observations by Mead et al.(1991)and Chen et al.(2006a).The T residue is missing mainly because regular commercial T4DNA ligases contain exonuclease activities that can remove the 3#-T tails from the vector,as reported in the technical manual of the pGEM-T and pGEM-T easy vector systems (/tbs/tm042/tm042.pdf);removal of the 3#-T tails from the vector results in very low cloning efﬁciency.When the Promega T4DNA ligase was used for ligation,weFigure 7.Protein subcellular localization and promoter activity anal-ysis using the ZeBaTA vectors.A,Fluorescence microscopy of the coexpression of GFP and DsRed,or GFP-SPIN1and DsRed-SPIN1fusions in rice protoplasts.Scale bar =20m m.The RNA binding nuclearprotein SPIN1was used as a tester (Vega-Sa´nchez et al.,2008).B,GUS staining of Arabidopsis transformed with pCX-35S-GUS,where the 35S promoter was cloned into the vector pCXGUS-P to test the system.CK,Plant transformed with control vector pCAMBIA1300();pCX-35S-GUS-1and pCX-35S-GUS-2,two independent primary transgenic plants.Chen et al.。

open pipe

open pipeSYNTAX:OPEN PIPE process FOR { BINARY | TEXT } INPUT AS unit_noOPEN PIPE process FOR { BINARY | TEXT } OUTPUT AS unit_noARGUMENTS:process - is a string expression specifying the full path name of the command file.unit_no - is an integer expression specifying the unit number. Valid unit numbers are any integer. It should also be noted that streams 1 through 15, whether they are files, pipes, or sockets are local to a specific procedure and should be opened and closed in the same procedure. Unit numbers greater than 15 are global; they can be opened, closed, and referenced from any procedure.NOTE: Streams have their own "pool" of unit numbers, while windows have a separate pool.DESCRIPTION:The binary or text mode can be specified for the files. Binary indicates treating carriage returns / line feeds as normal characters.∙INPUT specifies that the output of the named process will be read into the SCL program.∙OUTPUT specifies that the SCL program will output information that will be read in by the named process.EXAMPLE:open pipe 'c:\\delmia\\dir' for text input as 3open pipe 'c:/delmia/dir' for binary input as 3open pipe语法：OPEN PIPE process FOR { BINARY | TEXT } INPUT AS unit_noOPEN PIPE process FOR { BINARY | TEXT } OUTPUT AS unit_no参数：process -是一个字符串表达式用来指定命令文件的完整路径unit_no–是一个整型表达式用来指定当流被打开时所用到的通道号（通道号，开始时你用一个通道号连接一个文件，之后用write或者print语句时候，写到该通道号，就会把内容写到该文件了）。

鞋类专业英语

鞋类专业英语oil resistant耐油性oil-tanned leather油鞣皮old fashion老式的, 过时的one-piece bottom一片式大底one-piece pump单片式女高跟鞋open back鞋后开口式open seam露边接缝open toe鞋头\开口式operation操作operator操作员orange橘色original equipment manufacture(OEM)原厂委托制造original sample原样orthopedic shoe矫正鞋ostrich skin鸵鸟皮other footwear其它鞋类out last拔楦out seam stitcher外线机out stape拔钉outer shoe外底out-of-fashion过时的output产量outside forme外腰平面样outside welting stitching车缝外线outsole大底outsole not smooth大底不平oval toe椭圆形鞋头oven烘箱over shoe鞋套overlay装饰片oxford牛津鞋(紧鞋带浅帮鞋)Ppacking包装packing list装箱单包装明细?packing machine打包机padded collar有软垫的领口painting喷漆pair双pairage双数pairing配双pantongraph缩图器paper filler纸团paper pattern纸版paper slipper纸拖鞋paratroop boot伞兵靴pairs blue巴蓝parts零件pasting machine上胶糊机patent leather漆皮pattern cutting纸版pattern designer(pattern cutter)纸样剪裁师; 样版师pattern engineering样版工程pattern grading machine样版级放机pattern wheel shaft stand橡胶片压纹机patterns cutting & design纸样剪裁及设计peacock blue孔雀蓝peccary skin野猪皮peeling test剥离试验peeptoe shoe露趾尖式凉鞋pelt生毛皮penny loafer(coin shoe)有硬币袋式包子鞋perforation打孔permanent compression test压缩永久变形试验permanent tnesion test永久伸长率试验permanent white纯白picalon皮克隆(纸版中底的)pieces鞋面皮piecer冲孔器(冲子)pig skin猪皮pigment finish leather涂料皮pincer钳子, 前帮机的夹头pinch in缩进去pink粉红色pinned top-piece天皮钉pintuck鞋面褶缝piped seam(piping)滚边接缝plain pump素面女高跟鞋plane cutting press平面式裁断机plastic chipping machine塑料切碎机plastic last塑料楦plastic塑料platform鞋台platform cover底台包皮plug鞋栓pneumatic heel tacking machine气压钉跟机pneumatic last slipping machine气压拔楦机point针尖point toe尖形鞋头polybag塑料带polyvinyl chloride(PVC) polybutadiene rubber(BR)正丁胶polyisoprene rubber(IR)异戊胶polyurethene leather (PU) leatherPU皮popsicle加洲式结构拖鞋pot life可使用时间postion部位power consumption耗电量press重压, 冲床press cutting斩刀裁断pressure vessel加硫罐; 压力容器prewalker学步鞋price ticket价格标签prick mark针孔记号priest shoe; monk shoe僧侣鞋primer处理剂primering药水处理process流程processing制程produce生产production control生产管制production trial生产试作profile侧面图PU-coated split leatherPU榔皮pull-out last拔楦pump高跟鞋punching冲孔pure rubber天然橡胶pureple紫红色put-on last入楦PVC sheetPVC塑料布PVC shoePVC塑料底python skin蟒蛇皮Qquality control; QC品质管制quarter腰身鞋身quarter insertion插腰quarter iron bottom鞋身中段铁片楦底quarter lining鞋身内里; 鞋腰内里quarter overlay鞋身饰片quarters鞋身中段Rrain boot雨靴rand延条raw eyelet没有包金属眼套的鞋眼raw hide生皮rayon yarn嫘萦纱red红色reel heel圆轴材料reflection material反光材料reinforcing贴补强reject不接受remove solvent去除溶剂remove tacks去钉repaking翻箱repair cementing补胶resin树脂relain the shape保持形状returning collar lining翻反口里rib内延条ribbed insole肋条中底rich color浓色ridge楦脊riding boot骑马用靴rigid backer硬质后踵片rink system圆形小组式生产系统riveting machine铆合机roller skate溜冰鞋rope sole麻绳编底rotary vacuum vulcanizing machine回转式真空加硫定型机rough(upper, bottom)打粗(面底)roughing打粗round aquare toe方圆形鞋头tound toe圆形鞋头royal blue宝蓝rubber橡胶rubber band橡皮筋rubber chopper橡胶切碎机rubber cement stirrer橡胶糊搅拌机rubber footwear橡胶鞋类rubber mixing mill橡胶混合机rubber slicing machine橡胶切片机rubber smoked sheet烟胶片rubber sole橡胶底rubber sponge sole橡胶海绵鞋底rubberlon合成橡胶发泡板runner跑步者running shoe跑步鞋rust test 耐腐蚀试验rust铁红色报告Namiko-zs曾经斑竹来自 SZ状态离线 #7 使用道具发表于 2008-5-24 10:06 资料个人空间个人短信加为好友只看该作者再再帖:半PU （仿PU ） mipu.semi编织 woven牛皮 calf拨丝钉 pull last大底车线 outsole拨楦 pull out last定型加硫箱 neat setter布扣 ornament鞋扣 buckie布料 cloth material灯心绒 corduroy裁刀 cutting dies裁断垫皮 cutting pad裁断组大底 outsole鞋垫 sock tining层皮跟 leather stack heel印刷跟 printed.heel长毛里 boa毛暄 felt布里 backing加温式贴合 flame成型组后踵 heel curre跟踵 crown of last弹性 stretch皱布 micro fab法兰绒 flannel不织布 non woven橡胶发泡 Rubber pange帆布 canvas反毛皮 suede PU poly urethane跟 heel中底 insole大底 outsole构型 construction材料 material后跟包皮 heel cover中底边 insole binding后上片mustache处包片outside counter后踵整型back part大底压着outsole press夹子lasting攀鞋用手头钉Lasting tacks金属PU semwtauic pu/met pu 金属PVC semwtauic pvc拉菲草raffia镜面ratent拉链纹PU raffia pu沙丁布satin冷冻箱cooling chamber放置铁心putting on shank贴底outsole里包片inside counter鞋领collar螺丝钉screw前帮机lasting pincers麻布linen沙绸mesh毛巾布terry cloth泡棉foam绸面mesh毛孔蚊PVC regularpvc模子底shell sole模子底moulded sole内腰inside处腰outside尼龙nylon麻布flax特立可得tricot牛巴革nubuck植毛绒velvet牛皮leather仿牛皮imitation leather皮泉硬纸eather board心纸底板shank board柔软PVC casiling pvc三角跟wedge包头tip binding砂纸型打粗机sand paper砂轮式打粗stone roughing蛇纹snake AR-18PU truekid wet pu D-3PU wet pu 生胶底plantation crepe射出底injection crepe双包探纹PU pulgup pu泰国绸Thai silk绸布mircofabric烫金wash gold透明PVC clear pvc提花布tmaterial山东绸gorsgrain天皮top life钉书针staple钉子nail填腹bottom filler后跟垫片heel pad透明跟clear heel珍珠沙pearl橡胶糊Rubber cement药水糊Neoprene小牛皮calfskin leather小山羊皮kidskin leather鞋垫sock lining商标/布标logo label鞋后密口closed back鞋后密口open shank鞋口topline停留时间time dwell鞋口滚边topline binding反口领cuff鞋面upper vanp内里lining鞋面upper鞋面前端vamp鞋腰quarter鞋舌tongue鞋舌扣环tongue coop鞋头toe鞋舌tongue领口collar鞋头长度vamp length鞋眼开口部位eyestay opening鞋头开口open toe鞋后开口open back鞋头翘度toe spring处理剂primer胶水cement鞋眼eyelet鞋带lace防水台platform型体号style#art.co楦last压花皮embossed leather皮克龙Picalon沿条welt配汤色matching（鞋面）车线upper stttch羊皮sheepskin巴西PU Brazilian pu腰帮机side lasting后帮机heel seat质腹bottom filler鞋跟垫片heel pad中底insole大底outsole鞋带lace中底insole镜面皮putent leather中底midsole中插wedge后跟heel中底垫皮sock lining单底unit sole中底钉合insole attacching前帮机toe lating中底滚边insole binding鞋后高度back height猪皮pigskin leather磨面皮smooth leather装饰带ornament鞋流shaft of boot楦头润滑剂Last slip根皮Heel cover报告Namiko-zs曾经斑竹来自 SZ状态离线 #8 使用道具发表于 2008-5-24 10:08 资料个人空间个人短信加为好友只看该作者再再再帖;鞋类专业英语 2sabot 木鞋saddle shoe 鞍形鞋saddle 鞋鞍片safety shoe 安全鞋sales sample 推销样品sample maker 样品制作师sample working pattern 样品生产纸样 sample 样品sandal 凉鞋satin shoe 缎面鞋scissors 剪刀scoop wedge heel 杓形跟scoop wedge 杓形中插screw driver 起子scribing machine 划线机scrub 磨sea blue 海蓝seal skin 海豹皮sealant 填隙材料seam 缝合线seat back heel 后座式跟seat lasting 后帮seat sock 跟座垫section grading 部分级放sectional pattern 各部位样版semi-product 半成品senpor 感应器separate last 楦盖分离式鞋楦setter 定型机shade 色度; 色调shaft 鞋统; 鞋胴shank 铁芯; 楦腰shank board(中底后插纸板)于铁芯的中底版 shank not straight 铁芯不正shank plug 铁芯栓shank riveting machine 铁芯铆钉机shank too loose铁芯太松shape形式;模型shape distortion变形shape of heel鞋跟的形式sharkskin 鲨鱼皮sharp锐利; 锋利sheepskin绵羊皮shell forme脱壳法shipping designer装船标识shipping sample装船样品shoeshoe cream鞋面乳膏shoe designer鞋样设计师shoe factory鞋厂shoe finish鞋子表面处理shoe horn鞋拔shoe machinery鞋机shoe material鞋材shoe tree鞋撑shoemaking制鞋shoes tagged附标签shoes tied for packing鞋子绑合包装short heel girth跟背围度shoulder肩部皮革shrink leather皱纹皮side by side packing边对边包装side gore boot侧面有松紧带的靴子side lasting腰帮side leather半开皮side vamp两侧帮鞋side view侧视图side wall鞋边墙silhouettes cement process车内线延条法silica jel干燥剂silver white银白simple简易的size尺寸size notch尺寸记号size ranges尺码的分段size scale尺度size stick尺码量尺skeleton lining鞋里垫皮sking boot滑雪靴skin皮skiving削薄skiving machine削皮机slant toe斜形鞋头slate conveyor板条式输送带slender toe细长形鞋头sling back后带挑空式凉鞋slinhback court后吊带式盛装鞋slippers拖鞋slip lasted construction入楦成型结构slip resistance test耐滑试验slipper拖鞋slipper sock鞋袜slope cutting machine斜度切削机(EVA用) slotted construction鞋面由中底边缘之切口插入slotted fabric forme平面样切割法slotting 中底打洞smooth平滑snakeskin蛇皮snap fastener按扣sneaker胶底帆布运动鞋snow boot雪靴snow mabile boot滑雪靴soaking浸水soccer shoe足球鞋sock laying入鞋垫sock lining鞋垫sock stamp中底烫金soft color柔和色softener软化剂sole底部; 鞋底sole attaching贴底sole comes off底脱胶sole edge底边缘sole edge inking machine大底边上墨机sole edge varnishing maching大底边喷漆机sole laying not proper贴底不正确sole laying贴底sole press压底sole pressing压底sole thread stitching车大底线solid接着剂solid forme实心法solid last全楦solid rotating conveyor立体回转式输送带solid content固成份solvent溶剂solvent based cement溶剂型接着剂special purpose特定目的specfic gravity比重specfication规格spectro heel仿叠式跟spike heel锥形跟split leather二榔皮splitting片皮splitting machine片皮机sponge海绵sponge leather乳胶皮sport footwear运动鞋类sport shoe运动鞋sporting shade运动色调sporty有动感的square toe方形鞋头stability安定性stabilizer安定剂stain污染; 斑点stamping machine烫金机standard forme标准平版样standard making标准样的裁版standard标准staple空气钉steam heating pressing machine蒸汽式热风烫平机steel tip鞋头铁片steel toe钢头steer hide阉牛皮step-in便鞋(有松紧带式)step-on便鞋(无松紧带式)stick黏着stick length楦头程度stiffener里衬(补强)stitch down process shoes外翻帮鞋stitch guage针目计(量针距用)stitch length针距stitch marking车缝记号stitch down construction鞋面外翻以鞋垫缝合的结构stitching车缝stitching function缝线功能stitching machine针车stitching not even车缝不均匀stitching not on the mark未照记号车缝stock no.库存编号storage有效存放时间strain拉紧strap cutting machine剪带机strengthen补强string lasted construction拉帮结构strip cutting machine切条机strip长片stripping抽条stripy sandal多带式凉鞋strong shade强烈的色调stuck on construction黏贴结构stud饰钉style式样; 款式stylist式样设计师styrene butadiene ribber(S BR)苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶suede绒面羊皮supplier供货商support支撑surface measuring & calculating machine量皮机surface scoured表面研磨surface表面swing beam cutting press摇臂式裁断机swoosh面饰synthetic合成的synthetic leather合成皮synthetic resin合成树脂synthetic rubber合成橡胶Ttab鞋舌片tabi日式矿工鞋tack鞋跟固定钉tack hole打钉子(楦底孔供打中底用)tack holes打钉孔tack range粘性维持时间tag标签take-out last拔楦头tan棕色tanning agent鞣制剂tanning鞣革tape胶带taping forme贴胶带法tassel穗饰taut拉紧tearing test撕裂试验tennis shoe网球鞋tensibility伸张性tensile force test拉应力试验tensile strength tester拉力试验机terms of last楦头朮语terry cloth毛巾布test测试test piece试片Texon中底板之惯称; 厂牌之一the gathering sttching车缝鞋面两部分合而为一thermoplastic rubber(TPR)热可塑性橡胶thermoplastic toe puff applying machine热熔胶套头印置机thickness gauge厚度计thigh boot统高至大腿之靴子thimble嵌环thimble hole centerline嵌环恐中心线thimble location嵌环孔位置thin shade浅色调thong sandal夹趾凉鞋thread车缝线throat opening鞋口长度throat reinforcer前衬补强throat鞋喉点tight紧tip前套; 鞋跟尖tip reinforcer前套补强tissue paper包装纸toe鞋头toe bottom shape楦头尖端底面图toe box套头; 前套toe broken down鞋头下陷toe cap鞋头toe lasting前帮toe part鞋头部分toe plate头尖铁片toe point楦头尖端点toe profile楦头侧视图toe puff鞋头衬toe spring鞋尖高度; 鞋点翘度toe to heel packing鞋头对鞋跟包装tongue鞋舌tongue binding鞋舌滚边tongue bottom鞋舌下片tongue foam鞋舌泡棉tongue hid鞋舌中片tongue label stitching车鞋舌标tongue label鞋舌标tongue lining舌内里tongue sleeves舌系带tongue stitching接鞋舌tongue top鞋舌上片tongue top foam鞋舌上片泡棉too hard太硬too soft太软tool工具top bumper鞋头套垫top collar外反口top eyestay眼上片top piece鞋跟接地部位top thread上线top view上视图toplift天皮topline鞋口topsider平底便鞋total quality control(TQC)全员品管tower drier立式烘干机trainer shoe训练鞋transfer搬运tread point 着地点treeing & packing整理&包装tread department成品鞋整理部门trend流行趋势tricot特利可得trimming修边trimmings饰物turn shoe construction回翻结构turn yellow变黄tying绑标签Uuneven shade色调不均匀uniformity of color染色均匀度unique别致的, 奇特的unit sole整片式大底universal materials tester万能材料试验机universal sole sttaching machine自调式压底机upper鞋面upper conditioner鞋面蒸软机upper edge trimmer鞋面修边机upper ruffler鞋面褶景机up-to-date最新的urethane leatherPU皮UV system紫外线照射Vvacuum forming真空成型法vacuum tank vnlcanizing machine真空箱式加硫定型机vamp鞋面前片vamp heating humidifier鞋面蒸湿加热机vamp length鞋头长度vamp lining鞋头内里vamp open up鞋面掀开vamp point鞋口点vamp split off鞋面裂开vamp tack套前位置点vamp wing鞋面前片两翼位置various kinds of last楦头的类型varnish涂料veeingV型补强车缝vegetable fibers shoe植物纤维制鞋类vegetable tanned leather植物鞣皮velcro魔术带veldtchoen construction外翻帮结构velour leather绒皮vinyl/plastic footwear塑料鞋类viscosity meter黏度计volleyball shoe排球鞋vulcanize硫化vulcanizing accelerator硫化促进剂vulcanzing agent硫化剂vulcanzing tester硫化试验机Wwaist鞋腰waist girth腰围; 楦头腰围walking shoe走路鞋(散步鞋)wall楦墙面walled shoe attaching machine墙式压底机walrus skin海象皮warehouse仓库water-base cement水性胶water jet cutting 水刀裁断water resistence耐水性water treament test浸水试验water vapor absorption test吸水量试验waterproof/wellington boots防水靴waterproof shoes防水鞋waxing打蜡waxing machine打蜡机weak color淡的颜色wedge中插wear test试穿wedge angle后跟面角度wedge heel楔形跟weight loss by aging老化减量试验welt 延条welt attaching machine贴延条机welted construction延条结构welted seam加延条接缝welting rolling轮边wet blue蓝湿皮wet process PU leather湿式PU皮wet salting盐淹皮white白色white lead铅白whole vamp全帮width宽度wine酒色wing tip翼形前片式winter boot冬靴wiper扫刀wire tacker打钢丝机women's footwear女士鞋类women's/ladies'女鞋wood bottom木底wood last木楦work shoe工作鞋work ticket工作单working pattern生产纸样work-in progress(WIP)在制品wrapping攀鞋wrestling shoe摔角鞋wrinkle皱纹wrong pattern样版错误yellow黄色youths'大童鞋zinc white锌白zipper拉链zoris夹趾凉鞋报告Namiko-zs曾经斑竹来自 SZ状态离线 #9 使用道具发表于 2008-5-24 10:14 资料个人空间个人短信加为好友只看该作者最完整的来了::::::[鞋类知识]鞋类专业英语大全 - A~ZAabrasion 耐磨试验机accessory 配件ABSacrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin 丙烯晴丁二烯苯乙烯树脂 action of sulphur vapor test 耐硫化测试activation 活化activator 活化剂adhesion test 黏着测试adhesive 胶水adjust 调整aerobic shoe 有氧舞蹈鞋after ski boot 雪靴age resister 抗老化剂aging tester 老化试验机air gun 气枪all man-made material 全人造材料alligator skin 鳄鱼皮aluminum last 铝楦amalfi construction 条状外帮式凉鞋结构american size scale 美制尺度amphibious boot 水陆两用靴angle on insole 中底发角aniline finish leather 苯染皮ankle boot 短靴, 足果靴ankle 足裸anteiope leather 羚羊皮antique oil 安第古油appearance 外观applique 装饰品approve 认可apron 鞋头盖arch 月眉片; 脚掌弓形片arch support 足弓垫arch足弓arithmetic grading算朮级放artificial leather人造皮artisan; shoemaker鞋匠assembly成型,装配athleisure shoe休闲运动鞋available size运动鞋适用尺寸Bbaby shoe婴儿鞋back cone height后锥体高度back cone top plane width后锥面宽度back cone top plane后锥顶平面back cone后锥体back height后帮高度; 后跟高度back part width后踵宽度back part后踵back seam height鞋后踵高度back seam tack后踵高度位置back seam鞋后踵缝合bak stay后贴片back stap too high后带太高back stap鞋后片?还是鞋后带?back tab overlay后套接片back lab后上片backer补强衬里backing补强衬里bagging袋翻法balance均衡ball girth足掌围ball足掌ballerina无内里平底女鞋ballet shoe芭蕾舞鞋balmoralbanlnry橡胶用密闭式混合机bar shoe条扣鞋barring条状之补强车缝base plane基础平面baseball shoe棒球鞋basketball shoe篮球鞋beachcomber海滩鞋beaded shoe串珠鞋面beaded鞋面饰珠beige灰棕色; 米色belly皮革肚边部位bending test弯曲试验binding滚边black黑色blade针杆blending agent混合剂blended insole迭合中底blind eyelet隐藏式鞋眼blowing agent发炮剂Bluches外耳式鞋blue蓝色boa长毛布boat shoe船用鞋boaded leather搓纹皮bond接着bone骨色BONTEX中底板的一家厂商boot vamp moulding machine靴面定型机boot靴, 长统靴bootee轻巧女靴bottom鞋底台bottom filler底部填充物bottom patten底部纸样bottom thread缝鞋底的线bottom view底视图bow蝴蝶结bowling shoe保龄球鞋box纸盒印刷box printing纸盒印刷boxing鞋面格状补强车缝boxing shoe拳击鞋boy's shoe男童鞋brand name商标名称breast line跟胸线breat of heel鞋跟腹墙breathable leather透气皮bridging agent架桥剂bright color明亮的颜色brocade shoe浮花织棉鞋brogue布洛克鞋brown咖啡色brush毛刷buck skin公鹿皮buckle子母扣, 饰扣buff软牛皮buffalo hide水牛皮built heel迭式鞋跟bull hide公牛皮burgundy酒红色burnished leather打蜡皮burnishing皮边整烫bursting strength tester破裂强度试验机butt臀部皮革butted seam平头接缝buttress heel nail鞋跟固定钉Ccable stitching粗线车缝cabretta skin绵羊皮CAD(computer-aided design)计算机辅助设计CAD gradamatic system计算机级放体系calendar出片机, 压延机calf hide; calf skin小牛皮California slip-lasted construction加州入楦式成型法CAM(computer- aided manufacture)计算机辅助制造cabrelle衬里布camel骆驼色canvas帆布cap鞋前套cape skin小羊皮cardboard filler纸板衬cardboard纸板carpincho hide河马皮carton label纸箱标签carton making machine纸箱成型机carton number(C/NO)箱号carton外箱, 纸箱case箱casting leater软皮casual shoe便鞋catalyst催化剂cattle hide大牛皮cement skinning胶水表层凝固现象cement胶水cemented construction贴合结构法cemented lining贴合内里cementing上胶central grading中心级放central seam后踵中央接缝centreline中线certificate of inspection检验证书chain stitch连环车缝法check检查chelsea boot侧边装有松紧带的短靴cherokee加洛基式凉鞋chic style新潮款式children's shoe童鞋children's footwear童鞋类chilling冷冻定型chip碎屑chromed tanned leather铬鞣皮chukka boot恰克靴; 马球靴ciao boot俏靴(有鞋带的短统平底靴) clarino可丽柔人造皮classical shade传统色调clicking裁断clip打钉clobber鞋匠clog木屐close shoe满帮鞋close toe & close back满帮式closing缝合cobalt blue钴蓝collar领口collar foam领口泡棉collar lining领口里; 反口里; 滚口里collection一系列款式color颜色color code颜色的标识(代码)color fading test褪色试验color not matching颜色不配合color stability色彩稳定性color variation色差colored tape色带coloring agent着色剂; 色胶coloring match配色; 着色; 对色comfort footwear舒适鞋component组件compound混合料compression test耐压缩试验cone heel圆锥形跟cone top surface楦锥体顶面cone top surface outline锥体顶面周线confirm确认confirm sample确认样品construction结构continental size欧洲尺寸control panel控制板conveyor输送带足弓垫cooling system冷却系统co-ordinated grading调和级放cording滚边corduroy绒布cork软木corrected grain leatrer磨面皮cotton cloth棉布cotton woven棉织物cotton yarn棉纱counter后段; 鞋后踵counter lasting machine后帮机counter lining后踵内里, 后套里counter pocket reinfocer后套补强counter pocket鞋后套counter preforming machine后踵套预先定型机counter sample对等样品court shoe草场上用鞋(网球鞋, 足球鞋等) cover heel包皮跟cow hide母牛皮cowboy boots牛仔长统靴cowhide leather牛皮cracking test耐扰试验crampons钉鞋(冰上行走)crepe生胶crocodile skin鳄鱼皮crooked屈曲不平cross-country shoe越野赛跑鞋cross linking agent架桥剂crown楦底冠弧Cuban heel古巴跟cuboid骰型cuff鞋领口cushion垫(压垫, 软垫等)cushion collar有软垫之领口custom shoe定制鞋customs checking海关检查cutcut out鞋面开洞cutter 切割机; 裁断机cutting裁断cutting board切割板; 裁断板cutting die裁刀cutting direction裁断方向cutting machine裁断机cutting plank斩板报告Namiko-zs曾经斑竹来自 SZ状态离线 #10 使用道具发表于 2008-5-24 10:15 资料个人空间个人短信加为好友只看该作者 Ddark blue 深蓝色dark color 暗色decoration 装饰物decoreative stitching 装饰车缝deep color 深色deer skin 鹿皮defects surface 皮面瑕疵denim 牛仔布design 设计design of style 型式设计designer 设计师die 斩刀digitizer 数位板diluent 稀释剂direct injection 直接射出成型direct vulcanized process 直接硫化制程dispersion kneader 捏合机distance between stitchings 线距dogtail quarter 狗尾式后帮double check 复查, 双重检查double loop terry 双圈毛巾布double sole 双层底double stitching 车双针draft 草图dress shoe 盛装鞋dressed leather 熟皮dressing 涂鞋油dressy 盛装的, 考究的drilling machine 钻孔机dry process PU leather 干式PU 皮dry time 干燥时间drying 干燥drying tunnel 干燥箱duck 细帆布dull color 暗色duraplush 长丝绒dust collector 集尘器Dutch Boy toe 荷兰式男鞋头Dutchman填隙片dyeing decoloring tester染色脱色试验机Eedging饰边egg crate蛋装法elastic band松紧带elegant幽雅的alongation test延伸率试验amboss压花; 压纹ambossed leather压(印)花皮ambossing machine压纹机ambroidered刺绣embroidery shoe绣花鞋amary tape grinding machine砂带研磨机amery wheel grinding machine砂轮研磨机amery leather; patent leather漆皮engineer boot工程靴English size scale英制尺度equipment设备espadrille包痲底台布面鞋ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)EVA sheetEVA塑料片EVA soleEVA底everyday general purpose日常穿着exercise aandal健康鞋exhibition last样品楦eye针眼eyelet鞋眼eyelet fasting machine鸠目机eyelets punching打鞋眼eyelet puncher鞋眼打孔机eyelet stay鞋眼片eyestay鞋眼syestay lining鞋眼内里eyestay overlay鞋眼饰片eyestay reinforcer鞋眼补强Ffabric布料; 纤维fabric/textile footwear direct moulded construction face-to face packingfacing鞋正面fashion流行时尚; 流行款式fashion boot流行长靴fastening固定feather edge底边缘felt shoe毛毡鞋ferule铁套管filler填充物; 填腹finish整饰fishing wader钓鱼鞋fitness shoe健身运动鞋fitting试穿fitting stool试穿凳fixing整理flake white片白flange heel凸缘形跟flared heel细腰形跟flash trimming machine鞋底溢料削除机flat bed sewing machine平台式针车flat foot扁平足flaty shoe平底便鞋flesh side生皮内层flesher绵羊榔皮flexibility弯曲性flexing tester曲折测试机floater 轻便鞋flocked leather舒美绒皮foam pasting machine泡棉贴合机floding machine滚边机floding包边; 折边foot脚football shoe足球鞋foot guage量脚器foot measurement脚的测量foot pad鞋垫footwear鞋类footwear of leather皮鞋footwear of plastic塑料鞋footwear of rubber橡胶鞋footwear of textile fabric纺织鞋fore & hind shank前后肢铁心foreman领班forepart前段; 鞋头前片forepart centerline楦底面前段中心线forepart featherline plane前段帮脚线切面forme半面平版forme cutting半面平版样剪裁formula配方foxing边条较常用的应该是指后套---FT所谓外后蹄foxing underlay后套里层foxing underlay logo后套下片商标foxing like band类似边条foxing logo后套商标foxing reiforcer后套补强; 边条补强freezing tester耐寒试验机French size法国尺码fringe鞋面之须坠front cone heigth前锥体高度front cone profile前锥体侧视图front cone前锥体frosting吐霜frye boot马靴full-breast heel卷跟full-grain leather珠面皮full-iron bottom全铁片楦底full lining全内里full size全套尺寸full sock全片式鞋垫功能fur长毛绒布Ggender性别geometric grading几何级放get mildew发霉Gibson吉布生鞋girth meaurement围度测量glazed leather镜面皮glue胶水glue cleaning machine清胶机goat skin山羊皮golf shoe高尔夫球鞋Goodyear welt construction固特异延条结构Goodyear welt shoe固特异延条鞋gore松紧带grade级放grade increment级放尺寸grade radio级放率grading级放grading by hands手工级放grading theory级放原理grain leather珠面皮green绿色grey灰色grind edge of shoe磨鞋边grinding腰边grip the foot包住脚groove针车沟gross weight毛重guide导杆gum boot长统橡胶靴gusset boot侧边装有松紧带的短靴gusset折檔: 三角片gym shoe健身鞋Hhairy起毛half boot中统靴half iron bottom半铁片楦底half sock半截式鞋垫hammer锤子hand cutting手裁切hand tag吊牌hardness guage硬度计hardness plank硬板hardness tester硬度计heat resistance耐热性heat sealing热熔结合heat setting热定型heat shrinkage test热收缩试验heated chamber加热器具heating加热heavy重heavy duty wear耐用鞋类heel appearance后跟外观heel breast鞋跟腹墙heel centerline后跟座中心线heel covering包鞋跟heel crown跟踵heel cup鞋跟杯heel curve后踵背弧度heel curve angle后踵弧度角度heel aelevation楦跟高度heel feather line plane后跟帮脚线切面heel fit on outsole后跟与底密接heel flap卷跟皮heel height后跟高度heel impact test鞋跟冲击试验heel lasting后帮heel lift天皮heel not straight跟不正heel pad鞋跟踵垫heel pitch鞋跟斜度heel plate后跟铁片heel point后跟端点heel seat后跟heel seat pounding & shaping machine后踵整形机heel seat width后跟座宽度heel steel tip鞋跟铁片heifer skin小母牛皮herring bone forme鱼骨法hide大件皮high cut高统hinge钮键hinge cut两截式楦hinge last插销孔hinge pin holes钮键插销hinge slot键槽hook魔术勾带hydrolysis水解Iimpression外观in pair配双industrial/safety footwear工作安全鞋infant' shoe婴儿鞋infants'婴儿injection-moulded PU射出PUinjection-moulded PVC射出PVCinner booty鞋舌内套inner box label内盒标inner box内盒inner sole中底indside forme内腰平面样insole pattern中底纸样inspector检查员instep girth背围instep point脚背点JJapanese size日本尺码jockey boot骑马用鞋jogging shoe慢跑鞋joined together接合jute cloth麻布Kkangaroo skin袋鼠皮kid skin小羊皮kiln干燥室kiltie鞋面之须坠kip skin小牛皮knee boot长统靴knife刀子kraft牛皮纸kung fu shoe功夫鞋Llab实验室label标签lace鞋带lace hole鞋带孔lacelock眼扣lace loop系带鞋laced shoe穿带孔lacquer漆ladies shoe淑女鞋lamb skin羔羊皮lapped seam迭合接缝laser cutting激光刀剪裁last楦头last ball break楦底接地线last bottom centerline楦底中心线last bottom featherline帮胶线last bottom width楦底宽度; 掌面宽度last centerlinelast centerline plane楦头中心线切面last putting machine入楦机last slipping脱楦lasting allowance钳帮宽容lasting钳帮; 入楦术latest design最新的款式latex天然橡胶, 白胶latexing machine上胶机layer层, 层次layout流程布置leather皮革leather board皮浆板leather footwear皮革鞋类leg of the boot靴统leisure shoe休闲鞋length长度lift迭式鞋跟之每一层light轻light blue浅蓝色line up产前问题分析linen yarn亚麻纱lining内里lining stamp鞋里印刷lining trimming machine修内里机linking tape黏扣带litterway construction李威特结构lizard skin蜥蜴皮loafer包子鞋lock stitch锁缝logo商标long heel girth 跟口围度long heel plate长跟铁片楦底loop魔术毛带loose松散loose thread脱线loss损耗louis heel刘易斯跟low cut低统low heel casual低跟休闲鞋Mmachine sewn construction机器车底结构mackay construction马凯结构mackay stitcher内线机magic strap魔术带magic tape粘扣带magnet hook磁扣main mark正麦manufacture制造margin边距(针车)marking做记号marking pen记号笔mary jane背带式平底女鞋mass production大量生产mean forme中庸平面样mean forme showing dimensional check points中庸平版样核对点medallion鞋头上似奖牌的饰物men's shoe男鞋men's footwear男士鞋类报告Namiko-zs曾经斑竹来自 SZ状态离线 #11 使用道具发表于 2008-5-24 10:16 资料个人空间个人短信加为好友只看该作者 l 金属l detector 金属探测器l ornament 金属饰物llic PVC leather 金葱胶皮methyl ethyl keton(MEK)microprocessor control 微处理控制middle sole 中插midsole 中底; 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英国朋友想了解中国音乐写一封回信英语作文

英国朋友想了解中国音乐写一封回信英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Dear Jessica,Hi! It was so awesome to get your letter. You asked about Chinese music and I'm really excited to tell you all about it!Music is super important in China. It has been around for over 3,000 years! Can you believe that? Chinese music is one of the oldest music traditions in the world. It started way back in ancient times during the Zhou Dynasty from 1046-256 BC. That's crazy old!Back then, music was used for religious ceremonies and rituals. The ancient Chinese believed that music could connect the human world to the spirit world. Isn't that wild? They thought good music could please the gods and ancestors. Bad music could anger them! So music was taken really seriously.The oldest Chinese instruments are bells, chimes, and lithophones which are like flat stone slabs that make musical tones when you strike them. They were used a lot in thoseancient ceremonies along with drums. Can you imagine - the first concerts were religious rituals thousands of years ago!As time went on, more instruments were invented and music evolved. One of the most important developments was the pentatonic scale in the Zhou Dynasty. That means the musical scale had just five notes instead of seven like Western music. It gives Chinese music its unique and different sound.By the time of the Han Dynasty from 206 BC to 220 AD, Chinese music had branched into different styles for different occasions. There was music for sacrifices, feasting, entertaining, and other ceremonies. Professional musicians and singers started appearing during this era too.One of the most famous pieces of ancient Chinese music is called "Guanju." It's over 2,000 years old! The lyrics talk about how music can make people's spirits happier and spread peace. Pretty cool that such an old song had that meaningful message, right?As the centuries went by, lots of new instruments were created and incorporated into Chinese music. Some of the most iconic are the guqin (a 7-string zither), pipa (a 4-string lute), dizi (a bamboo flute), and different types of fiddles. Many have been around for over 1,000 years!Each instrument has its own special sound and playing style. The guqin in particular is seen as one of the most refined and spiritual instruments. In the past, only nobles and scholars would learn to play it. It's kind of like the piano in Western classical music.Chinese opera is another huge part of the country's musical tradition. There are hundreds of different opera styles from different regions of China! The most famous is Beijing Opera which has bright costumes and masks along with singing, dancing, and acrobatics. It originated in the 1700s and is still performed today.Speaking of singing, there are many unique Chinese vocal styles and techniques that have developed over the centuries. Things like khoomei or throat singing, which makes these crazy buzzing and droning sounds. Or kunqu which is a really old and difficult opera singing style. It takes years to master!In the 1900s, Chinese music started blending with Western styles. Composers began writing songs mixing pentatonic scales with pianos and violins. Others fused traditional Chinese opera with jazz, rock, and pop. Nowadays, there are all sorts of new fusions happening between Chinese and global music genres.One of the most popular modern Chinese pop stars is Jay Chou. He mixes rap, rock, and R&B grooves with traditional Chinese instrumentals and pentatonic melodies. His songs are super catchy! I'd recommend listening to some like "Nunchucks" to get a taste of that East-meets-West style.There's just SO much amazing music from China spanning thousands of years. From the ancient ritual music to the Beijing Opera to wild modern fusions, it's an endlessly rich tradition full of beautiful sounds and instruments. I hope this letter gives you a little window into its long history and diversity.Let me know if you have any other questions! I could honestly go on forever about all the different styles, composers, and instruments. China's musical heritage is one of the oldest and coolest in the world.Your friend,[Your Name]篇2Dear Jonathan,Hi! It's me, Xiaoming from Beijing. I got your letter asking about music in China. Music is so much fun! I'd be happy to tell you all about it.In China, we have a really long history of music going back thousands of years. Some of the earliest instruments were made from materials like bamboo, silk, stone, metal and clay. My favorite ancient Chinese instrument is the guqin - it's a wooden zither with seven strings that makes such a beautiful, relaxing sound. The guqin is over 3,000 years old! Can you believe instruments that old are still being played today?Another really old Chinese instrument is the sheng, which is like a mouth organ made up of bamboo pipes of different lengths. When you blow into it, the pipes vibrate and make sounds. The sheng has been around for over 2,500 years. I saw someone playing it at a concert last year - it was amazing!As you can probably tell, a lot of our traditional instruments use natural materials like wood, bamboo, stone and clay. That's because for most of China's history, people lived in small farming villages, so they made instruments from whatever they could find in nature around them.Of course, we also have lots of more modern instruments in China too. The erhu is a two-stringed fiddle that has beenpopular since the 10th century. It's kind of like a violin, but the sound is very distinctively Chinese. My music teacher plays the erhu and the music always gives me goosebumps!The pipa is a four-stringed lute that originated over 2,000 years ago during the Eastern Han Dynasty. It's made of wood and has an absolutely gorgeous teardrop shape. The pipa makes bright, strong sounds that remind me of raindrops. There are pipa masters who can make it sound just like birds singing.Chinese drums and gongs are another important part of our musical tradition. For special celebrations like the Lunar New Year, you'll see lion dances accompanied by loud drumming and clashing cymbals. The drumming puts me in such a festive mood!Speaking of celebrations, every region in China has its own unique folk music styles and instruments. In the Xinjiang region in the northwest, you'll find a lot of music inspired by ethnic minorities that feature plucked lute-like instruments. The melodies are usually cheerful and upbeat, perfect for dancing. I have some Uyghur friends who taught me a few folk dances - they're so lively and joyful.Down in the southern provinces, genres like Cantonese opera are really popular. The melodies and vocal styles are completely different from the folk music up north. There are alsothese really cool woodwind instruments called sheng and lusheng that groups of women play together. They make these high-pitched, buzzing sounds that I can't get enough of!I could go on and on about all the amazing musical instruments and traditions we have in China, but I'm running out of space in this letter. Hopefully this gives you a little taste of how diverse and rich Chinese music is. We've been playing music for literally centuries upon centuries!Maybe you could come visit China sometime during a holiday like the Mid-Autumn Festival. That way you could experience all the music, dancing, and celebrations for yourself. Your mind would be blown by how lively and colorful all the performances are.Anyways, let me know if you have any other questions! I still have so much more to share about one of my favorite topics - Chinese music.Your friend,Xiaoming篇3Dear Jessica,Hi! It's great to hear from you again. I was so excited when I got your letter asking me about Chinese music. Music is one of my favorite things, and I love sharing it with my friends from other countries.In China, we have a very long history of music going back thousands of years. Some of our earliest music was played on simple instruments like drums, bells, and flutes made of bamboo, stone, clay or metal. This ancient music was used in rituals and ceremonies by emperors and nobles.Even today, we still play some of these really old instruments in concert halls and recordings. One example is the guqin, which is a wooden zither with seven strings. The guqin makes a very soft, peaceful sound and the music is meant to help people meditate and find inner peace. It has been played in China for over 3,000 years!Another ancient Chinese instrument is the dizi, which is a type of bamboo flute. Dizi music sounds very light and breezy. Many Chinese folk songs are played on the dizi. My favorite is a song called "Molihua" which means "Jasmine Flower." It feels like you are floating on a warm breeze when you hear it.As you can probably tell, a lot of our oldest musical instruments use natural materials like bamboo, wood, stone andclay. I think this connection to nature is an important part of the Philosophy behind traditional Chinese music. The sounds are supposed to make you feel balanced and relaxed, like you are part of the natural world.Of course, China is a huge country with many different regions and ethnic groups. Each group has its own folk music traditions with special instruments, rhythms, and styles of singing. For example, in the north of China the music uses lots of fiddles and low husky singing. But in southern China, the folk songs have higher, thinner voices accompanied by plucked lute instruments. It's amazing how much variety we have!My personal favorite is the high, longing vocal style of Mongolian folk songs篇4Dear Jenny,Hi! It's me, Xiaoming from China. I was so excited to get your letter asking about music in my country. Music is one of my favorite things! I love singing and dancing to Chinese songs. Let me tell you all about the cool music we have here.First, I want to talk about traditional Chinese music. It's really old - like, thousands of years old! Can you believe music has been around that long in China? A lot of the ancient songs tell stories or are about things in nature like rivers, mountains, birds, and flowers. The melodies are very pretty and relaxing to listen to.Some of the oldest traditional instruments are so interesting. There's this one called the guqin that's kind of like a long zither with strings stretched across it. The musician plucks or strums the strings to make music. Another ancient instrument is the dizi, which is a type of bamboo flute. I tried playing one before and it's really hard to get a sound out at first! The erhu is atwo-stringed violin that makes a cool sound almost like crying when you play it right.Traditional Chinese operas have amazing singing styles that have been passed down for centuries too. The performers have to train their voices and breathing for years to master the different singing techniques. My grandma loves listening to Peking Opera - that's one of the most famous kinds from the capital Beijing. The singers have these incredible high-pitched voices that they can hold for super long periods of time. Theyalso have to learn complicated movements and hand gestures that help tell the story during the performance.But don't worry, we have lots of modern, pop-style music in China too! Do you know the boyband Westlife? They're one of my favorites. There are so many popular Chinese singers on television shows and the radio nowadays. Videos of singers like Jay Chou and Karen Mok go totally viral online with millions of views. Their songs have a mix of traditional Chinese instruments with electric guitars, drums, and synthesizers.One genre that's gotten really big recently is C-pop, which is short for Chinese pop music. It's basically the Chinese version of K-pop from Korea! The songs have a cool mix of Chinese language lyrics with rap verses, EDM beats, and choreographed dances in the music videos. Groups like THE9 have huge fandoms of teenagers here. My older sister is obsessed and has ALL their merch - glow sticks, t-shirts, you name it!Speaking of merch, there's this cool trend called C-pop idols that's really popular too. Companies hold auditions to put together singing groups with really talented teens. If they make it big, they'll go on tours, have their own variety shows, model in commercials - even star in tv dramas! The fans go absolutely crazy for their idols, kind of like how Western artists have superfans too. Companies make a ton of money selling concert tickets, albums, and all kinds of merchandise with their idols' faces on it. It's such a huge business!Music is also a big part of Chinese holidays and festivals. Around the Lunar New Year in spring, you'll hear tons of songs about good luck, fortune, and welcoming the new year. One of my favorites is called "Gong Xi Gong Xi" - the lyrics talk about wishing prosperity to everyone. For the Mid-Autumn Festival, there are a bunch of classic songs about the bright moon too like "Man Ting Fong Yeung." Families get together, eat mooncakes, and sing along to these classic tunes every year when the full moon is out.Chinese music can get pretty modern and experimental too though. There's Zeng Hua who takes ancient Chinese poems and turns them into avant-garde electronic opera songs. How crazy is that?! Some musicians will fuse Chinese styles with jazz, rock, hip hop and other international genres to make something totally new and unique. Beijing has an underground indie/punk scene too. I went to this one mind-blowing concert where the band was using traditional Chinese instruments along with electric guitars and drums to create this amazing, heavy sound. I've never heard anything like it before!Whew, I could honestly keep rambling about Chinese music all day! There's just soooo much to learn about and explore. From ancient melodic tunes to the latest C-pop girl groups, music is just such a huge part of the culture here. It connects to history, storytelling, holidays - you name it. Hopefully this letter gives you a little taste of how incredibly diverse and rich the music scene is in China. Let me know if you have any other questions!Your friend,Xiaoming篇5Here's an essay written in English from the perspective of an elementary school student, responding to an English friend who wants to learn about Chinese music. The essay is around 2,000 words long.Dear Lily,Hi there! It's so cool that you're interested in learning about Chinese music. I'd be happy to share what I know with you!Music has been a huge part of Chinese culture for thousands of years. Way back in ancient times, people believed that musiccould bring balance and harmony to the world. They thought that different musical notes were connected to different elements like water, fire, earth, and metal. Isn't that amazing?There are so many different kinds of Chinese music, but I'll tell you about some of the most popular ones. First, there's traditional Chinese folk music. This kind of music has been passed down from generation to generation for centuries. It's usually played with instruments like the erhu (a two-stringed fiddle), the pipa (a four-stringed lute), and the dizi (a bamboo flute). The songs often tell stories about everyday life, like working in the fields or missing loved ones.One of my favorite folk songs is called "Mo Li Hua" (Jasmine Flower). It's a beautiful, gentle melody that talks about the fragrance of jasmine flowers. When I listen to it, I can almost smell the sweet scent of the flowers! Folk music like this makes me feel connected to my roots and the history of my culture.Then there's traditional Chinese opera, which is a type of musical theater. It combines singing, acting, and acrobatics, and the performers wear amazing costumes and makeup. The stories are often based on classic novels or historical events, and the music is played with instruments like gongs, drums, and stringed instruments.I had the chance to see a Cantonese opera performance last year, and it was so cool! The singers had these incredible voices that could go from really high notes to really low notes. And the acrobats were doing flips and tricks while singing and dancing at the same time. It was like nothing I'd ever seen before!Of course, we can't talk about Chinese music without mentioning pop music. Chinese pop, or C-pop, is hugely popular among young people like me. It's a modern style that mixes traditional Chinese elements with Western influences like rock, hip-hop, and electronic dance music.One of my favorite C-pop groups is called THE9. They're a girl group with super catchy songs and amazing dance moves. Their song "Confessional" is my jam right now – it has this awesome blend of traditional Chinese melodies and modern electronic beats. Whenever it comes on, I can't help but dance around my room!Another thing that's really cool about Chinese music is the traditional instruments. Some of them are thousands of years old, but people still play them today. Like the guqin, which is a seven-stringed zither that dates back to the Qin Dynasty (that's over 2,000 years ago!). The music played on the guqin is supposed to be really calming and peaceful.Then there's the sheng, which is a kind of mouth organ made of bamboo pipes. It has this really unique, almost haunting sound that I find fascinating. And the yangqin, which is a hammered dulcimer with strings stretched across a flat wooden body. The sounds it makes are just beautiful and otherworldly.Learning about these ancient instruments makes me feel connected to my cultural heritage in a way that's hard to describe. It's like they hold the stories and memories of generations past within their strings and pipes.I could go on and on about Chinese music, Lily! There's just so much variety and richness to explore. From the traditional folk songs that have been passed down for centuries to the modern pop hits that we dance to at school parties, music is woven into the fabric of Chinese culture.Maybe one day, you can come to visit me in China, and I can take you to see a live performance or a traditional music festival. That would be so much fun! Until then, I hope this letter has given you a little taste of the amazing world of Chinese music.Let me know if you have any other questions or if you want some recommendations for songs to check out. I'm always happy to share my love of music with friends!Your pal,[Your Name]篇6Dear Lily,Hi! It's me, Lin Lin from China. I was so excited to get your letter asking about Chinese music. Music is one of my favorite things, and I love sharing about the cool music we have here. Get ready, because I'm going to tell you all about it!First, let me start by saying Chinese music is really really old. Like, way older than music from England or the United States. We're talking thousands of years old! Can you believe people were making music that long ago? The earliest Chinese music dates back to around 1000 BC during the Zhou Dynasty. That's over 3,000 years ago!In those ancient times, music was super important in China. The emperor and royal court saw it as a way to help keep harmony and peace in society. They thought different musical notes represented different ideas like virtue, intelligence, and proper behavior. Crazy, right?The oldest traditional Chinese instruments you still see today are things like the guqin (that's a bridged zither), dizi (a type of bamboo flute), and different kinds of drums and bells. I tried learning the guqin at my grandma's house once, but it was really hard! The music from instruments like these sounds sort of twangy and high-pitched compared to Western music.As time went on, Chinese music got more and more complex with different styles emerging. Like during the Tang Dynasty from 600-900 AD, there was this performing art called yayue that combined poetry, music, and dance. People back then loved socializing while watching the yayue shows. It must have been amazing to see!Then eventually tons of different ethnic minority groups across China developed their own folk music traditions too. Groups like the Dai people, Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and many more all have their own unique styles of songs and dances. My favorite is the high singing and plucked lute music of the Uyghurs - it sounds so beautiful and mysterious.Of course, Chinese music has changed a lot in modern times too. These days, pop songs and singers like Jay Chou are hugely popular across China and Taiwan. But you can still find traditionaloperas, orchestras, and musicians keeping the ancient art forms alive if you know where to look.One type of traditional Chinese music that is still going strong is called xiqu. Xiqu is a category that includes different regional opera styles like Beijing Opera, Cantonese Opera, and Kunqu Opera. The performers wear crazy colorful makeup and costumes, and the acting is very dramatic and expressive. The female lead roles are actually played by men! Can you imagine a man dressed up as a woman singing high opera songs? It's so funny to watch.My parents have taken me to see Cantonese Opera shows in our city before for special occasions. The singers have these powerful voices that project all the way to the back of the theater without needing microphones. The stories are usually historical tales about dynasties, heroes, and romance. I have to read the subtitles carefully because the arias are sung in an old poetic language, but it's really cool getting to experience such an ancient art form.Kunqu Opera is known as one of the oldest and most elegant opera genres. It emerged in the 1600s and the vocal melodies are just mesmerizing. The singers kind of... talk-sing in this wavery poetic way. My music teacher at school sometimesplays kunqu recordings during class to expose us to that traditional style. Not gonna lie, it makes me a bit sleepy at first, but I can appreciate the complex artistry once I start listening closely.Anyway, Lily, I hope this gives you a little window into the incredible world of Chinese music! It has such a rich history spanning so many dynasties and ethnic groups. While contemporary pop is popular these days, it makes me really proud knowing ancient musical traditions are still being celebrated and kept alive too. Let me know if you have any other questions!Your friend,Lin Lin。

Charmonium Suppression with cc~ Dissociation by Strings

Charmonium Suppression with cc ¯ Dissociation by Strings∗
J. Geiss, C. Greiner, E. L. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing and U. Mosel Institut f¨ ur Theoretische Physik, Universit¨ at Giessen D-35392 Giessen, Germany
Байду номын сангаас
then address the dissociation process of the cc ¯ states on baryons and the chromoelectric ﬂux tube of the strings (section 4). We conclude with a summary of our investigations.
2
The covariant transport approach
In this work we perform our analysis along the line of the HSD approach [16] in the cascade modus which is based on a coupled set of covariant transport equations for the phase-space distributions fh (x, p) of hadron h [16], i.e. ∂ p1 + ∇ f1 (x, p1 ) ∂t m =
arXiv:nucl-th/9803008v1 3 Mar 1998
Abstract We study the production of cc ¯ pairs in nuclear reactions at SPS energies within the covariant transport approach HSD. The production of cc ¯ is treated perturbatively employing experimental cross sections while the interactions of cc ¯ pairs with baryons are included by conventional cascade-type two-body collisions. Adopting 6 mb for the cc ¯-baryon cross sections the data on J/Ψ suppression in p + A reactions are reproduced in line with calculations based on the Glauber model. Additionally the dissociation of the cc ¯ pairs by strings is included in a purely geometrical way. We ﬁnd good agreement with experimental data from the NA38 and NA50 collaboration with an estimate for the string radius of Rs ≈ 0.2 − 0.3 f m.

Process and device for the piecing of an open-end

专利名称：Process and device for the piecing of an open-end spinning device发明人：Walter Mayer,Johann Halbritter申请号：US07/881708申请日：19920512公开号：US05279104A公开日：19940118专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A process for the piecing of a yarn end on a open-end spinning machine. The yarn is backfed a first time from a cross-wound package, the backfeeding is interrupted and the yarn is clamped at a predetermined distance from the package and the free end is cut. The backfeeding is then resumed for a predetermined period of time and the yarn is temporarily stored between the clamping point and the package. The stored yarn is then wound onto the package in a plurality of parallel windings upon a predetermined generating line. The yarn clamp is released to backfeed the yarn remaining in the temporary storage device and to stretch or tension the yarn between the package and the backfeeding means. The yarn is reclamped and the excess yarn is cut to a predetermined length. The yarn is backfed to the spinning rotor of the open-end spinning machine to combine with fibers in the rotor to piece up the yarn, which is then drawn off the rotor and wound onto the package. The invention also includes apparatus for carrying out the method.申请人：SCHUBERT & SALZER MASCHINENFABRIK AG代理机构：Dority & Manning更多信息请下载全文后查看。

Pair of handles for a pliers

专利名称：Pair of handles for a pliers 发明人：Marshall G. Letson申请号：US00/040532申请日：19950621公开号：USRE036400E1公开日：19991123专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：CLAIMThe ornamental design for a .[.pliers.]. .Iadd. pair of handles for a pliers.Iaddend., as shown and described.< P>DESCRIPTIONFIG. 1 is a top plan view of a .[. pliers.]. .Iadd.pair of handles for a pliers.Iaddend.showing my new design with the tool jaws closed, the bottom plan view being a mirror image thereof.[.;.].. Iadd., the portion in phantom forming no portion of my design;.Iaddend.FIG. 2 is a front elevational view thereof, the rear elevational view being a mirror image thereof.Iadd., the portion in phantom forming no portion of my design.Iaddend.;FIG. 3 is a top plan view thereof with the tool jaws open, the bottom plan view being a mirror image thereof.Iadd., the portion in phantom forming no portion of my design. Iaddend.;FIG. 4 is a side elevational view thereof as viewed from the left-hand side of FIG. 2.Iadd.the portion in phantom forming no portion of my design. Iaddend.; and,FIG. 5 is a side elevational view thereof, as viewed from the right-hand side of FIG. 2.申请人：SNAP-ON TECHNOLOGIES, INC.代理机构：Emrich & Dithmar更多信息请下载全文后查看。

学习的英语谚语范文

学习的英语谚语范文1.No pain, no gain.一份耕耘一份收获。

2.There is no end to learning.学无止境。

3.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

不耻下问才能有学问。

5.Books and friends should be few but good.读书如交友，应求少而精。

6.By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。

学习的敌人是自己的满足。

8.Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。

9.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。

10.Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.博学使人谦逊，无知使人骄傲。

11.Learn and live.活着，为了学习。

12.gods determine what you're going to be.人生的奋斗目标决定你将成为怎样的人。

13.genius only means hard-working all one's life.天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。

14.pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.不管追求什么目标，都应坚持不懈。

15.Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。

16.The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible.学习一门语言的方法就是要尽量多地练习说。

Tektronix TPP0051 10X Passive Probe 用户说明书

Operating InformationThe TPP005110X Passive Probe is a high impedance,passive probe with 10X attenuation that is designed for use with the following Tektronix oscilloscopes:TBS1000B and TBS1000B-EDU oscilloscopes,which have 20pF of input capacitanceThe probe has no user-or Tektronix-serviceableparts.WARNING.Do not ﬂoat this probe on any oscilloscope except TPS2000Series Oscilloscopes.Do not ﬂoat the reference lead of this probe to >30V RMS when used with a TPS2000Series e either the P5120or P5150probes (ﬂoatable to 600V RMS CAT II),a similarly-rated passive high voltage probe,or an appropriately-rated high voltage differential probe when ﬂoating the reference lead above 30V RMS ,subject to the ratings of the high voltage probe used.Connecting the Probe to the OscilloscopeConnect the probe as shown in the illustrationsbelow.Compensating the ProbeDue to variations in oscilloscope input characteristics,the low-frequency compensation of the probe may need adjustment after moving the probe from one oscilloscope channel to another.If a 1kHz calibrated square wave displayed at 1ms/division shows signi ﬁcant differences between the leading and trailing edges,perform the following steps to optimize low-frequency compensation:1.Connect the probe to the oscilloscope channel that you plan to use for your measurements.2.Connect the probe to the probe compensation output terminals on the oscilloscope frontpanel.WARNING.To avoid electric shock,only connect to the Probe Comp signal on the oscilloscope when making this adjustment.3.Push AUTOSET or otherwise adjust your oscilloscope to display a stable waveform.4.Adjust the trimmer in the probe until you see a perfectly ﬂat-top square wave on the display.(Seeillustration.)WARNING.To avoid electric shock,only use the insulated adjustment tool when making compensationadjustments.Connecting the Probe to the CircuitUse the standard accessories included with the probe to connect to yourcircuit.WARNING.To avoid electric shock when using the probe or accessories,keep ﬁngers behind the ﬁnger guard of the probe body and accessories.To reduce risk of shock,ensure the ground lead and ground spring are fully mated before connecting the probe to the circuit under test.Standard AccessoriesThe accessories included with the probe are shown below.ItemDescriptionColor bandsUse these bands to identify the oscilloscope channel at the probe head.Reorder Tektronix part number 016-0633-xx (5pairs)Hook tipPress the hook tip onto probe tip and then clamp the hook onto the circuit.Reorder Tektronix part number 013-0362-xxItemDescriptionGround lead,6-inchSecure the lead to the probe head ground and then to your circuit ground.Reorder Tektronix part number196-3521-xx Ground spring The ground spring minimizes aberrations on high-frequency signals caused by the inductance of the ground path,giving you measurements with good signal ﬁdelity.Attach the spring to the ground band on the probe tip.You can bend the spring out to ~0.75in.away from the signal test point.Reorder Tektronix part number 016-2028-xx (2ea.)Adjustment toolReorder Tektronix part number 003-1433-xxOptional AccessoriesYou can order the following accessories for your probe.AccessoryPart number Alligator Ground Lead,12in 196-3512-xx 6”Clip-on Ground Lead 196-3198-xx Ground Spring,Short,2ea.016-2034-xx MicroCKT Test Tip 206-0569-xx Micro Hook Tip 013-0363-xx Universal IC Cap013-0366-xx Circuit Board Test Point/PCB Adapter 016-2016-xx Wire,spool,32AWG020-3045-xxTPP005150MHz 10X Passive Probe Instructions*P071324800*071-3248-00SpeciﬁcationsTable1:Electrical and mechanical speciﬁcations CharacteristicBandwidth(–3dB)DC to50MHz System atten–uation accuracy10:1±3.2% Compensation range15pF–25pF System input resistance@DC10MΩ±1.5% System input capacitance<12pFSystem rise time(typical)<3.5ns Propagation delay~6.1ns Maximum input voltage300V RMS CAT II Cable length 1.3mTable2:Environmental speciﬁcations Characteristics DescriptionTemperatureOperatingNonoperating –10°C to+55°C(14°F to+131°F)–51°C to+71°C(–60°F to+160°F)Humidity Operating and Non-Operating 5%to95%relative humidity(%RH)up to+30°C(86°F),5%to65%RH above +30°C up to+55°C(131°F)AltitudeOperatingNonoperating 3.0km(10,000ft)maximum 12.2km(40,000ft)maximumPerformanceGraphsTable3:Certiﬁcations and compliancesCharacteristics DescriptionECDeclarationofConformityCompliance was demonstrated to the followingspeciﬁcation as listed in the Ofﬁcial Journal ofthe European Communities:Low Voltage Directive2006/95/EC:EN61010-031:2002SafetyStandardsUL61010-031;2007(AM1)CAN/CSA C22.2No.61010-031-07(AM1)IEC61010-031;IEC61010-031/A1:2008Category Examples of Products in thisCategoryCAT III Distribution-level mains,ﬁxedinstallationCAT II Local-level mains,appliances,portable equipmentMeasurementCategoryDescriptionsCAT I Circuits not directly connected tomains.PollutionDegree2Do not operate in environments where cond–uctive pollutants may be present(as deﬁned inIEC61010-1).Rated for indoor useonly.Equipment Recycling.This product complieswith the European Union’s requirementsaccording to Directive2002/96/EC on wasteelectrical and electronic equipment(WEEE).Formore information about recycling options,checkthe Support/Service section of the TektronixWeb site().Safety SummaryReview the following safety precautions to avoid injury andprevent damage to this product or any products connectedto it.To avoid potential hazards,use this product only asspeciﬁing the probe or accessories in a manner notspeciﬁed could result in a shock orﬁre hazard.To Avoid Fire or Personal InjuryGround-Referenced Oscilloscope Use.Do notﬂoat thereference lead of this probe when using with groundreferenced oscilloscopes(for example,TBS,DPO,MSO,and TDS series oscilloscopes).The reference lead must beconnected to earth potential(0V).TPS2000Series Oscilloscope Use.Do notﬂoat the referencelead of this probe above the ratedﬂoat voltage(30V RMS).Connect and Disconnect Properly.Connect the probe outputto the measurement instrument before connecting the probeto the circuit under test.Disconnect the probe input andthe probe reference lead from the circuit under test beforedisconnecting the probe from the measurement instrument.Avoid Electric Shock.Do not connect or disconnect probesor test leads while they are connected to a voltage source.Observe All Terminal Ratings.To avoidﬁre or shock hazard,observe all ratings and markings on the product.Consultthe product manual for further ratings information beforemaking connections to the product.Avoid Electric Shock.When using probe accessories,neverexceed the lowest rating of the probe or its accessory,whichever is less,including the measurement category andvoltage rating.Inspect the Probe and Accessories.Before each use,inspectthe probe and accessories for damage(cuts,tears,defectsin the probe body,accessories,cable jacket,etc.).Do notuse if damaged.Do Not Operate in Wet/Damp Conditions.Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere.Keep Product Surfaces Clean and Dry.Safety Terms and Symbols Terms in This Manual.These terms may appear in thismanual:WARNING.Warning statements identify conditions orpractices that could result in injury or loss oflife.CAUTION.Caution statements identify conditions orpractices that could result in damage to this product orother property.Symbols on the Product.These symbols may appear ontheproduct:Contacting TektronixWeb site:Phone:1-800-833-9200Address:Tektronix,Inc.Department or name(if known)14200SW Karl Braun DriveP.O.Box500Beaverton,OR97077USAEmail:*************************Warranty InformationFor warranty information,go to/warrantyCopyright©Tektronix,Inc.All rights 。

SIMATIC WinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device Profile Fun

SIMATICSIMATIC HMIWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device ProfileFunction Manual12/2022A5E51115954-AALegal information Warning notice systemThis manual contains notices you have to observe in order to ensure your personal safety, as well as to prevent damage to property. The notices referring to your personal safety are highlighted in the manual by a safety alert symbol, notices referring only to property damage have no safety alert symbol. These notices shown below are graded according to the degree of danger.DANGERindicates that death or severe personal injuryWARNINGindicates that death or severe personal injury may result if proper precautions are not taken.CAUTIONindicates that minor personal injury can result if proper precautions are not taken.NOTICEindicates that property damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.If more than one degree of danger is present, the warning notice representing the highest degree of danger will be used. A notice warning of injury to persons with a safety alert symbol may also include a warning relating to property damage.Qualified PersonnelThe product/system described in this documentation may be operated only bypersonnel qualified for the specific task in accordance with the relevant documentation, in particular its warning notices and safety instructions. Qualified personnel are those who, based on their training and experience, are capable of identifying risks and avoiding potential hazards when working with these products/systems.Proper use of Siemens productsNote the following:WARNINGSiemens products may only be used for the applications described in the catalog and in the relevant technical documentation. If products and components from other manufacturers are used, these must be recommended or approved by Siemens. Proper transport, storage, installation, assembly, commissioning, operation and maintenance are required to ensure that the products operate safely and without any problems. The permissible ambient conditions must be complied with. The information in the relevant documentation must be observed.TrademarksAll names identified by ® are registered trademarks of Siemens AG. The remaining trademarks in this publication may be trademarks whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owner.Disclaimer of LiabilityWe have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and software described. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, the information in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent editions.Siemens AGDigital Industries Postfach 48 4890026 NÜRNBERG GERMANYA5E51115954-AAⓅ 11/2022 Subject to change Copyright © Siemens AG 2022.All rights reservedTable of contents1Security information (5)2Introduction (7)2.1Parameter specification (7)WinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device ProfileFunction Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AA3Table of contentsWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device Profile 4Function Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AASecurity information1Siemens provides products and solutions with industrial security functions that support thesecure operation of plants, systems, machines and networks.In order to protect plants, systems, machines and networks against cyber threats, it isnecessary to implement – and continuously maintain – a holistic, state-of-the-art industrialsecurity concept. Siemens’ products and solutions constitute one element of such a concept.Customers are responsible for preventing unauthorized access to their plants, systems,machines and networks. Such systems, machines and components should only be connectedto an enterprise network or the internet if and to the extent such a connection is necessaryand only when appropriate security measures (e.g. firewalls and/or network segmentation)are in place.For additional information on industrial security measures that may be implemented, pleasevisithttps:///industrialsecurity.Siemens’ products and solutions undergo continuous development to make them moresecure. Siemens strongly recommends that product updates are applied as soon as they areavailable and that the latest product versions are used. Use of product versions that are nolonger supported, and failure to apply the latest updates may increase customer’s exposureto cyber threats.To stay informed about product updates, subscribe to the Siemens Industrial Security RSSFeed underhttps:///cert.WinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device ProfileFunction Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AA5Security informationWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device Profile 6Function Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AAIntroduction2 This document describes the required/demanded functionality for WinCC TeleControlcommunication with PLC, RTU or IED devices based on the telecommunication standard DNP 3.WinCC TeleControl provides the master functionality.2.1Parameter specificationDNP V3.00DEVICE PROFILE DOCUMENTVendor Name: Siemens AGDevice Name: WinCC TeleControl dnp3 interfaceHighest DNP Level Supported: For Requests: Level 3For Responses: Level 3Device Function: [x] Master[ ] SlaveNotable objects, functions, and/or qualifiers supported in addition to the Highest DNP Levels Supported (the complete list is described in the attached table):16-bit and 32-bit and Floating Point Analog Change Events with Time may be requested.Floating Point Analog Output Status and Output Block Objects 40 and 41 are supported.Sequential file transfer, Object 70, variations 2 through 7, are supported.Octet String and String Event Object 110 and Object 111 are supported.Data Set Objects 85-88 are supported.Output Event Objects 11, and 42 are supported.Maximum Data Link Frame Size (octets): Transmitted: 292Received: 292Maximum Application Layer Frame Size (octets): Transmitted: 2048Received: 2048Maximum Data Link Re-tries: [ ] None[ ] Fixed at ____[x] Configurable from 0 to 10Maximum Application Layer Re-tries: [x] None[ ] ConfigurableRequires Data Link Layer Confirmation:[x] Never[ ] Always[ ] Sometimes[ ] ConfigurableWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device ProfileFunction Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AA7Requires Application Layer Confirmation:[x] Never [ ] Always[ ] When reporting Event Data[ ] When sending multi-fragment responses [ ] Sometimes [ ] ConfigurableTimeouts while waiting for:Data Link Confirm: [x] None [ ] Fixed at ____ [ ] Variable [ ] Configurable Complete Appl. Fragment: [x] None [ ] Fixed at ____ [ ] Variable [ ] Configurable Application Confirm: [x] None [ ] Fixed at ____ [ ] Variable [ ] Configurable Application Confirm: [x] None [ ] Fixed at ____ [ ] Variable [x] Configurable Sends/Executes Control Operations:WRITE Binary Outputs: [x] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [ ] Configurable SELECT/OPERATE: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable DIRECT OPERATE: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] ConfigurableDIRECT OPERATE – NO ACK: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable Count > 1: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable Pulse On: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable Pulse Off: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable Latch On: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable Latch Off: [ ] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [x] Configurable Queue: [x] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [ ] Configurable Clear Queue: [x] Never [ ] Always [ ] Sometimes [ ] Configurable Expects Binary Input Change Events:[ ] Either time-tagged or non-time-tagged for a single event [ ] Both time-tagged and non-time-tagged for a single event[x] Configurable, target database may be designed to handle either or both.Sequential File Transfer Support:Append File Mode: [ ] Yes [x] NoCustom Status Code Strings: [ ] Yes [x] No Permissions Field: [x] Yes [ ] NoFile Events Assigned to Class: [ ] Yes [x] No File Events Poll Specifically: [ ] Yes [x] No Multiple Blocks in a Fragment: [ ] Yes [x] No Max Number of Files Open: 1Introduction2.1 Parameter specificationWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device Profile 8Function Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AADNP3 Implementation tableDNP OBJECT GROUP & VARIATION REQUESTMaster may issueOutstation must parseRESPONSE Master must parse Outstation may issueGroup NumVarNumDescription FunctionCodes(dec)QualifierCodes(hex)FunctionCodes(dec)QualifierCodes(hex)1 0 Binary Input – Any Variation1 1 Binary Input – Packed format 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)1 2 Binary Input – With flags 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)2 0 Binary Input Event – Any Varia‐tion2 1 Binary Input Event – Withouttime 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)2 2 Binary Input Event – With abso‐lute time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)2 3 Binary Input Event – With rela‐tive time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)3 0 Double-bit Binary Input – AnyVariation3 1 Double-bit Binary Input –Packed format 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)3 2 Double-bit Binary Input – Withflags 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)4 0 Double-bit Binary Input Event –Any Variation4 1 Double-bit Binary Input Event –Without time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)4 2 Double-bit Binary Input Event –With absolute time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)4 3 Double-bit Binary Input Event –With relative time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (ind)10 0 Binary Output – Any Variation 10 2 Binary Output – Output statuswith flags11 0 Binary Output Event – Any Var‐iation11 1 Binary Output Event – Statuswithout time11 2 Binary Output Event – Statuswith timeIntroduction2.1 Parameter specificationWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device ProfileFunction Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AA9121Binary Command – Control re‐lay output block (CROB)3 (select)4 (operate)5 (direct op)6 (dir. op, no ack)17, 28 (index)129 (response)17, 28 (index)20Counter – Any Variation7 (freeze)8 (freeze noack)9 (freeze clear)10 (frz. cl. noack)00, 01 (start-stop) 06 (no range,or all)129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)20 1 Counter – 32-bit with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 20 2 Counter – 16-bit with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 20 5 Counter – 32-bit without flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 20 6 Counter – 16-bit without flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)21 0 Frozen Counter – Any Variation21 1 Frozen Counter – 32-bit withflag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 21 2 Frozen Counter – 16-bit withflag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 21 5 Frozen Counter – 32-bit withflag and time 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 21 6 Frozen Counter – 16-bit withflag and time 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop 21 9 Frozen Counter – 32-bit with‐out flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) 21 10 Frozen Counter – 16-bit with‐out flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)22 0 Counter Event – Any Variation22 1 Counter Event – 32-bit withflag 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)22 2 Counter Event – 16-bit withflag 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)23 0 Frozen Counter Event – AnyVariation23 1 Frozen Counter Event – 32-bitwith flag 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)23 2 Frozen Counter Event – 16-bitwith flag 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)23 5 Frozen Counter Event – 32-bitwith flag and time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)23 6 Frozen Counter Event – 16-bitwith flag and time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)30 0 Analog Input – Any Variation301Analog Input – 32-bit with flag129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop) Introduction2.1 Parameter specificationWinCC TeleControl DNP 3 Device Profile 10Function Manual, 12/2022, A5E51115954-AA30 2 Analog Input – 16-bit with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)30 3 Analog Input – 32-bit withoutflag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)30 4 Analog Input – 16-bit withoutflag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)30 5 Analog Input – Single-prec flt-pt with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)30 6 Analog Input – Double-prec flt-pt with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)32 0 Analog Input Event – Any Var‐iation32 1 Analog Input Event – 32-bitwithout time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)32 2 Analog Input Event – 16-bitwithout time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)30 3 Analog Input Event– 32-bitwith time 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)30 4 Analog Input – 16-bit withouttime 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)32 5 Analog Input Event – Single-prec flt-pt without time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)32 6 Analog Input Event – Double-prec flt-pt without time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)32 7 Analog Input Event – Single-prec flt-pt with time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)32 8Analog Input Event – Double-prec flt-pt with time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)40 0 Analog Output Status – AnyVariation40 1 Analog Output Status – 32-bitwith flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)40 2 Analog Output Status – 16-bitwith flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)40 3 Analog Output Status – Single-prec flt-pt with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)40 4 Analog Output Status – Double-prec flt-pt with flag 129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop41 1 Analog Output – 32-bit 3 (select)4 (operate)5 (direct op)6 (dir. op, no ack)17, 28 (index) 129 (response)17, 28 (index)41 2 Analog Output – 16-bit 3 (select)4 (operate)5 (direct op)6 (dir. op, no ack)17, 28 (index) 129 (response)17, 28 (index)41 3 Analog Output – Single-prec flt-pt3 (select)4 (operate)5 (direct op)6 (dir. op, no ack)17, 28 (index) 129 (response)17, 28 (index)41 4 Analog Output – Double-precflt-pt3 (select)4 (operate)5 (direct op)6 (dir. op, no ack)17, 28 (index) 129 (response)17, 28 (index)42 0 Analog Output Event– Any Var‐iation42 1 Analog Output Event – 32-bitwithout time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 2 Analog Output Event – 16-bitwithout time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 3 Analog Output Event – 32-bitwith time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 4 Analog Output Event – 16-bitwith time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 5 Analog Output Event – Single-prec flt-pt without time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 6Analog Output Event – Double-prec flt-pt without time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 7 Analog Output Event – Single-prec flt-pt with time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)42 8Analog Output Event – Double-prec flt-pt with time 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)17, 28 (index)50 1 Time and Date – Absolute time 2 (write)07 (limitedqty = 1) 129 (response)07 (limited qty)(qty = 1)51 1 Time and Date CTO – Absolutetime, synchronized 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)07 (limited qty)(qty = 1)51 2 Time and Date CTO – Absolutetime, unsynchronized 129 (response)130 (unsol. resp)07 (limited qty)(qty = 1)52 1 Time Delay – Coarse 23 (Delay Meas,)07 (limitedqty = 1)129 (response)07 (limited qty)(qty = 1)52 2 Time Delay – Fine 129 (response)07 (limited qty)(qty = 1)60 1 Class Objects – Class 0 data 1 (read)06 (norange,or all)60 2 Class Objects – Class 1 data 1 (read)06 (no range,or all)07, 08 (limi‐ted qty)20 (enbl. unsol.)21 (dab. unsol.)22 (assign class)06 (norange,or all)60 3 Class Objects – Class 2 data 1 (read)06 (no range,or all)07, 08 (limi‐ted qty)20 (enbl. unsol.)21 (dab. unsol.)22 (assign class)06 (norange,or all)60 4 Class Objects – Class 3 data 1 (read)06 (no range,or all)07, 08 (limi‐ted qty)20 (enbl. unsol.)21 (dab. unsol.)22 (assign class)06 (norange,or all)70 2 File Authentication29 (authenti‐cate)5b (unknownsize)129 (response)5b (unknownsize)70 3 File Command 25 (open)26 (close)27 (delete)30 (abort)5b (unknownsize)70 4 File Command Status 129 (response)5b (unknownsize)70 5File Transport25 (open)1 (read)2 (write)5b (unknownsize)70 6 File Transport Status 5b (unknownsize) 129 (response)5b (unknownsize)707File Descriptor28 (file info) 129 (response)5b (unknownsize)801Internal Indications – Packedformat 1 (read)00, 01 (start-stop)129 (response)00, 01 (start-stop)2 (write)00 (start-stop)index=7863Data Set Descriptor Point IndexAttributes 1 (read)00, 01 (start-stop)129 (response)5b (unknownsize)871Data Set Present Value 1 (read)00, 01 (start-stop)129 (response)5b (unknownsize)110 1 – 255(stringlength)Octet String 1 (read)22 (assign class)00, 01 (start-stop)06 (no range,or all)07, 08 (limi‐ted qty)17,28 (Index)129 (response)00 (start-stop)110 1 – 255(stringlength)Octet String 2 (write)00, 01 (start-stop)07, 08 (limi‐ted qty)17,28 (Index)111 1 – 255(stringlength)Octet String Event129 (response)130 (unsol.resp)17,28 (Index)No Object (function code only)13 (cold restart) No Object (function code only)23 (delay meas.)。

中国古典乐器ppt

Originally an instrument mainly for accompaniment in an opera A Bing The Moon Reflected In Er-quan (二泉映月）
Plucked string instrument
It was developed from a small instrument made from bamboo It has been a popular instrument since ancient times
Plucked String Instrument 弹拨乐器 about 2000 years of history the most classical of all the Chinese music instruments with. understanding and appreciative friends Guangling powder
Drum

a fish-shaped group, abdominal hollow, open the middle of the head, tail coiled, its tail-like head shrink, back (percussion parts) was the slope-shaped, both sides of the triangle, the bottom of the oval; wooden Reservation, Reservation head olive 呈团鱼形，腹部中空，头部正中开口，尾部盘绕，其状昂首缩尾，背部（敲击部位）呈斜坡形，两侧三角形，底部椭圆，木制棰，棰头橄榄形。
Bowed String Instrument 拉弦乐器 has a history of about 700 years vertical fiddle(垂直小提琴) has a small body and a long neck two strings. Traditionally the two strings are made of silk .

Types of wrench 扳手种类

TypesAmericanname BritishnameDescription Groupbox-end wrench ring spanner A one-piece wrench with an enclosed opening that grips the faces of the bolt or nut. The recess is generally a six-point or twelve-point opening for use with nuts or bolt heads with a hexagonal shape. The twelve-point fits onto the fastening at twice as many angles, an advantage where swing is limited. Eight-point wrenches are also made for square-shaped nuts and bolt heads. Ring spanners are often double-ended and usually with offset handles to improve access to the nut or bolt.common spark plugwrenchbox spanner /tube spannerA tube with six-sided sockets on both ends. It isturned with a short length of rod (tommy bar or Tbar) inserted through two holes in the middle ofthe tube.commoncombinationwrenchcombinationspannerA double-ended tool with one end being like anopen-end wrench or open-ended spanner, and theother end being like a box-end wrench or ringspanner. Both ends generally fit the same size ofbolt.common open-end wrenchopen-endedspannerA one-piece wrench with a U-shaped openingthat grips two opposite faces of the bolt or nut.This wrench is often double-ended, with adifferent-sized opening at each end. The ends aregenerally oriented at an angle of around 15degrees to the longitudinal axis of the handle.commonThis allows a greater range of movement inenclosed spaces by flipping the wrench over.flare-nut wrenchtube wrenchline wrenchcrow's-footspannerA wrench that is used for gripping the nuts on theends of tubes. It is similar to a box-end wrenchbut, instead of encircling the nut completely, ithas a narrow opening just wide enough to allowthe wrench to fit over the tube, and thick jaws toincrease the contact area with the nut. This allowsfor maximum contact on plumbing nuts, whichare typically softer metals and therefore moreprone to damage from open-ended wrenches.commonratcheting boxwrenchratchetingring spannerA type of ring spanner, or box wrench, whoseend section ratchets. Ratcheting can be reversedby flipping over the wrench, or by activating areversing lever on the wrench. This type ofwrench combines compact design of a boxwrench, with the utility and quickness of use of aratchet wrench. A variety of ratchetingmechanisms are used, from simple pawls to morecomplex captured rollers, with the latter beingmore compact, smoother, but also moreexpensive to manufacture.common Saltus wrench ?Similar in concept to a socket wrench. A Saltuswrench features a socket permanently affixed to ahandle. Sockets are not interchangeable as with asocket wrench. The socket often rotates aroundthe handle to allow the user to access a fastenerfrom a variety of angles. Commonly a Saltuswrench is part of a double-ended wrench, with anopen-end type head on the opposite side from thecommonsocket head.spanner wrenchpin spanner /C spanner /hook spannerA wrench with one or several pins or hooks,designed to drive spanner head screws, threadedcollars and retainer rings, shafts, and so on. Notethe difference in the American and British sensesof the word "spanner".commonstriking face boxwrenchslammer wrenchslugger wrenchhammer wrenchsloggingspannerfloggingspannerThis is a specialized thick, short, stocky wrenchwith a block end to the handle specificallydesigned for use with a hammer, enabling one toimpart great force. Used commonly with largefasteners, especially a nut and stud which bothhave index marks: the nut is screwed hand-tight,then further tightened with the striking wrench aknown number of index marks calculated fromthe elasticity of the bolt or stud, thus givingprecise torque (preload). Striking wrenches alsoprovide shock and high force used to releaselarge and/or stuck nuts and bolts; and when spacedoes not allow room for a large wrench.commonadjustable wrenchadjustable endwrenchadjustablespannershiftingspannershifterThe most common type of adjustable wrench inuse today. The adjustable end wrench differsfrom the monkey wrench in that the grippingfaces of the jaws are displaced to a (typically) 15degree angle relative to the tool's handle, a designfeature that facilitates the wrench's use in closequarters. The modern adjustable end wrench wasinvented by Johan Petter Johansson of Bahco.adjustableMost common brand in the US is Crescent, so there it is often referred to as a "crescentwrench", regardless of manufacturer.monkey wrench gas gripsAn old type of adjustable wrench with a straighthandle and smooth jaws whose gripping faces areperpendicular to the handle.historical pipe wrenchStillsonwrench orStillsonsA tool that is similar in design and appearance toa monkey wrench, but with self-tighteningproperties and hardened, serrated jaws thatsecurely grip soft iron pipe and pipe fittings.Sometimes known by the original patent holder'sbrand name as a Stillson wrench.adjustablesocket wrench socket wrenchA hollow cylinder that fits over one end of a nutor bolt head. It may include a handle, if it doesnot then it is often just referred to as a socket andis usually used with various drive tools to make ita wrench or spanner such as a ratchet handle, atee bar (sliding tommy bar) bar or a knuckle bar(single axis pivot). It generally has a six-point,eight-point or twelve-point recess, may beshallow or deep, and may have a built-inuniversal joint. (The photo shows both ratchetand sockets.)socketbreaker barbreak-over handlejointed nutspinnerflex head nutspinnerThis tool is a long non-ratcheting bar that allowsthe user to impart considerable torque tofasteners, especially in cases where corrosion hasresulted in a difficult-to-loosen part.socketcrowfoot wrenchcrow's-foot wrench ?A type of socket designed to fit some of the samedrive handles as the regular socket but non-cylindrical in shape. The ends are the same asthose found on the open-end, box-end, or theflare-nut wrenches. These sockets use for usewhere space restrictions preclude the use of aregular socket. Their principal use is with torquewrenches.socket ratchet wrench ratchet handleIt contains a one-way mechanism which allowsthe socket to be turned without removing it fromthe nut or bolt simply by cycling the handlebackward and forward. (The photo shows bothratchet and sockets.)socket speed handlespeed handlecrank handlespeed braceA crank-shaped handle that drives a socket. Thesocket-driving analog of the brace used to drive adrill bit. Used instead of a ratchet in a fewcontexts when it can save substantial time andeffort—that is, when there is a lot of turning to bedone (many fasteners), ample room to swing thehandle, ample access to the fastener heads, etc.Used occasionally in automotive repair or jobshop work.socket torque wrench torque wrenchA socket wrench drive tool that is employed toimpart a precise amount of torque to a fastener,essential in many cases during the assembly ofprecision mechanisms.socketAllen wrench Allen key hex key Allen keyA wrench used to turn screw or bolt headsdesigned with a hexagonal socket (recess) toreceive the wrench. The wrenches come in twocommon forms: L-shaped and T-handles. The L-shaped wrenches are formed from hexagonal wirestock, while the T-handles are the same hex wirestock with a metal or plastic handle attached tothe end. There are also indexable-driver-bits thatcan be used in indexable screwdrivers.keysBristol wrenchBristol spline wrench ?Another wrench designed for internal socket-head screws and bolts. The cross-sectionresembles a square-toothed gear. Not a commondesign, it is chiefly used on small set screws.keys Torx wrench Torx keyAn internal socket-head screw design. The cross-section resembles a star. Commonly used inautomobiles, automated equipment, and computercomponents as it is resistant to wrench cam-outand so suitable for use in the types of poweredtools used in production-line assembly.keys power wrench ?A broad type of wrenches that use electricity orcompressed air to power the wrench.power impact wrench Rattle gunA compressed air (pneumatic) powered wrenchcommonly used in car garages and workshops totighten and remove wheel nuts. Includes amechanism to provide repeating pulsed force,good for loosening stuck fasteners and also forovercoming stiction when tightening, to assureconsistent tightness.poweralligator wrench ? A formerly common type of wrench that was popular with mechanics, factory workers, and farmers for maintenance, repair and operations tasks in the days when fasteners often had square rather than hex heads. The wrench's shape suggests the open mouth of an alligator.historical cone wrench cone spannerA special thin open-end wrench used to fitnarrow wrench flats of adjustable bearings,typically on a hub of a bicycle wheel. Called a"cone" wrench as it fits wrench flats of traditional"cup and cone" bearings, but also used with someother adjustable hub bearings. The wrench is verythin so has little strength; to compensate, conewrenches typically have a large head. Mostbicycle front hubs use a 13 mm; most rears use15 mm.specialtydie wrenchdie-stocks?A double-handled wrench for turning the diesused in threading operations (cutting the malethreads such as on a bolt).specialtydrum keylug wrenchdrum wrench?A small, square-head socket wrench used ondrum tuning lugs and fasteners.specialtydrum wrenchbung wrench?A tool commonly used to open bungs on large55-gallon drums.specialtyfire hydrantwrench (hose connection) ?The hose connection has a threaded collar with aprotruding pin. From the handle of the wrench anarc has at its end a loop to engage the pin.specialtyfire hydrantwrench (valve operator) ?This is a pentagonal (five-sided) box wrench.Avoiding a hex shape for the lug makes the valvetamper-resistant: with the opposite facesnonparallel, unauthorized opening of the hydrantis less likely, because the would-be opener lacksa suitable tool. See also "curb key" on this page.specialtycurb key ? This is a wrench for opening and closing valveson municipal water pipes (often at the curb,hence the name). It can be similar to a firehydrant key, because both may have the pentagondrive for tamper resistance.specialtygolf shoe spike wrench ?A T-handle wrench with two pins and clearancefor the spike—allows removal and insertion ofspikes in shoes.specialtyhead nut wrench ? A flat wrench with a circular hole and two inward protruding pins to engage slots in the nut. Thistype of nut is used on bicycles to secure the frontfork pivot bearing to the headpiece of the frame.specialtylug wrench wheel brace A socket wrench used to turn lug nuts on automobile wheels.specialtyoil-filter wrenchOil filterwrench orchain wrenchA type of wrench for removing cylindrical oilfilters. It may be either a strap-type wrench or asocket.specialty plumber wrenchMultigrips ormultigrippliersA tool to screw (rotate with force) various pipesduring plumbing.specialty? rigger-jiggerA spanner used in attaching riggers to rowingboats with offset to allow users fingers to keepgrip when flush with boat. 10 mm at one end,13 mm at the other.specialtysink wrenchbasin wrenchbasin wrenchA self-tightening wrench mounted at the end of atorque tube with a transverse handle at theopposite end. Used to tighten tubing connectionsto washstand valves in ceramic sinks—the nutsspecialtyare often located deep in recesses. The self-tightening head may be flipped over to loosenconnections.spoke wrenchnipple wrenchor spoke keyA wrench with a clearance slot for a wire wheelspoke such as a bicycle wheel and a drive headfor the adjustment nipple nut. The handle is offsetto make the wrench more convenient to grip, andthe handle is short to fit between spokes,allowing the wrench to turn 360 degrees withoutbeing removed.specialty spud wrenchpodgingspannerpodgerA steel erecting tool which consists of a normalwrench at one end and a spike at the other, usedfor lining up bolt holes (typically when matingtwo pipe flanges).specialty chain whipA self-tightening wrench that engages the teeth ofa chain drive sprocket, and used typically toremove thread-on sprockets. Similar to a strapwrench, but uses positive engagement rather thanfriction, and so needs to grab only one end of thechain.specialtystrap wrenchchain wrenchstrap wrenchchain wrenchA self-tightening wrench with either a chain orstrap of metal, leather, or rubber attached to ahandle, used to grip and turn smooth cylindricalobjects (such as automotive oil filters). It reliesentirely on friction between the strap or chain andthe object to be manipulated. Similar to a pipewrench, but uses a chain similar to a drive chainor strap, instead of an adjustable jaw. The links ofthe chain have extended pegs which fit intogrooves in the front of the handle, with one endspecialtyof the chain attached permanently to the handle. This is used in situations where pipe wrenches can't maintain a proper grip on an object such as a wet or oily pipe. Larger versions of chain wrenches are sometimes known as "bull tongs" and are used with large diameter pipe such as isused deep wells.tap wrench tap handle T-handletap wrenchA double-handled wrench for turning the square drive on taps used in threading operations(cutting the female threads such as within a nut) or a precision reamer.specialtytappet wrench ?A spanner of small to moderate size constructed similarly to an open ended wrench, but with a thinner cross section. Its purpose is to apply torque to the fasteners found on the valve trains of older engines, especially automobile engines, where the valve train required adjustment of the tappets (also known as lifters). Tappets, push rods, rocker arms and similar adjustable pieces are often equipped with locknuts which are thinner than standard nuts, due to spacelimitations. Frequently, the hex section of the adjustment is contiguous to the lock nut, thus requiring a thinner "tappet wrench" to be used.specialtytuning wrench tuning "T"hammerpiano tuningleverA socket wrench used to tune some stringedmusical instruments.specialtywing nut wrench A tool specifically for use with wing nuts,allowing the application of greater torque than is possible by hand. It is generally advised not touse such spanners for tightening the wing nut, butrather only for loosening. It is a "hand saver"more than anything else.specialtygraduatedwrench[citation needed] ?An adjustable wrench with a small number(usually 2–4) of discrete sizes. This is sometimesused as an inexpensive substitute for a monkeywrench.These types of keys are not emically classified as wrenches by English speakers, but they are etically similar in function to wrenches.American nameBritish name Description Groupchuck key chuck key A key used to tighten or loosen a chuck.household/industrial church key, bottle opener church key, bottle openerA key used to remove bottlecaps or to pierce can lids.householdpaint can key ? A key used to open the lids of paint cans. Its upturned edge helps to apply a levering motion to the crimped lip of the can lid.household sillcock key sillcock key, loose key, tap keyA key used to open or closesillcock valves. Many aredesigned the same way as aspider-type lug wrench, withfour common sizes (one oneach end) built into oneportable tool.household window crank window crankA socket-like key slipped overthe splined shaft that operatesthe opening and closing ofsome types of window.household sardine can key sardine tin keyA key used in opening the lidsof canned fish or canned meat.household。

乐器的英语作文

Music is a universal language that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers,and it is often expressed through the use of various instruments.The English language,being widely spoken around the world,provides a rich vocabulary to describe these musical tools.The Piano:Often referred to as the king of instruments,the piano is a versatile and complex instrument.It is a keyboard instrument that produces sound by striking strings with hammers.The piano allows for a wide range of dynamics and is used in various genres,from classical to jazz.The Guitar:The guitar is a stringed instrument that is played by either plucking or strumming the strings,either with fingers or a pick.It is a popular instrument in many styles of music,including rock,blues,and folk.The Violin:Known for its high,clear tone,the violin is a string instrument that is played with a bow.It is a key instrument in classical music,often featured as a solo instrument or as part of an orchestra.The Drums:Drums are percussion instruments that produce sound when struck with a drumstick or hand.They are used in almost every musical genre and are essential for providing rhythm and beat.The Flute:The flute is a woodwind instrument that produces sound when a musician blows air across an opening at one end.It is known for its bright,clear sound and is often used in orchestras and bands.The Trumpet:A brass instrument,the trumpet is played by buzzing the lips into a cupshaped mouthpiece.It is known for its bright,powerful sound and is commonly used in jazz,classical,and popular music.The Saxophone:Invented in the19th century by Adolphe Sax,the saxophone is a member of the woodwind family.It is known for its smooth,mellow sound and is a staple in jazz music.The Cello:The cello is a bowed string instrument similar to the violin but larger in size.It has a deep,rich tone and is often used as a solo instrument or in orchestras.The Harp:The harp is a large,triangular instrument with strings that are plucked with the fingers.It is known for its ethereal and delicate sound,often associated with Celtic and classical music.The Accordion:The accordion is a freereed instrument that is played by compressing and expanding bellows while pressing keys or buttons.It is popular in folk music,particularly in Eastern Europe and South America.The Ukulele:A small,fourstringed instrument,the ukulele is a member of the guitar family.It is known for its light,cheerful sound and is often associated with Hawaiian music.Each of these instruments has its own unique characteristics and contributes to the rich tapestry of music that we enjoy today.Whether played solo or in an ensemble,they all have the power to evoke emotion and tell stories through melody and rhythm.。