东师15春《英语语言学》题库6及满分答案
东北师范大学 语言学考试题库
I. Brief Introduction of Linguistics1. Why is linguistics a vast field of study?Linguistics is a broad field of study, because language is a complicated entity with many layers and facets. It is hardly possible for a linguist to deal with all aspects of language at once. There are a number of divisions of linguistics, which can be put into two categories.1) Intra-disciplinary divisions: the study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language as a system is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.2) Inter-disciplinary divisions:a) Sociology deals with language and culture.b) Psycholinguistics deals with the relation between language and mindc) Applied linguistics is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.All above three belong to sociolinguistics.2. How is linguistics different from traditional grammar?1) Traditional grammar is prescriptive, while modern linguistics is descriptive.2) Traditional grammatical categories are merely based on European language, while modern linguisticsstudies all languages.3) Traditional grammar lacks a theoretical framework, while modern linguistics is theoretically rather thanpedagogically oriented.3. What are the two main schools of contemporary western linguistics? What are the fundamental differences between them?TG grammar v.s systematic-functional grammarTG based on UG, studies the general principles while systematic-functional grammar studies language functions.4. On what basis do linguists regard human language as species-specific (unique to humans)? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures. They spell out a number of features of language which are not found in animal communication systems. These features: creativity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. These are universal features possessed by all human languages. Although some animal communication systems possess, to a very limited degree, one or another of these features except creativity and duality, none is found to have all the features. On this basis linguists tend to conclude that human languages are qualitatively different form animal communication systems.5. What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence?The term linguistic competence is applied to account for a speaker’s knowledge of his language. While communicative competence is proposed to account for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. There are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible/appropriate/formally possible/in fact done.II. Phonetics 语音学1. How are speech sounds described?The study of speech sounds is phonetics which includes 3 parts: 1) articulatory phonetics 2) acoustic phonetics 3) auditory phonetics.Articulatory phonetics is the primary concern in linguistics, in which speech sound is described within 3 sides: The description of consonants: a) place of articulation b) manners of articulation c) voicing d) aspirationThe description of vowels: a) monophthongs b) diphthongs c) lip rounding d) tensityIn more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called diacritic.2. What are the two classes of phonetic features? What is the fundamental difference?The two classes of phonetic features are distinctive features and non-distinctive features. Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, those distinguishing phonemes. Non-distinctive features do not distinguish meanings, i.e. the features belong to allophones. However, whether a phonetic feature is distinctive or non-distinctive varies from one language to another language.III. Phonology 音位学1.Analyze the two English sound segments [t] and [t h], [k] and [k h], [p] and[p h] in terms of distribution and the phonetic feature that distinguishes them.[t] and [t h], [k] and [k h], [p] and [p h] are the allophones of the same phoneme /t/, /k/, /p/. They are in complementary distribution and share phonetic features.[t] is an unaspirated voiceless alveolar stop; [t h] is an aspirated voiceless alveolar stop[k] is an unaspirated voiceless velar stop; [k h] is an aspirated voiceless velar stop[p] is an unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop;[p h] is an aspirated voiceless bilabial stop/t/→ [t] / [voiceless, fricative, alveolar]_______[t h]/ elsewhere[k] and [k h], [p] and [p h] is the same as above.2.Analyze the change of feature concerning the vowels in "bean, time, farm" and generalize the rule. This rule is called nasalization, that is a vowel becomes nasalized before a nasal segment, possible followed by one or two consonants within a syllable.V →[+nasal] / ____ [+nasal]3.Analyze the relation of {im-}, {in-}, {ir-}, {il-} in English and generalize of their distribution.{im-}, {in-}, {ir-}, {il-} are the allomorphs of the same morpheme {in-},which represents the negative meaning as a prefix.{in-}→ {im-} / ________ [m,p, b] [bilabial stop, or nasal]{ir-} / _________ [r] [retroflex, alveolar]{il-} / _________ [l] [lateral, alveolar]{in-} / elsewhere4. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?1) Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.2) Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them. In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable; variations are overlooked.3) Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions. What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?5. What are the functions of supra-segmental features?Supra-segmental features are distinctive features that can be found in units of syllables, words, phrases and sentences. They are stress, intonation and tone. Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance. The simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity of the phrases and sentences. "a greenhouse" and "a green house", "Jack hit the ball under the desk".Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words. English is not a tone language, but Chinese is a typical tone language in which each of the four tones means four different words.6. Analyze the change of feature concerning the liquids and nasals in flight, snow, smart, pray and generalize the rule.Liquids /l/ /r/ appear after a voiceless consonant /f/ and /p/ respectively, they are devoiced.Nasals /n//m/ appear after a voiceless consonant /s/, they are devoiced.Rule: Devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant.Or:When the English liquids, glides and the two anterior nasals appear after a voiceless consonant, it is devoiced. This rule can be expressed as follows: devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant，that is, [+voiced+consonantal] [-voiced] / [-voiced+consonantal]-. The phonology /l/ /r/ belongs to liquids, and /m/ /n/ belong to anterior nasals. All these four are voiced consonant, but in these words, they change to the voiceless, for they appear after voiceless consonants.7. What is distinctive feature?Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, just those distinguishing phonemes, such as [b] and [p] in the words between "big" and "pig".8. Analyze the relation of -er, -est and more, most in Englsih and generalize their distribution.They are in complementary distribution. -er and more, -est and most are allomorphs. More and most are put before adjectives and adverbs composed of two or more syllables.IV. Morphology 形态学1. What are the categories of lexical meaning?Lexical meaning includes:a) Referential meaning (also denotative meaning) is the central meaning and it is more stable and universal.b) Associative meanings. Associative meanings are meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning, which are less stable and more culture-specific.Types of associative meanings: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning,collective meaning2. How are words decomposed into their constituents?1) Words are composed of one or more than one morphemes.2) Morphemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.3) A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.4) Morphemes can be categorized into 2 kinds. a) Free morphemes (they constitute words by themselves)b) bound morphemes (they are never used independently)5) Bound morphemes include inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes.6) The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.V. Syntax 句法1.What are the aspects of syntactic knowledge?Knowing which strings of words are grammatical and which are not is part of syntactic knowledge. In addition, native speakers know at least the following:1) structural ambiguity---which strings of words have more than one meaning.2) word order---different arrangements of the same words have different meanings.3) grammatical relations---what element relates to what other element directly or indirectly4) recursion---the repeated use of the same rules to create infinite sentences5) sentence relatedness---sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related6) syntactic categories---a class of words or phrases that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality.2. How does transformational grammar (转换生成语法)account for sentence- relatedness?1) Sentence- relatedness: sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related.2) According to Chomsky, a grammar as the tacit shared knowledge of all speakers is a system of finite rules by which an infinite number of sentences can be generated. He attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that deep structures and surface structures.3) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules.4) Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of sentences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures through transformational rules which include replacement, insertion, deletion and coping, etc.5) There are five transformations: particle movement transformation, replacement, insertion, deletion and copying.3. What is the advantage of immediate constituent analysis compared with traditional grammar?1) The concept of immediate constituent is an important concept of structural grammar, which is characterized by a top-down analysis. A sentence is seen as a constituent structure, i.e. all the components of the sentence are constituent. A sentence can be cut into sections. Each section is its immediate constituent. Then each section can be further cut into constituents. This on-going cutting is termed immediate constituent analysis.2) Traditional grammar mainly analyzes a sentence horizontally with a synthetic (bottom-up) approach. It focuses on the product of a sentence rather than the procedure. It is prescriptive in nature.3) Therefore, immediate constituent analysis adds a new dimension to the analysis of sentence structure. In this way, sentence structure is analyzed not only horizontally but also vertically. In other words, this way of syntactic analysis can account for the linearity and the hierarchy of sentence structure, and, therefore, structural ambiguity.4.What part of syntax can phrase structure rules account for and what they cannot?1) Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.2) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules, but the surface structures are derived from the deep structures, and is generated by transformational rules.3) All in all, phrase structure rules can account for structural ambiguity, word order, grammatical relations, recursion, and syntactic categories; but they cannot account for sentence relatedness.5. Analyze the sentence in terms of type of process, mood structure, and theme and rheme:The academician will address the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference.1) It is the verbal process. In this sentence, the sayer is the academician, the receivers are the people at the conference though it is not mentioned but we can infer it from the sentence. The verbiage is the issue of the legitimacy of cloning.2) This sentence is the realization of linguistic interaction; it is the giving of information. Its syntactic form is statement. The subject is the academician; the finite is the verbal operator “will”.3) The constituent that stands for the starting-point for the message is termed theme; all the rest of the sentence is labeled rheme. In this sentence, the theme is the academician and “the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference” is the rheme.VI. Semantics语义学1. What are the components of metaphor?Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. That is to say all metaphors are composed of two components. This allows us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping. The source domain is concrete and familiar. The target domain is abstract and novel.2. Why is metaphor essential in cognition?Our linguistic knowledge is part of general cognition and linguistic categorization is a product of the human mind. According to this view, meaning is based on conventionalized conceptual structures. Semantic structure reflcects the mental categories which are formed on the basis of experiences. Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process. Cognitive linguistics has shown that metaphor is not an unusual or deviant way of using language. The use of metaphor is not confined to literature, rhetoric and art. It is actually ubiquitous in everyday communication. Metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person's conceptual systems.3. How is word meaning analyzed? And what are the limitations of the method of analysis?1) In modern linguistics, semanticists manifest that the sense of a word can be analyzed in terms of a set of more general sense components (or semantic properties/features). The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis (CA).2) The limitations of componential analysis are apparent. It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, merely to words within the same semantic field. It is controversial whether semantic features are universal prime of word meanings in all languages.3) Advantages: a. It is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning. Once formally represented, meaning components can be seen. b. It reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis. CA examines the components of sense. The more semantic features a word has, the narrower its reference is.4. Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/- WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/- PAN], [+/- POT], [+/- OVEN], [+/- SIEVE], etc.boil: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]fry: [- WATER] [+FAT] [+ PAN] [- POT], [- OVEN] [+SIEVE]steam: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+POT] [-OVEN] [- SIEVE]stew: [+WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]bake: [- WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [- POT] [+ OVEN] [- SIEVE]5. Analyze the semantic differences of father and daddy in the given sentences, using Leech's classification of lexical meanings.It is easy for every man to be a father, but not to be a daddy.They differ in affective meaning. Affective meaning is what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer toward what is referred to. "Father" is commending in sense while "daddy" is rich in passion.6. Analyze the difference between summon and call in terms of register.Register refers to varieties according to use. Summon is a formal word, used in court of law to order sb to appear, while call is widely used in daily life.7. Point out the sem antic problem of the sentence “The orphan is staying with his parents.”There are some sentences which sound grammatical but meaningless. The sentence "the orphan is staying with his parents” is just one example. This sentence is always false which is called contradiction. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead, or a child who has been deprived of parental care. The theme (the orphan) and the rheme (is staying with his parents) are incompatible.VII. Pragmatics 语用学1.Write 3 sentences, each of which contains it in either euphoric reference or endothermic reference(anaphoric or cataphoric)1) It is rather foggy these days."It" here refers to the weather. It is an euphoric reference, referring to the word outside linguistic forms.2) It is so far hard to tell how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe."It" refers to the following expression "how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe", which is a linguistic form. Thus, it is an endothermic reference, specifically, cataphoric reference.3) The most powerful earthquakes triggered massive tidal waves that slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday. It killed over 30,000 people in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladeshand Maldives."It" refers to the preceding expression that "massive tidal waves slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday". Therefore, it is an endothermic reference, specifically, anaphoric reference..2. Point out the maxim flouted and the implicature of B `s utterance:A: Did you notice something odd between the host and hostess?B: Have another glass of beer?The maxim of relation is violated. The implicature of B’s utterance: the hearer doesn’t want to gossip about those people.3. Point out the degree of formality of:It is gratifying that cooperative program has been proceeding smoothly. Degree of formal4. Analyze the ambiguity of the two sentences, telling the difference:1) Flying planes can be dangerous.2) She cannot bear children.1) a. The behavior of flying planes can be dangerous.b. Planes which are flying can be dangerous.2) a. She cannot tolerate children.b. She cannot give birth to a baby..c. she can not carry a child.★How do you account for the relation between semantics and pragmatics.They are two separate fields. Both study meaning, but semantics studies the conventional meaning of a word while pragmatics studies the international meaning, the meaning in use. Semantics is bilateral while pragmatics is trilateral. Semantics studies the relationship between sign and meaning, but pragmatics studies the sign, meaning and user.VIII. Sociolinguistics 社会语言学1. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?1) The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialects, sociolects and registers.2) The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.3) A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. For example, the English language has many regional dialects. British English, American English, Australian English. Indian English, South African English, etc. are all regional varieties of the language. One dialect is distinctive from another phonologically, lexically and grammatically.2. Analyze the cause of the error that some Chinese speakers of English use although and but within one sentence.In the process of analyzing learners' language, error analysis is a milestone. Explaining errors is the final but very important step in error analysis. In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors. Interlingual errors are caused by mother tongue interference which means the negative role one's knowledge of L1 to L2 learning. In Chinese, we can use “不但”，“而且”in the same sentence, so some Chinese speakers transfer this expression directly to English. But according t o English grammar, “although” and “but” can not appear in the same sentence. This phenomenon is a kind of negative transfer of lear ners' syntactic knowledge. This is a typical phenomenon of interference in learning.。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库44及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库44及满分答案一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 50 分。
）1. She knew it was that that had given her the___________________.A. palpitationsB. shillingsC. clackingD. cretonne正确答案：A2. In fact it was this silence that ________ all the last moments of our climb.A. dominatingB. dominatedC. dominatesD. dominate正确答案：B3. It seemed she had a private breeze which ________ around, cooling her.A. swirlingB. swirlC. swirlsD. swirled正确答案：D4. They lived, in bitter ________, to see the establishment they had overthrown replaced by a new one.A. illusionB. disillusionC. disillusionmentD. illusions正确答案：C5. I held the paper sack with his cookies in my arms________ by the poems.A. trailedB. meadC. essenceD. shieled正确答案：D6. It is true that one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to ________ one’s own personality.A. effaceB. oundC. betrayD. ruin正确答案：A7. It takes the human voice to ________ them with the shades of deeper meaning.A. refuseB. confuseC. infuseD. refusing正确答案：C8. I stare at the ________ blank paper until sights and sounds become dim and confused.A. reproachB. approachC. reproachfullyD. approachfully正确答案：C9. But women ________ in the lower-paying, menial, unrewarding, dead-end jobs.A. dominatedB. predominateC. rankD. homemaker正确答案：B10. The are prime victims of dishonest door-to-door salesman and __________ advertising, and buy defective hearing aids, dance lessons, useless "Medicare insurance supplements".A. diagnosticB. fraudulentC. adversityD. penalize正确答案：B11. A man was not stamped as a ___________ for protesting against vivisection.A. ironB. triumphC. crankD. imbecile正确答案：C12. Jim Binns wrote me about some of his __________.A. skepticismB. misgivingC. misgivingsD. contemporaries正确答案：C13. There were food shortages and other _______________ during the Civil War.A. discrepantB. multitudeC. deprivationsD. accumulation正确答案：C14. We may fail to see how a ___________ Deity could wish us to draw such conclusions from the hierarchical order He has created.A. objectiveB. benevolentC. sentimentD. scruple正确答案：B15. She liked its huge, barnlike, inhuman ___________, its corridors shoulder-high in dark green, shoulder-to-ceiling in pale peppermint.A. bleaknessB. accessibilityC. beretD. frizzy16. It only took me an hour to pick up the __________ of skiing.A. populaceB. stalkingC. omnipotenceD. rudiments正确答案：D17. Do you think it‘s within his ___________ to (= Do you think he‘ll be able to) do the job without making a mess of it?A. capacityB. terminologyC. bathD. term正确答案：A18. I have tried to search behind the sophistication of years for the ________ I so easily found in those gifts.A. enchantB. enchantmentC. enchantingD. enchanted19. We were hoping to ___________ these difficult decisions until September.A. set offB. stave offC. take offD. give off正确答案：B20. Unfair employment practices are enforced instead of ________.A. evadedB. evadeC. invadedD. invade正确答案：A二、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 50 分。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库441及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库441及满分答案一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）1. In compounds, the ____ morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.A. leftmostB. rightmostC. centralD. initial正确答案：C2. Free morphemes were called _________ traditionally .A. affixesB. prefixC. suffixD. root正确答案：D3. __________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A. VoicingB. voicedC. nasalizationD. aspiration正确答案：A4. A ______ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A. morphemeB. wordC. phonemeD. allophones正确答案：C5. Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?A. StressB. IntonationC. ToneD. Syllable正确答案：D6. _________ is a process which creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A. CoinageB. BlendingC. AcronmymsD. Clipping正确答案：B7. classroom （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：D8. Free morphemes were traditionally called _________, and bound morphemes affixes.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. rootsD. inflectional morphemes正确答案：C9. Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the ____ letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.A. InimicalB. initiativeC. suffixingD. initial正确答案：D10. Fahrenheit （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping正确答案：C11. The questions of “How is language acquired? How do people learn a foreign language?” are explored in __________.A. applied linguisticsB. sociolinguiticsC. psycholinguisticsD. general linguistics正确答案：C12. The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________.A. distinctive featuresB. non-distinctive featuresC. suprasegmental featuresD. free variation正确答案：C13. He is （watering ）flowers. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. DerivationC. BlendingD. Backformation正确答案：A14. ____ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. JapaneseC. ChineseD. Korean正确答案：C15. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：A16. ______ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A. CoinageB. BlendingC. AcronmymsD. Clipping正确答案：B17. The followings are all features of language except __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. changeabilityD. displacement正确答案：C18. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four正确答案：B19. ____ is a process that creates a new word by droppinga real or supposed suffix.A. BlendingB. EponymsC. BackformationD. Clipping正确答案：C20. In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________.A. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic正确答案：A二、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
东师《高级英语》15春在线作业2满分答案
东师《高级英语》15春在线作业2满分答案《高级英语》15春在线作业2多选题判断题一、多选题（共 4 道试题，共 10 分。
）1. Which sentences apply the rhetorical device of parallelism?A. And suddenly the two bottles begin to walk and patter off through a side gate…B. They look like figures representing gluttony in a medieval morality play, and you expect ladies in wimples to appear and clowns dressed like monkeys.C. The big central gats swing open…, first of the three matadors, in their brilliant shirts, silk costumes embroidered in gold, their red stockings and black slippers and the rich, flowered capes they wear only for this short parade.D. All at one time it can be brave, pitiful, squalid, heroic, messy, chivalrous, and obscene-----------------选择：CD2. Which of the following sentences use the rhetorical device of onomatopoeia?A. They were interrupted from time to time by giggles that must have come from Mrs. FlowersB. Like the women who sat in front of roaring fireplaces,C. What on earth did one put on to go to Mrs. Flowers’ house?D. The chifforobe was a maze.-----------------选择：AB3. Which of the following sentences do not use the rhetorical device of transferred epithet?A. Like women in English novels who walk the moors with their loyal dogs racing at a respectful distance.B. … I heard the soft-voiced Mrs. Flowers and the textured voice of my grandmother merging and melting.C. … and my image of her would have been shattered like the unmendable Humpty-Dumpty.D. Through the cloth film, I saw the shadow approach.-----------------选择：BCD4. Which of the following sentences use the rhetorical device of parallelism?A. By midday we had passed the ten thousand foot mark, but I am not really able to recall the incidents of these hours, for red lights had long since begun to dance in front of my eyes and …B. I had an impulse to climb up and try one of those springy beds, butthat would have meant using up more energy when I had none to spare, …C. If the lion roars, if you get too close to an elephant and he fans out his ears, if the rhinoceros lowers his head and turns in your direction,you have, if you are unarmed and even sometimes if you are, just one impulse and that is to run away.D. I rate this as the most exciting encounter that has come my way; andI remember how, no longer any need for silence, the guides with their pangas slashed a path for us to return through the bush, and how they grinned and were pleased because we were pleased, and how I went down the mountain like a young gazelle in two hours straight, never a touch of fatigue, never a thought for my blistered feet after such a happy day.-----------------选择：CD《高级英语》15春在线作业2多选题判断题二、判断题（共 36 道试题，共 90 分。
奥鹏东师 《英语语言学》练习题参考答案.doc
练习题第1套参考答案I. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8.T 9.F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TII. a. [m] b. [w] c. [l] d. [b] e. [I]III.(ommited)IV. a. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.b. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light. V. The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.VI. a. tautology b. contradiction c. inconsistency d. synonymy e. entailmentVII. 1. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical) dialects, sociolects(social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes. Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user.”2. The maxim of quantity:(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true.(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The maxim of relevance:Make your contributions relevant.The maxim of manner:(i) Avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) Avoid ambiguity.(iii) Be brief.(iv) Be orderly.3． Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. The trans ference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to as mapping.I. 1. descriptive 2. places, voicing 3. Allophones 4.morpheme 5. signifier, signified 6. structure 7. diphthongs 8. accidental 9. Meaning, sounds 10. metalanguage 11. interpersonal, textualI.voiced 2. fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowelII.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.III.a) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whose color is red.IV.(ommited)V.1. Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).2. Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality. Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature. Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved. This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective. Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality. They unite reasoning and imagination. Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference. By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.1.Homonymy Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings. Words which have the samespelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow (v.) and bow (n., a weapon). Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones. Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones. Words which have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings are full homonyms, as exemplified by bear (v.)/bear (an animal), ground (n.)/ground(v.).Polysemy Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses. In many dictionaries you can find bank1 and bank2 as separate entries. The relation between the two is homonymy. Both of them are polysemes, because each of them has several definitions. Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.练习题第3套参考答案I.1—5 T F F T F 6—10 TF T F F 11—15 T F T T FII.I.[f] voiceless labiodental fricativeII.[r] alveolar retroflex liquidIII.[a:] low back vowelIV.[k] voiceless velar stopV.[i] lax high front vowelIII.i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) sevenii)b)c)disgracefuld)stepsistere)f)antidisestablishmentarianismII.(参见课件或教材)III.1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.2. Pre-requestVI. 1. Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping. For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used. The properties of human neck (source domain) have been transferred to the neck of the bottle (target domain).2. linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language. accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes (1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge:1. Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible;2. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible;3. Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate;4. Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done.3. Referential meaning (sometimes called denotative meaning) is widely believed to be the central meaning of words. It is comparatively more stable and universal. The word woman refers to female human adult. This kind of meaning of the word has not changed and will not change. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning. In contrast to referential meaning, they are less stable and more culture-specific. For example, although the referential meaning of the word king has not changed in English, English people today have different conceptions of the king than before. The English word pig may have the same referent as its equivalent in a language of Islamic culture. Yet, the associative meanings are totally different.I. 1. tone 2. lexicon 3. suppletives 4. Semantics 5. Synomyms 6. Meaning, sounds7. metalanguage 8. interpersonal, textual 9. descriptive 10. places, voicing 11. Allophones 12.morphemeII. a). voiced b). fricative c). bilabial d). velar e). high; vowelIII. 1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that needprotection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2) a sleeping car, the stress is on sleeping; a sleeping boy, the stress is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep. A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV. a. Allophones are actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. For example, the [l], the dark [] in deal, and the voiceless [] in slight are the realizations of the phoneme /l/. [] appears after vowels, [] after voiceless consonants, and [l] elsewhere. The relation between the phoneme and its allophones can be shown in the following figure:b. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects (social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).V (ommited)VI 1. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.2. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.VII. 1. 1. Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain. The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal. The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference. Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind. So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense. For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression. Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind. Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent. Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.2. ·Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way ponential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, prehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、plete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some pound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of theirponents, such as the pound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strongversion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the wordleisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
英语语言学测试题及答案
英语语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A unit of soundC. A letter of the alphabetD. A combination of sounds答案：B2. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. Historical LinguisticsD. Syntax答案：C3. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. Syntax答案：A4. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called:A. A wordB. A morphemeC. A syllableD. A phoneme答案：B5. The process of forming words by combining smaller units is known as:A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：B6. The study of the rules governing the structure of sentences is called:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the social context in which language is used is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：A8. The study of how language is processed in the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is called:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The concept that language is arbitrary means that:A. It is randomB. It is meaninglessC. There is no necessary connection between the form of a word and its meaningD. It is always logical答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The branch of linguistics that examines how language is used in social contexts is ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics3. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as the ____________.答案：Morpheme4. The process of combining morphemes to form words is known as ____________.答案：Morphology5. The study of the way language is structured and organized is called ____________.答案：Linguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of words is ____________.答案：Morphology7. The study of the way meaning is conveyed in language is known as ____________.答案：Semantics8. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of sentences is ____________.答案：Syntax9. The study of the way language is used in everyday life is called ____________.答案：Pragmatics10. The study of the way language is processed in the brain is known as ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and theirproduction, while phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules governing the use of these sounds.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language a person speaks influences the way they perceive the world and think.3. Describe the role of sociolinguistics in understanding language.答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how language varies with different social contexts, such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, and how these variations influence language use.4. How does first language acquisition differ from second language acquisition?答案：First language acquisition is the process of learning a native language during early childhood, while second language acquisition is the process of learning a new language after the age of language development. The process of second language acquisition is influenced by the learner's first language and cognitive abilities.。
2015秋东北师范大学《英语语言学》在线作业(8)及满分答案-更新
2015秋东北师范大学《英语语言学》在线作业（8）及满分答案一、单选题（共 10 道试题，共 25 分。
）1. _____ exists in the Quebec Province, Canada. A. PidginB. MultilingualismC. CreoleD. Bilingualism正确答案：D2. ______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented. A. Sperber and Wilson’s principle of Relevance B. Leech’s theory of Politeness Principle C. Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle D. Horn’sQ-principle and R-principle 正确答案：C3. ____ is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee. A. TabooB. EuphemismC. ImplicatureD. An indirect illocution正确答案：B4. The pioneering investigation done by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test______ among different groups of speakers. A. sociolects B. registersC. regional dialectsD. accents正确答案：A5. 1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively. A. A syllabus B. A textbookC. An educational planD. A test正确答案：A6. ______ refers to the fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other when talking about different topics or in different situations. A. Bilingualism B. Code-mixing C. Code-switching D. Pidgin 正确答案：C7. Sodium Chloride and salt, which denote the same substance, differ in ______ of communication. A. Field B. Register C. Mode D. Tenor 正确答案：A8. ______ is the basic teaching unit in the structural syllabus. A. the word B. the discourse C. the sentence D. the text正确答案：C9. Children all undergo ________ stages of language development. A. babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B. babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic C. babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D. babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word 正确答案：C10. is used to refer to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. Dog and cat are subordinates of livestock. A. Meronymy B. Hyponymy C. Polysemy D. Antonymy正确答案：B、判断题（共 30 道试题，共 75 分。
语言学试题及答案英文
语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。
答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。
3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。
答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。
6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。
答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。
8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。
东北师范大学语言学考试题库
I. Brief Introduction of Linguistics1. Why is linguistics a vast field of study?Linguistics is a broad field of study, because language is a complicated entity with many layers and facets. It is hardly possible for a linguist to deal with all aspects of language at once. There are a number of divisions of linguistics, which can be put into two categories.1) Intra-disciplinary divisions: the study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language as a system is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.2) Inter-disciplinary divisions:a) Sociology deals with language and culture.b) Psycholinguistics deals with the relation between language and mindc) Applied linguistics is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.All above three belong to sociolinguistics.2. How is linguistics different from traditional grammar?1) Traditional grammar is prescriptive, while modern linguistics is descriptive.2) Traditional grammatical categories are merely based on European language, while modern linguisticsstudies all languages.3) Traditional grammar lacks a theoretical framework, while modern linguistics is theoretically rather thanpedagogically oriented.3. What are the two main schools of contemporary western linguistics? What are the fundamental differences between them?TG grammar v.s systematic-functional grammarTG based on UG, studies the general principles while systematic-functional grammar studies language functions.4. On what basis do linguists regard human language as species-specific (unique to humans)? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures. They spell out a number of features of language which are not found in animal communication systems. These features: creativity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. These are universal features possessed by all human languages. Although some animal communication systems possess, to a very limited degree, one or another of these features except creativity and duality, none is found to have all the features. On this basis linguists tend to conclude that human languages are qualitatively different form animal communication systems.5. What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence?The term linguistic competence is applied to account for a speaker’s knowledge of his language. While communicative competence is proposed to account for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. There are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible/appropriate/formally possible/in fact done.II. Phonetics 语音学1. How are speech sounds described?The study of speech sounds is phonetics which includes 3 parts: 1) articulatory phonetics 2) acoustic phonetics 3) auditory phonetics.Articulatory phonetics is the primary concern in linguistics, in which speech sound is described within 3 sides: The description of consonants: a) place of articulation b) manners of articulation c) voicing d) aspirationThe description of vowels: a) monophthongs b) diphthongs c) lip rounding d) tensityIn more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called diacritic.2. What are the two classes of phonetic features? What is the fundamental difference?The two classes of phonetic features are distinctive features and non-distinctive features. Features thatdistinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, those distinguishing phonemes. Non-distinctive features do not distinguish meanings, i.e. the features belong to allophones. However, whether a phonetic feature is distinctive or non-distinctive varies from one language to another language.III. Phonology 音位学1.Analyze the two English sound segments [t] and [t h], [k] and [k h], [p] and[p h] in terms of distribution and the phonetic feature that distinguishes them.[t] and [t h], [k] and [k h], [p] and [p h] are the allophones of the same phoneme /t/, /k/, /p/. They are in complementary distribution and share phonetic features.[t] is an unaspirated voiceless alveolar stop; [t h] is an aspirated voiceless alveolar stop[k] is an unaspirated voiceless velar stop; [k h] is an aspirated voiceless velar stop[p] is an unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop;[p h] is an aspirated voiceless bilabial stop/t/→ [t] / [voiceless, fricative, alveolar]_______[t h]/ elsewhere[k] and [k h], [p] and [p h] is the same as above.2.Analyze the change of feature concerning the vowels in "bean, time, farm" and generalize the rule. This rule is called nasalization, that is a vowel becomes nasalized before a nasal segment, possible followed by one or two consonants within a syllable.V →[+nasal] / ____ [+nasal]3.Analyze the relation of {im-}, {in-}, {ir-}, {il-} in English and generalize of their distribution.{im-}, {in-}, {ir-}, {il-} are the allomorphs of the same morpheme {in-},which represents the negative meaning as a prefix.{in-}→ {im-} / ________ [m,p, b] [bilabial stop, or nasal]{ir-} / _________ [r] [retroflex, alveolar]{il-} / _________ [l] [lateral, alveolar]{in-} / elsewhere4. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?1) Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.2) Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them. In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable; variations are overlooked.3) Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions. What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?5. What are the functions of supra-segmental features?Supra-segmental features are distinctive features that can be found in units of syllables, words, phrases and sentences. They are stress, intonation and tone. Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance. The simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity of the phrases and sentences. "a greenhouse" and "a green house", "Jack hit the ball under the desk".Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words. English is not a tone language, but Chinese is a typical tone language in which each of the four tones means four different words.6. Analyze the change of feature concerning the liquids and nasals in flight, snow, smart, pray and generalize the rule.Liquids /l/ /r/ appear after a voiceless consonant /f/ and /p/ respectively, they are devoiced.Nasals /n//m/ appear after a voiceless consonant /s/, they are devoiced.Rule: Devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant.Or:When the English liquids, glides and the two anterior nasals appear after a voiceless consonant, it is devoiced. This rule can be expressed as follows: devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant，that is, [+voiced+consonantal] [-voiced] / [-voiced+consonantal]-. The phonology /l/ /r/ belongs to liquids, and /m//n/ belong to anterior nasals. All these four are voiced consonant, but in these words, they change to the voiceless, for they appear after voiceless consonants.7. What is distinctive feature?Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, just those distinguishing phonemes, such as [b] and [p] in the words between "big" and "pig".8. Analyze the relation of -er, -est and more, most in Englsih and generalize their distribution.They are in complementary distribution. -er and more, -est and most are allomorphs. More and most are put before adjectives and adverbs composed of two or more syllables.IV. Morphology 形态学1. What are the categories of lexical meaning?Lexical meaning includes:a) Referential meaning (also denotative meaning) is the central meaning and it is more stable and universal.b) Associative meanings. Associative meanings are meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning, which are less stable and more culture-specific.Types of associative meanings: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning,collective meaning2. How are words decomposed into their constituents?1) Words are composed of one or more than one morphemes.2) Morphemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.3) A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.4) Morphemes can be categorized into 2 kinds. a) Free morphemes (they constitute words by themselves)b) bound morphemes (they are never used independently)5) Bound morphemes include inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes.6) The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.V. Syntax 句法1.What are the aspects of syntactic knowledge?Knowing which strings of words are grammatical and which are not is part of syntactic knowledge. In addition, native speakers know at least the following:1) structural ambiguity---which strings of words have more than one meaning.2) word order---different arrangements of the same words have different meanings.3) grammatical relations---what element relates to what other element directly or indirectly4) recursion---the repeated use of the same rules to create infinite sentences5) sentence relatedness---sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related6) syntactic categories---a class of words or phrases that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality.2. How does transformational grammar (转换生成语法)account for sentence- relatedness?1) Sentence- relatedness: sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related.2) According to Chomsky, a grammar as the tacit shared knowledge of all speakers is a system of finite rules by which an infinite number of sentences can be generated. He attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that deep structures and surface structures.3) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules.4) Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of sentences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures through transformational rules which include replacement, insertion, deletion and coping, etc.5) There are five transformations: particle movement transformation, replacement, insertion, deletion and copying.3. What is the advantage of immediate constituent analysis compared with traditional grammar?1) The concept of immediate constituent is an important concept of structural grammar, which is characterized by a top-down analysis. A sentence is seen as a constituent structure, i.e. all the components of the sentence are constituent. A sentence can be cut into sections. Each section is its immediate constituent. Then each section can be further cut into constituents. This on-going cutting is termed immediate constituent analysis.2) Traditional grammar mainly analyzes a sentence horizontally with a synthetic (bottom-up) approach. It focuses on the product of a sentence rather than the procedure. It is prescriptive in nature.3) Therefore, immediate constituent analysis adds a new dimension to the analysis of sentence structure. In this way, sentence structure is analyzed not only horizontally but also vertically. In other words, this way of syntactic analysis can account for the linearity and the hierarchy of sentence structure, and, therefore, structural ambiguity.4.What part of syntax can phrase structure rules account for and what they cannot?1) Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.2) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules, but the surface structures are derived from the deep structures, and is generated by transformational rules.3) All in all, phrase structure rules can account for structural ambiguity, word order, grammatical relations, recursion, and syntactic categories; but they cannot account for sentence relatedness.5. Analyze the sentence in terms of type of process, mood structure, and theme and rheme:The academician will address the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference.1) It is the verbal process. In this sentence, the sayer is the academician, the receivers are the people at the conference though it is not mentioned but we can infer it from the sentence. The verbiage is the issue of the legitimacy of cloning.2) This sentence is the realization of linguistic interaction; it is the giving of information. Its syntactic form is statement. The subject is the academician; the finite is the verbal operator “will”.3) The constituent that stands for the starting-point for the message is termed theme; all the rest of the sentence is labeled rheme. In this sentence, the theme is the academician and “the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference” is the rheme.VI. Semantics语义学1. What are the components of metaphor?Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. That is to say all metaphors are composed of two components. This allows us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping. The source domain is concrete and familiar. The target domain is abstract and novel.2. Why is metaphor essential in cognition?Our linguistic knowledge is part of general cognition and linguistic categorization is a product of the human mind. According to this view, meaning is based on conventionalized conceptual structures. Semantic structure reflcects the mental categories which are formed on the basis of experiences. Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process. Cognitive linguistics has shown that metaphor is not an unusual or deviant way of using language. The use of metaphor is not confined to literature, rhetoric and art. It is actually ubiquitous in everyday communication. Metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person's conceptual systems.3. How is word meaning analyzed? And what are the limitations of the method of analysis?1) In modern linguistics, semanticists manifest that the sense of a word can be analyzed in terms of a set of more general sense components (or semantic properties/features). The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis (CA).2) The limitations of componential analysis are apparent. It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, merely to words within the same semantic field. It is controversial whether semantic features are universal prime of word meanings in all languages.3) Advantages: a. It is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning. Once formally represented,meaning components can be seen. b. It reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis. CA examines the components of sense. The more semantic features a word has, the narrower its reference is.4. Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/- WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/- PAN], [+/- POT], [+/- OVEN], [+/- SIEVE], etc.boil: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]fry: [- WATER] [+FAT] [+ PAN] [- POT], [- OVEN] [+SIEVE]steam: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+POT] [-OVEN] [- SIEVE]stew: [+WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]bake: [- WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [- POT] [+ OVEN] [- SIEVE]5. Analyze the semantic differences of father and daddy in the given sentences, using Leech's classification of lexical meanings.It is easy for every man to be a father, but not to be a daddy.They differ in affective meaning. Affective meaning is what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer toward what is referred to. "Father" is commending in sense while "daddy" is rich in passion.6. Analyze the difference between summon and call in terms of register.Register refers to varieties according to use. Summon is a formal word, used in court of law to order sb to appear, while call is widely used in daily life.7. Point out the semantic problem of the sentence “The orphan is staying with his parents.”There are some sentences which sound grammatical but meaningless. The sentence "the orphan is staying with his parents” is just one example. This sentence is always false which is called contradiction. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead, or a child who has been deprived of parental care. The theme (the orphan) and the rheme (is staying with his parents) are incompatible.VII. Pragmatics 语用学1.Write 3 sentences, each of which contains it in either euphoric reference or endothermic reference(anaphoric or cataphoric)1) It is rather foggy these days."It" here refers to the weather. It is an euphoric reference, referring to the word outside linguistic forms.2) It is so far hard to tell how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe."It" refers to the following expression "how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe", which is a linguistic form. Thus, it is an endothermic reference, specifically, cataphoric reference.3) The most powerful earthquakes triggered massive tidal waves that slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday. It killed over 30,000 people in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladeshand Maldives."It" refers to the preceding expression that "massive tidal waves slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday". Therefore, it is an endothermic reference, specifically, anaphoric reference..2. Point out the maxim flouted and the implicature of B `s utterance:A: Did you notice something odd between the host and hostess?B: Have another glass of beer?The maxim of relation is violated. The implicature of B’s utterance: the hearer doesn’t want to gossip about those people.3. Point out the degree of formality of:It is gratifying that cooperative program has been proceeding smoothly. Degree of formal4. Analyze the ambiguity of the two sentences, telling the difference:1) Flying planes can be dangerous.2) She cannot bear children.1) a. The behavior of flying planes can be dangerous.b. Planes which are flying can be dangerous.2) a. She cannot tolerate children.b. She cannot give birth to a baby..c. she can not carry a child.★How do you account for the relation between semantics and pragmatics.They are two separate fields. Both study meaning, but semantics studies the conventional meaning of a word while pragmatics studies the international meaning, the meaning in use. Semantics is bilateral while pragmatics is trilateral. Semantics studies the relationship between sign and meaning, but pragmatics studies the sign, meaning and user.VIII. Sociolinguistics 社会语言学1. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?1) The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialects, sociolects and registers.2) The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.3) A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. For example, the English language has many regional dialects. British English, American English, Australian English. Indian English, South African English, etc. are all regional varieties of the language. One dialect is distinctive from another phonologically, lexically and grammatically.2. Analyze the cause of the error that some Chinese speakers of English use although and but within one sentence.In the process of analyzing learners' language, error analysis is a milestone. Explaining errors is the final but very important step in error analysis. In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors. Interlingual errors are caused by mother tongue interference which means the negative role one's knowledge of L1 to L2 learning. In Chinese, we can use “不但”，“而且”in the same sentence, so some Chinese speakers transfer this expression directly to English. But according t o English grammar, “although” and “but” can not appear in the same sentence. This phenomenon is a kind of negative transfer of learners' syntactic knowledge. This is a typical phenomenon of interference in learning.。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库及满分答案、单选题（共 10 道试题，共 25 分。
）1. In a communicative syllabus, the objective of teachinga foreign language is developing learner’s ______.A. linguistic competenceB. Communicative competenceC. grammatical competenceD. sociolinguistic competence正确答案：B2. In China, foreign language teaching is composed of activities on four levels, the first of which is ______.A. operation in the classroomB. preparationC. educational planning.D. evaluation正确答案：C3. 1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively. A. A syllabus B. A textbookC. An educational planD. A test正确答案：A4. What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following sentence flout? A: Is Don Regan, the White House chief of staff, a feudist? B: Don Regan, 66, is not a feudist, but he is not as well as his predecessor [James] Baker. Somehow,the adjective “ruthless” invariably arises when Regan discussed. A. QualityB. Quantity C. Relation D. Manner 正确答案：D5. refers to a statement in which you unnecessarily say the same thing twice using different words, for example, “He sat alone by himself”. A. TautologyB. Rhetorical deviceC. Truth conditionD. Prototype正确答案：A6. _____ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language. A. Metalanguage B. Interlanguage C. SignD. Esperanto正确答案：B7. The term ______ is used for less drastic difference restricted to variation in pronunciation. A. sociolect B. dialectC. geographical dialectD. accent正确答案：D8. ______ is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A. varietyB. registerC. dialectD. Creole正确答案：A9. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language. A. functional B. social C. regional D. standard正确答案：C10. ______ is/are used most widely in a community. A. SociolectsB. regional dialectsC. The standard varietyD. Registers正确答案：C、判断题（共 30 道试题，共 75 分。
东北师范大学智慧树知到“英语”《英语语言学》网课测试题答案1
东北师范大学智慧树知到“英语”《英语语言学》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.Adjacency pairs are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.()A、正确B、错误2.The word “multinationality” has 2 morphemes.()A.错误B.正确3.Field is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”()A.错误B.正确4.refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.A.ApproachB.CategorizationC.PrototypeD.Cognition5.Backformation is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.()A.错误B.正确6.Some young people have (brunch) quite often. (为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法)A.DerivationB.BlendingC.BackformationD.Acronym 7.A number of pisions of linguistics can be put into two categories: intra-disciplinary pisions and inter-disciplinary pisions.()A.错误B.正确8.In two-word stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.()A、正确B、错误9.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.()A、正确B、错误10.impossible (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A.DerivationB.ConversionC.BackformationD.Blending11.____ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.DualityB.ArbitrarinessC.CreativityD.Displacement12.Different arrangements of the same words have different meanings.()A、正确B、错误13.The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is ______.A、ConversionB、AbbreviationC、EponymsD、Blending14.Part of pragmatics overlaps with sociolinguistics, as both disciplines attempt to account for language use.()A.错误B.正确15.What kind of pre-sequence is A's first utterance in the following discourse? A: Do you know what I want to tell you about Mr.Smith? B: What? A: I saw him flirting with a lady at a party. B: Does his wife know that? A: Of course, she does. The lady is his wife.A.Pre-invitationB.Pre-requestD.Pre-apology第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain two morphemes.()A、正确B、错误2.A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A、pidginB、creoleC、EsperantoD、natural language3.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.()A、正确B、错误4.The following are all suprasegmental features except ____.A、stressB、toneC、voicingD、intonation5.Smog is a clipped word.()A.错误B.正确6.Free morphemes were traditionally called root.()A.错误B.正确7.Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A well-known example is smog (smoke and fog).()A.错误B.正确pounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and bound A.错误B.正确9.____ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson's principle of RelevanceB.Leech's theory of Politeness PrincipleC.Grice's theory of Cooperative PrincipleD.Horn's Q-principle and R-principle10.Dialectal synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.()A、正确B、错误11.Age is an important factor in second language acquisition.()A.错误B.正确12.refers to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. Dog and cat are subordinates of livestock.A.MeronymyB.HyponymyC.PolysemyD.Antonymynguage is merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation.()A、正确B、错误14.tick- tuck (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A、Sound ReduplicationB、CoinageC、EponymD、Clipping15.Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to new words.()A、正确B、错误第1卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案：A2.参考答案：A3.参考答案：A4.参考答案：B5.参考答案：A6.参考答案：B7.参考答案：B8.参考答案：B9.参考答案：A10.参考答案：A11.参考答案：C12.参考答案：A13.参考答案：A14.参考答案：B15.参考答案：C第2卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案：A 3.参考答案：A4.参考答案：C5.参考答案：A6.参考答案：B7.参考答案：B8.参考答案：A9.参考答案：C10.参考答案：A11.参考答案：B12.参考答案：B13.参考答案：B14.参考答案：A15.参考答案：A。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库1及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库1及满分答案单选题（共 10 道试题，共 25 分。
）1. The motivation that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance may be termed ____ motivation. A. instrumental B. integrative C. cognitive D. none of them正确答案：C2. _________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.” A. field B. mode C. tenor D. register正确答案：D3. Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etc. are called __________. A. person deixis B. time deixis C. place deixis D. discourse deixis正确答案：B4. Except _________, the followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition. A. motivation B. nationality C. ageD. learning strategy正确答案：B5. Children all undergo ________ stages of language development. A. babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B. babbling, two-word, telegraphic speechand the holophrastic C. babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D. babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word 正确答案：C6. The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice (1975) as __________.A. the principle of relevanceB. cooperative principleC. the politeness principleD. the theory of prototypes 正确答案：B7. _____ is used between family members and very close friends. A. The consultative style B. The casual style C. The intimate style D. The formal style正确答案：C8. In a communicative syllabus, the objective of teachinga foreign language is developing learner’s ______.A. linguistic competenceB. Communicative competenceC. grammatical competenceD. sociolinguistic competence正确答案：B9. Sodium Chloride and salt, which denote the same substance, differ in ______ of communication. A. Field B. Register C. Mode D. Tenor正确答案：A10. The study of meaning is defined as___________. A. linguistics B. semantics C. morphology D. pragmatics 正确答案：B、判断题（共 30 道试题，共 75 分。
《英语语言学》试题.docx
L Fill in each of the following blanks (1% X 20=20%)I .Language is a system of arbitrary vocal __________________ used for humancommunication. Language is consisting of two sets of structures, or two levels, that is, sound and ______________ .2.Of all the speech organs, the _________ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such condition are .3. ______ is voiced alveolar fricative, while ________ is back, close long vowel.4. There are _______ phones, _________ p honemes in word “start ：5. Complementary distribution means that the ___________ of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environments.6. Generally speaking, we can divide phonetics into at least three branches: articulatory phonetics, _________ phonetics and acoustic phonetics-7. Chomsky defines __________ as the ideal speaker^ knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance is the actual realization of this knowledge. 8. ________ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply the study of the formation of sentences.9.In Engllish, nouns, verbs adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary, they are called ________ c lass words ,while conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns are regarded as close class words.10. Morphology is the study of the internal ____________ o f words and the way in which words are formed.II • __________means that language can be used to refer to things which presentor not present, real or imagined matters in past, present, or future, or in far-away places. 12. __________ are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.13.In English, ________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.14. A lingustic study is ________ if it describes and analyses the language people《英语语言学》试题15考试吋量：120分钟题号—•二三四五合分合分人得分复查人得分评卷人苹 -------考试类型:actually use; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct"5 behavi0匚15.Suprasegmental features include _________ tone and intonation.16. “Accuse.• .of，and "charge.••with" are _______ synonyms.IL Read and decide the best one that completes the 得分评卷人statement. (1.5% X 20=30%)L Linguists give priority to the spoken language not on the written languagebecause _________ •A.vocal sounds are drived from writing systemsB.speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC.we have reading devices to study speechD.spoken language preceded writtten language only in Indo-Europeanlanguae2.According to E de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistics.A.paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language3. ________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worldslanguage.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics.4.The word “boyish，，contains two ____ •A. morphemesB. morphsC. phonemesD. allophones5.Noun, verb, ____ and preposition are major lexical cateogries.A. adverbB. pronounC. adjectiveD. conjunction6.Which of the following sounds is voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [mlC. [b]D. [t]7.The study of language to psychology is ____________ •A. sociolinguisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. pragmatics8- Which of the following sounds is central vowel?A. [elB. [i]C.[八]D.[a:]9.In English, 4t un J, and "dis" are called ___________ ..A. prefixesB. infixesC. suffixesD. grammatical words10. _____ are produced by moving from one vowel position to anotherthrough interventing position.A. DiphthongsB. ConsonantsC. Vowels D> Individual vowels11 .The phrase “ men and women " belongs to the __________ c ontruction.A. predicateB. coordinateC. subordinateD. exocentric 12.In English, all thefront vowels and the central vowels are __________________________ vowels.A. unroundedB. closeC. openD. rounded13.Which is the meaning relationship between the two words "flowei7rose”?A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. PolysemyD. Hyponymy14.The words such as "lab", “doc" are_________ ・A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back-formationD. clipped words15.In English if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of aword, the first phoneme must be /s/ and the second phoneme must be /p/ or III or /k/, then the third phoneme can not be ___________ .A. /f/B. /I/C. /r/D. /w/16.The words "make，，and “bus，，are called ____ because they can occurunattached.A.derivational morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC.bound morphemesD. free morphemes17.The semantic component of the word “ man” can be expressed asA.+animate, +human, +male, -adultB.+animate, +human,・male, +adultC.+animate, +human, +male, +adultD.+animate, +human, -adult18. _____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular socialclass.A. IdiolectB. SociolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Standard dialect19.The phenomenon “ holiday meant a day of religious significance before,but today it signifies any day on which we don^t have to work，，is ______A. widening of the meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD.loss of the meaning20.All of the following are American English EXCEPT ________ .A. fallB. elevatorC. petrolD. aparmentIII. True or false: ( T for True and F for得分评卷人Fam)・(l・5%X 20=30%)1 .Language is human specific.2.English is a typical tone language.3.A synchronic study of language is a historical study.4.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articultion and place of articulation.5.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by E de Saussure.6.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in the human history.7.The word "ungentlemanliness^ has five morphemes.8.Deep Structure is the same as Surface Structure.9. There is only one type of affixes in the English language.10・ Syntax is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. 11. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.12. Modern English is roughly from 499 to the present.13. The standard language and non-standard language are both socially prestigious. 14. The assumption that Black English is "genetically inferior^, "deficient^ and "incomplete" is quite unreasonable.15. One of the recent trends of language change is moving towards greater formality.16. Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.17.In a pair of gradable antonyms, the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the othe 匚18. There is only one argument in the sentence “ Kids like apples.” 19. Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes- 20・ IPA stands for International Phonetic Alphabet.IV・ Draw tree structures of the following sentences. (2.5%x4=10%)1. The apple might hit the man.2. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.3. The children argued over whether bats had wings.4. What are you doing now?VPlease answer the following questions. (5%X2=10%)1. Please list out the design features of language and illustrate them.2. Who put forward the Cooperative Principle? What is it about?得分评卷人得分评卷人Answer Sheetn| n得分评卷人I.Fill in each of the following blanks(1 % X 20=20%)1. _________ , _________2. _________ , _________3. _________ , __________4. _________ , _________5. ___________6. _________ ,7. _________ & _________ 9. ___________ 10. _____________ 11. _____________ 12. ____________13. ___________ .14. ____________15. ___________ 16. _____________得分评卷人II ・ Read and decide the best one that completesthe statement. (1.5% X 20=30%)1( )2( ) 3( )4( ) 5( ) 6( ) 7( ) 8( ) 9( ) 10() 得分评卷人11( ) 12( ) 13(1.( ) 2( ) 3(IK ) 12( ) 13(得分评卷人)14( ) 15( ) 16( ) 17( ) 18( ) 19( ) 20()III. True or false: ( T for True and F for False).(1.5% X 20=30%))4( ) 5( ) 6( ) 7( ) 8( )9( ) 10())14( ) 15( ) 16( ) 1(7 ) 18( ) 19( )20()IV. Draw tree structures of the followingsentences. (2.5%x4=10%)1. The apple might hit the man.2. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.3.The children argued over whether bats had wings-4. What are you doing now?VPlease answer the following questions.得分评卷人(5%X2=10%)。
英语语言学试题3及答案
英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案：C2. 语言中最小的意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的稳定性答案：C4. 英语中，单词“cat”的词根是：A. catB. -catC. -cattD. ca-答案：A5. 语言的“经济性原则”指的是：A. 用最少的音位表达最多的意义B. 用最少的词汇表达最多的意义C. 用最少的句型表达最多的意义D. 用最少的语法规则表达最多的意义答案：A6. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for communication.” 这句话中，“arbitrary”一词的意思是：A. 任意的B. 必然的C. 相关的D. 必要的答案：A7. 语言学家乔姆斯基认为，人类天生具有：A. 语言能力B. 语言知识C. 语言习惯D. 语言技巧答案：A8. 语言的“双重艺术性”指的是：A. 语言的创造性和规范性B. 语言的任意性和规约性C. 语言的表达性和接收性D. 语言的描述性和规定性答案：B9. 下列哪个选项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会控制D. 艺术创作答案：D10. 在英语中，单词“university”的词缀“uni-”表示：A. 一B. 多C. 不D. 再答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的三个主要分支是语音学、__________和句法学。
答案：语法学2. 根据语言的起源，语言学可以分为历史语言学和__________语言学。
答案：比较3. 语言的“规约性”指的是语言符号的__________。
答案：约定性4. 在语言学中，研究语言在社会中的功能和影响的学科被称为__________语言学。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库4及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库4及满分答案、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）1. I like to have （brunch） quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Conversion B. Backformation C. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：C2. peddle （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：B3. The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is __________. A. International Phonetic Symbol B. International Phonetic Alphabet C. Narrow Transcription D. Wide Transcription正确答案：B4. __________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds produced. A. Voicing B. voicedC. nasalizationD. aspiration正确答案：A5. An editor is a person who （edits） a newspaper. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. BlendingC. BackformationD. Acronym正确答案：C6. The syllabic unit made up by the ____ is called a rhyme.A. onset + nucleusB. nucleus + codaC. onset + codaD. coda + onset正确答案：B7. （Orlon ）is a kind of new cloth material. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案：B8. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Derivation B. ConversionC. Backformation D. Blending 正确答案：A9. In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________. A. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic正确答案：A10. Coinage is a process of ____ words not based on existing morphemes. A. inventing B. copying C. deleting D. adding正确答案：A11. Free morphemes were traditionally called _________, and bound morphemes affixes. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. rootsD. inflectional morphemes正确答案：C12. The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________. A. distinctive features B. non-distinctive features C. suprasegmental features D. free variation正确答案：C13. Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday?A. Ideational functionB. Interpersonal functionC. Textual function.D. Logical function正确答案：D14. Traditionally, free morphemes were called _________.A. affixesB. prefixC. suffixD. root正确答案：D15. （Watt ）is the measurement unit of electricity. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. CoinageB. Sound ReduplicationC. ClippingD. Eponym正确答案：D16. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5正确答案：C17. Some young people have （brunch ）quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. BlendingC. BackformationD. Acronym正确答案：B18. The road was （enlarged） last year. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Conversion B. Derivation C. BlendingD. Backformation正确答案：B19. ______ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A. Coinage B. Blending C. Acronmyms D. Clipping正确答案：B 20. goody-goody （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案：A、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
英语语言学linian试题及答案
英语语言学linian试题及答案英语语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？答案：语言学的主要分支包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学等。
2. 请解释“语言习得”和“语言学习”的区别。
答案：语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中自然掌握母语的能力，而语言学习则是指在学校或其他正式环境中有意识地学习第二语言或外语。
3. 什么是语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”？答案：深层结构是指句子的内在意义和逻辑关系，而表层结构则是指句子的外在形式，即我们实际听到或说出的句子。
4. 请列举至少三种不同的语言变异现象。
答案：语言变异现象包括地域变异（方言）、社会变异（社会方言）、时间变异（历史方言）等。
5. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为所有人类语言都遵循一套普遍的语法规则，而这些规则可以通过转换规则从深层结构转换到表层结构。
6. 请解释“语码转换”和“语码混合”的概念。
答案：语码转换是指在不同语言或方言之间切换使用，而语码混合则是指在同一句话中混合使用两种或两种以上的语言或方言。
7. 语言学中“语料库”的作用是什么？答案：语料库是语言学研究中用来收集和分析自然语言数据的大型数据库，它可以帮助研究者进行语言模式、语言变化和语言使用等方面的研究。
8. 请简述“语言相对性假设”。
答案：语言相对性假设，也称为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，认为一个人的思维方式受到其母语的影响，即语言的结构决定了思维的结构。
9. 什么是“语言的普遍语法”？答案：语言的普遍语法是指所有人类语言共有的一套基本语法规则，这些规则是语言能力的基础，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。
10. 请解释“语境”在语言交际中的作用。
答案：语境是指语言交际发生的环境，包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境等。
语境对语言的理解和使用有重要影响，它可以帮助解释语言的模糊性，提供语言交流的背景信息。
东师《大学英语(二)》高起本 15春在线作业2满分答案
东师《大学英语（二）》高起本 15春在线作业2满分答案----ebbe3af4-6ea6-11ec-802d-7cb59b590d7d
东师《大学英语（二）》高起本15春在线作业2满分答案
华实《古代汉语在线作业》
一,单选题
1.在以下几组汉字中，一组具有相同发音符号的形声字是（）a.分枝，B.切割和种植，
C.颤抖顶和大禹，
D.图图都镇。
正确答案：B
2.根据字形分析，“r”字的本义应该是（）a.时机b.时常c.时间d.季节
正确答案：a
3.“斗”的词义由“酌酒器”引申为“斗星”，引申义与本义的联系是a.引申义与本义所指称的对象有相似之处
b、引申意义与本义之间存在因果关系。
D.引申意义和原意之间存在条件关系。
正确
答案：a
4.下列各组字中都是象形字的是（）a.乌鸟隹虫b.刀刃兔象c.木末本标d.牛马狗豕
正确答案：a
5.许慎所谓“画入其物，随其身”是指：（）A.指向事物，B.象形文字，C.理解，D.
形式和声音
正确答案：b
6.以下几组汉字均为象形文字：（）a.云鹤BB燕子鸟羊水C.人山马D.火日试验牛。
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东师15春《英语语言学》题库6及满分答案、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）1. Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language used to talk about language is called . A. special language B. local language C. metalanguage D. human language 正确答案：C2. The features which are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ________. A. distinctive features B. non-distinctive features C. suprasegmental features D. free variation正确答案：C3. The questions of “How is language acquired? How do people learn a foreign language?” are explored in __________.A. applied linguisticsB. sociolinguiticsC. psycholinguisticsD. general linguistics正确答案：C4. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Derivation B. Conversion C. Backformation D. Blending 正确答案：A5. The following are all suprasegmental features except ____. A. stress B. tone C. voicing D. intonation 正确答案：C6. This （vet ）is very famous in the town. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. CoinageB. Sound ReduplicationC. ClippingD. Eponym正确答案：C7. to machinegun （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Derivation B. Conversion C. Backformation D. Blending 正确答案：B8. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four正确答案：B9. ____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Lexicon D. Morpheme正确答案：A10. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not change the meaning, they are said to be in ____. A. contrastive distribution B. free variationC. complementary distributionD. distinctive features正确答案：C11. The syllabic unit made up by the ____ is called a rhyme.A. onset + nucleusB. nucleus + codaC. onset + codaD. coda + onset正确答案：B12. A(n)________ is the minimal or the smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language. A. phonetic symbol B. alphabetC. phoneme D. allophone正确答案：C13. The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is __________. A. International Phonetic Symbol B. International Phonetic Alphabet C. Narrow Transcription D. Wide Transcription正确答案：B14. Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the ____ letters of some or all words in a phrase or title. A. Inimical B. initiative C. suffixing D. initial 正确答案：D15. NATO（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. AcronymB. Sound ReduplicationC. CoinageD. Eponym正确答案：A16. The road was （enlarged ）the year before the last. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：A17. peddle （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：B18. Clipping is a process that ____ a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables. A. Lengthens B. widens C. shortens D. strengthens正确答案：C19. [u:] possesses the features _____________. A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense] B.[+high][-back][+round][+tense] C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense] D.[-high][+back][+round][+tense]正确答案：C20. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5正确答案：C、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
）1. Blending is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：A2. Free morphemes were traditionally called affixes.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：A3. Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：B4. The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：B5. The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is calleda phone.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：A6. English is an example of SVO languages. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：B7. A green bottle is not a type of bottle it is a kind of fly. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：B8. The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a morph.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：A9. The initial vowel in economics can be either [i:] or[e]. The two vowels are in free variation. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：B10. English is a tone language. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：A11. Smog is a blended word.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：B12. Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：B13. A word is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：A14. Minimal pairs can be exemplified by sea/sea. A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：A15. Tone is a distinctive feature.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：B16. Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A well-known example is smog (smoke and fog).A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：B17. Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language . A. 错误 B. 正确正确答案：A18. [u:] possesses the features[-high][+back][+round][+tense].A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：A19. The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a morpheme.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：A20. Supersegmatal features are non-distinctive features.A. 错误B. 正确正确答案：A。